Introduction
13-1
Dr. Tareq Albahri, Chemical Engineering, Kuwait University, 2016
13-2
Petroleum Refining Chapter 13: Product Blending
13-3
Dr. Tareq Albahri, Chemical Engineering, Kuwait University, 2016
Solution:
141.5 141.5
= = = 0.7026
+ 131.5 70 + 131.5
141.5 141.5
= = = 1.0374
+ 131.5 5 + 131.5
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Petroleum Refining Chapter 13: Product Blending
Table 13-3: Reid Vapor Pressure Blending Index Numbers for Gasoline and Turbine Fuels.
Vapor
Pressure,
psi 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 0.00 0.05 0.13 0.22 0.31 0.42 0.52 0.64 0.75 0.87
1 1.00 1.12 1.25 1.38 1.52 1.66 1.79 1.94 2.08 2.23
2 2.37 2.52 2.67 2.83 2.98 3.14 3.30 3.46 3.62 3.78
3 3.94 4.11 4.28 44.4 4.61 4.78 4.95 5.13 5.30 5.48
4 5.65 5.83 6.01 6.19 6.37 6.55 6.73 6.92 7.10 7.29
5 7.47 7.66 7.85 8.04 8.23 8.42 8.61 8.80 9.00 9.19
6 9.39 9.58 9.78 9.98 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.2
7 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.2
8 13.4 13.7 13.9 14.1 14.3 14.5 14.7 14.9 15.2 15.4
9 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.7 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.6
10 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.4 19.6 19.8
11 20.0 20.3 20.5 20.7 20.9 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.9 22.1
12 22.3 22.6 22.8 23.0 23.3 23.5 23.7 24.0 24.2 24.4
13 24.7 24.9 25.2 25.4 25.6 25.9 26.1 26.4 26.6 26.8
14 27.1 27.3 27.6 27.8 28.0 28.3 28.5 28.8 29.0 29.3
15 29.5 29.8 30.0 30.2 30.5 30.8 31.0 31.2 31.5 31.8
16 32.0 32.2 32.5 32.8 33.0 33.2 33.5 33.8 34.0 34.3
17 34.5 34.8 35.0 35.3 35.5 35.8 36.0 36.3 36.6 36.8
18 37.1 37.3 37.6 37.8 38.1 38.4 38.6 38.9 39.1 39.4
19 39.7 39.9 40.2 40.4 40.7 41.0 41.2 41.5 41.8 42.0
20 42.3 42.6 42.8 43.1 43.4 43.6 43.9 44.2 44.4 44.7
21 45.0 45.2 45.5 45.8 46.0 46.3 46.6 46.8 47.1 47.4
22 47.6 47.9 48.2 48.4 48.7 49.0 49.3 49.5 49.8 50.1
23 50.4 50.6 50.9 51.2 51.5 51.7 52.0 52.3 52.6 52.8
24 53.1 53.4 53.7 54.0 54.2 54.5 54.8 55.1 55.3 55.6
25 55.9 56.2 56.5 56.7 57.0 57.3 57.5 57.9 58.1 58.4
26 58.7 59.0 59.3 59.6 59.8 60.1 60.4 60.7 61.0 61.3
27 61.5 61.8 62.1I 62.4 62.7 63.0 63.3 63.5 63.8 64.1
28 64.4 64.7 65.0 65.3 65.6 65.8 66.1 66.4 66.7 67.0
29 67.3 67.6 67.9 68.2 68.4 68.8 69.0 69.3 69.6 69.9
30 70.2 Example:
40 101 Calculate the vapor-pressure of a gasoline blend as follows
(nC4) 51.6 138 Vapor Vapor Volume
(iC4) 72.2 210 Component Volume Pressure Pressure Fraction
(C3) 190.0 705 Fraction psi Blending x
Index No. VPBI
n-Butane 0.050 51.6 138 6.90
Equation: Light Straight Run 0.450 6.75 10.9 4.90
VPBI = VP1.25 Heavy Refined 0.500 1.00 1.00 0.50
Total 1.000 7.45 12.3 12.3
From the brochure, 31.0API Iranian Heavy Crude Oil, by arrangement with Chevron
Research Company. Copyright 1971 by Chevron Oil Trading Company.
13-5
Dr. Tareq Albahri, Chemical Engineering, Kuwait University, 2016
Solution
RVP values are obtained from Table 13.1
VPBI values are obtained from Table 13.2
13-6
Petroleum Refining Chapter 13: Product Blending
b.
