1.

INTRODUCTION

The idea of wireless generation and transmission of power is on the table of experiment form long
while ago. We need to develop devices that generate voltages / currents wirelessly and transmit them in
the RF range or household requirement stage. Ongoing engineering revolutions in field of transmission
and distribution help the dream to come in reality. The person who showed the way of dreaming
wireless power is NIKOLA TESLA.

About Nikola Tesla:-Nikola Tesla, born on July 9th and July 10th, 1856 in the village of Smiljan near
Gospic, in the Lika region of the Military Frontier (Krajina) of the Habsburg Monarchy, now in
Croatia), was a physicist, inventor, and, electrical engineer of unusual intellectual brilliance and
practical achievement. He was of Serb descent and worked mostly in the United States.

X-rays and friendships:- In April 1887, Tesla began investigating what would later be called X-rays
using his own single node vacuum tubes . On July 30, 1891, he became a naturalized citizen of the US
and established his Houston Street laboratory in New York. He lit vacuum tubes wirelessly in it,
providing evidence for the potential of wireless power transmission. When he was 36 years old, the
first patents concerning the poly phase power system were granted.

Wireless and the AIEE:- Tesla served as the Vice-President of the American Institute of Electrical
Engineers (now part of the IEEE) from 1892 to 1894. From 1893 to 1895, he investigated high
frequency alternating currents. He generated AC of one million volts using a conical Tesla coil and
investigated the skin effect in conductors, designed tuned circuits, invented a machine for inducing
sleep, cordless gas discharge lamps, and transmitted electromagnetic energy without wires, effectively
building the first radio transmitter.

War of currents:- In the "War of Currents" era in the late 1880s, Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison
became adversaries due to Edison's promotion of direct current (DC) for electric power distribution
over the more efficient alternating current (AC) advocated by Tesla.

Colorado Springs: - In 1899, Tesla decided to go for his high-voltage high-frequency experiments. He
chose this location primarily because of the frequent thunderstorms, the high altitude (where the air,
being at a lower pressure, had a lower dielectric breakdown strength, making it easier to ionize), and
the dryness of the air (minimizing leakage of electric charge through insulators). Tesla reached
Colorado Springs on May 17, 1899. Upon his arrival he told reporters that he was conducting
experiments transmitting signals from Pikes Peak to Paris. Tesla spent nearly nine months from June 1,
1899 and January 7, 1900, in the Colorado Springs lab. He was developing a system for wireless
telegraphy, telephony and the transmission of power, experimented with high-voltage electricity and
the possibility of wireless transmitting and distributing large amounts of electrical energy over long
distances. Tesla left Colorado Springs on January 7, 1900. The Colorado experiments prepared Tesla
for his next project, the establishment of a wireless power transmission facility that would be known as
Wardenclyffe. March 21, 1900, Tesla was granted US685012 patent for the means for increasing the
intensity of electrical oscillations.

Magnifying transmitter - The lab possessed the largest Tesla Coil ever built, fifty-two feet (16 m) in
diameter, known as the Magnifying Transmitter (further MT). It was a three-coil magnifying system
requiring different forms of analysis. Tesla used it to transmit tens of thousands of watts of power
wirelessly; it could generate millions of volts of electricity and produce lightning bolts more than one-
hundred feet (30 m) long. Tesla became the first man to create electrical effects on the scale of
lightning. On July 3, 1899, Tesla discovered terrestrial stationary waves within the earth. He
demonstrated that the Earth behaves as a smooth polished conductor and possesses electrical vibrations.
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Tesla conducted experiments contributing to the understanding of electromagnetic propagation and the
Earth's resonance. It is well documented (from various photos from the time) that he lit hundreds of
lamps wirelessly at a distance of up to twenty-five miles (40 km). He transmitted signals several
kilometres and lit neon tubes conducting through the ground. He transmitted signals several kilometres
and lit neon tubes conducting through the ground. He researched ways to transmit energy wirelessly
over long distances. He discovered that the resonant frequency of the Earth was approximately 8 Hz
(Hertz). In the 1950s, researchers confirmed resonant frequency.

Cosmic waves:-Tesla in the Colorado Springs lab recorded cosmic waves emitting from interstellar
clouds and red giant stars.

