International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology

(IJARET)
Volume 6, Issue 11, Nov 2015, pp. 91-98, Article ID: IJARET_06_11_009
Available online at
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/issues.asp?JType=IJARET&VType=6&IType=11
ISSN Print: 0976-6480 and ISSN Online: 0976-6499
IAEME Publication
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STATIC AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF

CABLE-STAYED SUSPENSION HYBRID
BRIDGE & VALIDATION
Prof. G. M. Savaliya
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department,
Government Engineering College, Surat, Gujarat, India

Prof. (Dr.) A. K. Desai

Professor, Applied Mechanics Department, SVNIT, Surat, Gujarat, India

Prof.(Dr.) S. A. Vasanwala
Professor, Applied Mechanics Department, SVNIT, Surat, Gujarat, India

ABSTRACT
The requirement of long span bridge is increase with development of
infrastructure facility in every nation. Long span bridge could be achieved
with use of high strength materials and innovative techniques for analysis of
bridge. Generally, cable supported bridges comprise both suspension and
cable-stayed bridge. Cable supported bridges are very flexible in behavior.
These flexible systems are susceptible to the dynamic effects of wind and
earthquake loads. The cable-stayed bridge could provide more rigidity due to
presence of tensed cable stays as a force resistance element. The suspension
bridge could assigned more span in the field of bridge. So, combination of
above two structural system the innovative form of cable-stayed suspension
hybrid bridge could be the better option to provide more span. Here, attempt
is made to analyse long span cable-stayed suspension hybrid bridge. The
literature survey on the topic of analysis of cable-stayed suspension hybrid
bridge is presented in the current paper. Modeling of cable-stayed suspension
hybrid bridge in SAP2000 software and its validation is carried out. The
nonlinear static analysis and modal time history analysis of cable-stayed
suspension hybrid bridge is carried out in SAP2000 software. The time period
of bridge for different mode shape is presented to compare the result of
research paper with Sap 2000 software.
Key words : Cable-Stayed Suspension Hybrid Bridge, Literature Survey,
SAP2000, Modal Time History Analysis.

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 Prof. G. M. Savaliya, Prof. (Dr.) A. K. Desai and Prof.(Dr.) S. A. Vasanwala

Cite this Article: Prof. G. M. Savaliya, Prof. (Dr.) A. K. Desai and Prof.(Dr.)
S. A. Vasanwala. Static and Dynamic Analysis of Cable-Stayed Suspension
Hybrid Bridge & Validation. International Journal of Advanced Research in
Engineering and Technology, 6(11), 2015, pp. 91-98.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/issues.asp?JType=IJARET&VType=6&IType=11

1. INTRODUCTION
The requirement of incredible long span bridges is increased day by day with increase
in inhabitants and their needs. To achieve a very long span bridge, use of high
strength material along with novel structural system is essential. In general to achieve
longer span bridges, cable-stayed and suspension systems are used, in which the
cable-stayed bridge has better structural stiffness and suspension bridge has ability to
offer longer span. Combination of above two structural systems could achieve a very
long span cable-stayed suspension hybrid bridge.

2. CABLE-STAYED SUSPENSION HYBRID BRIDGE

The cable-stayed suspension hybrid bridge is presented as an alternative to long span
cable-stayed and suspension bridges. Hybrid cable-stayed suspension bridge is
combination of cable-stayed bridge and suspension bridge as shown in Fig. 1.

Figure 1 hybrid cable-stayed suspension bridge

The idea of using cables and stay cables to support bridge span was introduced by
Roebling, Dischinger, Steinmann and Gimsing etc. After 1920s combined suspension
cables with cable-stays were used in rehabilitations of some existing suspension
bridges like brooklyne bridge in America, Tancarville bridge in France and Salzar
bridge in Portugle etc. Advantages of combining both systems were discussed by
Gimsing 1988, Schlaich 1988, Lin and Chaw 1991.[6] The cable-stayed suspension
bridge is innovative form of cable supported bridge. The work done in area of
analytical theory and computational technique was inadequate, the bridge system was
not realized until 1997. In the world first cable-stayed suspension hybrid bridge was
built in china with main span 288m, in 1997. [11]

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 Static and Dynamic Analysis of Cable-Stayed Suspension Hybrid Bridge & Validation