Component # BPD Vol. MON RON MON x RON x
Frac. Table 13-1 Table 13-1 Vol. frac. Vol. frac.
n-butane 2 165 0.0592 92.0 93.0 4.85 5.51
HSR gasoline 8 1250 0.4488 58.7 62.3 26.34 27.96
LSR gasoline 6 750 0.2693 61.6 66.4 16.59 17.88
C5+ FCC gasoline 18 620 0.2226 76.8 92.3 17.10 20.55
Total for blend 2785 64.9 71.9
13-7
Dr. Tareq Albahri, Chemical Engineering, Kuwait University, 2016
Stock bbls ASTM 50% Viscosity Flash point Aniline Pour point
temp (F) (F) point (F) (F)
A 5,000 575 430 SFS at 120 F 100 70 10
B 3,000 425 82.5 SUS at 130 F 90 160 50
C 2,000 500 2.15 cSt at 130 F 130 40 (mixed) 65
Blend 10,000 ? ? ? ?
Solution:
a. Viscosity
Stock vol. frac. Viscosity Factor (Table vol. frac. x
of blend 13-6) Factor
A 0.5 430 SFS at 120 F 0.700 0.350
B 0.3 82.5 SUS at 130 F 0.500 0.150
C 0.2 2.15 cSt at 130 F 0.300 0.060
Total 1 0.560
Table 13-6 gives the following viscosities for a blend with a factor of 0.56
39.5 cSt at 130 F
183 SUS at 130 F
25.7 SFS at 122 F
b. Flash point
Stock vol. frac. of blend Flash point (F) Blending Index ( vol. frac. x index
Table 13-7)
A 0.5 100 753 376.5
B 0.3 90 1,170 351
C 0.2 130 224 44.8
Total 1 772
Table 13-7 gives a flash point for the blend of 99.5 F for a blending index of 772.
c. Aniline Point
Stock vol. frac. Aniline point (F) Blending Index (Table vol. frac. x index
of blend 13-6)
A 0.5 70 347 173.5
B 0.3 160 855 256.5
C 0.2 40 (mixed) -425 -85
Total 1 345
Table 13-6 gives for a blending index of 345 an aniline point for the blend of 69.5 F or a mixed
aniline point of 115 F.
d. Pour Point
Stock vol. frac. ASTM 50% Pour Point (F) Blending Index vol. frac. x
of blend temp (F) (Table 13-7) index
A 0.5 575 10 8 4
B 0.3 425 50 61 18.3
C 0.2 500 65 98 19.6
Total 1 41.9
13-9
Dr. Tareq Albahri, Chemical Engineering, Kuwait University, 2016
Freeze Point (F) Index Freeze Point (F) Index Freeze Point (F) Freeze Point (F)
-250 0.0064 -105 1.2286 40 235.03
-245 0.0077 -100 1.4727 45 281.71
-240 0.0092 -95 1.7651 50 337.66
-235 0.0111 -90 2.1157 55 404.72
-230 0.0133 -85 2.5359 60 485.11
-225 0.0159 -80 3.0396 65 581.46
-220 0.0190 -75 3.6433 70 696.94
-215 0.0228 -70 4.3669 75 835.37
-210 0.0274 -65 5.2343 80 1001.3
-205 0.0328 -60 6.2739 85 1200.2
-200 0.0393 -55 7.5199 90 1438.5
-195 0.0471 -50 9.0135 95 1724.2
-190 0.0565 -45 10.804 100 2066.7
-185 0.0677 -40 12.949 105 2477.2
-180 0.0811 -35 15.521 110 2969.2
-175 0.0973 -30 18.604 115 3558.9
-170 0.1166 -25 22.299 120 4265.7
-165 0.1397 -20 26.728 125 5112.9
-160 0.1675 -15 32.037 130 6128.4
-155 0.2007 -10 38.400 135 7345.6
-150 0.2406 -5 46.026 140 8804.6
-145 0.2884 0 55.168 145 10553.3
-140 0.3457 5 66.125 150 12649.3
-135 0.4143 10 79.258 155 15161.6
-130 0.4966 15 95.000 160 18173.0
-125 0.5953 20 113.87 165 21782.4
-120 0.7135 25 136.48 170 26108.7
-115 0.8552 30 163.59 175 31294.2
-110 1.0250 35 196.08
13-10
Petroleum Refining Chapter 13: Product Blending
Freeze Point (K) Index Freeze Point (K) Index Freeze Point (K) Index
116 0.0061 196 1.139 276 210.1
118 0.0070 198 1.297 278 238.8
120 0.0080 200 1.473 280 272.4
122 0.0091 202 1.683 282 310.8
124 0.0104 204 1.919 284 353.8
126 0.0119 206 2.183 286 402.0
128 0.0135 208 2.486 288 459.4