Radar - Nikola Tesla, in August 1917, first established principals regarding frequency and power level
for the first primitive RADAR units in 1934. In the 1917 The Electrical Experimenter, Tesla stated the
principals of modern military radar in detail. Tesla stated, "For instance, by their [standing
electromagnetic waves] use we may produce at will, from a sending station, an electrical effect in any
particular region of the globe; [with which] we may determine the relative position or course of a
moving object, such as a vessel at sea, the distance traversed by the same, or its speed." . Teslas
proposal was first successfully implemented to find aircraft (after their later proliferation) and surface
ships during World War II. Emil Girardeau, working with the first French radar systems, stated he was
building radar systems "conceived according to the principles stated by Tesla"

Dynamic theory of gravity - When he was eighty-one, Tesla challenged Albert Einstein's theory of
relativity, announcing he was working on a dynamic theory of gravity and argued that a field of force
was a better concept and did away with the curvature of space.

Death and afterwards - Tesla died alone in the hotel New Yorker of heart failure, sometime between
the evening of January 5 and the morning of January 8, 1943. At the time of his death, Tesla had been
working on some form of teleforce weapon, or Death Ray, the secrets of which he had offered to the
United States War Department on the morning of January
Tesla's funeral took place on January 12, 1943 at the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine in Manhattan,
New York City.

1.1 What is a Tesla Coil?

A Tesla coil is a category of disruptive discharge transformer coils, named after the inventor, NIKOLO
TESLA. Tesla coils are composed of coupled resonant electric circuits. It is a special transformer that
can take the 110v electricity from our or destroy the coil wire, supports, nearby objects, or anything
else in the way house and capable of converting it rapidly to a great deal of high-voltage high
frequency, low amperage power. The high frequency output of even a small Tesla coil can light up
fluorescent tubes held several feet away without any wire connections. A large number of spent or
discarded fluorescent tubes ( their burned out cathodes are irrelevant )will light up if hung near a long
wire running from a Tesla coil while using less than 100 watts drawn by the coil itself when plugged
into an electrical outlet. The high frequency high-voltage energy produced possesses qualities unlike
conventional electricity. It defies most insulation material , transmits energy without wires , produces
heat , light , and noise yet harmlessly passes through human tissue with virtually no feeling or shocking
effects.

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 2. CONSTRUCTION
A Tesla coil is a category of disruptive discharge transformer coils, named after their inventor, Nikola
Tesla. Tesla coils are composed of coupled resonant electric circuits. Nikola Tesla actually
experimented with a large variety of coils and configurations.

Early coils:-The American Electrician gives a description of an early tesla coil wherein a glass battery
jar, six inches by eight inches, is wound with 60 to 80 turns of American wire gauge No. 18 BS
magnet wire. Into this is slipped a primary consisting of eight to ten turns of AWG No. 6 B & S wire,
and the whole combination immersed in a vessel containing linseed or mineral oil.

Disruptive "Tesla" coils:-In the spring of 1891, Tesla gave demonstrations with various machines
before the American Institute of Electrical Engineers at Columbia College. Tesla developed a series of
coils that produced high-voltage, high-frequency currents. The setup can be duplicated by a Ruhmkorff
coil, two condensers (now called capacitors), and a second, specially constructed, disruptive coil.

The Ruhmkorff coil, being fed from a main source, is wired to capacitors on both ends in series. A
spark gap is placed in parallel to the Ruhmkorff coil before the capacitors. The discharge tips were
usually metal balls under one inch in diameter, though Tesla used various forms of dischargers. The
capacitors were of a special design, small with high insulation. These capacitors consisted of plates in
oil that were movable. The smaller the plates, the more frequent the discharge of this early coil
apparatus. The plates also help nullify the high self inductance of the secondary coil by adding
capacity to it. Mica plates were placed in the spark gap to establish an air current jet to go up through
the gap. This helped to extinguish the arc, making the discharge more abrupt. An air blast was also
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used for this objective. The capacitors are connected to a double primary (each coil in series with a
capacitor). These are part of the second specially constructed disruptive coil. The primaries each have
twenty turns of No. 16 B & S rubber covered wire and are wound separately on rubber tubes not less
than a 1/8th inch thick. The secondary has 300 turns of No. 30 B & S silk-covered magnet wire, wound
on rubber tube or rod, and the ends encased in glass or rubber tubes. The primaries must be large
enough to be loose when the secondary coil is placed between the coils. The primaries must cover
around two inches of the secondary. A hard rubber division must be placed between these primary
coils. The ends of the primaries not connected with the capacitors are lead to a spark gap. Another
early Tesla coil was protected in 1897 known as "Electrical Transformer". This transformer developed
(or converted) currents of high potential and was comprised of a primary and secondary coil. This
Tesla coil had the secondary being inside of, and surrounded by, the convolutions of the primary coil.
This Tesla coil comprised of a primary and secondary wound in the form of a flat spiral. One coil, the
secondary in step up transformation, of the device consisted of a longer fine-wire. The apparatus was
also connected to the Earth when the coil was in use.

