PYC1501/202/2/2017

Tutorial Letter 202/2/2017

Basic Psychology
PYC1501

Semester 2

Department of Psychology

Feedback for Assignment 02 and

Examination information.

BARCODE
Contents

Read me first 3

Assignment 02 discussion feedback 5

Assignment 92 (Self-test) discussion feedback 11

General examination information 14

Format of the examination paper 15

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Read me first

About this tutorial letter This is Tutorial Letter 202 in the study package for module
PYC1501. It is an assessment feedback tutorial letter. In other
words, it contains material that you can use to assess your
progress in the course.

The contents of this This tutorial letter contains:

tutorial letter
1. Assignment 02 discussion feedback
2. The self-test discussion feedback
3. General examination about the information
4. Format of the examination paper

General information about Please read this section carefully. It contains important
the examination information about the examination paper.

Feedback This tutorial letter contains feedback on Assignments 02 and

the self-test. Assignment 91 feedback is specific to the
learner, and is posted to each learner separately. Therefore
you cannot expect feedback on assignment 91 if you have not
completed and submitted the assignment.

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Semester 2
Assignment 02 feedback (UN: 758786)

Question Answer
1 1
2 4
3 2
4 3
5 4
6 1
7 credit
8 3
9 4
10 2
11 1
12 2
13 4
14 3
15 3
16 2
17 2
18 2
19 3
20 credit
21 3
22 4
23 2
24 2
25 3

Assignment 02 - discussion feedback

Question 1

In order to answer this question, you need to understand the different types of associative learning.
Option 2 is incorrect because classical conditioning is a form of associative learning that involves an
automatic or involuntary behaviour. For example, the sight of food (unconditioned stimulus) may lead to
an experience of hunger (unconditioned response). Option 3 is also incorrect because discovery learning
takes place when an individual uses their experiences and existing knowledge to discover facts and
relationships and new truths to be learned when solving a problem. Option 4 is also incorrect because
perceptual motor learning is responsible for the acquisition of motor skills requiring perceptual motor
coordination. The correct answer is option 1 because operant conditioning is another form of associative
learning that takes place when we increase or decrease the likelihood of a behaviour because of the
consequences that follow the behaviour.

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Question 2

A conditioned response (option 1) takes place when someone associates a conditioned stimulus (the
bell) with another stimulus (the food); therefore, option 1 is incorrect. A conditioned stimulus (option 3) is
a stimulus that is associated with a specific response when we get used to it. In the experiment, using
dogs Pavlov paired the presentation of food with a bell; therefore, option 3 is also incorrect. Option 2 is
also incorrect because an unconditioned response is a natural behaviour due to a stimulus. In the above
scenario, hunger is an example of a natural stimulus eliciting the response of cooking. It occurs naturally
and it not learned. It is therefore an unconditional stimulus. The response to the unconditioned stimulus
(hunger) is cooking and it is a conditioned response. A conditioned response is a learned response. In
this scenario, hunger stimulates cooking and cooking is a conditioned response, therefore, option 4 is
the correct answer.

Question 3

Option 1 is incorrect because the statement reflects stimulus generalisation. Stimulus generalisation
involves a similar response to a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus. A father may always
give her daughter who is an infant a hug every time he comes inside the house. The child may expect a
hug from another man who has the same features as her father. Option 3 is also incorrect because the
statement reflects stimulus discrimination. Stimulus discrimination takes place when an individual
discriminates or detects differences among similar stimuli and only respond to a particular stimulus.
Option 4 is also incorrect because the disappearance of a learned response is extinction. Spontaneous
recovery takes place when an extinguished conditioned response reappears (option 2). Therefore, option
2 is the correct answer. For example, a person who was involved in a car accident may pass a scene in
which the accident took place several times without experiencing any reaction. However, they may
experience a shock reaction when they see another car accident in the same spot.

Question 4

Option 1 is incorrect because cognitive learning takes place through understanding, knowing,
anticipating and making use of mental processes. Option 2 also incorrect because associative learning
(e.g. classical conditioning) is a form of conditioning that involves a stimulus and a response. Option 4 is
also incorrect because operant conditioning takes place by operating in the environment and responding
to stimuli. Option 3 is the correct answer because observational learning is a form of social learning that
involves seeing, retaining, and, in other situations imitating, and replicating behaviour executed by other
people. This form of learning takes place after people observe the consequences of other peoples
behaviours. For example, a person is less likely to imitate a punished behaviour, such as swearing.
However, they are more likely to imitate behaviour such as kindness when they see this behaviour
receiving praise.