130 0.0154 210 2.838 290 523.6
132 0.0175 212 3.233 292 595.3
134 0.0200 214 3.672 294 678.5
136 0.0227 216 4.193 296 774.5
138 0.0259 218 4.783 298 881.8
140 0.0295 220 5.442 300 1001.3
142 0.0336 222 6.191 302 1144.5
144 0.0383 224 7.071 304 1305.0
146 0.0437 226 8.058 306 1484.2
148 0.0497 228 9.157 308 1689.9
150 0.0565 230 10.45 310 1929.7
152 0.0646 232 11.92 312 2198.0
154 0.0736 234 13.57 314 2496.8
156 0.0837 236 15.42 316 2851.1
158 0.0953 238 17.62 318 3252.2
160 0.1088 240 20.08 320 3700.2
162 0.1240 242 22.83 322 4209.2
164 0.1408 244 26.02 324 4807.9
166 0.1608 246 29.70 326 5478.5
168 0.1834 248 33.82 328 6225.8
170 0.2087 250 38.40 330 7102.2
172 0.2374 252 43.89 332 8104.3
174 0.2712 254 50.05 334 9224.3
176 0.3090 256 56.92 336 10483
178 0.3512 258 64.81 338 11979
180 0.4006 260 74.01 340 13654
182 0.4571 262 84.30 342 15523
184 0.5203 264 95.75 344 17691
186 0.5913 266 109.3 346 20194
188 0.6756 268 124.7 348 22994
190 0.7702 270 141.9 350 26109
192 0.8756 272 161.4 352 29842
194 0.9979 274 184.4 354 33576
13-11
Dr. Tareq Albahri, Chemical Engineering, Kuwait University, 2016
Example 13-5
Calculate the freezing point and smoke point of the blend from the following kerosene blending
stocks.
Solution:
Table gives a freezing point of -52.7 F for a blend with a factor of 8.2027
In terms of equations
British units
Equation gives a freezing point of -52.9 F for a blend with a factor of 8.2026
13-12
Petroleum Refining Chapter 13: Product Blending
In SI units
Table gives a freezing point of 226.3 K (-52.7 F) for a blend with a factor of 8.2026
Equation gives a freezing point of 226.2 K (-52.8 F) for a blend with a factor of 8.2026
Smoke point
Stock vol. frac. Smoke Point Smoke Point x
of blend (mm) vol. frac.
A 0.5 25 12.5
B 0.3 22 6.6
C 0.2 21 4.2
Blend 1 23.3
13-13
Dr. Tareq Albahri, Chemical Engineering, Kuwait University, 2016
Table 13-6 maybe digitized and the following equations are obtained,
= (X1 + 0.3103)/10
= 0.291694 ()0.164017
1 = 1.05593 () (3)
for the viscosity in SUS use one of the following two equations
0.80755 (4)
1 = 0.6068 + 0.047971
12
or
or
For blend no. 2, use the above equations 1 through 4. For example, Equations 1 and 2 would
become,
X2 = log10 (visc.2)
0.17 + 0.5238 2
2 =
1 + 0.5124 2 0.01233 22
13-14
Petroleum Refining Chapter 13: Product Blending
To calculate the viscosity of the blend in SUS use either of the following equations
Example 13-6: Blending for viscosity using above (Albahri Viscosity Blending equations)
Table 13-6 gives 300 cSt at 130 F for a blend with a factor of 0.667
13-15
Dr. Tareq Albahri, Chemical Engineering, Kuwait University, 2016
Example 13-7: Blending for viscosity using above (Albahri Viscosity Blending equations)
Table 13-6 gives 300 cSt at 130 F for a blend with a factor of 0.667
Example 13-8: Convert the viscosity of an oil sample having 100 cSt to SUS and SFS
Solution: From the Table 13-6 the viscosity factor for 100 cSt is 0.613. This factor
corresponds to 460 SUS and 62 SFS at 122 F.
Numerical Method
13-16
Petroleum Refining Chapter 13: Product Blending
An alternate numerical method for calculating the pour point of distillate blending stocks.