Transmission:-A large Tesla coil of more modern design can operate at very high peak power levels,
up to many megawatts (a million watts; hundreds of thousands of horsepower). It should therefore be
adjusted and operated carefully, not only for efficiency and economy, but also for safety. If, due to
improper tuning, the maximum voltage point occurs below the terminal, along the secondary coil, a
discharge (spark), or possibly a ball of plasma, may break out and damage.

Later coils:-Tesla, in System of Transmission of Electrical Energy and Apparatus for Transmission of
Electrical Energy, described new and useful combinations employed in transformer coils. The
transmitting coil or conductor arranged and excited to cause currents or oscillation to propagate
through conduction through the natural medium from one point to another remote point therefore and a
receiver coil or conductor of the transmitted signals. The production of currents of very high potential
could be attained in these coils.
great gain in voltage by loosely coupling two resonant LC circuits together, using an air-core (ironless)
transformer. Unlike a conventional transformer, whose gain is limited to the ratio of the numbers of
turns in the windings, Tesla coils' voltage gain is proportional to the square root of the ratio of
secondary and primary inductances. Later coil types are an air-core, dual-tuned resonant transformer
that generates very high voltages at radio frequencies (RF). The coil achieves a great gain in voltage by
transferring energy from one resonant circuit (the primary) to the other (the secondary) over a number
of cycles. Tesla Coil operation is significantly different from a conventional transformer whose gain is
limited to the ratio of the numbers of turns in the windings.

Modern Tesla Coils are designed to generate long sparks, Tesla's original system were designed for
wireless communication. so he used large radii of curvature to prevent corona and streamer losses.
Tesla coils' outer conducting surfaces, which are charged to a high potential, have large radii of
curvature to minimise leakage of the oscillating charges through corona discharges or sparks. The
intensity of the voltage gain of the circuit with a free, or elevated, toroid is proportional to the quantity
of charge displaced, which is determined by the product of the capacitance of the circuit, the voltage
(which Tesla called "pressure"), and the frequency of the currents employed.

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 3. OPERATIONAL PRINCIPLE
Later coils consist of a primary tank circuit, which is a series LC circuit composed of a high voltage
capacitor, spark gap, and primary coil; and the secondary LC circuit, a series resonant circuit consisting
of the secondary coil and the toroid. Most modern coils use only a single secondary coil. The toroid
actually forms one terminal of a capacitor, the other terminal being the Earth (or "ground"). The
primary LC circuit is "tuned" so that it will resonate at the same frequency as the secondary LC circuit.
The primary and secondary coils are magnetically coupled, creating a dual-tuned resonant air-core
transformer. unlike a conventional transformer, which may couple 97%+ of the magnetic fields
between windings, a Tesla Coil's windings are "loosely" coupled, with the primary and secondary
typically sharing only 10-20% of their respective magnetic fields. Tesla Coils spread their electric field
over a large distance to prevent high electrical stresses in the first place, thereby allowing operation in
free air.

Most Modern Tesla coils use simple toroids, typically fabricated from spun metal or flexible aluminium
ducting, to control the high electrical field near the top of the secondary and to direct spark outward,
and away, from the primary and secondary windings.

The circuit consists of a secondary coil that is inductively coupled to the primary, one end of which is
connected to a good earth ground, while its other end is usually connected to a smoothly shaped
discharge terminal (often called a top load). The important requirement is that the primary and
secondary sides must be tuned to the same resonant frequency to allow efficient transfer of energy
between the primary and secondary LC circuits. Modern Tesla Coils use vacuum tube or power
transistor oscillators to excite the primary and generate high frequency current. The Tesla Coil primary
winding, spark gap, and tank capacitor are all connected in series. Once the gap fires, the electrical
behavior of either circuit is identical. In the typical circuit (above), the spark gap's short circuiting
action prevents high frequency oscillations from "backing up" into the supply transformer. Regardless
of which configuration is used, the HV transformer must be of a type that self-limits its secondary
current by means of internal leakage inductance. A normal (low leakage inductance) high voltage
transformer must use an external limiter (sometimes called a ballast) to limit current. NST's are
designed to have high leakage inductance to limit their short circuit current to a safe level.

