Biomass To Liquid Transport Fuels

Biomass to liquid transportation fuel
via Fischer Tropsch synthesis
Snehesh Shivananda Ail1 S. Dasappa2
Centre for Sustainable Technologies, IISc, Bangalore, India
Presented By :
Himanshu Kumar : 2014CH10102
Kapil Rai Chandel : 2014CH10106
Nikhil Sethia : 2014CH10176
CLL371 Course Project
Snehesh Shivananda Ail, S. Dasappa Biomass to liquid transportation fuel CLL371 Course Project 1 / 23
Outline
1 Introduction
Current Scenario of Energy
Biomass to Liquid Transportation Fuel (BTL)
2 Potential Reaction Pathways
3 Comparison of Reaction Pathways
4 Functions Diagram
5 Operations Diagram
6 Heat Integration & Cost Analysis
7 References
Current Scenario of Energy
1 Limited availability of fossil fuel reserves & increasing price with time
2 Fossil fuel consumption leading to global warming : Climate change
3 Transportation sector : 2nd Largest gross end use energy consumption
Biomass to Liquid (BTL)

Biomass : Crop residue, dead organic matter, several tree species
Burn
Biomass Energy OR Biomass liquid fuel e.g. ethanol, diesel
Keeps environment clean, char produced used as fuel
Potential Reaction Pathways
Fast Pyrolysis
Absence of O
2
Biomass Pyrolytic Oil + char + gas
Heating
Temperature range : 450 500 C , Heating rates : 103 104 K/s
Pyrolytic Oil : 75 80 wt % Polar Organics ; 20 25 wt % H2 O
Direct Liquification
Hydrothermal Upgrading
CH1.4 O0.7 (Solid Biomass) CH2 (Liquid Fuel)
HTU
Temperature range : 330
370 C, Pressure range: 150 - 200 bar.
Catalyst: Mo(CO)6 S and Ru3 CO12
Transesterification of Vegetable Oils

Transesterification
Oil seeds Triglyceride Biodiesel
+ CH3 OH
Oil Seed : Palm, coconut, jatropha, soy-beans
Transesterification Reaction:
Catalyst : KOH or NaOH Temperature: 623K Pressure: 21000kPa

Biodiesel : Methyl esters of straight chain fatty acids
Bio-Oil from Algae

Dehydration Transesterification
Micro Algae Triglyceride Biodiesel
C6 H14 Addition + CH3 OH
Algae composition : Lipids (2-40 wt%), saccharides, oils
Fischer Tropsch
Gasification
Biomass CO + H2
Fischer Tropsch Synthesis
CO + H2 Liquid Fuel
Temperature range : 180 200 C, Pressure range : 5 - 15 atm
Catalyst : Co
Comparison of Reaction Pathways
Reaction Pathway 1 : Fast Pyrolysis

High Yields of Liquid fuels
Not energy efficient & difficult to scale up to commercial sizes
High O2 and H2 O content in pyrolytic oils : low quality fuel
Storage problem : Phase separation & polymerization of bio-oils
Technology can commercialize iff these challenges are solved
Reaction Pathway 2 : Direct Liquification

No direct liquefaction processes in commercial use
High O2 content : Process difficult to operate
Reaction Pathway 3 : Transesterification of Vegetable Oils

Useful by-products (protein and glycerine)
Bio-diesel obtained similar to conventional diesel
Large amount of waste water separation, cleaning of catalyst and
products required
Large magnitude of input energy required
Reaction Pathway 4 : Bio-Oil from Algae

Rapid growth rate & high energy content
Ability to feed on high CO2 levels from fossil fuel combustion
Contamination of algae during growth in open ponds by other
micro-organisms
Growth of algae dependent on environmental variations (pH,
Temperature, Sunlight)
Reaction Pathway 5 : Fischer Tropsch (FT)

FT process established very well commercially for the conversion of
syngas to higher hydrocarbons
Lower emission levels than gasoline and diesel: free of sulphur,
aromatics and nitrogen
Biomass gasification coupled with FT process: production of green
liquid fuel
Functions Diagram
Operations Diagram
Decisions Taken
1 Select R1 as : Counter-current fixed bed (up draft) gasifier
Operating Temperature of R1 : 1366 K
Operating Pressure of R1 : 2.1 MPa
2 Select S1 as series of two separators in line with the process stream :
For solid waste : Cyclone separator used inline after gasification reactor
For cracking medium hydrocarbons : Tar cracker used after cyclone
separator as fixed bed catalytic reactors (Catalyst : Y-zeolite)
Feed-in Temperature : 1366 K
Product-out Temperature : 1102 K
Operating Temperature : 2 MPa
3 Addition of another reactor in the gasification section to produce the
syngas : Steam Reformer
Operating Temperature : 1173 K
Operating Pressure : 2 MPa
Catalyst : Nickel
Operations Diagram
Decisions Taken (Contd.)
4 Select R2 as : Packed Bed Reactor
Active Catalyst : Fe2 O3
5 Select S2 as Counter current Acid gas stage-wise absorption separator
6 Select R3 as : Fixed Fluidized bed type FT reactor
Operating Pressure : 2 MPa Operating Pressure of R3 : 30 bar
Catalyst used : Co (100 Co : 5 ThO2 : 8 MgO : 200 kieselguhr)
7 Select S3 as Distillation column Separator followed by L/L/V
separator
Operations Diagram
Conversions
Basis : 2000 metric tons per day of dry biomass
Mass Balance
Mass Balance
Energy Balance
One distillation column in distillation train.
Process Flow Diagram (PFD)
Heat Integration
Cost Analysis
Source : Thermochemical biomass to liquid (BTL) process, Syed Ali Gardezi et al, Biomass and Bioenergy 59, December 2013
Cost Analysis
Quantitative Analysis
Biomass cost=$80/dry ton
Biomass fed = 4467 kmol/h = 2000 ton/day
Yield = 1.31 barrels/ ton of biomass
Price of oil = $124/barrel
Oil produced = 240 kmol/h
Total feedstock cost = 80*2000 = $160000/day
Total manufacturing cost = 160000*100/51.5 = $310680/day
Total product cost = 1.31*2000*124 = $324880/day
Total profit earned = $14200/day
References
S.S.Ail, S.Dasappa
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 267 - 286
Thermochemical biomass to liquid (BTL) process, Syed Ali Gardezi et
al, Biomass and Bioenergy 59, December 2013
Thank You

Biomass To Liquid Transport Fuels

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Biomass to liquid transportation fuel

via Fischer Tropsch synthesis

Snehesh Shivananda Ail1 S. Dasappa2

Centre for Sustainable Technologies, IISc, Bangalore, India

CLL371 Course Project

2 Potential Reaction Pathways

3 Comparison of Reaction Pathways

6 Heat Integration & Cost Analysis

Biomass to Liquid (BTL)

Transesterification of Vegetable Oils

Catalyst : KOH or NaOH Temperature: 623K Pressure: 21000kPa

Bio-Oil from Algae

Reaction Pathway 1 : Fast Pyrolysis

Reaction Pathway 2 : Direct Liquification

Reaction Pathway 3 : Transesterification of Vegetable Oils

Reaction Pathway 4 : Bio-Oil from Algae

Reaction Pathway 5 : Fischer Tropsch (FT)

Basis : 2000 metric tons per day of dry biomass

One distillation column in distillation train.

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