The pour point blending index is given by the following equations instead of Table
In kelvin
In Fahrenheit
PPBIFi = 0.1786 + 0.425117 exp [0.0147 (PPF+70) - 0.00887 (TbF) + 4.925 10-5 (PPF+70)(TbF)]
(PPF+70)0.1894 (TbF)0.5855
13.27
PPBIFi = pour point blending index for component i in F
PPF is pour point in F
TbF = ASTM distillation curve 50% temperature in F (average boiling point)
The procedure is to calculate the PPBI for each component using the equation then add to obtain the
pour point of the blend
PP = Xvi PPBIKi
Example 13-9
Applied to the previous example to calculate the pour point, the above equations will yield,
vol. frac. Pour Point ASTM 50% temp Blending Index (Table vol. frac. x
Stock
of blend (F) (F) 13-7) index
A 0.5 10 575 7.8 3.92
B 0.3 50 425 60.6 18.17
C 0.2 65 500 98.3 19.66
Total 1 41.8
13-17
Dr. Tareq Albahri, Chemical Engineering, Kuwait University, 2016
The flash point blending index is given by the following equations instead of the Table
The flash point is then calculated for the blend using the following equations
Example 13-10
Applied to the previous example to calculate the flash point, the above equations will yield,
13-18
Petroleum Refining Chapter 13: Product Blending
An alternate numerical method for calculating the aniline point of distillate blending stocks.
The aniline point blending index is given by the following equations instead of the Table
In British units:
In SI Units:
73778706
APBIi = 4852.435 + 14.7655 APKi + (more accurate) 13.33
2
where
The aniline point is then calculated for the blend using the following equations
In British units:
In SI units:
An alternate numerical method for calculating the mixed aniline point of distillate blending
stocks.
The mixed aniline point blending index is given by the following equations instead of the
Table
In British units:
MAPBIi =1090 + 2221 cos (0.005425 MAPFi + 3.7453) (more accurate) 13.38
13-19
Dr. Tareq Albahri, Chemical Engineering, Kuwait University, 2016
(740.124+8.8357 )
MAPBIi = (12.456103 13.39
+6.629106 2 )
140904757
MAPBIi = - 10323.5 + 29.064 MAPKi + (more accurate) 13.40
2
(650.1+2.796 )
MAPBIi = (14.448103 +5.8987106 2 ) 1000 13.41
where
The mixed aniline point for the blend is calculated using the following equations
In British units:
(83.783+0.113208 )
MAPFm = (1+2.184104 8 2 13.43
7.16610 )
In SI units:
1
MAPKm = [3.9884103 +1.432104 ln( 6 (ln( +1000))3 ]
(more
+1000)5.05810
accurate)
13.44
1
MAPKm = (4.8173103 1.0622104 0.3839) 13.45
[231.53+0.3032 ( +1000)]
MAPKm = [1+8.46104 ( 8 2 ]
13.46
+1000)7.5610 ( +1000)
13-20
Petroleum Refining Chapter 13: Product Blending
Example 13-11
Applied to the previous example to calculate the aniline point, the above equations will yield,
Example 13-12:
Calculate the amount of each blending stock that would produce a 300,000 bbls gasoline
product with the flowing specifications, API = 70 min, ON = 95 min, RVP = 9 psig max
Available blends are as follows
Component bbls API ON RVP SG RVPI = RVP1.25
Tank 1 Reformate 500,000 70 94 10 0.7022 17.7828
Tank 2 Isomerate 400,000 69 92 9 0.7057 15.5885
Tank 3 Alkylate 600,000 72 96 8 0.6953 13.4543
Desired Blend 300,000 70 95 9 0.7022 15.5885
Solution:
Let
N1 = bbls of Tank 1 reformate
N2 = bbls of Tank 2 isomerate
N3 = bbls of Tank 3 alkylate
Constraints:
N1 500,000
N2 400,000
N3 600,000
13-21
Dr. Tareq Albahri, Chemical Engineering, Kuwait University, 2016
where
X1 = n1/(n1+n2+n3)
X2 = n2/(n1+n2+n3)
X3 = n3/(n1+n2+n3)
Blend properties
API = 71.4 (giveaway)
ON = 95.2
RVP = 8.2 psig
Figure 13-4: Product blending using linear programming and the solver function of Microsoft Excel.