Safety and precautions - It is advisable to begin the tuning, in which the primary coil's resonant
frequency is set to the same value of the secondary coil's, using low-power oscillations, then increasing
the power until the apparatus has been brought under control .

Air discharges - While generating discharges, electrical energy from the secondary and toroid is
transferred to the surrounding air as electrical charge, heat, light, and sound. The electric currents that
flow through these discharges are actually due to the rapid shifting of quantities of charge from one
place to other places (nearby regions of air). The process is similar to charging or discharging a
capacitor. The current that arises from shifting charges within a capacitor is called a displacement
current. Tesla Coil discharges are formed as a result of displacement currents as pulses of electrical
charge are rapidly transferred between the high voltage toroid and nearby regions within the air (called
space charge regions). When the spark gap fires, the charged capacitor discharges into the primary
winding, causing the primary circuit to oscillate. The oscillating primary current creates a magnetic
field that couples to the secondary winding, transferring energy into the secondary side of the
transformer and causing it to oscillate with the toroid capacitance. The energy transfer occurs over a
number of cycles, and most of the energy that was originally in the primary side is transferred into the
secondary side. The greater the magnetic coupling between windings, the shorter the time required to
complete the energy transfer. As energy builds within the oscillating secondary circuit, the amplitude of

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the toroid's RF voltage rapidly increases, and the air surrounding toroid begins to undergo dielectric
breakdown, forming a corona discharge.

A small later-type "Tesla coil" in operation. The output is giving 17-inch sparks. The diameter of the
secondary is 3 inches. The power source is a 10000 V 60 Hz current limited supply.In a spark gap Tesla
Coil the primary-to-secondary energy transfer process happens repetitively at typical pulsing rates of
50500 times/second, and previously formed leader channels don't get a chance to fully cool down
between pulses. So, on successive pulses, newer discharges can build upon the hot pathways left by
their predecessors. This causes incremental growth of the leader from one pulse to the next, lengthening
the entire discharge on each successive pulse.

Reception:-The secondary coil and its capacitor can be used in receive mode. The parameters of a
Tesla Coil transmitter are identically applicable to it being a receiver, due to reciprocity. Impedance, is
not applied in an obvious way; for electrical impedance, the impedance at the load (eg., where the
power is consumed) is most critical and, for a Tesla Coil receiver, this is at the point of utilization (such
as at an induction motor) rather than at the receiving node.

The skin effect myth:-The dangers of high frequency electrical current are sometimes perceived as
being less than at lower frequencies. Large Tesla Coils and Magnifiers can deliver dangerous levels of
high frequency current, and they can also develop significantly higher voltages (often 250,000500,000
volts, or more).

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Because of the higher voltages, large systems can deliver higher energy, potentially lethal, repetitive
high voltage capacitor discharges from their top terminals. Doubling the output voltage quadruples the
electrostatic energy stored in a given top terminal capacitance.

Instances and devices:One of the largest Tesla coils ever built, known as the "Magnifying
Transmitter". The world's largest currently existing 2-coil Tesla coil was made by Greg Leyh. It is a
130,000 watt unit, part of a 38 foot tall sculpture. It currently resides in a private sculpture park at
Kakanui Point near Auckland, in New Zealand.rivate Sculpture Park at akanui Point near Auckland, in
New Zealand.

Popularity:-Tesla coils are very popular devices among certain electrical engineers and electronics
enthusiasts.

Very big tesla coil is shown every year at the Coachella music and arts festival, in Coachella, Indio,
California, USA.

i) Tesla coils are featured in the Command & Conquer series of strategy computer games by Westwood
Studios as a powerful defensive weapon on the Soviet side.

ii) In the Destroy All Humans! Video game, it is utilized as an anti-air emplacement.

iii) Tesla coils, as well as an operational Tesla Death Ray make an appearance in Tomb Raider:
Legend.

iv) In the game Arcanum: Of Steam works and Magick Obscura by Troika Games, weapons such as the
Tesla Gun, Tesla Pistol, or the Tesla Rod can be created by combining certain weapons with a Tesla
coil.
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In the game Tremulous, Tesla generators can be utilized by the human team as base defences which zap
enemies who come near.

In a game Return to Castle Wolfe stein, Authors used Tesla Gun, which fired electrical discharge "rail",
or in alternate firing mode, gun would fire electrical ball into target.