2.1. Advantages of cable-stayed suspension hybrid bridge

Advantages of combining both the systems were discussed below. By combining both
the system of cable supported bridges following advantages could be achieve [11]
1. As compared to the suspension bridge with the same span length the partly
suspension portion is replaced by cable-stayed portion and suspension portion can
be shortened, so the tensional forces in the main caternary cables are greatly
decreased.
2. Reduction of suspension portion in main span decrease in the construction costs
of the main cables, massive anchors, difficulty to construct them in water, and
therefore makes it possible to build in the soft soil foundation also.
3. As compared to cable-stayed bridges with the same span length, the cable-stayed
portion is also greatly shortened. These results, the reduced height of tower,
length of stays and the axial forces in the deck.
4. In addition to these, cantilevers during erection are also shorted and wind stability
of the bridge under construction may therefore improve.
Therefore Hybrid cable-stayed suspension bridge becomes an attractive alternative
in the design of long span bridge systems.
So, the long span cable supported bridges like cable-stayed bridge, suspension
bridge and cable-stayed suspension hybrid bridge with different lateral configuration
is considered in the current study.

2.2. Analysis of cable-stayed suspension hybrid bridge

Long span cable supported bridge highly are defined through large number of cable
elements which lead to highly statically indeterminate structures. So, post tensioning
forces in cables and cross sectional area of the cables can be considered as design
variables, which must be determined to identify the bridge configuration under dead
and live loading for economical structural steel quantity and optimum performance of
structural elements. The analysis of cable-stayed suspension hybrid bridge is a new
area of research. The hybrid bridge is consists of the main cables, cable-stays and
hangers in a bridge, which present better performances than conventional ones based
on pure suspension and cable-stayed configurations.

3. LITERATURE SURVEY
Most of the existing cable supported bridges are designed by using traditional
techniques, in which iterative methods based on simple design rules obtained by
designers experience and expertise were utilized [2]. During the last decades, many
research efforts are carried out with the aim to propose proper procedure to calculate
the optimum configuration of bridge.
Konstantakopoulos et. al. proposed a mathematical model to investigate the
dynamic behaviour of a combined cable system of bridges under moving loads. [3].
Lewis presented a refined mathematical model for the assessment of relative material
costs of the supporting structures for cable-stayed and cable suspension bridges. [4].
Lonetti et. al. proposed a design methodology to predict optimum post-tensioning
forces and dimensioning of the cable system for hybrid cable-stayed suspension
(HCS) bridges [5].
Starossek presents innovative forms of cable supported bridge and also suggested
that the cable-stayed suspension bridge could be used to get very long span cable
supported bridge.[6] Zhang presented the mechanics performance including the static

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 Prof. G. M. Savaliya, Prof. (Dr.) A. K. Desai and Prof.(Dr.) S. A. Vasanwala

and dynamic characteristics of 1400 m main span cable-stayed suspension Hybrid

Bridge. [10]. Zhang et. al. presented Static analysis of a self-anchored cable-stayed-
suspension bridge with optimal cable tensions. Finally, through analysis of the
Zhuanghe Jianshe Bridge, design problems that require special attention are pointed
out and a reference basis for further application and design of self-anchored cable-
stayed-suspension bridges is provided [11].
Zhang et.al. discussed three-dimensional nonlinear aerodynamic stability analysis
applied to study the aerodynamic stability of a 1400 m main span cable-stayed-
suspension (CSS) hybrid bridge. [8]. Zhang studied the design parameters of hybrid
cable-stayed Suspension Bridge with main span of 1400m by considering the
geometric nonlinearity of the bridge structures. [9]. Zhang et.al. investigated the wind
stability by analyzing a cable-stayed-suspension hybrid bridge with main span of
1400 m [7]. Zhang et. al. has work out the limit span of self-anchored cable-stayed
suspension bridge. [11]. So, the work related to cable configuration in lateral direction
is limited and thus the behavior of cable supported bridge nonlinear static and modal
analysis of cable-stayed suspension hybrid bridge.