13-22
Petroleum Refining Chapter 13: Product Blending
cSt
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.5 0.000 0.006 0.013 0.019 0.025 0.030 0.036 0.041 0.046 0.051
0.6 0.056 0.061 0.065 0.069 0.074 0.078 0.082 0.086 0.089 0.093
0.7 0.097 0.100 0.104 0.107 0.110 0.114 0.117 0.120 0.123 0.126
0.8 0.128 0.131 0.134 0.137 0.139 0.142 0.144 0.147 0.149 0.152
0.9 0.154 0.156 0.159 0.161 0.163 0.165 0.167 0.169 0.172 0.174
cSt
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
1 0.176 0.194 0.210 0.224 0.236 0.247 0.257 0.266 0.275 0.283
2 0.290 0.297 0.303 0.309 0.314 0.320 0.325 0.329 0.334 0.338
3 0.342 0.346 0.350 0.353 0.357 0.360 0.363 0.366 0.369 0.372
4 0.375 0.378 0.380 0.383 0.385 0.387 0.390 0.392 0.394 0.396
5 0.398 0.400 0.402 0.404 0.406 0.408 0.410 0.411 0.413 0.414
6 0.416 0.418 0.419 0.421 0.422 0.423 0.425 0.426 0.428 0.429
7 0.431 0.432 0.433 0.434 0.436 0.437 0.438 0.439 0.440 0.442
8 0.443 0.444 0.445 0.446 0.447 0.448 0.449 0.450 0.451 0.452
9 0.453 0.454 0.455 0.456 0.456 0.457 0.458 0.459 0.460 0.461
cSt
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 0.462 0.470 0.477 0.483 0.489 0.494 0.499 0.503 0.508 0.511
20 0.515 0.519 0.522 0.525 0.528 0.531 0.533 0.536 0.538 0.541
30 0.543 0.545 0.547 0.549 0.551 0.553 0.555 0.557 0.558 0.559
40 0.561 0.563 0.564 0.566 0.567 0.568 0.570 0.571 0.572 0.573
50 0.575 0.576 0.577 0.578 0.579 0.580 0.581 0.582 0.583 0.584
60 0.585 0.586 0.587 0.588 0.589 0.590 0.591 0.592 0.592 0.593
70 0.594 0.595 0.596 0.596 0.597 0.598 0.599 0.599 0.600 0.601
80 0.601 0.602 0.603 0.603 0.604 0.605 0.605 0.606 0.607 0.607
90 0.608 0.608 0.609 0.610 0.610 0.611 0.611 0.612 0.612 0.613
cSt
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100 0.613 0.618 0.623 0.627 0.631 0.634 0.637 0.640 0.643 0.646
200 0.648 0.651 0.653 0.655 0.657 0.659 0.661 0.662 0.664 0.666
300 0.667 0.669 0.670 0.671 0.673 0.674 0.675 0.676 0.678 0.679
400 0.680 0.681 0.682 0.683 0.684 0.685 0.686 0.687 0.688 0.688
500 0.689 0.690 0.691 0.692 0.692 0.693 0.694 0.695 0.696 0.696
600 0.697 0.698 0.698 0.699 0.700 0.700 0.701 0.701 0.702 0.702
700 0.703 0.704 0.704 0.705 0.705 0.706 0.706 0.707 0.707 0.708
800 0.708 0.709 0.709 0.710 0.710 0.711 0.711 0.712 0.712 0.713
900 0.713 0.714 0.714 0.715 0.715 0.715 0.716 0.716 0.716 0.717
13-23
Dr. Tareq Albahri, Chemical Engineering, Kuwait University, 2016
cSt
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
1,000 0.717 0.721 0.724 0.727 0.730 0.733 0.735 0.737 0.739 0.741
2,000 0.743 0.745 0.747 0.748 0.750 0.751 0.752 0.754 0.755 0.756
3,000 0.757 0.758 0.759 0.761 0.762 0.763 0.764 0.765 0.765 0.766
4,000 0.767 0.768 0.769 0.770 0.770 0.771 0.772 0.772 0.773 0.774
5,000 0.775 0.775 0.776 0.777 0.778 0.778 0.778 0.779 0.779 0.780
6,000 0.780 0.781 0.781 0.782 0.782 0.783 0.783 0.784 0.784 0.785
7,000 0.785 0.786 0.786 0.787 0.787 0.787 0.788 0.788 0.789 0.790
8,000 0.790 0.790 0.790 0.791 0.791 0.791 0.792 0.792 0.792 0.793
9,000 0.793 0.794 0.794 0.794 0.795 0.795 0.795 0.796 0.796 0.796
cSt
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
10,000 0.796 0.799 0.802 0.804 0.806 0.808 0.810 0.812 0.814 0.815
20,000 0.817 0.818 0.820 0.821 0.822 0.823 0.824 0.825 0.826 0.827
30,000 0.828 0.829 0.830 0.831 0.832 0.8330 0.833 0.834 0.835 0.836
40,000 0.836 0.837 0.838 0.838 0.839 .839 0.840 0.841 0.841 0.842
50,000 0.842 0.843 0.843 0.844 0.844 0.845 0.845 0.846 0.846 0.847
60,000 0.847 0.848 0.848 0.848 0.849 0.849 0.850 0.850 0.850 0.851
70,000 0.851
80,000 0.854
90,000 0.858
13-24
Petroleum Refining Chapter 13: Product Blending
