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Chapter 12

Vector-Valued Functions

12.1 Vector Functions

2
S is only defined for nonnegative values, we must have t 9 0.
1. Since the square root function
So the domain is (, 3) [3, ).

2. Since the natural logarithm is only defined for positive values, we must have 1 t2 > 0. So
the domain is (1, 1).

3. Since the inverse sine function is only defined for values between -1 and 1, the domain is
[1, 1].

4. The vector function is defined for all real numbers.

5. r(t) = sin ti + cos tj cos2 tk

6. r(t) = cos2 ti + 2 sin2 tj + t2 k

7. r(t) = et i + e2t j + e3t k

8. r(t) = 16t2 i + 50tj + 10k

9. x = t2 , y = sin t, z = cos t

10. r(t) = t sin t(i + k) = t sin ti + 0j + t sin tk so x = t sin t, y = 0, z = t sin t

11. x = ln t, y = 1 + t, z = t3

12. x = 5 sin t sin 3t, y = 5 cos 3t, z = 5 cos t sin 3t

48
12.1. VECTOR FUNCTIONS 49

13. 14. 15.

z z
z

y
4 y
y
x

x x

16. 17. y 18.

z y

2 x
y

2 x
x

19. 20. z

y
y
x x

21.
z

Note: the scale is distorted in this graph. For t = 0, the graph starts at (1, 0, 1). The upper
loop shown intersects the xz-plane at about (286751, 0, 286751).
50 CHAPTER 12. VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS

22. 23.
z
z

10 x
10 10 y
x

24.

25. r(t) = h4, 0i + h0 4, 3 0it = (4 4t)i + 3tj, 0 t 1

y

26. r(t) = h0, 0, 0i + h1 0, 1 0, 1 0it = ti + tj + tk, 0 t 1

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12.1. VECTOR FUNCTIONS 51

27. x = t, y = t, z = t2 + t2 = 2t2 ; r(t) = ti + tj + 2t2 k

28. x = t, y = 2t, z = t2 + 4t2 + 1 = 5t2 1; r(t) = ti + 2tj 5t2 1k

29. x = 3 cos t, z = 9 9 cos2 t = 0 sin2 t; y = 3 sin t; r(t) = 3 cos ti + 3 sin tj + 9 sin2 tk

30. x = sin t, z = 1, y = cos t; r(t) = sin ti + cos tj + k

52 CHAPTER 12. VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS

31. x = t, y = t, z = 1 2t; r(t) = ti + tj + (1 2t)k

32. x = 11, y = t, z = 3 + 2t; r(t) = i + tj + (3 + 2t)k

y
x

33. (b); Notice that the y and z values consistently increase while the x values oscillate rapidly
between -1 and 1. The only vector fucntion that describes this behavior is (b).

34. (c); The trace of the graph on the xyplane would look like a circle, while the z value oscillates
between 0 and 1. The only vector function that describes this behavior is (c).

35. (d); Notice that the z value is contant. The only vector function that satisfies this constraint
is (d).

36. (a); Notice that the x values consistently increase while the trace of the graph on the yz-plane
would look like a circle. The only vector function that describes this behavior is (a).
12.1. VECTOR FUNCTIONS 53

37. Letting x = at cos t, y = bt sin t, and z = ct, we have

z2 c2 t 2
2
= 2 = t2 = t2 cos2 t + t2 sin2 t
c c
a2 t2 cos2 t b2 t2 sin2
= +
a2 b2
x2 y2
= 2 + 2
a b

38.
z

39. Letting x = aekt cos t, y = bekt sin t, and z = cekt , we have

z2 c2 ekt
= = e2kt = e2kt cos2 t + e2kt sin2 t
c2 c2
a2 e2kt cos2 t b2 e2kt sin2 t
= +
a2 b2
2 2
x y
+ 2
a2 b

40.
z

41. x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 sin2 kt cos2 t + a2 sin2 kt sin2 t + a2 cos2 kt

= a2 sin2 kt + a2 cos2 kt
= a2
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54 CHAPTER 12. VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS

42. k=1 k=2 k=3

z
z z

y
y y
x
x x

k=4 k = 10 k = 20
z
z z

y y
y
x x
x

43. (a)

(b) r1 (t) = ti + tj + (4 t2 )k
r2 (t) = ti tj + (4 t2 )k

(c)
z

44. C lies on the surface of the sphere of radius a.

12.2. CALCULUS OF VECTOR FUNCTIONS 55

45.

46. k = 0.1 k = 0.2 k = 0.3

z
z z

y
y y
x
x x

47. k=2 k=4

z z

y y

x x

1
48. k= 10 k=1

z z

y y

x x

12.2 Calculus of Vector Functions

1. lim [t3 i + t4 j + t5 k] = 23 i + 24 j + 25 k = 8i + 16j + 32k
t2
56 CHAPTER 12. VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS

sin 2t ln t
2. r(t) = i + (t 2)5 k + k. Using LHopitals Rule,
t 1/t
 
2 cos 2t 1/t
lim+ r(t) = i + (t 2)5 j + k = 2i 32j
t0 1 1/t2

3. Using
 LHopitals Rule, we have
t2 1 5t 1 2et1 2 2t 5t 1 2et1
  
lim , , = lim = , , i = h2, 2, 2
t1 t1 t+1 t1 t1 1 t+1 1

4. Since lim tan1 t = , we have
t 2
e2t e1
   
1 1 1 1
lim , , tan t = lim , , tan t
t 2e2t + t 2et + 5 t 2 + te2t 2 + 5et
 
1
= , 0,
2 2
The last equality follows from using LHopitals Rule to get

t 1
lim te2t = lim = lim =0
t t e2t t 2e2t

5. lim [4r1 (t) + 3r2 (t)] = 4(i 2j + k) + 3(2i + 5j + 7k) = 2i + 23j + 17k
t

6. lim r1 (t) r2 (t) = (i 2j + k) = (i 2j + k) (2i + 5j + 7k) = 1

t

7. Notice that the k component ln(t 1) is not defined at t = 1. Therefore, r(t) is not continuous
at t = 1.

8. Notice that sin t, tan t, and cos t are each continuous at t = 1 since the sine, cosine, and
tangent function are continuous on their domains. Therefore, since each of the component
functions are continuous at t = 1, we know that r(t) is continuous at t = 1.

