Control and InstrumentationLab Manual DR - ngp.IT

Dr. N.G.P.
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
ACADEMIC YEAR 2015 2016
EE6511 CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
CLASS : III EEE &V SEM
PREPARED BY APPROVED BY
R.Sundar Dr. G. Naveen Babu

Assistant Professor / EEE Professor & HoD / EEE
Dr. N.G.P. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Dr.N.G.P-Kalapatti Road,Coimbatore-641 048.Tamil Nadu.Tele Ph:0422-2369105
Department of
..
Certified that this is a bonafide record of work done by ...................................
of .year B.E. in the .........
Laboratory conducted in this institution,as prescribed by Anna University Chennai, for
the Semester, during the academic year 20./20.
Faculty In-Charge
Date
SYLLABUS
EE6511 CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY LT P C 0 0 3 2
CONTROLSYSTEMS:
1. P, PI and PID controllers

2. Stability Analysis
3. Modeling of Systems Machines, Sensors and Transducers
4. Design of Lag, Lead and Lag-Lead Compensators
5. Position Control Systems
6. Synchro-Transmitter- Receiver and Characteristics
7. Simulation of Control Systems by Mathematical development tools.
INSTRUMENTATION:
8. Bridge Networks AC and DC Bridges

9. Dynamics of Sensors/Transducers a.
Temperature
b. Pressure
c. Displacement
d. Optical
e. Strain f. Flow
10. Power and Energy Measurement
11. Signal Conditioning
a. Instrumentation Amplifier
b. Analog Digital and Digital Analog converters (ADC and DACs)
12. Process Simulation.
CYCLE I & CYCLE II EXPERIMENTS
CYCLE-I
1 Bridge Networks AC and DC Bridges
Dynamics of Sensors/Transducers
2
a.Temperature, b. Pressure,c. Displacement ,d. Optical,e. Strain f. Flow
3 Power and Energy Measurement

Signal Conditioning
4 a. Instrumentation Amplifier
b. Analog Digital and Digital Analog converters (ADC and DACs)
5 Process Simulation.
CYCLE-II
1 P, PI and PID controllers
2 Stability Analysis
3 Modeling of Systems Machines, Sensors and Transducers
4 Design of Lag, Lead and Lag-Lead Compensators
5 Position Control Systems
6 Synchro-Transmitter- Receiver and Characteristics
7 Simulation of Control Systems by Mathematical development tools.
Additional Experiments
1 Study Of Closed Loop System Using Stepper Motor
2 Determination Of Transfer Function Of Ac Servo Motor

EE 6511-Control and Instrumentation laboratory PageNo: 1
CONTENTS
S. Page Staff
Date Experiment Marks
No No. Signature
Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Model graph :
Figure : Time response graph
Table 1 : To determine the time constant and transfer function of first order process
Proportional Peak Rise Peak Settling Integral Damping

Band Overshoot rime time time Time Ratio
SL.
PB Mp tr tp ts ti
NO.
% % ms ms ms ms dimensionless

DATE P, PI, AND PID CONTROLLERS
EX. NO. 1 ANALOG SIMULATION OF TYPE 0 AND TYPE 1 SYSTEM
Aim :
To determine the time constant and transfer function of first order and second order
process.
Exercises :
1. To determine the time constant and transfer function of first order process.
2. To determine the time constant and transfer function of second order process with
Proportional control.
3. To study the time response of P + I controller.
4. To study the time response of P + I + D controller.
Experiment 1
1. To determine the time constant and transfer function of first order process.
Procedure :
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. Keep the process fast/ slow switch (SW4) in fast position
3. Keep the set value pot to zero
4. Give the square wave (step input) of around 85 Hz and amplitude of one V p-p to the
process input points as shown in fig.
5. Observe the input and output waveforms on the CRO/ storage Oscilloscope
6. Then calculate the time taken by the output signals to reach the 63.2% of its final value
7. This time is set to be the time constant of the process and calculation Lag and Gain of
the process from the output response
8. Then substitute the values of the T,L and K in the transfer function, the transfer
ke Ls
function of the first order system can be obtained as, Gp(s) =
sT 1
Result : Thus the time constant and transfer function of first order process was studied.