Question 5

In order to answer this question you need to know the four types of components responsible for
observational learning. The first component responsible for observational learning is attention (option 1).
A person must pay attention to the models behaviour and the consequences of the behaviour for
learning to take place. The second component is retention (option 3) that is also known as keeping or
saving. This means that a person must keep a mental representation of what they observed in order to
imitate the object at a later stage. The third component responsible for learning is motivation (option 2).
To reproduce the learned behaviour, a person has to have a purpose or goal to imitate what they have
observed. Therefore, option 4 is the correct answer because frequency is not one of the components for
observational learning. Frequency refers to the rate at which something takes place at a particular time
and it is not a component of observational learning.

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Question 6

Option 2 is incorrect because punishment is a process whereby the behaviour is followed by (immediate)
negative consequence. For example, you are less likely to imitate a behaviour of a particular person
when that behaviour is punished. Negative reinforcement (option 3) is the strengthening of a response
that is followed by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus. Therefore, option 3 is incorrect. Option 4 is
also incorrect because partial reinforcement involves reinforcement that only occurs at certain intervals.
The correct answer is option 1 because positive reinforcement takes place when a desirable stimulus is
presented which increases the likelihood of a behaviour. In the assignment, the good remarks from your
peers and E-tutor are an example of a positive reinforcement.

Question 7

Due to an error that occurred when the options were formulated, all the students are credited for this
question.

Question 8

The declarative memorys (option 1) function is to store explicit and factual information, data, images,
and events. For example, your ability to understand the concept of mathematics, remember what you
wore last week and recall the events of a hurricane. Option 1 is therefore incorrect. Option 2 is also
incorrect because temporarily information encoded as images or sound are stored in the short-term
memory. For example, you may hold on to a piece of information temporarily to complete a task. Option
4 is also incorrect because ideas and concepts that are not drawn from personal experience are
processed in the semantic memory. An example of semantic memory is understanding the difference
between trees and flowers. The correct answer is option 3 because actions, perceptual-motor skills,
conditioned responses and implicit memories are stored in the procedural memory. In this scenario,
remembering how to bake a cake is an example of information stored in the procedural memory.

Question 9

The correct answer is option 4 because interference takes place when other information interferes with
the memory process. In this scenario, interference took place when the daughter interrupted Thabang
when she asked him to buy her a doll as a result he could not remember which fruits he wanted to buy.
People can remember information by selecting keywords or important facts to provide cues for the
information they need to remember. They are however more likely to forget information when they select
it ineffectively (option 1). However, in this scenario Thabang did not select the information he wanted to
remember about the fruits he wanted to buy. The more people rehearse information the more likely they
are to remember it. However, people are more likely to forget information because of lack of rehearsal
(option 2). In this scenario Thabang did not rehearse the list of fruits he wanted to buy. Memory skills
are improved by organising information into smaller and more manageable units. Poor organisation
(option 3) leads to forgetfulness. However, in this scenario Thabang did not organise information poorly.

Question 10

Information is processed in various ways in the memory. Encoding is the process that occurs when
information is converted into a memory code. Option 1 is therefore incorrect. Option 3 is also incorrect
because retrieval is a process of getting stored information out of memory. Option 4 is also incorrect
because decay of information takes place when people forget things over time when the physiological
mechanisms responsible for memories fade away. Option 2 is the correct answer because forgetting
takes place when we are unable to retrieve information from our memory.

Question 11

Option 2 is incorrect because the executive control system is responsible for controlling and regulating
information needed for reasoning and problem solving. Your ability to understand concepts is an
example of the functions of the executive control system. Option 3 is also incorrect because long-term
memory is responsible for storing explicit and factual information and events over long periods. Anything

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that you can remember that took place some time ago is stored in the long-term memory. Option 4 is
also incorrect because the phonological loop is responsible for retrieval of verbal information. For
example, if someone verbally tells you his or her phone number, this is accessed directly by the
phonological loop in the form of a speech. The correct answer is option 1 because the visual sketchpad
allows people to manipulate visual images. In the context of the scenario, you create images of the items
in your bedroom in order to identify the items you should buy from the furniture store to refurnish your
bedroom.