9. r0 (t) = 3i + 8tj + (10t 1)k

so r0 (1) = 3i + 8j + 9k = h3, 8, 9i
r(1.1) r(1) h3(1.1) 1, 4(1.1)2 , 5(1.1)2 (1.1)i h3(1) 1, 4(1)2 , 5(1)2 (1)i
while =
0.1 0.1
h2.3, 4.84, 4.95i h2, 4, 4i
=
0.1
h0.3, 0.84, 0.95i
= = h3, 8.4, 9.5i
0.1

5
10. r0 (t) = i + (6t + 1)j 3(1 t)2 k
(1 + 5t)2
5
so r0 (0) = i + j + 3k = h5, 1, 3i
1
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12.2. CALCULUS OF VECTOR FUNCTIONS 57

   
1 1
, 3(0.05)2 + (0.05), (1 + 0.05)3 , 3(0)2 + (0), (1 0)3
r(0.05) r(0) 1 + 5(0.05) 1 + 5(0)
while =
0.05 0.05
h0.8, 0.0575, 0.857375i h1, 0, 1i
=
0.05
h0.2, 0.0575, 0.142625i
=
0.05
= h4, 1.15, 2.8525i

1 1 1 2
11. r0 (t) = i 2 j; r00 (t) = i + 3j
t t t2 t
12. r0 (t) = ht sin t, 1 sin ti; r00 (t) = ht cos t sin t, cos ti

13. r0 (t) = h2te2t + e2t , 3t2 , 8t 1i; r00 (t) = h4te2t + 4e2t , 6t, 8i

1 2t
14. r0 (t) = 2ti + 3t2 j + k; r00 (t) = 2i + 6tj k
1 + t2 (1 + t2 )2

15. r0 (t) = 2 sin ti +6 cos tj 16. r0 (t) = 3t2 i + 2tj

r0 (/6) = i + 3 3j r0 (1) = 3i 2j

y y

8t
17. r0 (t) = j k 18. r0 (t) = 3 sinti + 3 costj + 2k
(1 + t2 )2
0 3 2 3 2
r (1) = j 2k r0 (/4) = i+ j + 2k
2 2
z z

y y

x x
58 CHAPTER 12. VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS

1 1 8
19. r(t) = ti + j + t3 k; r(2) = 2i + 2j + k; r0 (t) = i + tj + t2 k; r0 (2) = i + 2j + 4k
2 3 3
Using the point (2, 2, 8/3) and the direction vector r0 (2), we have x = 2 + t, y = 2 + 2t, z =
8/3 + 4t.

6t 6
20. r(t) = (t3 t)i+ j+(2t+1)2 k; r(1) = 3j+9k; r0 (t) = (3t2 1)i+ j+(8t+4)k;
t+1 (t + 1)2
3
r0 (1) = 2i + j + 12k. Using the point (0, 3, 9) and the direction vector r0 (1), we have x =
2
2t, y = 3 + 23 , z = 9 + 12t.
p
21. r0 (t) = het + tet , 2t + 2, 3t2 1i so r0 (0) = h1, 2, 1i and |r0 (0)| = 12 + 22 + (1) 2 = 6
r0 (0)

h1, 2, 1i 1 2 1
The unit tangent vector at t = 0 is given by 0 = = , ,
|r (0)| 6 6 6 6
To find the parametric equations of the tangent line at t = 0, we first compute r(0) =
1 2 1
h0, 0, 0i. The tangent line is then given in vector form as p(t) = h0, 0, 0i + t , , =
  6 6 6
1 2 1 1 2 1
t, t, t or in parametric form as x = t, y = t, z = t.
6 6 6 6 6 6
p
22. r0 (t) = h3 cos 3t, 2 sec2 2t, 1i so r0 () = h3, 2, 1i and |r0 ()| = (3) 2 + (2)2 + (1)2 = 14.
r0 ()
 
h3, 2, 1i 3 2 1
The unit tangent vector at t = is given by 0 = = , ,
|r ()| 14 14 14 14
To find the parametric equations of the tangent line at t = , we first compute r0 () = h1, 0, i.
The tangent line is then given in vector  form as
3 2 1
p(t) = h1, 0, i + t , ,
14 14 14
 
3 2 1
= 1 t, t, + t
14 14 14
3 2 1
or in parametric form as x = 1 t, y = t, z = + t
14 14 14
* +
1 3
23. r(/3) = , ,
2 2 3
r0 (t) = h *sin t, cos t, 1i+

3 1
r0 (/3) = , ,1
2 2
so the tangent
* line+is given * by
+
1 3 3 1
p(t) = , , +t , ,1
2 2 3 2 2
* +
1 3 3 1
= t, + t, + t
2 2 2 2 3

24. r(0) = h6, 1, 1i

r0 (t) = h3et/2 , 2e2t , 3e3t i
12.2. CALCULUS OF VECTOR FUNCTIONS 59

r0 (0) = h3, 2, 3i So the tangent line is given by

r(t) = h6, 1, 1i + th3, 2, 2i
= h6 3t, 1 + 2t, 1 + 3ti
d
25. [r(t) r0 (t)] = r(t) r00 (t) + r0 (t) r0 (t) = r(t) r00 (t)
dt
d d
26. [r(t) (tr(t))] = r(t) (tr(t))+ = r(t) (tr0 (t) + r(t)) + r0 (t) (tr(t))
dt dt
= r(t) (tr0 (t)) + r(t) r(t) + r0 (t) (tr(t)) = 2t(r(t) r0 (t)) + r(t) r(t)
d d
27. [r(t) (r0 (t) r00 (t))] = r(t) (r0 (t) r00 (t)) + r0 (t) (r0 (t) r00 (t))
dt dt
= r(t) (r0 (t) r000 (t) + r00 (t) r00 (t)) + r0 (t) (r0 (t) r00 (t))
= r(t) (r0 (t) r000 (t))
d d
28. [r1 (t) (r2 (t) r3 (t))] = r1 (t) (r2 (t) r3 (t)) + r0 (t) (r2 (t) r3 (t))
dt dt
= r1 (t) (r2 (t) r03 (t) + r02 (t) r3 (t) + r01 (t) (r2 (t) r3 (t))
= r1 (t) (r2 (t) r03 (t)) + r1 (t) (r02 (t) r3 (t)) + r1 (t) (r2 (t) r3 (t))
d 1
29. [r1 (2t) + r2 ( 1t )] = 2r0 (2t) 2 r02 ( 1t )
dt t
d 3 2
30. [t r(t )] = t3 (2t)r0 (t2 ) + 3t2 r(t2 ) = 2t4 r0 (t2 ) + 3t2 r(t2 )
dt
Z 2 Z 2  Z 2  Z 2  2
2 1 2  2 2 3
31. r(t)dt = tdt i + 3t dt j + 4t dt k = t  i + t3 1 j + t4 1 k = i + 9j + 15k
3
1 1 1 1 2 1 2
Z 4
Z 4 Z 4 Z 4

  
32. r(t)dt = 2t + 1dt i + tdt j + sin tdt k
0 0 0 0
4 4 4
1 3/2 
 2 3/2  1  26 16
= (2t + 1)  i t  j cos t k = i j
3 0 3 0 0 3 3
Z Z  Z  Z 
2
33. r(t)dt = tet dt i + e2t dt j + tet dt k
   
1 2t 1 t2 1 1 2
t t
= [te e + c1 ]i + e + c2 j + e + d3 k = et (t 1)i + e2t j + et k + c,
2 2 2 2
where c = c1 i + c2 j + c3 k.
t2
Z Z  Z  Z 
1 t
34. r(t)dt = dt i + dt j + dt k
1 + t2 1 + t2 1 + t2
  Z  
1 1 2 1
= [tan t + c1 ]i + ln(1 + t ) + c2 j + 1 k
2 1 + t2
 
1
= [tan1 t + c1 ]i + ln(1 + t2 ) + c2 j + [t tan1 t + c3 ]k
2
1
= tan1 ti + ln(1 + t2 )j + (t tan1 t)k + c,
2
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60 CHAPTER 12. VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS

where c = c1 i + c2 j + c3 k.