4. BRIDGE CONFIGURATIONS
The bridge configurations considered in the current study for 1400m main span cable-
stayed suspension hybrid bridge is explained here. The bridge configuration is based
on bridge of the east channel of Lingding Strait in China [10] having central span =
1400 m, two side spans = 319 m and height of pylon=258.986 m. The behavior of
bridge is studied for different cable configuration and thus pylon height is considered
as a constant.

Figure 2 Geometric configuration of cable-stayed suspension hybrid bridge (CSSHB)

In current study as shown in Fig.2, the bridge having central span = 1400 m, two
side spans = 319 m and pylon height = 258.986 m is studied with suspension portion
length is 612m in centre of main span. Table 1 shows the material properties of
different elements of bridge.

Table 1 Cross-sectional properties of cable-stayed suspension hybrid bridge members [10]

E A Jd Iy Iz M Jm
Members
(Mpa) (m2) (m4) (m4) (m4) (Kg/m) (Kg.m2/m)
Girder 2.1x105 1.761 3.939 193.2 8.33 26340 2.957x106
Tower C 3.3 x104 30 350 220 320 78000 5.7x105
Tower TB 3.3 x104 10 150 70 70 26000 4.7x105
Main Cable CS 2.0 x105 0.3167 - - - 2660.3 -
Main Cable SS 2.0 x105 0.3547 - - - 2979 -
Hanger Cable 2.0 x105 0.0064 - - - 50.2 -
Stayed cables 2.0 x105 vary - - - vary -

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 Static and Dynamic Analysis of Cable-Stayed Suspension Hybrid Bridge & Validation

Where, E - Modulus of Elasticity; A - Cross section area; M - Mass per unit

length; Jd - torsional constat; Iy-Lateral Bending moment of inertia; Iz-Vertical
Bending moment of inertia; Jm mass moment of inertia per unit length
Figure 3 presents cable-stays at different positions from the pylon to center of the
span with the assigned cross sectional area in m2. The horizontal axis shows the
assigned number to cable-stays in below graph and in vertical axis respective area of
the cable-stays in m2. Here, distance between two hanger cables is 17.941 m

Figure 3 Cable Area assigned to Stay Cables from pylon to center of span

4.1. LOAD ASSIGNMENTS

Structural elements of bridge are assigned with load cases as shown in below Table 2.

Table 2 loads assigned to the different members

Type of the load Value of Assigned Load Element Assigned
Dead Load 97.980 kN/m Deck
SIDL 50.0 kN/m Deck
Live Load 34.650 kN/m Deck

5. STATIC AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF BRIDGE

Nonlinear static and dynamic analyses are carried out to determine the response of the
cable-stayed suspension hybrid bridge. Here, geometrical nonlinearity of the cable
supported bridge is more influencing factor in analysis. The P-Delta effect can be a
very important contributor to the stiffness for considering geometrical nonlinearity of
cable structures. The lateral stiffness of cables is due almost entirely to tension, since
they are very flexible when unstressed. It is important to use realistic values for the P-
delta load combination, since the lateral stiffness of the cables is approximately
proportional to the P-delta axial forces. Dynamic behavior of bridge can conclude by
dynamic analysis. Hence, Modal analysis is carried out to recognize the dynamic
behavior of bridge. In modal analysis each modal load case results in a set of modes.
Each mode consists of a mode shape (normalized deflected shape) and a set of modal
properties like Time periods and Frequencies of the structure. Results are presented
for different length of suspension to main span ratio for cable-stayed suspension
hybrid bridge.

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 Prof. G. M. Savaliya, Prof. (Dr.) A. K. Desai and Prof.(Dr.) S. A. Vasanwala

5.1. Analysis results and discussions

Static and dynamic analyses are carried out to determine response of the structure for
different types of loadings. The validation of the bridge can be judge by structures
response to the applied load cases. Each mode consists of a mode shape (normalized
deflected shape) and a set of modal properties like Time periods and Frequencies of
the structure. The ritz vector modal analysis of the cable-stayed suspension hybrid
bridge (CSSHB) is carried out considering first 50 modes. The 1st lateral mode shape
of bridge is presented in following figure 4. The time period in 1st lateral mode of
bridge is 13.14 sec.

3D view

Plan

Figure 4 1st Lateral bending mode shape of CSSHB

The 1st vertical bending mode of bridge is presented in the following figure 5.