SUS
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
32 0.275 0.278 0.280 0.282 0.284 0.286 0.288 0.290 0.292 0.294
33 0.296 0.298 0.300 0.302 0.303 0.305 0.307 0.309 0.310 0.312
34 0.314 0.315 0.317 0.318 0.320 0.321 0.323 0.324 0.326 0.327
35 0.328 0.330 0.331 0.333 0.334 0.335 0.337 0.338 0.339 0.340
36 0.342 0.343 0.344 0.345 0.346 0.347 0.349 0.350 0.351 0.352
37 0.353 0.354 0.355 0.356 0.357 0.358 0.359 0.360 0.362 0.363
38 0.363 0.364 0.365 0.366 0.367 0.368 0.369 0.370 0.371 0.372
39 0.373 0.373 0.374 0.375 0.376 0.377 0.378 0.378 0.379 0.380
SUS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
40 0.381 0.388 0.395 0.402 0.408 0.413 0.418 0.423 0.428 0.431
50 0.435 0.439 0.442 0.445 0.449 0.451 0.454 0.457 0.459 0.462
60 0.464 0.466 0.469 0.471 0.473 0.475 0.476 0.478 0.480 0.482
70 0.483 0.485 0.486 0.488 0.489 0.491 0.492 0.493 0.495 0.496
80 0.497 0.498 0.499 0.501 0.502 0.503 0.504 0.505 0.506 0.507
90 0.508 0.509 0.510 0.511 0.512 0.513 0.513 0.514 0.515 0.516
SUS
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100 0.517 0.524 0.531 0.537 0.542 0.547 0.551 0.555 0.559 0.562
200 0.565 0.568 0.571 0.574 0.576 0.579 0.581 0.583 0.585 0.587
300 0.589 0.591 0.593 0.595 0.596 0.598 0.600 0.601 0.603 0.604
400 0.605 0.607 0.608 0.609 0.611 0.612 0.613 0.614 0.615 0.616
500 0.617 0.618 0.619 0.620 0.621 0.622 0.623 0.624 0.625 0.626
600 0.627 0.628 0.628 0.629 0.630 0.631 0.632 0.632 0.633 0.634
700 0.635 0.635 0.636 0.637 0.637 0.638 0.639 0.639 0.640 0.640
800 0.641 0.642 0.642 0.643 0.643 0.644 0.645 0.645 0.646 0.646
900 0.647 0.647 0.648 0.648 0.649 0.649 0.650 0.650 0.651 0.651
13-25
Dr. Tareq Albahri, Chemical Engineering, Kuwait University, 2016
SUS
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
1,000 0.652 0.656 0.660 0.664 0.667 0.670 0.673 0.676 0.678 0.681
2,000 0.683 0.685 0.687 0.689 0.691 0.692 0.694 0.696 0.697 0.699
3,000 0.700 0.701 0.703 0.704 0.705 0.706 0.707 0.708 0.709 0.710
4,000 0.711 0.712 0.713 0.714 0.715 0.716 0.717 0.718 0.719 0.719
5,000 0.720 0.721 0.722 0.722 0.723 0.724 0.725 0.725 0.726 0.726
6,000 0.727 0.728 0.728 0.729 0.729 0.730 0.731 0.731 0.732 0.732
7,000 0.733 0.733 0.734 0.734 0.735 0.735 0.736 0.736 0.737 0.737
8,000 0.738 0.738 0.739 0.739 0.740 0.740 0.740 0.741 0.741 0.742
9,000 0.742 0.742 0.743 0.743 0.744 0.744 0.744 0.745 0.745 0.745
SUS
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
10,000 0.746 0.749 0.752 0.755 0.758 0.760 0.762 0.764 0.766 0.768
20,000 0.770 0.771 0.773 0.774 0.776 0.777 0.778 0.779 0.781 0.782
30,000 0.783 0.784 0.785 0.786 0.787 0.788 0.789 0.790 0.790 0.791
40,000 0.792 0.793 0.793 0.794 0.795 0.795 0.796 0.797 0.797 0.798
50,000 0.799 0.799 0.800 0.800 0.801 0.802 0.802 0.803 0.803 0.804
60,000 0.804 0.805 0.805 0.806 0.806 0.807 0.807 0.807 0.808 0.808
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Petroleum Refining Chapter 13: Product Blending
SFS at
122 F 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
SFS at
122 F 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100 0.637 0.642 0.646 0.649 0.653 0.656 0.659 0.661 0.664 0.666
200 0.669 0.671 0.673 0.675 0.676 0.678 0.680 0.681 0.683 0.684
300 0.686 0.687 0.688 0.689 0.691 0.692 0.693 0.694 0.695 0.696
400 0.697 0.698 0.699 0.700 0.701 0.702 0.703 0.703 0.704 0.705
500 0.706 0.707 0.707 0.708 0.709 0.710 0.710 0.711 0.712 0.712
600 0.713 0.713 0.714 0.715 0.715 0.716 0.716 0.717 0.718 0.718
700 0.719 0.719 0.720 0.720 0.721 0.721 0.722 0.722 0.723 0.723
800 0.724 0.724 0.724 0.725 0.725 0.726 0.726 0.727 0.727 0.727