35. r(t) = r0 (t)dt =

R  R  R 
6dt i + 6tdt j + 3t2 dt k = [6t + c1 ]i + [3t2 + c2 ]j + [t3 + c3 ]k
R

Since r(0) = i + 2j + k = c1 i + c2 j + c3 k, c1 1, c2 = 2, and c3 = 1. Thus,

r(t) = (6t + 1)i + (3t2 2)j + (t3 + 1)k

36. r(t) = r0 (t)dt = t sin t2 dt i + cos 2tdt j = 21 cos t2 + c1 i + 21 sin 2t + c2 j

R R  R     

Since r(0) = 32 = ( 12 + c1 )i + c2 j, c1 = 2, and c2 = 0. Thus,

 
1 2 1
r(t) = cos t + 2 i sin 2tj.
2 2

37. r0 (t) = r00 (t)dt = 3t1/2 dt j +

R  R  R 
2dt k = [6t2 + c1 ]i + [6t1/2 + c2 ]j +
R
12tdt i +
[2t + c3 ]k
Since r0 (1) = j = (6 + c1 )i + (6 + c2 )j + (2 + c3 )k, c1 = 6, c2 = 7, and c3 = 2. Thus,

r0 (t) = (6t2 6)i + (6t1/2 + 7)j + (2t 2)k.

Z Z  Z  Z 
0 2 1/2
r(t) = r (t)dt = (6t 6)dt i + (6t + 7)dt j + (2t 2)dt k

= [2t3 6t + c4 ]i + [4t3/2 + 7t + c5 ]j + [t2 2t + c6 ]k.

Since
r(1) = 2i k = (4 + c4 )i + (3 + c5 )j + (1 + c6 )k,
c4 = 6, c5 = 3, and c6 = 0. Thus,

r(t) = (2t3 6t + 6)i + (4t3/2 + 7t 3)j + (t2 2t)k.

Z Z  Z  Z 
38. r0 (t) = r00 (t)dt = sec2 tdt i + cos tdt j + sin tdt k

= [tan t + c1 ]i + [sin t + c2 ]j + [cos t + c3 ]k

Since r0 (0) = i + j + k = c1 i + c2 j + c3 k, c1 = 1, c2 = 1, and c3 = 0. Thus,

r0 (t) = (tan t + 1)i + (sin t + 1)j + cos tk.

Z Z  Z  Z 
r(t) = r0 (t)dt = (tan t + 1)dt i + (sin t + 1)dt j + cos tdt k.

= [ln | sec t| + c4 ]i + [ cos t + t + c5 ]j + [sin t + c6 ]k

Since r(0) = j + 5k = (1 + c5 )j + (c6 )k, c4 = 0, c5 = 0, and c6 = 5. Thus,

r(t) = (ln | sec t| + t)i + ( cos t + t)j + (sin t + 5)k.

p
39. r0 (t) = a sin ti + a cos tj + ck; |r0 (t)| = (a sin t)2 + (a cos t)2 + c2 = a2 + c2
R 2 2
s= 0 a2 + c2 dt = a2 + c2 t0 = 2 a2 + c2
12.2. CALCULUS OF VECTOR FUNCTIONS 61

40. r0 (t) = i +
p(cos t t sin t)j + (sin t + t cos t)k
|r0 (t)| = 12 + (cos t t sin t)2 + (sin t + t cos t)2 = 2 + t2
R
s = 0 2 + t2 dt = 2t 2 + t2 + ln |t + 2 + t2 | 0 = 2 2 + 2 + ln( + 2 + 2 ) ln 2



41. r0 (t) = (2e t t t

+ et sin 2t)j + et k
p sin 2t + e cos 2t)i + (2e cos 2t
0 2

|r (t)| = 5e cos 2t + 5e sin 2t + e = 6e2t = 6et
2t 2 2t 2t
R 3 t 3

s= 0 6e dt = 6et  = 6(e3 1)
0

q
42. r0 (t) = 3i + 2 3tj + 2t2 k; |r0 (t)| = 32 + (2 3t)2 + (2t2 )2 = 9 + 12t2 + 4t4 = 3 + 2t2
R1
1
s = 0 (3 + 2t2 )dt = 3t + 23 t3  = 3 + 23 = 11
3
0
Rt s
43. From r0 (t) = h9 cos t, 9 sin ti, we find |r0 (t)| = 9. Therefore, s = 0 9du = 9t so that t = . By
9 E
D s sE D s s
substituting for t in r(t), we obtain r(s) = 9 sin , 9 cos . Note that r0 (s) = sin , cos
 r  9 9 9 9
s s
so that r0 (s) = sin2 + cos  = 1.

9 9
Rt
44. From r(t) = h5 sin t, 12, 5 cos ti, we find |r0 (t)| = 169 = 13. Therefore, s = 0 13du = 13t
s s 12 5 s
so that t = . By substituting for t in r(t), we obtain r(s) = h5 cos 13 , 13 s, 13 cos 13 i.
13
0 5 s 12 5 s


Note that r (t) = 13 sin 13 , 13 , 13 cos 13 so that
r
0 25 25 144 25 s
|r (s)| = sin + 169 + cos2 13 =1
169 13 169
Rt
45. From r0 (t) = h2, 3, 4i, we find |r0 (t)| = 29. Therefore,  s = 0 29du = 20t so that 
s 2 3 4
t = . By substituting for t in r(t), we obtain r(s) = 1 + s, 5 s, 2 + s .
29 r 29 29 29
D E 4 9 16
Note that r0 (s) = 29 , 29 , 29 so that r0 (s) =
2 3 4
+ + = 1.
29 29 29
46. From r0 (t) t t t t
p= he cos t e sin t, e sin t + e cos t, 0i we find
|r0 (t)| = e2t cost 2e2t cos t sin t + e2t sin2 t + e2t sin2 t + 2e2t sin t cos t + e2t cos2 t = 2e2t = et 2.
Rt  
Therefore, s = 0 eu 2du = 2(et 1) so that t = ln s2 + 1 . By substituting for t in r(t),
we obtainD        E
r(s) = s + 1 cos(ln s + 1 , s + 1 sin ln s + 1 , 1 Note that
D 2   2  2   2       E
r0 (s) = 12 cos ln s2 + 1 12 sin ln s2 + 1 , 12 sin ln s2 + 1 + 12 cos ln s2 + 1 , 0
so that v
u            
u 1 cos2 ln s + 1 cos ln s + 1 sin ln s + 1 + 1 sin2 ln s + 1
u 2  2
|r0 (s)| = t  2   2   2  2 
+ 12 sin2 ln s2 + 1 + sin ln s2 + 1 cos ln s2 + 1 + 21 cos2 ln s2 + 1
s      
s s
= cos2 ln + 1 + sin2 ln + 1 =1
2 2
62 CHAPTER 12. VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS

d d d
47. Since (r r) = |r|2 = c2 = 0 and d
dt (r r) = r r0 + r0 r = 2r r0 , we have r r0 = 0.
dt0 dt dt
Thus, r is perpendicular to r.