Tesla Coils are featured part of the Thaddeus encounter in World of War crafts Naxxaramas dungeon.

The Electroshock cannon in the PC game Evil Genius is a Tesla Coil, in the game it is depicted to spin
after each discharge, possibly to generate Static electricity

Wireless energy transfer is the transfer of electromagnetic energy for power to do work via
conduction, induction, or transmission without a physical connection. Wireless energy transfer, by
definition does not require a physical medium through which to flow.
A fluorescent with no wires attached to it, held near the antenna, will glow when the transmitter is
activated relaying the abbreviation "SOS" by Morse code will cause the light to correspondingly blink
"SOS" as electromagnetic induction by the transmitted signal causes the gas inside the lamp (acting as
a natural receiver) to glow, not unlike the causal mechanism in the aurora borealis.

With the basic principle thus established, the challenge then is to channel the energy of transmission to
ensure efficient reception, whereupon it can be converted into useful power, a flashlight beam focused
narrowly (by a lens) onto a solar cell will minimize the amount of energy which does not fall on the
receiver and is ambient lost .

The advent of technology for much higher transmission frequencies, like those used by microwave
transmitters, created the possibility of relaying electromagnetic energy through the application of
directional antennas, such as the one invented by Hidetsugu Yagi. Lasers, which create a coherent and
tightly confined beam of light energy, are even more appropriate.

In most cases, such solutions are not economical as compared to the simpler standard of power
transmission by copper wire. Wireless energy transfer is therefore most applicable to situations where
the energy receiver cannot be copper-tethered to the energy source such as sending energy to an
airplane or spacecraft, or transmitted between planetary bodies, or from orbital solar power satellites to
a rectenna on Earth.

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 4. TESLA
The development of wireless energy transfer began in earnest with the lectures and patents of the
electrical engineer Nikola Tesla (and is described in his 1916 deposition on the history of wireless and
radio technology). In experiments around 1899, Tesla was able to light lamps filled with gas (similar to
neon) from over 25 miles away without using wires. Tesla used a high frequency current. During his
experiments in Colorado, he lit ordinary incandescent lamps at full candle-power by currents induced in
a local loop consisting of a single wire forming a square of fifty feet each side, which includes the
lamps, and which was at a distance of one-hundred feet from the primary circuit energized by the
oscillator (Century Magazine, June 1900). The construction of a global system for wireless telegraphy,
telephony, and transmission of power cantered on his Warden clyffe Tower, started over a century ago
by Tesla.

In practice, the transmitter electrically influences both the earth and the space above it. Tesla believed
that energy cold is efficiently transmitted from the facility by true electrical conduction through the
earth, and either displacement currents, i.e., electrostatic induction or, with a high-power system, true
electrical conduction through plasma. Tesla called his wireless technique the "disturbed charge of
ground and air method." The ground-air system depends upon passage of electrical current through
both the earth and the atmosphere. To accommodate this, the Warden clyffe-type World System
transmitter/receiver facility includes both an air and a ground connection, each being called a
terminal.. It is clearly specified by Tesla that the earth as being one of the conducting media involved
in ground and air system technology. The other specified medium is the atmosphere above 5 miles
elevation. While not an ohmic conductor, in this region of the troposphere and upwards, the density or
pressure is sufficiently reduced to so that, according to Teslas theory, the atmospheres insulating
properties can be easily impaired, allowing an electric current to flow. Teslas theory further states that
the conducting region is developed through the process of atmospheric ionization, in which the effected
portions thereof are changed to plasma. The presence of the magnetic fields developed by each plants
helical resonator suggests that an embedded magnetic field and flux linkage is also involved. Flux
linkage with Earths natural magnetic field is also a possibility, especially in the case of an earth
resonance transmission system. The atmosphere below 5 miles is also viewed as a propagating medium
for a portion of the aboveground circuit, and, being an insulating medium, electrostatic induction would
be involved rather than true electrical conduction.
In 1935 Tesla spoke about the transmission of propulsive power to ships at sea "through the
stratosphere" using this technique. "The principles of this high tension power, generated by shore
plants and transmitted through the upper reaches of the air, illuminating the sky, turning night into day
and at the same time supplying power, have occupied Dr. Tesla's attention on and off now for the past
thirty-five years. .
Earth itself would behave as a resonant LC circuit that could be electrically excited at pre described
frequencies. However, Earth resonance would be of a very low frequency (about 7 Hz) which would,
perhaps, utilize Schumann resonance. Alternatively, a surface or ground wave, similar to the Zen neck
wave could have been utilized. According to Tesla, the planet's large cross-sectional area provides a
low resistance path for the flow of earth currents. The greatest losses are apt to occur at the points
where the transmitting and receiving stations are connected with the ground. This is why Tesla stated,
You see the underground work is one of the most expensive parts of the tower. In this system that I
have invented it is necessary for the machine to get a grip of the earth; otherwise it cannot shake the
earth. It has to have a grip on the earth so that the whole of this globe can quiver, and to do that it is
necessary to carry out a very expensive construction."
To close the circuit, in theory, a second path would be established between the plants' elevated high-
voltage terminals through rarefied upper-level atmospheric strata. The connection would be made by
electrostatic induction or conduction through plasma. Tesla firmly believed that Warden Clyffe would
permit wireless transmission and reception across large distances with negligible losses.