900 0.728 0.728 0.729 0.729 0.729 0.730 0.730 0.730 0.731 0.731
SFS at
122 F 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
1000 0.732 0.735 0.738 0.741 0.743 0.746 0.748 0.750 0.752 0.754
2000 0.755 0.757 0.759 0.760 0.761 0.763 0.764 0.764 0.766 0.767
3000 0.769 0.770 0.771 0.772 0.773 0.773 0.775 0.775 0.776 0.777
13-27
Dr. Tareq Albahri, Chemical Engineering, Kuwait University, 2016
Flash Point,
F 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
300 1.75 1.41 1.15 0.943 0.777 0.643 0.535 0.448 0.376 0.317
400 0.269 0.229 0.196 0.168 0.145 0.125 0.108 0.094 0.082 0.072
500 0.063 0.056 0.049 0.044 0.039 0.035 0.031 0.028 0.025 0.022
May be used to blend flash temperature, determined in any apparatus but, preferably, not to blend closed cup with
open cup determinations.
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Petroleum Refining Chapter 13: Product Blending
13-29
Dr. Tareq Albahri, Chemical Engineering, Kuwait University, 2016
300 350 375 400 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 625 650 675 700
Pour
Point
70 133 131 129 128 127 125 123 120 118 115 113 110 108 105 103 100
65 114 111 109 107 105 103 101 98 96 94 91 88 85 82 79 76
60 99 94 92 90 87 85 82 80 77 74 72 69 67 64 62 60
55 88 79 77 75 73 71 68 66 63 61 58 56 53 50 48 46
50 72 68 66 63 61 59 56 54 52 49 47 44 42 39 37 35
45 60 56 54 52 50 48 46 44 42 40 38 35 33 31 29 27
40 52 48 46 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 21
35 44 41 39 37 35 33 32 30 28 26 24 23 21 19 18 16
30 37 34 32 31 29 27 26 24 23 21 19 18 16 15 14 13
25 32 29 27 26 24 23 21 20 18 17 15 14 13 12 11 10
20 27 24 23 21 20 19 17 16 15 14 12 11 10 9.1 8.3 7.5
15 23 20 19 18 17 16 14 13 12 11 10 9.0 8.1 7.2 6.4 5.8
10 20 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 9.8 8.8 8.0 7.1 6.3 5.6 5.0 4.5
5 17 15 14 13 12 11 9.7 8.8 7.9 7.1 6.3 5.6 5.0 4.4 3.8 3.5
0 14 12 11 10 9.6 8.7 7.9 7.1 6.3 5.6 5.0 4.4 3.8 3.4 3.0 2.7
-5 12 10 9.5 8.7 8.0 7.2 6.5 5.8 5.1 4.5 3.9 3.4 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.1
-10 10 8.8 8.0 7.3 6.6 5.9 5.3 4.7 4.1 3.6 3.2 2.8 2.5 2.2 1.9 1.6
-15 8.8 7.4 6.8 6.1 5.5 4.9 4.4 3.9 3.4 3.0 2.6 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.4 1.2
-20 7.5 6.3 5.7 5.1 4.6 4.1 3.6 3.2 2.8 2.4 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.1 0.94
-25 6.4 5.3 4.7 4.2 3.7 3.3 2.9 2.5 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.90 0.72
-30 5.5 4.5 4.0 3.6 3.2 2.8 2.4 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.1 0.96 0.80 0.67 0.56
-35 4.6 3.7 3.3 2.9 2.6 2.3 2.0 1.7 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.90 0.75 0.62 0.51 0.43
-40 4.0 3.2 2.8 2.5 2.2 1.9 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.86 0.73 0.62 0.51 0.41 0.33
-45 3.3 2.7 2.4 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.1 0.98 0.82 0.68 0.58 0.48 0.38 0.31 0.25
-50 2.8 2.3 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.1 0.93 0.78 0.66 0.56 0.47 0.38 0.31 0.25 0.20
-55 2.5 1.9 1.7 1.4 1.2 1.1 0.90 0.77 0.65 0.55 0.46 0.37 0.30 0.24 0.19 0.15
-60 2.1 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.87 0.74 0.62 0.52 0.43 0.36 0.30 0.24 0.19 0.14 0.10
-65 1.8 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.85 0.72 0.60 0.50 0.41 0.34 0.28 0.23 0.18 0.14 0.10 0.07
-70 1.5 1.1 0.99 0.84 0.71 0.60 0.50 0.42 0.36 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.11 0.08 0.05
Online Blending
Because of limited storage space, many refineries today (MAB refinery) have the
ability to use computer-controlled in-line product blending.