Question 12

This question requires you to understand forgetting. Option 3 is incorrect because memory decay occurs
when complex or less important information is stored in the memory. People are more likely to remember
important information that has personal meaning. People also forget information when there is
competition from other material that interferes with the memory process. The correct answer is option 2
because motivated forgetting occurs when people intentionally motivate themselves to forget something
especially painful experiences such as rape. Bongani intentionally tries to forget about the bad
experience he had as a teenager. Focusing on accomplishing his dreams and learning from his mistakes
helps Bongani not to experience negative emotions when he thinks about his bad experience when he
was a teenager.

Question 13

Non-declarative memory (option 1) also known as procedural memory is part of the long-term memory
responsible for remembering skills for long periods. People can remember information stored in the non-
declarative memory even when they do not do the tasks on a regular basis. For example, remembering
how to drive a car even after a long time without having driven a car is a function of the declarative
memory. Option 1 is therefore incorrect. Option 2 is also incorrect because short-term memory is
responsible for storing information for short periods. The ability to remember someones phone number
after we write it down is associated with short-term memory. Information stored in the episodic memory
(option 3) involves past personal experiences that took place at a particular time and place. An example
of an episodic memory would be your last year in high school. The correct answer is option 4 because
declarative memory is responsible for remembering facts and events. For example, remembering the
name of the venue where you attended a wedding two years ago is a function of declarative memory.

Question 14

This question requires you to understand gender differences in emotional expressions. Men and women
express their emotions differently. Men learn to supress their emotions at an early age whereas women
are expected to express their emotions more readily than men. Option 1 is therefore incorrect. Option 2
is also incorrect because men and women do not necessarily react with the same emotion to the same
situation. When men get angry they tend to express their anger towards a situation they find themselves
in. However, when women get angry they tend to turn their anger inward. As a result, men are more
likely to be violent whereas women are more likely to experience depression when they encounter life
crises. Option 4 is also incorrect because research shows that women express emotions more readily
than men. The correct answer is option 3 because men and women differ in their ability to interpret
emotions. Research shows that women are more skilled than men in observing and interpreting peoples
facial expressions, body cues and tone of voice.

Question 15

Emotions and motivation are closely linked concepts related to three factors. Firstly, both emotional
arousal and motives activate behaviour. For example, a student may be motivated to study because of
the joy associated with completing the degree. This is an example of intrinsic motivation. Secondly,
motives are accompanied by emotional arousal. For example, a student may experience anxiety to write
an exam when he is less prepared for the exams. Conversely, he may feel excited to write an exam
when he is adequately prepared for the exam. Lastly, emotions consist of motivational properties. For
example, a students passion for the qualification they are enrolled for may motivate them to work hard.
Therefore, option 3 is the correct answer.

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Question 16

This question requires you to identify the correct sequence in the experience of emotion according to the
cognitive appraisal theory. Option 2 is the correct answer. Firstly, the sequence in which an emotion is
experienced involves the perception of the stimulus (referred to as stimulation in the flow chart) and
categorising it according to the concepts familiar to us. Secondly, a primary appraisal occurs based on
our previous experience or knowledge as to whether the situation is threatening or not. Thirdly, we
differentiate emotion (referred to as differentiation of emotion in the flow chart) depending on the nature
of the primary appraisal. Thus, your interpretation of the situation will determine the type of emotion you
would experience. Lastly, the event is followed by physiological arousal (referred to as arousal in the flow
chart). For example, increased heart rate if the situation is appraised as threatening.

Question 17

People experience emotions when they interpret their arousal depending on the context in which they
find themselves. The two-factor theory suggests that the autonomic arousal and cognitive interpretation
of arousal influences the experience of emotions. Option 4 is the correct answer. For example, you may
experience physiological arousal such as fear when you come across a snake However, you would feel
relieved when the snake runs away and does not bite you.