48. Let v = ai + bj and r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j. Then

Z b Z b Z b Z b Z b
v r(t)dt = [ax(t) + by(t)]dt = a x(t)dt + b y(t)dt = v r(t)dt.
a a a a a

Rt
49. From r(t) = r0 + tv, we get r0 (t) = v so that |r0 (t)| = |v|. Therfore s = 0 |r0 (t)|du =
Rt s
0
|v|du = |v|t which gives t = . Substituting for t in r(t), we have r0 (s) = r0 +
|v|
s 0 v 0 |v|
v . Note that r (s) = |v| so that |r (s)| = |v| = 1.
|v|v = r0 + s
|v|
 
p s 3 4
50. (a) |h3, 4i| = 32 + (4)2 = 5 so r(s) = h1, 2i + h3, 4i = h1, 2i + s ,
5 5 5

 = h1, 1, 10i 
(b) r(t) + th1, 2, 1i and |h1, 2, 1i| = 1 + 4 + 1 = 6 so r(s) = h1, 1, 10i +
1 2 1
s , ,
6 6 6

12.3 Motion on a Curve

1. v(t) = 2ti + t3 j; v(1) = 2i + j; |v(1)| = 4+1= 5; y
a(t) = 2i + 3t2 j; a(1) = 2i + 3j
a

2
2. v(t) = 2ti j; v(1) = 2i 2j; |v(1)| = 4 + 4 = 2 2;
t3 y
6
a(t) = 2i + 4 j; a(1) = 2i + 6j a
t

x
v
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12.3. MOTION ON A CURVE 63

3. v(t) = 2 sinh 2ti + 2 cosh 2tj; v(1) = 2j; |v(0)| = 2;

y
a(t) = 4 cosh 2ti + +4 sinh 2tj; a(0) = 4i

a x

1
4. v(t) = 2 sin ti + cos tj; v(/3) = 3i + j; y
p 2
|v(/3)| = 3 + 1/4 = 13/2; a(t) = 2 cos ti sin tj; v
3
a(/3) = i j
2 a

5. v(t) = (2t 2)i + k; v(2) = 2j + k; |v(2)| = 4+1= 5; z
a(t) = 2j; a(2) = 2j

a
y

x

6. v(t) = i + j; v(2) = i + j + 12k; |v(2)| = 1 + 1 + 144 = 146; z
a(t) = 6tk; a(2) = 12k a
v

x
64 CHAPTER 12. VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS

7. v(t) = i + 2tj + 3t2 k;

mathbf v(1) = i + 2j + 3k; |v(1)| = 1 + 1 + 9 = 14; z
a(t) = 2j + 6tk; a(1) = 2j + 6k
a

8. v(t) = i + 3t2 j + k; x
z
v(1) = i + 3j + k; |v(1)| = 1 + 9 + 1 = 11;
a(t) = 6tj; a(1) = 6j
v

y
x

9. The particle passes through the xy-plane when z(t) = t2 5t = 0 or t = 0, 5 which gives us the
points (0, 0, 0) and (25, 115, 0). v(t) = 2ti + (3t2 2)j + (2t 5)k; v(0) = 2j 5k, v(5) =
10i + 73j + 5k; a(t) = 2i + 6tj + 2k; a(0) = 2i + 30j + 2k

10. If a(t) = 0, then v(t) = c1 and r(t) = c1 t + c2 . The graph of this equation is a straight line.

11. Initially we are given s0 = 0 and v0 = (480 cos 30 )i + (480 cos 30 )j = 240 3i + 240j. Using
a(t) = 32j we find
Z
v(t) = a(t)dt = 32tj + c

240 3i + 240j = v(0) = c

v(t) = 32tj + 240 3i + 240j = 240 3i + (240 32t)j
Z
r(t) = v(t)dt = 240 3ti + (240t 16t2 )j + b

0 = r(0) = b.

(a) The shells trajectory is given by r(t) = 240 3ti + (240t 16t2 )j or x = 240 3t, y =
240 16t2 .
(b) Solving dy/dt = 240 32t = 0, we see that y is maximum when t = 15/2. The maximum
altitude is y(15/2) = 900 ft.
(c) Solving y(t) = 240t 16t2 = 16t(15 t) = 0, we see that the shell is at ground level
when t = 0 and t = 15. The range of the shell is s(15) = 3600 3 6235 ft.
12.3. MOTION ON A CURVE 65

(d) From (c), impact is when t = 15. The speed at impact is

p
|v(15)| = |240 3i + (240 32 15)j| = 2402 3 + (240)2 = 480 ft/s.

12. Initially we are given s0 = 1600j and v0 = (480 cos 30 )i + (480 sin 30 )j = 240 3i + 240j.
Using a(t) = 32j we find Z
v(t) = a(t)dt = 32tj + c

240 3i + 240j = v(0) = c

v(t) = 32tj + 240 3i + 240j = 240 3i + (240 32t)j
Z
r(t) = v(t)dt = 240 3ti + (240t 16t2 )j + b

1600j = r(0) = b.

(a) The shells trajectory is given by r(t) = 240 3ti+(240t16t2 +1600)j or s = 240 3t, y =
240t 16t2 + 1600.
(b) Solving dy/dt = 240 32t = 0, we see that y is maximum when t = 15/2. The maximum
altitude is y(15/2) = 2400 ft.
(c) Solving y(t) = 16t2 + 240t + 1600 = 16(t 20)(t + 5) = 0, we
see that the shell hits
the ground when t = 20. The range of the shell is x(20) = 4800 3 8314 ft.
(d) From (c), impact is when t = 20. The speed at impact is
p
|v(20)| = |240 3i + (240 32 20)j| = 2402 3 + (400)2 = 160 13 577 ft/s.

13. We are given s0 = 81j and v0 = 4i. Using a(t) = 32j, we have
Z
v(t) = a(t)dt = 32tj + c

4i = v(0) = c
v(t) = 4i 32tj
Z
r(t) = v(t)dt = 4ti 16t2 j + b

81j = r(0) = b
r(t) = 4ti + (81 16t2 )j.
Solving y(t) = 81 16t2 = 0, we see that the car hits the water when t = 9/4. Then
p
|v(9/4)| = |4i 32(9/4)j| = 42 + 722 = 20 13 72.11ft/s.
 www.elsolucionario.org

66 CHAPTER 12. VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS

14. Let be the angle of elevation. Then v(0) = 98 cos i + 98 sin j. Using a(t) = 9.8j, we have
Z
v(t) = a(t)dt = 9.8tj + c

98 cos i + 98 sin j = v(0) = c

v(t) = 98 cos i + (98 sin 9.8t)j
r(t) = 98t cos i + (98t sin 4.9t2 )j + b.
Since r(0) = 0, b = 0 and r(t) = 98t cos i + (98t sin 4.9t2 )j. Setting y(t) = 98t sin
4.9t2 = t(98 sin 4.9t) = 0, we see that the projectile hits the ground when t = 20 sin .
Thus, using x(t) = 98t cos , 490 = s(t) = 98(20 sin ) cos or sin 2 = 0.5. Then 2 = 30 or
150 . The angles of elevation are 15 and 75 .

s 2 s 2
15. Let s be the initial speed. Then v(0) = s cos 45 i + s sin 45 j = i+ j. Using a(t) =
2 2
32j, we have Z
v(t) = a(t)dt = 32j + c

s 2 s 2
i+ j = v(0) = c
2 2
!
s 2 s 2
v(t) = i+ 32t j
2 2
!
s 2 s 2
r(t) = ti + t 16t2 j + b.
2 2

