D1 Markscheme Nov 9th Test HL and SL

(i)

Boiling point of water is greater than methane

Melting point of water is greater than methane

Latent heat of vaporization of water is greater than methane

OR
specific heat capacity of water is greater than methane

(ii)

Water is polar
OR
O atom more negative
OR
H atoms more positive

This causes strong hydrogen bonds to formbetween the molecules

Which require more/high amount of energy to break

Which increases the melting/boiling/latent heat properties

2.

[3marks]

DNA replication is semi-conservative/daughter DNA molecule contains one

parent strand and one new strand;
unwinding of double helix/separation of two strands byhelicase;
separated (parent) strands become templates for new strands;
free/single nucleotides join (parent/template) strands through complementary
base pairing;
DNA polymerase joins nucleotides in new strands;
Award [3] for the above points clearly shown in an annotated diagram.

3.

[5marks]
a. condensation is joining together two amino acids to form a dipeptide;

b. carboxyl/COOH group of one amino acid reacts with amine/NH2group of

another / diagrams of two (generalized) amino acids correctly shown;

c. water/H2O is eliminated;

d. diagram of dipeptide correctly shown;

e. peptide/covalent bond is produced / peptide bond correctly labelled;

f. occurs at the ribosomes;

4.

[8marks]
pH:
a. enzymes have an optimal pH/work best at a given pH;
b. activity increases as pH gets closer to optimal pH;
c. extreme pH denatures enzymes;
d. by breaking bonds / changing enzyme shape/structure / active site shape/
structure;

substrate:
e. as substrate concentration increases, activity increases;
f. as substrate concentration increases, the collisions between substrate and
enzyme increase;
g. up to a maximal level of action / reaching a plateau;
h. all active sites are saturated/occupied;

temperature:
i. enzymes have an optimal temperature (where they work most eectively);
j. activity increases as it gets closer to optimal temperature;
k. high temperatures stop enzyme activity due to irreversible changes in
structure / denaturation;
l. by breaking bonds / changing enzyme shape/structure / active site shape/
structure;
Award any of the above points in an annotated graph.
Award up to[8]if all three addressed and[6 max]if only two addressed.

5.

[4marks]

condensation is joining together molecules with the release of water;

(in general) two monosaccharides join to form a disaccharide / many mono-
saccharides/disaccharides form polysaccharides;
example; (eg. two glucose from maltose)
hydrolysis is the breaking down of molecules with the addition of water;
(in general) disaccharides break into monosaccharides / polysaccharides
break into disaccharides/monosaccharides;
example; (eg. maltose forms two glucose)

6.

[4marks]
monosaccharides are single sugarsanddisaccharides are two
sugarsandpolysaccharides are multiple sugars;
hydrolysis is the addition of water to split a molecule into smaller fragments;
OH and H are added to the fragments;
disaccharides are split/digested into two single sugars;
polysaccharides are broken/digested into smaller fragments
(e.g.diasaccharides);
process depends on enzyme control (in organisms);

7a.

[2marks]

enzymes/biological catalyst amylase/protease/lipase/catalase;

defence/immunity immunoglobin/antibody;
structure collagen;
movement actin/myosin;
transport hemoglobin;
synthesis ligase/DNA polymerase;
hormonal communication insulin/luteinizing hormone;MUST be
proteinaceous
food stores casein in milk;
pigments opsin;
Accept any other valid responses.

7b.

[3marks]

polar amino acids have hydrophilic R groups, non-polar have hydrophobic R

groups;
non-polar amino acids in centre of water-soluble proteins stabilise their
structure;
non-polar amino acids cause proteins to remain embedded in membrane;
polar amino acids on surface of proteins make them water-soluble;
polar amino acids create hydrophilic channels/protein pores in membranes;
enzyme active site specificity depends on amino acids present/polar and
nonpolar amino acids can play a role in substrate interactions at the active
site;

8.

[4marks]

a. found in eukaryotes;
b. consists of DNA wrapped around proteins/histones;
c. histones are in an octamer/group of eight;
d. are held together by another histone/protein;
e. in linker region;
f. help to supercoil chromosomes / to facilitate DNA packing;
g. (function is to) regulate transcription / gene expression;

9a.

[1mark]

helicase / RNA primase / (DNA) ligase

9b.

[2marks]
DNA fragments/sections (formed) on thelaggingstrand;
because replication must be in the 5' 3' direction;
replication starts repeatedly and moves away from replication fork;

9c.

[1mark]

both strands clearly labelled

Check carefully whether the correct strand has been labelled if the labelsare
shown in helical parts of the DNA.
Reject if the sense strand label points to the mRNA.

9d.

[1mark]

a clearly drawn arrow pointing at the free 3' end of the mRNA strand or to
the first free nucleotide on the antisense strand to the left of the mRNA or to
a nucleotide added by the candidate to the left hand end of the mRNA