Question 18

Emotions are linked to physiological processes. Option 1 is incorrect because the parasympathetic
nervous system is responsible for activities that take place when the body goes to rest, particularly after
physiological arousal. Option 3 is also incorrect because cognitive perception involves understanding the
relationship between peoples emotions and their subjective experience. Emotional arousal involves a
combination of physiological arousal, perceptual-cognitive processes and observable behavioural
expressions. Therefore, option 4 is also incorrect. Option 2 is the correct answer. The sympathetic
nervous system is responsible for activities that prepare the body for fight or flight response. For
example, the increase in heart rate is a result of the sympathetic nervous system activating the body for
an emergency.

Question 19

In order to answer this question correctly you need to understand cultural differences in emotional
expressions. Cultural differences (option 1) in emotional expression involves the interpretation and
expression of emotions among people from different cultural groups. In some cultures (e.g. western
cultures), eye contact is interpreted as a sign of sincerity while in other cultures (e.g. African or Asian
cultures), making eye contact with elders is discouraged because it is interpreted as a sign of disrespect.
Option 1 is therefore incorrect. Option 2 is also incorrect because emotional differences refers to the
process in which people interpret, express, and experience emotions differently while being in the same
context. Option 4 is also incorrect because gender differences involves the differences in expressions of
emotions between men and women. Gender differences would have occurred in the scenario if, for
example, men laughed at the joke and women did not. Option 3 is the correct answer because display
rules are culturally prescribed rules people learn from an early age about their groups norms regarding
when, where and how they should express emotions. Although Johns colleagues thought the joke was
funny, they did not laugh because the joke was not appropriate in the meeting situation (rules of a
meeting).

Question 20

Due to an error that occurred when the options were formulated, all the students are credited for this
question.

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Question 21

This question requires you to understand emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence is an individuals
ability to be aware of their emotions and empathise with others. Emotionally intelligent people take
criticism in a constructive manner. Emotionally intelligent people continuously motivate themselves and
others. This helps them deal with everyday challenges they encounter. They can control impulses and
delay gratification. This helps them manage their own emotions to adapt to their environment or attain
certain goals. Emotionally intelligent people also evaluate and understand their own and other peoples
emotions. In the scenario Solomon is regarded as emotionally intelligent, he is sensitive to the feelings of
others, persistent, self-motivated and self-controlled. Option 3 is the correct answer.

Question 22

Mental age refers to the age level of a childs mental ability. The mental age concept is related to
intelligence. Intelligence tests provide a childs mental age. These tests consist of age related questions
that a child can answer or tasks that a child can perform on intelligence tests. In the scenario, Risunas
mental age is 9 years because she is able to perform all tasks for 9-year-old children. Since Risuna also
performed half of the tasks for 10-year-old children (6 months) her mental age is 9 years, 6 months.
Option 4 is therefore the correct answer.

Question 23

The two important characteristics of a psychological test are validity and reliability (option 2). Validity
refers to the extent to which the test measures what it intends to measure. For example, a test
developed to measure intelligence should measure the intelligence of a person and no other factors.
Reliability refers to the consistency of a psychological measure obtained over time. For example, the
psychological test should produce the same results when it is conducted on the same people more than
once. Option 2 is therefore the correct answer. The other options are incorrect because mental age
refers to the age level of a persons mental ability. Intelligence is a persons ability to acquire and apply
knowledge and skills. Creativity involves inventions and innovation.

Question 24

The nature versus nurture debate highlights that people that are raised in a similar environment tend to
obtain similar scores in intelligence tests. This is because they are exposed to the same stimuli.
However, people that are raised in different environments tend to obtain different scores because they
are exposed to different forms of stimuli. Heredity is also believed to make a major contribution to
intelligence. People that are closely related in terms of genetics were also shown to obtain similar
scores. For example identical and fraternal twins. They have the same genes, look alike and are the
same sex. Like other siblings, fraternal twins share 50% of their genes and can be different sexes. As a
result, test scores of identical twins were similar compared to those of fraternal twins. In the context of
the scenario, Rose is having trouble at school while Martin is not having trouble because of different
genetic compositions and are raised in the different family environment. Option 4 is therefore the correct
answer.

Question 25

Certain forms of thought process are associated with creative thinking. The first is divergent thinking
(option 1). This form of thinking refers to the ability to produce unusual and unconventional thoughts.
Creative thinking is associated with cognitive complexity (option 2). This involves an individuals ability to
think beyond what is presented to them and use complex thought patterns. Factors such as motivation,
personality and intelligence influence creative achievement (option 4). The correct answer is option 3
because creativity is related to intelligence but it is not the same as intelligence. For example, highly
creative people have an above average mental ability.