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 5. TYPES OF TESLA COIL
5.1 High Power Vacuum Tube Tesla Coil:-
These spectacular display devices produce arcs and sparks quite unlike the damped spark gap driven
Tesla coils. Operation does not require a noisy spark gap that produces copious amounts of RFI radio
frequency interference but operates efficiently at the quarter wave frequency of the secondary coil

The circuit of the vacuum tube device is nothing more than a high powered Hartley radio frequency
oscillator tuned to the resonant frequency of the secondary coil. The circuit uses a medium powered
833A triode transmitting tube that inherently has a high grid to plate capacitance and is readily
available. The plate section of the coil is wound with 1/4 inch copper tubing. The grid feedback coil is
wound with #16 litz wire. The secondary is wound with #24 litz wire on a properly prepped plastic
form. The output of the oscillator is relatively closely coupled to the secondary coil designed for high Q
performance and self resonant to the 1/4 wave of the oscillator frequency. Input power to the coil is raw
uncertified AC at 3000 volts rms with a current of .5 amps. Peak voltage is over 4000 volts and is
supplied by a conventional plate transformer being fed by a voltage adjustable variac for power output
control. A pulse signal controls the grid of the tube allowing a wide range of spark texture variation by
changing the duty cycle and frequency.

5.2 Easy to Build Table Top Tesla Coil:-

Produces 8 -12" Visible Lightning like discharges. Fully adjustable. Transmit wireless energy,
Materials glow, disintegrate, burn, ION motors, induction fields, ION motors, induction fields,
Amazing and spectacular special effects

5.3 Medium Power Tesla Coil:-

18 TO 30" DISCHARGES!! 500,000 Volts!!Intended for Display Experiments, Produces Intense

Discharges! Uses Dangerous HIGH VOLTAGES Power enough for most R&D experiments. Air
Cooled Tungsten Spark Gap. Size - 30" H x 16 sq, Weight - 35 lbs. Table top, Choice of 115/220
Operation, Parts Individually Available This Tesla coil is built using transparent polycarbonate
materials. This is truly a spectacular looking device 4 To 6' DISCHARGES!! 1,500,000 Volt Floor
Model Ideal for special effects, advertising, attention getting, advanced laboratory studies, and the
hobbiest familiar with the use of high voltage. Uses Dangerous HIGH VOLTAGES!!

5.4 Micro Mini Mite Tesla Coil:-

Lights up A 4 Ft Florescent Tube without Contact. Yet Only 3" Tall

Super Magic Trick
Generate Plasma
Pyrotechnic
Build a Small Jacobs Ladder
12 VDC/115 VAC
Operation

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5.5 Mini Tesla Lightning Machine: -

With Adjustable "On and Off" Time Settings

2 to 3" Spark Discharge
12 VDC/115 VAC/battery. Safe at High Frequencies, Adjustable Output

5.6 Solid State Tesla Coil and Jacobs Ladder:-

Turns A Normal Light Bulb Into A Spectacular Plasma Display.

Build a Plasma Tornado Amazing and bizarre effects.
Transmits Wireless Energy.
Noiseless Operation.
Pyrotechnic Effect.
12 VDC/5 Amps or Battery.
115 VAC Optional Converter.
Adjustable Frequency

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 6. USES OF TESLA COIL
Tesla also used various versions of his coil in experiments with fluorescence, x-rays, wireless power for
electric power transmission, electrotherapy, and telluric currents in conjunction with atmospheric
electricity.

The Tesla coil is an early predecessor (along with the induction coil) of a more modern device called a
fly back transformer, which provides the voltage needed to power the cathode ray tube used in some
televisions and computer monitors.