Since r(0) = 0, b = 0 and

!
s 2 s 2 2
r(t) = ti + t 16t j.
2 2
2

y(t) = s 2t/2 16t = t(2 2/2 16t) = 0 we see that the ball hits the ground when
Setting
t
= 2s/32. Thus, using x(t) = s 2t/2 and the fact that 100 yd = 300 ft, 300 = x(t) =
s 2 s2
( 2s/32) = and s = 9600 97.98 ft/s.
2 32
16. Let s be the initial speed and the initial angle. Then v() = s cos i + s sin j. Using a(t) =
32j, we have Z
v(t) = a(t)dt = 32tj + c

s cos i + s sin j = v(0) = c

v(t) = s cos i + (s sin 32t)j
r(t) = st cos i + (st sin 16t2 )j + b.
12.3. MOTION ON A CURVE 67

Since r(0) = 0, b = 0 and r(t) = st cos i + (st sin 16t2 )j. Setting y(t) = st sin
16t2 = t(s sin 16t) =, we see that the ball hits the ground when t = (s sin )/16. Using
x(t) = st cos i, we see that the range of the ball is
s2 sin cos s2 sin 2
 
s sin
x = = .
16 16 32
2
2 2
2 = 30 , the range is s sin 60 /32 = 3s /64 and for = 60 the range is s sin 120 /32 =
For
3s /64. In general, when the angle is 90 then range is
[s2 sin 2(90 )]/32 = s2 [sin(180 2)]/32 = s2 (sin 2)/32.
Thus, for angles and 90 , the range is the same.
q
17. r0 (t) = v(t) = r0 sin ti + r0 cos tj; v = |v(t)| = r02 2 sin2 t + r02 2 cos2 t = r0
00 2 2
q = r (t) = r0 cos ti r0 sin tj
= v/r0 ; a(t)
a = |a(t)| = r02 4 cos2 t + r02 4 sin2 t = r0 2 = r0 (v/r0 )2 = v 2 /r0 .
p
18. (a) v(t) = b sin ti + b cos tj + ck; |v(t)| = b2 sin2 t + b2 cos2 t + c2 = b2 + c2
Rt Rt ds 2
(b) s = 0 |v(t)|du = 0 b2 + c2 du = t b2 + c2 ; = b + c2
dt
d2 s p
(c) 2
= 0; a(t) = b cos tib sin tj; |a(t)| = b2 cos2 t + b2 sin2 t = |b|. Thus, d2 s/dt2 =
6
dt
|a(t)|.
19. Let the initial speed of the projectile be s and let the target be
at (x0 , y0 ). Then vp (0) = s cos i + s sin j and vt (0) = 0. Using y
a(t) = 32j, we have (x0,y0)
R
vp (t) = a dt = 32tj + c
x0 tan
s cos i + s sin j = vp (0) = c
vp (t) = s cos i + (s sin 32t)j
rp (t) = st cos i + (st sin 16t2 )j + b. x0 x

Since rp (0) = 0, b = 0 and rp (t) = st cos i + (st sin 16t2 )j. Also, vt (t) = 32tj + c and since
vt (0) = 0, c = 0 and vt (t) = 32tj. Then rt (t) = 16t2 tj + b. Since rt (0) = x0 i + y0 j, bx0 i + y0 j
and rt (t) = x0 i+(y0 16t2 )j. Now, the horizontal component of rp (t) will be x0 when t = x0 /s cos
at which time the vertical component of rp (t) will be

(sx0 /s cos ) sin 16(x0 /s cos )2 = x0 tan 16(x0 /s cos )2 = y) 16(x0 /s cos )2 .

Thus, rp (x0 /s cos ) = rt (x0 /s cos ) and the projectile will strike the target as it falls.
20. The initial angle is = 0, the initial height is 1024 ft, and the initial speed is s = 180(5280)/3600 =
264 ft/s. Then x(t) = 264t and y(t) = 16t2 + 1024. Solving y(t) = 0 we see that the pack
hits the ground at t = 8 seconds. The horizontal distance tranvelled is x(8) = 2112 feet. From
the figure in the text, tan = 1024/2112 = 16/33 and 0.45 radian or 25.87 .
21. By Problem 17, a = v 2 /v0 = 15302 /(4000 5280) 0.1108. We are given mg = 192, so
m = 192/32 and we = 1192 (192/32)(0.1108) 191.33 lb.
68 CHAPTER 12. VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS

22. By problem 17, the centripetal acceleration is v 2 /r0 . Then

<mv2/r0, 32 m> < 0, 32m>
the horizontal force is mv 2 /r0 . The vertical force is 32m.
The resultant force is U = (mv 2 /r0 )i + 32mj. From the
figure, we see that tan = (mv 2 /r0 )/32m = v 2 /32r0 . Using
r0 = 60 and v = 44 we obtain tan = 442 /32(60) 1.0083

and 45.24 .
<mv2/r0, 0>

23. Solving x(t) = (v0 cos )t for t and substituting into y(t) 21 gt2 + (v0 sin )t + s0 we obtain
 2
1 x x g
y= g + (v0 sin ) + s) = 2 x2 + (tan )x + s0 ,
2 v0 cos v0 cos 2v0 cos2

which is the equation of a parabola.

24. Since the projectile is launched from ground level, s0 = 0. To find the maximum height
we maximize y(t) = 21 gt2 + (v0 sin )t. Solving y 0 (t) = gt + v0 sin = 0, we see that
t = (v0 /g) sin is a critical point. Since y 00 (t) = g 0,

1 v02 sin2 v02 sin2

 
v0 sin v0 sin
H=y = g + v 0 sin =
g 2 g2 g 2g

is the maximum height. To find the range we solve y(t) = 21 gt2 + (v0 sin )t = t(v0 sin
1
2 gt) = 0. The positive solution to this equation is t = (2v0 sin )/g. The range is thus

2v0 sin v 2 sin 2

x(t) = (v0 cos ) = 0 .
g g

25. Letting r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j + z(t)k, the equation dr/dt = v is equivalent to dx/dt =
6t2 x, dy/dt = 4ty 2 , dz/dt = 2t(z + 1). Separating the variables and integrating, we
obtain x/x = 6t2 dt, dy/y 2 = 4tdt, dz/(z + 1) = 2tdt, and ln x = 2t3 + c1 , 1/y =
2t2 + c2 , ln(z + 1) + t2 + c3 . Thus,

3 1 2
r(t) = k1 e2t i + j + (k3 et 1)k.
2t2 + k2

26. We require the fact that dr/dt = v. Then

dL d dp dr
= (r p = r + p = + v p = + v mv = + m(v v) = + 0 = .
dt dt dt dt

27. (a) Since F is directed along r we have F = cr for some constant c. Then

= r F = r (cr) = c(r r) = 0.

(b) If = 0 then dL/dt = 0 and L is constant.

 www.elsolucionario.org

12.4. CURVATURE AND ACCELERATION 69

28. (a) Since the cannon is pointing directly to the left, tha parmetric equations describing the
path of the cannon ball are given by
1
x(t) = v0 t, y(t) = gt2 + s0
2
r
2s0
The cannon ball will touch the groun when y = 0, which occurs at t = . At that
r  r g
2s0 2s0
time, x is given by x = = v0 . Notice that this x value will be farther
g g
to the left with increasing values of v0 . Therefore, the cannon ball travels farther with
more gunpowder.
r
2s0
(b) As shown in part (a), the cannon ball will touch the groun when t = . This value
g
of t is independent of v0 . This occurs because v0 has no vertical component.
(c) If the cannon ball is dropped, we have v0 = 0. Therefore, the parametric equations
describing the cannon ball motion are given by
1
x(t) = 0, y(t) = gt2 + s0 .
2
r
2s0
As before, y = 0 when t = . Therefore the cannon ball touches the ground at the
g
same time regardless of whether it is fired or dropped.