End of assignment 02 discussion feedback

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Semester 2
Self-test feedback

Question Answer

01 1

02 2

03 1

04 4

05 3

06 4

07 4

08 2

09 1

10 3

Self-test discussion feedback

Question 1

Reading the question clearly should help you find the correct answer. The issue is that you forgot what
you wanted to do on the internet because of the phone call you received. In this scenario you have
clearly been interrupted and this has interfered with your memory process (Option 1). Without the phone
call from your friend, it could not be established whether your forgetfulness would be due to ineffective
selection (option 2), or lack of rehearsal (option 3) which does not apply here at all or, option 4 (poor
organization). If you did not get the answer right, you have not met the assessment criterion 8 in learning
opportunity LO.SEC.B-07.

Question 2

Habituation refers to the diminished response to a recurring stimulus and is a basic form of learning.
Habituation occurs when a person learns that the repeated presentation of the stimulus does not lead to
new or significant information and can therefore be ignored. Option 3 is incorrect because transduction
refers to the conversion of stimulus energy into electrical energy that can be processed by the central
nervous system. Now this leaves us with options 2 and 4. When a stimulus is presented for the first time
and it exceeds the threshold level, it will produce a sensation (option 4) in the body. When it is presented
continuously its effect wears off and eventually it fails to produce a sensation. This is what the statement
refers to, as a result sensory adaptation (option 2) is the correct answer. The detection of a smell is a
form of sensation (option 4) but the experience of diminishing intensity of the smell refers to sensory
adaptation and not sensation. If you did not get the answer right, you have not met the assessment
criteria 2 and 10 in learning opportunity LO.SEC.B-04.

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Question 3

If you understand the principles of classical conditioning, then you will have no problem answering this
question. The statement in option 1 provides the correct answer to the question. When a conditioned
stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus repeatedly it will result in the disappearance of
a conditioned response. Option 2 is incorrect because the statement refers to stimulus generalisation.
Option 3 is also incorrect because the term used to describe this situation is called stimulus
discrimination. Option 4 is also incorrect because it refers to reinforcement. If you did not get the answer
right you have not met the assessment criteria 3 in learning opportunity LO.SEC.B-07.

Question 4

There are primary emotions that are shared by people throughout the world, regardless of their culture.
Moreover, these emotions are usually expressed behaviourally. In other words, there are inferred from
behaviours such as body postures, facial gestures and so on. This reflects the behavioural component of
emotions and option 4 provides the correct answer to the question. Facial expressions are the most
common form of emotional expression. These behavioural expressions of emotions communicate to us
what other people are feeling. Other species such as animals also show their emotions through facial
expressions. Physiological component (option 1) of emotion refers to the internal changes that occur with
the experience of an emotion. Cognitive-perceptual has to do with the manner in which people think and
interpret an emotional situation. However, this is highly personal and subjective in nature. If you did not
get the answer right, you have not met the assessment criterion 2 in LO.SEC.B-08.

Question 5

The primary emotions are .evident in all cultures (option1). Based on the shared meanings and
interpretations thereof, the primary emotions contribute to the survival of the species (option 4), since
people know and understand what a particular emotion means. Moreover, these emotions are usually
expressed behaviourally (behavioural component of emotion) through gestures. Facial expressions are
the most common form of emotional expressions (option 2). Since the question requires you to identify
an incorrect answer, therefore option 3 is the incorrect answer for this question. Other species, such as
animals - also show their emotions through facial expressions. Watching the National Geographic
Channel on TV will help you understand how animals use facial gestures to express various emotions. If
you did not get the answer right, you have not met the assessment criterion 4 in learning opportunity
LO.SEC.B-08.

Question 6

There is a standard method for calculating the intelligence quotient (IQ) of a person. An average IQ of a
person at any given age is 100. The standard formula is: (MA/CA x 100 = IQ). The average mental age
of Thandi is 13 years. Since Thandi successfully performed all the tasks designed for 14 year-old
children, this gives her a mental age of 14 years. Thandi also successfully performed half of the tasks
designed for 15 year-old children, this gives her half (6 months of a year) for performing the tasks.
Therefore, Thandis mental age is 14 years and 6 months. Option 4 is correct. If you did not get this
answer right, you have not met the assessment criterion .2 in learning opportunity LO.SEC.B-06.