1st vertical
bending
mode shape
Time period
=5.47 sec

Figure 5 1st Vertical bending mode shape of CSSHB

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 Static and Dynamic Analysis of Cable-Stayed Suspension Hybrid Bridge & Validation

3D view Cross section

Figure 6 1st Torsional bending mode shape of CSSHB

From the above figures of the bending mode shape of the CSSHB, the following
table of modal frequency is presented for comparison of values with available
literature data.

Table 3 Comparison of modal frequencies of cable-stayed suspension hybrid bridge (Hz)

Sap:2000
Modes Zhang, 2006 Mode Shape Difference
(Our Results)
Lateral Bending 0.0689 0.0761 1-S 9.46 %

Vertical Bending 0.1858 0.1825 1-S 1.75 %

Torsional Bending 2.956 3.068 1-S 3.65 %

The 1400m main span cable-stayed suspension hybrid bridges is modelled in

SAP: 2000 v.14.0.0 software for static and dynamic analysis. From the above figures
and tables it is found that bridge modelled in the Sap 2000 give the results which are
found similar with results presented in the literature. From the static and dynamic
analysis, it is found that force and displacement results are synchronized with the
available results. Hence, modelling and analysis of the cable supported bridges
specially cable-stayed suspension hybrid bridge in Sap: 2000 is proved efficient.

CONCLUSIONS
The matter related to methods of analysis for cable-stayed suspension hybrid bridge is
presented in brief.
It is found from the available literature that, Hybrid cable-stayed suspension bridge is
combining the advantages of cable-stayed bridge and suspension bridge systems.
Historical development and analysis techniques related to hybrid cable-stayed
suspension bridges are discussed.
It is found from the review carried out related to development and analytical
techniques that there is wide scope for the seismic analysis of hybrid cable-stayed
suspension bridge.

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 Prof. G. M. Savaliya, Prof. (Dr.) A. K. Desai and Prof.(Dr.) S. A. Vasanwala

It is found that bridge modelled in the Sap 2000 give the results which are found
similar with results presented in the literature.
From the static and dynamic analysis, it is found that force and displacement results
are synchronized with the available results.
Hence, modelling and analysis of the cable supported bridges specially cable-
stayed suspension hybrid bridge in Sap: 2000 is proved efficient.

REFERENCES
[1] Gimsing, N. J.(1983), Cable-Supported BridgesConcept and Design,
John Wiley & Sons,Inc., New York.
[2] Ito M.( 1996),"Cable supported Steel Bridges: Design Problems and
Solutions", Journal of Construct. Steel Res.", Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 69-84,
Elsevier.
[3] Konstantakopoulos T.G. and Michaltsos G.T. (2010), A mathematical model
for a combined cable system of bridges Engineering Structures 32 (2010)
2717-2728.
[4] Lewis W.J., (2012) A mathematical model for assessment of material
requirements for cable supported bridges: Implications for conceptual
design, Engineering Structures 42 (2012) 266277.
[5] Lonetti P. & Pascuzzo A. (2014) Optimum design analysis of hybrid cable-
stayed suspension bridges, Advances in Engineering Software, 73 (2014)
5366.
[6] Starossek U. (1996), Cable Stayed Bridge Concept of Longer Spans,
Journal of Bridge Engg., Aug, Vol-1, 99-103.
[7] Zhang X.(2004), "Investigation on aerodynamic stability of long-span
suspension bridges under erection", Journal of Wind Engineering and
Industrial Aerodynamics, Vol. 92, 18, Elsevier.
[8] Zhang Xin-jun(2005), Aerodynamic stability of cable-stayed-suspension
hybrid bridges, Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE, 6A(8), pp. 869-
874.
[9] Zhang Xin-jun(2006), Study of design parameters on flutter stability of
cable stayed suspension hybrid bridges, Wind and Structures, Vol. 9, No.
4 pp. 331-344.
[10] Zhang Xin-Jun(2007), Investigations on mechaniscs performance of cable-
stayed suspension hybrid bridges, Wind and Structures, Vol. 10, No. 6 pp.
533-542.
[11] Zhang Zhe et. al. (2009), Limit span of self-anchored cable-stayed
suspension cooperation System Bridge based on strength, Front. Archit. Civ.
Eng. China, 3(3), pp.286291.

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