The disruptive discharge coil remains in common use as the "ignition coil" or "spark coil" in the
ignition system of an internal combustion engine. A modern low power variant of the Tesla coil is also
used to power plasma globe sculptures and similar devices.

Low power Tesla Coils are also sometimes used as a high voltage source for Kirlian photography.

The wireless transfer of energy is used in various devices, such as electric toothbrushes (to recharge
their batteries), the transcutaneous energy transfer (TET) systems in artificial hearts like Abercorn and
most notably in mobile phones.

A fully developed World System would, conceivably, allow for the removal of many existing high-
tension power transmission lines, and facilitate the interconnection of electrical generation plants on a
global scale.

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 7. SOME NOTES ON POWER CONSUMPTION OF TESLA COIL

Power Supply:-
Initially, a circuit without a step-up transformer is used. Then up to 170 V to the inverter is to be
applied. But the voltage was not high enough to make significant sparks. Then a step-up transformer is
to be used ahead of the inverter. It appeared that a factor of ten (10(170) = 1700 V) would give me
enough range. So a 240/2400 transformer is bought. This is an oil filled transformer, sometimes called
a pole pig. One was rated at 5 KVA, so the rated input current is 5000/240 = 20.8 A. This is a very
conservative rating, for continuous operation in a 40oC ambient. It was expected it to run four hours at
30 A without a problem, and 10.

The power circuit is shown below:-

I had 2400 VAC rather than 230 VAC, which made my LI = (2400/230)(15) = 156.5 mH-A. The rated
current for my transformer is 2.8 A at 2400 V, so L = 156.5 / 2.8 = 56 mH ; The capacitor bank was
formed of 16 electrolytic capacitors rated at 1400 F and 450 V. Four were placed in series to get a
string rated at 350 F and 1800 V. Two strings were then paralleled to get a rated capacitor C3 of 700
F and 1800 V. Two more strings were added to get another capacitor C3 for the negative supply. The
figure shows the measured value of the capacitors, 740 F rather than 700 F. Finally, resistors R1
were added to discharge the capacitor bank. These are 35 k, 100 W resistors, two in series on each
side of the supply. At full voltage of 1700 V, the power dissipation on each side is P =V ^2/ R =
(1700)^2 / 70000 = 41 W (1) or about 20 W per resistor. The resistors are mounted at an angle in free
air, so air can flow by convection through the interior of the resistors. The nominal rated voltage
difference between V and V + is 24002 = 3394 V, or about 1700 V. Power was run into and out of
the capacitor bank with wire made by the Alpha Wire.

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 8. TESLA COILS SAFETY

Electrical Hazards, Fuses and Safety Switches:-

Tesla coils use high voltages, and the risk of death or injury is significant. The following
general guidelines are suggested: Never adjust tesla coils when the power is turned on.
High voltage capacitors may hold a charge long after power is turned off. Always discharge
capacitors before adjusting a primary circuit.
Make sure the metal cases of transformers, motors, control panels and other items associated
with tesla coils are properly grounded.
The low voltage primary circuit is extremely dangerous! These voltages are especially lethal to
humans. Make sure these circuits are well insulated so users cannot come in contact with the
A.C. line voltage.
A safety key should be used in the low voltage circuit to prevent unauthorized use.
Use adequate fusing of the primary power and/or circuit breakers to limit the maximum current
to your control panel.
Do not count on your home circuit panel to provide adequate protection! Never operate a tesla
coil in an area where there is standing water, or where a significant shock hazard exists.

Burns:-Tesla coils can cause burns, especially due to RF discharges from the secondary. Stay out of
the immediate vicinity of a tesla coil.

Induction Field Effects:-Tesla coils operate in a pulsed mode, and strong electric and magnetic fields
are locally produced. In addition, significant amounts of RF may be produced if the grounding is poor,
or before spark breakout. This can result in induced currents in other conductors, like test equipment,
nearby computers and electronics, and metal structures in the facility. Turn off computers and sensitive
test equipment, and move it away from the vicinity of your coils. . Construct a dedicated RF ground,
and make sure it is properly connected before firing any coil of substantial size.

Fire from other induced currents:-Tesla coils are good at inducing currents. Beware of metal things
that are connected to the same ground as a tesla coil. # Hazards to electronics - A tesla coil must be
connected to a ground that is separate from the house ground or water pipes. Connecting anyone coil to
either of these grounds is a recipe for disaster.