Question 7

This question requires an understanding of the concepts related to personality. Option 1 is incorrect
because it refers to a persons temperament. Options 2 and 3 are also incorrect because they refer to
personality in a general sense. Character therefore, refers to the aspects of personality that involve a
persons values and the ability to behave in accordance with the values. This is what option 4 states and
is the correct answer. If you did not get the answer right, you have not met the assessment criterion1 in
learning opportunity LO.SEC.B-09.

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Question 8

Option 3 is incorrect because action potential occurs when an electrical charge is strong enough to cross
the threshold and the neuron can fire an impulse. In a sense, it refers to an event that occurs when the
electrical charge is strong enough to have an impact to allow a neuron to fire an impulse, and the resting
membrane potential changes into an action potential. Option 1 is incorrect because a postsynaptic gap
refers to the gap between a presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic neuron. Therefore, the trigger point
at which a neuron can fire is called a threshold. Option 2 provides the correct answer. If you did not get
the answer right, you have not met criterion 7 in learning opportunity LO.SEC.01.

Question 9

Formal conceptual hierarchies are based on denotative meanings of the concepts, which are based on
the exact definitions or agreements about attributes in an objective sense. Option 1 is the correct
answer. Option 2 is not correct as connotative meanings of concepts refer to informal conceptual
hierarchies which are based on subjective or personal experience and emotions. If you did not get the
answer right, you have not met the assessment criterion 4 in learning opportunity LO.SEC.B-05.

Question 10

Narcolepsy is the term used for symptoms of sleep that occur during wakefulness and is characterised
by an overwhelming need to sleep. Option 4 is incorrect. Option 1 is also incorrect because insomnia
refers to an inability to fall asleep. An inability to move is a symptom of catalepsy and therefore option 2
is also incorrect. Sleep apnea (option 3) refers to the cessation of breathing during sleep. Option 3 is the
correct answer. If you did not get this question right, you have not met the assessment criterion 4 in
learning opportunity LO.SEC.B-03.

End of assignment 92 discussion feedback

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General examination information

Who do I have to contact If you have any questions concerning administrative aspects
if I have administrative about your examination, please contact the Examination section.
concerns about the Make sure that you know when (date and time) and where you
examination? have to write your examination paper. Make sure that you know
how to get there and how long it will take.

What is the nature of the The examination paper consists of 50 multiple-choice

examination? questions. For each question you have to select the correct
answer and indicate your choice on a mark-reading sheet.
You have two hours to complete the paper.
What special instructions You have to indicate your answers on a mark-reading sheet.
do I have to note? Use a pencil to mark your answers on the mark-reading sheet.
Instructions for using the mark-reading sheet are included with
the paper.
You have to indicate your student number on the mark-
reading sheet as well as on the examination paper. Note that
you may not remove the examination paper from the
examination room.
You have to complete the attendance register on the back
page of the examination paper, tear it off and hand it to the
invigilator.

What do I have to study The examination questions are based on the learning
for the examination? opportunities in the study guide (PYC1501).You also have to
study the resource material indicated in the learning tasks. The
resource material appears in the prescribed book (A-Z).The
paper is designed to assess whether you attained the required
performance standard indicated by the assessment criteria listed
for each learning task.

How do I revise for the Plan your revision activities. Allow sufficient time to revise all the
examination? learning opportunities provided in the Study Guide (PYC1501).
Then test your skills and knowledge by completing the self-test.
Mark the self-test and revise the learning opportunity tasks that
you failed in the self-test.

Please remember that the activities in the Study Guide

Examination preparation
(PYC1501) also form part of your syllabus and you can expect
items that incorporate learning opportunities from the Study
Guide.

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 Format of the examination paper (PYC1501/S2/2017)
You are advised to study these chapters in detail in order to be able to answer the examination
questions.

Chapters Number of questions

Human nervous system 10

States of consciousness 5

Sensation and perception 5

Cognition 5

Intelligence and creativity 5

Learning and memory 9

Emotion 6

Personality 5

Total 50

Good luck with your exams.

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