Inventories of blending stocks, together with cost and physical property data are
maintained in the computer.
When a certain volume of a given quality product is specified, the computer uses
linear programming models to optimize the blending operations (select the optimum
volume of blending components) to produce the required product at the lowest cost.
To ensure that the blended streams meet the desired specifications, stream analyzers,
such as boiling point, specific gravity, RVP, and research and motor octane are
installed to provide feedback control of blending streams and additives (if necessary).
Blending components to meet all critical specifications most economically is a trial-
and-error (iterative) procedure which is easily handled by a computer.
The large number of variables leads to a number of equivalent solutions that give the
approximate equivalent total overall cost or profit.
Optimization programs (like PIMS for example) permit the computer to provide the
optimum blend to minimize cost and maximize profit.
Both linear and nonlinear programming techniques are used.
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Petroleum Refining Chapter 13: Product Blending
Figure 13-5: Schematic representation of the online blending system for diesel product
Problems
1. Using values from Table 12.1, calculate the number of barrels of n-butane that have to
be added to a mixture of 1250 barrels of HSR gasoline, 750 barrels of LSR gasoline,
and 620 barrels of C 5 FCC gasoline to produce a 9 psi Reid vapor pressure. What are the
research and motor octane numbers of the blend?
2. For the blend of components in problem 1, what would be the posted octane number of the
9.0 psi RVP gasoline if 10 vol% MTBE was added to the gasoline mixture?
3. Calculate the amount of n-butane needed to produce a 12.5 psi RVP for a mixture of
2730 barrels of LSR gasoline, 2490 barrels of 94 RON reformate, 6100 barrels of heavy
hydrocrackate, and 3600 barrels of C 5 + FCC gasoline. How much ETBE must be added
to produce a 90 RON product? Calculate the RVP of the final blend.
4. What is the ash point of a mixture of 2500 barrels of oil with a ashpoint of 120F,
3750 barrels with a ashpoint of 35F, and 5000 barrels with a 150F ashpoint?
5. Calculate the pour point of the following mixture:
13-31
Dr. Tareq Albahri, Chemical Engineering, Kuwait University, 2016
ASTM Pour
Compone Barrel 50% point,
nt
A s5,200 temp.,
57 F
10
B 3,000 F
5
42 50
C 6,500 50
5 65
D 3,250 55
0 45
0
6. What is the viscosity of a blend of 2000 barrels of oil with a viscosity of 75.5 cSt at 130F,
3000 barrels with 225 cSt at 130F, and 5000 barrels with 6500 cSt at 130F?
7. Calculate the octane numbers of the nal blend and amount of n-butane needed for
producing a 9.5 psi RVP gasoline from 5100 BPSD of LSR gasoline, 3000 BPSD light
hydrocrackate, 4250 BPSD alkylate, 10,280 BPSD heavy hydrocrackate, 14,500 BPSD
FCC C 5+ gasoline, 14,200 BPSD of 96 RON reformate, and 2500 BPSD of polymer
gasoline.
8. Recommend the best method for increasing the clear posted octane number of the pool
gasoline in problem 7 by 3 numbers. Estimate the cost involved. Assume any necessary
processing units are available and have the necessary capacity.
9. Calculate the number of barrels of n-butane that have to be added to a mixture of 1000
barrels of light thermal gasoline, 1000 barrels of polymer gasoline, and 1000 barrels of
C 4= alkylate to produce a gasoline product having 10 psi Reid vapor pressure.
10. What is the posted octane number and Reid vapor pressure of the gasoline product of
problem 3?
11. Calculate the clear octane numbers (RON and MON) and the amount of butane needed for
a 12.0 psi RVP gasoline produced from the following:
12. Recommend the best method (lowest capital cost) for increasing the posted octane number
of the pool gasoline in problem 11 by 5.5 octane numbers. Estimate the size of the unit
and its 1994 construction cost.
HW solve problems 3, 5, 6, 10
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