Ozone, NOx, and Vapours:-A sparking tesla coil produces ozone, nitrogen-oxygen compounds, and
probably a host of other potentially toxic substances. Do not operate a large coil in an enclosed area for
long periods of time. Make sure ventilation is adequate at all times. When constructing secondarys,
adequate ventilation must be used, when coating coils with varnish, etc.

Ultraviolet Light and X -ray Production:-The light produced in a spark contains substantial amounts
of hard ultraviolet light and produce a large amount of visible light."Don't Look at the Arc!" .The
visible light is extremely bright, and the ultraviolet light will damage your eyes, and can cause skin
cancer. To study spark gap, use welder's glasses.

Radio Frequency Interference:-Tesla coils are generally inefficient as antennas go, but can still
produce a fair amount of RF, especially if operated with a large top capacitance, before spark breakout.
Significant quantities of RF can also be produced if the RF grounding is inadequate. This can cause
interference with TV's, radios, and other electronics. Try to improve ground first . In addition, every
tesla coil should be wired with a power line conditioner in series with the primary circuit. These are
relatively inexpensive and are very effective in keeping RF out of the house wiring.

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Fire Hazards:-Fires can be caused by an overheated spark gap, equipment failure (e.g., shorted
transformer), corona discharge, induced currents, to name a few causes. When coil is running it is to be
sure that there are no flammable substances around. For example, gas cans (e.g., for a lawnmower),
ammunition, sawdust, fireworks, etc. Walls and ceilings can also be ignited, so fire extinguisher handy
should be kept handy.

Chemical Hazards:-Old capacitors and transformers often used PCB oils for insulation. This oil is a
known carcinogen. Similarly, the materials used to coat coils (e.g., varnish) may contain hazardous
chemicals. Consult a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) should be consulted for any materials used.

Explosion Hazards:-Explosions can and do occur with tesla coils! The rotary gap and capacitors are
the most frequent culprits, but nearby flammables are also at risk.

Rotary gaps:-During operation, rotary gaps spin at high speeds. The spinning rotor or disk is subjected
to tremendous force. At a modest 3600 RPM, the periphery of a 10" disk is subjected to a force of 1835
G's. The peripheral speed of the 10" disk is 107 MPH. At 10000 RPM, the edge of the disk is running
at about 300 MPH! The best way to guard against this danger is to shield the rotor and build the entire
system carefully and take pains to balance it.

Capacitors:-Capacitors are great at releasing energy very quickly. The explosion danger in a capacitor
occurs when it shorts out and suddenly produces a large volume of hot vaporized gas. Since capacitors
are usually in an air tight container, the volume of gas will cause the container to explode, sending
pieces of solid cap guts and oil all over. One recommended method of shielding capacitors is in an
HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) pipe .

Noise Hazards:-Tesla coils produce a lot of noise, and large coils can damage one's hearing. Ear
protection should be bought from nearby gun shop if large coils are operated. Large coils.

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 9. SCOPE FOR FURTHER MODIFICATIONS
Transmission of power through satellite:-Transmitting power from earth to satellite and then
from satellite to earth through orbital satellite.

Optics Fibre Trans mission:-The generated energy in the RF range is transformed into optical
domain by optical transducers or by the help of LEDs or LASERS. Then this energy is
transmitted via optical fibre to the different sub stations or base stations. This stations again
transform the optical energy into required electrical energy. International Conference on
Systemic, Cybernetics and Informatics and transmits it through the directive antennas termed as
towers.

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 10. CONCLUSION
The wireless power generation and distribution concept has opened up a new dimension is the field of
science and technology. It is making humans believe in the unbelievable. With this technology
teaming up with Tesla Coil, antenna, transformer, and wireless propagation can bring out a revolution,
and where the winner will be mankind. Its now a matter of time to see that all the streets, highways are
now free of wires running from one end to other and the houses, offices, institutions bears the wireless
devices to receive energies transmitted wirelessly from base stations.

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 11. REFERENCE
Tesla, Nikola, My Inventions, Electrical Experimenter magazine, Feb, June, and
Oct, 1919. ISBN 0910077002
Tesla, Nikola, "The True Wireless". Electrical Experimenter May 1919.
Pratt, H., "Nikola Tesla 1856-1943", Proceedings of the IRE,
Vol. 44, September, 1956. Page, R.M., "The Early History of Radar", Proceedings of the IRE,
Volume 50, Number 5, May,1962, (special 50th Anniversary Issue).

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