12.4 Curvature and Acceleration

p
1. r0 (t) = t sin ti + t cos tj + 2tk; |r0 (t)| = t2 sin2 t + t2 cos2 t + 4t2 = 5t;
sin t cos t 2
T= i+ j+ k
5 5 5

2. r0 (t) = et ( sin t + cos t)i + et (cos t + sin t)i + 2et k,
|r0 (t)| = [et (sin2 t2 sin t cos t+cos2 t)+e2t (cos2t+2 sin t cos t+sin2 t)+2e2t ]1/2 = 4e2t = 2et ;
1 1 2
T(t) = ( sin t + cos t)i + (cos t + sin t)j + k
2 2 2
p
We assume a > 0. r0 (t) = a sin ti + a cos tj + ck; |r0 (t)| = a2 sin2 t + a2 cos2 t + c2 =
3.
a2 + c2 ;
a sin t a cos t c dT a cos t a sin t
T(t) i+ j+ k; = i j,
s a 2 + c2 a 2 + c2 a2 + c2 dt a 2 + c2 a2 + c2
2 2 2 2
 
 dT 
  = a cos t + a sin t = a ; N = cos ti sin tj;
 dt  a2 + c
2 a2 + c2 a2 + c2 

 i j k 

 a sin t a cos t c  = c sin t i c cos t + a

B = T N =  2 2

2 2

2 2
k;
 a + c a + c a + c 
 a2 + c2 a2 + c2 a2 + c2
 cos t sin t 0 

|dT/dt| 2
a/ a + c 2 a
= = = 2
r0 (t) 2
a +c 2 a + c2
70 CHAPTER 12. VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS

4. r0 (t) = i + tj + t2 k; |r0 (t)| = 1 + t2 + t4 , |r0 ; (1)| = 3;
1
T(t) = (1 + t2 + t4 )1/2 (i + tj + t2 k), T(1) (i + j + k);
3
dT 1 4 3/2 t
= (1 + t + t )2
(2t + 4t )i + [(1 + t + t)1/2 (1 + t2 + t)3/2 (2t + 4t3 )]j
3 2
dt 2 2
2
2 4 1/2 t 2 4 3/2 3
[2t(1 + t + t ) (1 + t + t ) (2t + 4t )]k;
2  r
d 1 1 d  1 1 2 1
T(1) = i + k,  T(1) = + = ; N(1) = (i k)k,
dt  3 3 dt  3 3 3 2
 i
j
k 

 1
B(1) =  1/ 3 1/ 3 1/3  = (i 2j + k);
 1/ 2 0 1/ 2  6
 
d  2/ 3 2
=  T(1) = |r0 (1)| = =
dt 3 3
1

5. From Example 1 in the text, a normal to the osculating plane is B(/4) = 26 (3i 3j + 2 2k).

The point onthe curve
when t = /4 is ( 2, 2, 3/4). of theplane is 3(x
An equation
2) 3(y 2) + 2 2(z 3/4(= 0, 3x 3y + 2 2z = 3/2, or 3 2x 3 2y + 4z = 3.

6. From Problem 4, a normal to the osculating plane is B(1) = 16 (i 2j + k). The point on the
curve when t = 1 is (1, 1/2, 1/3). An equaiton of the plane is (x1)2(y 1/2)+(z 1/3) = 0
or x 2y + z = 1/3.

7. v(t) = j + 2tk, |v(t)| = 1 + 4t2 ; a(t) = 2k; v a = 4t, v a = 2i, |v a| = 2;
4t 2
aT = , aN =
1 + 4t 2 1 + 4t2
8. v(t) = 3 psin ti + 2 cos tj + k, p p
|v(t)| = 9 sin2 t + 4 cos2 t = 1 = 5 sin2 t + 4 sin2 t + 4 cos2 t + 1 = 5 sin2 +1;
a(t) = 3 cos ti 2 sin tj; v a = 9 sin t cosqt 4 sin t cos t = 5 sin t
cos t,
2

v a = 2 sin ti 3 cos tj + 6k, |v a| = 4 sin +(cos2 t + 36 = 5 cos2 t + 8;
s
5 sin t cos t cos2 t + 8
aT p , aN =
sin2 t + 1 sin2 t + 1

9. v(t) = 2ti + 2tj + 4tk, |v(t)| = 2 6t, t > 0; a(t) = 2i + 2j + 4k; v a = 24t, v a = 0;
24t
aT = = 2 6, aN = 0, t > 0
2 6t

10. v(t) = 2ti 3t2 j = 4t3 k, |v(t)| = t 4 + 9t2 + 16t4 , t >); a(t) = 2i 6tj + 12t2 k;
3 5 4 3 2 2
v a = 4t + 18t + 48t ; v a =12t i 16t j 6t k, |v a| = 2t 36t4 + 64t2 + 9;
4 + 18t2 + 48t4 2t 36t4 + 64t2 + 9
aT = , aN = t>0
4 + 9t2 + 16t4 4 + 9t2 + 16t4

11. v(t) = 2i + 2tj, |v(t)| = 2 1 + t2 ; a(t) = 2j; v a = 4k, |v a| = 4;
2t 2
aT = , aN =
1+t 2 1 + t2
12.4. CURVATURE AND ACCELERATION 71

1 t 1 + t2 2t 1 t2
12. v(t) = 2
i+ 2
j, |v(t)| = 2
; a(t) = 2 2
i+ j;
1+t 1+t 1+t (1 + t ) (1 + t2 )2
2t t t3 1 1
va= + ; va= k, |v a| = ;
(1 + t2 )3 (1 + t2 )3 (1 + t2 )2 (1 + t2 )2
2 3 2 2
t/(1 + t ) t a/(1 + t ) 1
aT = = 2
, aN = =
2
1 + t )/(1 + t 2 (1 + t )3/2 2
1 + t /(1 + t )2 (1 + t2 )3/2

13. v(t) = 5 sin ti + 5 cos tj, |v(t)| = 5; a(t) = 5 cos ti 5 sin tj; v a = 0,
v a = 25k, |v a| = 25; aT = 0, aN = 5
p 0
14. v(t) = sinh ti + cosh tj, |v(t)| = sinh t2 + cosh2 t a(t) = cosh ti + sinh tj
v a = 2 sinh t cosh t; v a = (sinh2 t cosh2 t)k = k, |v a| = 1;
2 sinh t cosh t 1
aT = p , aN = p
2 2
sinh + cosh sinh + cosh2
2

15. v(t) = et (i + j + k), |v(t)| = 3et ; a(t) = et (i + j + k); v a = 3e2t ; v a = 0,
|v a| = 0; aT = 3et , aN = 0

16. v(t) = i + 2j + 4k, |v(t)| = 21; a(t) = 0; v a = 0, v a = 0, |v a| = 0; aT =
0, aN = 0
p
17. v(t) = a sin ti + b cos tj + ck, |v(t)| = a2p sin2 t + b2 cos2 +c2 ; a(t) = a cos ti b sin tj;
v a = bc sin tip ac cos tj + abk, |v a| = b2 c2 sin2 t + a2 c2 cos2 t + a2 b2
|v a| b2 c2 sin2 t + a2 c2 cos2 t + a2 b2
= =
|v|3 (a2 sin2 t + b2 cos2 t + c2 )3/2
p
18. (a) v(t) = a sin ti + b cos tj, |v(t)| = a2 sin2 t + b2 cos2 t; a(t) = a cos ti b sin tj;
ab
v a = abk; |v a| = ab; = 2 2
(a sin t + b2 cos2 t)3/2
(b) When a = b, |v(t)| = a, |v a| = a2 , and = a2 /a3 = 1/a.

19. The equation of a line is v(t) = b + tc, when b and c are constant vectors.
v(t) = c, |v(t)| = |c|; a(t) = 0; v a = 0; = |v a|/|v|3 = 0

20. v(t) = a(1 cos t)i + a sin tj; v() = 2ai, |v()| = 2a; a(t) = a sin ti + a cos tj,
 i j k 
 |v a| 2a2 1
a() = aj; |v a| =  2a 0 0  = 2a2 k; |v a| = 2a2 ; =

3
= 3
=
 0 a 0  |v| 8a 4a

p
21. v(t) = f 0 (t)i + g 0 (t)j, |v(t)| = [f 0 (t)]2 + [g 0 (t)]2 ; a(t) = f 00 (t)i + g 00 (t)j;
v a = [f 0 (t)g 00 (t) g 0 (t)f 00 (t)]k, |v a| = |f 0 (t)g 00 (t) g 0 (t)f 00 (t)|;
|v a| |f 0 (t)g 00 (t) g 0 (t)f 00 (t)|
= =
|v|3 ([f (t)]2 + [g 0 (t)]2 )3/2

22. For y = F (x), r = xi + F (x)j. We identify f (x) = x and g(x) = F (x) in Problem 21. Then
f 0 (x) = 1, f 00 (x) = 0, g 0 (x) = F 0 (x), g 00 (x) = F 00 (x), and = |F 00 (x)|/(1 + [F 0 (x)]2 )3/2 .
 www.elsolucionario.org

72 CHAPTER 12. VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS

23. F (x) = x2 , F (0) = 0, F (1) = 1; F 0 (x) = 2x,F 0 (0) = 0, F 0 (1) = 2;

2 1
F 00 (x) = 2, F 00 (0) = 2, F 00 (1) = 2; (0) = 2 3/2
= 2; (0) = ;
(1 + 0 ) 2
2 2
(1) = 2 3/2
= 0.18;
(1+ 2 ) 5 5
5 5
(1) = 5.59; Since 2 > 2/5 5, the curve is sharper at (0, 0).
2

24. F (x) = x3 , F (1) = 1, F (1/2) = 1/8; F 0 (x) = 3x2 , F 0 (1) = 3,

|6| 6
F 0 (1/2) = 3/4; F 00 (x) = 6x, F 00 (1) = 6, F 00 (1/2) = 3; (1) = (1+32 )3/2
= =
10 10
3
0.19;
5 10
5 10
(1) = 5.27;
3
3 3 125
( 12 ) = = 1.54; ( 21 ) = 0.65
[1 + (3/4)2 ]3/2 125/64 192
Since 1.54 > 0.19, the curve is sharper at (1/2, 1/8).

|F 00 (x)|
25. Letting F (x) = x2 , we can use Problem 22 to get (x) = .
|1 + (F 0 (x))2 |3/2
2
Now, F 0 (x)2x, F 00 (x) = 2, and (F 0 (x))2 = 4x2 so that = .
(1 + 4x2 )3/2
As x , the denominator grows without bound. Therefore, (x) 0 as x .

26. (a)

2t(t2 + 2) 3t(2t2 + 1) t4 + 4t2 + 1
(b) 0 (t) = ;
(t4 + t2 + 1)3/2 t4 + 4t2 + 1 (t4 + t2 + 1)5/2
critical numbers occur at t = .271469, t = 0, and t = .271469.
(c) Maximum of 1.017182 occurs at t = .271469 and t = .271469.

27. Since (c, F (c)) is an inflection point and F 00 exists on an interval containg c, we must have
F 00 (c) = 0. Therefore, using the formula from Problem 22, we see that the curvature is zero.

28. We use the fact that T N = 0 and T T = N N = 1. Then

|a(t)|2 = a a = (an N + at T) (an N + at T) = a2N N N + 2an at N T + a2T T T = a2N + a2T .
CHAPTER 12 IN REVIEW 73

Chapter 12 in Review
A. True/False

1. True; |v(t)| = 2
2. True; the curvature of a circle of radius a is = a1 .
3. True
4. False; consider r(t) = t2 i. In this case, v(t) = 2ti and a(t) = 2i. Since v a = 4t, the velocity
and acceleration vectors are not orthogonal for t 6= 0.
5. True
6. False; see Problem 20c in Section 14.2
7. True
8. True
9. False; consider r1 (t) = r2 (t) = i.
d d dr dr dr
10. True, |r(t)|2 = (r r) = r + r = 2r .
dt dt dt dt dt

B. Fill in the Blanks

1. y = 4
2. 0
3. r0 (t) = h1, 2t, t2 i so r0 (1) = h1, 2, 1i
4. r00 (t) = h0, 2, 2ti so r00 (1) = h0, 2, 2i
 
 i j j 
 
5. r0 (1) r00 (1) =  1 2 1  = h2, 2, 2i so r0 (1) r00 (1) = 12.
 0 2 2 

r0 (1) r00 (1) 12 2
Since r0 (1)| = 6, we have (1) = = = .
|r0 (1)|3 6 6 6
r0 (1)
 
h1, 2, 1i 1 2 1
6. T(1) = 0 = = , ,
|r (1)| 6 6 6 6
0 2
t2
 
r (t) h1, 2t, t i 1 2t
7. T(t) = 0 = = , ,
|r (t)| 1 + 4t2 + t4 1 + 4t2 + t4 1 + 4t2 + t4  1 + 4t2 + t4
2 4
2t(2t2 + 1)

2(t + 2) 2(t 1)
So T0 (t) = 4 2 3/2
, 4 2 3/2
, 4 .
(t + 4t + 1) (t + 4t + 1) (t + 4t2 + 1)3/2
6 6 1 1 q 1
This gives T0 (1) = , 0, = , 0, and |T0
(1)| = 1 1
6 + 6 =
.
63/2 6
D
3/2
E 6 6 3
1 1
0
T (1)
6
, 0, 6 1 1
Therefore N(1) = 0 = 1 = h , 0, i.
|T (1)| ( 3)
2 2
74 CHAPTER 12. VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS

 i j k  
 

 1
2 1  1 1 1
8. B(1) = T(1) N(1) =  6 6
=
6  , ,
1
 0 1  3 3 3
2 2
D E
9. A normal to the normal plane is T(1) = 1 , 2 , 1 so we can use n = h1, 2, 1i as a vector
6 6 6
1
normal to the plane. Since r(1) = h1, 1, the point (1, 1, 13 ) lies on the normal plane at t = 1.
3 i,
Thus an equation of the normal plane is (x 1) + 2(y 1) + (z 13 ) = 0 or x + 2y + z = 1) 3
or 3x + 6y + 3z = 10
D E
1 1
10. A normal to the osculating plane is B(1) = 13 , 3
, 3
. So we can use n = h1, 1, 1i as a
normal vector. Using the point (1, 1, 31 ), an equation of the osculating plane is (z 1) (y
1) + (z 13 ) = 0 or x y + z = 31 or 3x 3y + 3z = 1.

C. Exercises
Rp R
1. r0 (t) = cos ti + sin tj + k; s= cos2 t + sin2 +1dt = 0 2dt = 2
0
Rt
2. r0 (t) = 5i + j + 7k; s(t) = 0 25 + 1 + 49du = 5 3t; s(3) = 15 3. Solving 5 3t = 80 3,

we see that the distance traveled will be 80 3 when t = 16 or at the point (80, 17, 112).
2
3. r(3) = 27i + 8j + k; r0 (t) = 6ti = + k; r0 (2) = 18i + j + k. The tangent line
t+1
is x = 27 18t, y = 8 + t, z = 1 + t.

4. 5.
z z

y
x y
x

d d d
6. [r1 (t) r2 (t)] = r1 (t) r2 (t) + r1 (t) r2 (t)
dt dt dt
= (t2 i + 2tj + t3 k) (i + 2tj + 2tk) + (2ti + 2j + 2t2 k) [ti + t2 j + (t2 + 1)k]
= (4t2 2t4 )i 3t3 j + (2t3 + 2t)k + (2t2 + 2 3t4 )i (5t3 + 2t)j + (2t3 + 2t)k
= (2 + 6t2 5t4 )i (8t3 + 2t)j + (4t3 + 4t)k
d d
[r1 (t) r2 (t)] = [(2t3 + 2t t5 )i (2t4 + t2 )j + (t4 + 2t2 )k]
dt dt
= (2 + 6t2 5t4 )i (8t3 + 2t)j + (4t3 + 4t)k
 www.elsolucionario.org

CHAPTER 12 IN REVIEW 75

d d d
7. [r1 (t) r2 (t)] = r1 (t) r2 (t) + r1 (t) r2 (t)
dt dt dt
= (cos ti sin tj + 4t3 k) (2ti + sin tj + 2e2t k)
( sin ti cos tj + 12t2 k) (t2 i + sin tj + e2t k)
= (2t cos t sin t cos t + 8t3 e2t t2 sin t sin t cos t + 12t2 e2t
= 2t cos t t2 sin t 2 sin t cos t + 8t3 e2t + 12t2 e2t
d d
[r1 (t) r2 (t)] = [t2 cos t sin2 t + 4t3 e2t ] = t2 sin t + 2t cos t 2 sin t cos t + 8t3 e2t + 12t2 e2t
dt dt
d d
8. [r1 (t) (r2 (t) r3 (t))] = r1 (t) [r2 (t) r3 (t)] + r0 (t) [r2 (t) r3 (t)]
dt dt
= r1 (t) [(r2 (t) r03 (t)) + (r02 (t) r3 (t))] + r01 (t) (r2 (t) r3 (t))
= r1 (t) (r2 (t) r03 (t)) + r1 (t) r02 (t) r3 (t)) = r01 (t) (r2 (t) r3 (t))

9. We are given F = ma = 2j; v(0) = i + j + k. and r(0) = i + j. Then

Z Z
2 2
v(t) = a(t)dt = jdt = tj + c
m m
i = j + k = v(0) = c
 
2
v(t) = i + t+1 j+k
m
 
1 2
r(t) = ti + t + t j + tk + b
m
i + j = r(0) = b
 
1 2
r(t) = (t + 1)i + t + t + 1 j + tk
m
1 2
The parametric equations are x = t, y = t + t + 1, z = t.
m
10.
y

x
v

v(t) = i 3t2 j, v(1)

= i 3j;
a(t) = 6tj, a(1) = 6j
|v(1)| = |i 3j| = 1 + 9 = 10
76 CHAPTER 12. VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS

11. v(t) = 6i + j + 2tk; a(t) = 2k. To find when the particle passes through the plane, we solve
6t + t + t2 = 4 or t2 5t + 4 = 0. This gives t = 1 and t = 4. v(1) = 6i + j + 2k, a(1) = 2k;
v(4) = 6i + j + 8k, a(4) = 2k
12. We are given r(0) = i + 2j + 3k.
Z Z
r(t) = v(t)dt = (10ti + (3t2 4t)j + k)dt = 5t2 i + (t3 2t2 )j + tk + c

i + 2j + 3k = r(0) = c
r(t) = (1 5t2 )i + (t3 2t2 + 2)j + (t + 3)k
r(t) = 19i + 2j + 5k
R R
13. v(t) = a(t)dt = ( 2 sin ti + 2 cos tj)dt = 2 cos ti + 2 sin tj + c;
i + j + k = v(/4) = i + j + c, c = k; v(t) = 2 cos ti + 2 sin tj + k;
r(t) = 2 sin
ti 2 cos tj+tk+b;
i+2j+(/4)k = r(/4) = ij+(/4)k+b, b = 2i+3j;
r(t) = (2 2 2 sin t)i + (3 2 cos t)j + tk; r(3/4) = i + 4j + (3/4)k

14. v(t) = ti + t2 j tk; |v| = t t2 + 2, t > 0; a(t) = i + 2tj k; v a = t + 2t 3 3
+ t = 2t+ 2t ;
2t + 2t 3
2 + 2t 2 2
t 2 2t
v a = t2 bi + t2 k, |v at2 2; aT = = , aN = = ;
2
t t +2 2
t +2 2
t t +2 2
t +2

t2 2 2
= 3 2 3/2
=
t (t + 2) t(t + 2)3/2
2

15. r0 (t) = sinh 0

p ti + cosh tj + k, r (1) = sinh 1i + cosh 1j + k;

|r (t)| = sinh t + cosh t + 1 = 2 cosh2 t = 2 cosh t; |r0 (1)| = 2 cosh 1;
0 2 2

1 1 1 1
T = tanh ti + j + sech tk, T(1) = (tanh 1i + j + sech 1k);
2 2 2 2
dT 1 2 1 d 1 1
= sech ti sech t tanh tk; T(1) = sech2 1i sech 1 tanh 1k,
dt 2 2 dt 2 2
d  sech 1 p
2 2 1
 T(1) == sech 1 + tanh +1 = sech 1; N(1) = sech 1i tanh 1k;
 dt  2 2
1 1 1
B(1) = T(1) N(1) = tanh 1i + (tanh2 1 + sech2 1)j sech 1k
2 2 2
1
= ( tanh 1i + j sech 1k)
 2
d (sech 1)/ 2 1
= sech2 1

=  T(1) /|r0 (1)| =
dt 2 cosh 1 2
16. The parametric equations describing the path of the ball are

x(t) = 66 cos(30 )t = 33 3ty(t) = 16t2 + 66 sin(30 )t + 148 = 16t2 + 33t + 148
The ball touches the ground when y(t) = 0 or 16t2 + 33t + 148 = 0. This occurs when
t 4.243. The ball therefore strikes the ground
at x(4.243) = 242.52 ft.
The velocity of the ball at time t is v(t) = h33 3, 32t + 33i. The impact velocity is given
by v(4.243) = h33 3, 32(4.243) + 33i h57.158, 102.776i. The impact speed is then
|v(4.243)| 117.6 ft/s.