Table 2 : To determine the time constant and transfer function of second order process with P control

SL.
NO. PB Mp tr tp ts ti

Experiment 2
2. To determine the time constant and transfer function of second order process with
proportional control
Procedure :
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown in fig.

2. Keep the process fast/ slow switch (SW4) in fast position
4. Give the square wave signal of 2 Vp-p at around 50 Hz
5. Alternatively display in the oscilloscope the set value disturbance point and measured
value from the point PV
6. Repeat all the above steps with the percentage proportional band 50% and 40%
7. Observe the response and find the peak overshoot (MP), Rise time (tr), peak time
(tp), Damping ratio () and settling time (ts) and also tabulate the readings
100 %
8. Gain of the system is increased by, Kp =
PB %
Figure : Proportional controller
Result :
Thus the time response of closed loop second order process with proportional control was
studied.

Table 3 : To study the time response of P + I controller

SL.
PB Mp tr tp ts ti
NO.

Experiment 3
3. To study the time response of P + I controller
Procedure :

2. Keep the process fast/ slow switch (SW4) and controller fast/ slow switch (SW3) in
fast position
5. Adjust the proportional band control until the system settles with 2 to 3 overshoots
6. Now connect the integral action time until the deviation falls to zero
7. Observe the response and calculate the Proportional Band (PB), Integral time, peak
overshoot (MP), Rise time (Tr ) and settling time (Ts ) and tabulate the readings
Figure : Proportional + Integral controller
Result :
Thus the time response of P + I controller was studied.

Table 4 : To study the time response of P + I + D controller
Proportional Peak Rise Peak Settling Integral

Damping Ratio
Band Overshoot rime time time Time
SL.
NO. PB Mp tr tp ts ti
% % ms ms ms ms Dimensionless

Experiment 4
4. To study the time response of P + I + D controller
Procedure :
1. Keep the process fast / slow switch (SW4) and controller fast / slow switch (SW3)
in fast position.
3. Now patch I and I and adjust the integral time until the steady state deviation is zero
4. Note down the number of overshoots before the system settles
6. Now connect the D and D and slowly increase the derivative time and note down
the effect of this system response
7 .Observe the response and calculate the Proportional Band (PB), Integral time (T i),
Rise time (Tr), Settling time (Ts) and Peak overshoot (MP) and also tabulate the
readings
Figure : (a) and (b) Proportional + Integral + Derivative controller
Inferences:
Dr.N.G.P.IT /DEPT.OF EEE

Preparation 30
Performance 30
Result :
Viva Voce 10
Thus the time response of P + I + D controller was
studied. Total marks out of 70
Viva-Voce Questions:
1.What is the effect of PD controller on the system performance?
2. What is the disadvantage in proportional controller?
3. What is the effect of PI controller on the system performance?
4. Why derivative controller is not used in control systems?
5. Write the transfer function of PID controller.


DATE
STABILITY ANALYSIS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS
EX. NO. 2
Aim :
To analyze the stability of linear systems using Bode plot/ Root locus/ Nyquist plot.
Apparatus required :
A personal computer with MATLAB software package.

Theory :
A linear time-invariant system is stable if the following two notions of system stability are
satisfied;
When the system is excited by bounded input, the output is also a bounded output.
If the absence of the input, the output tends towards zero, irrespective of the initial
conditions.
The following observations are general considerations regarding system stability:
1. If all the roots of the characteristics equation have negative real parts then the
impulse response is bounded and eventually decreases to zero, then the system is
stable.
2. If any root of the characteristics equation has positive real parts, then the system is
unstable.
3. If the characteristics equation has repeated roots on j axis then the system is
unstable.
4. If one or more non repeated roots of the characteristic equation on the j axis
then the system is unstable.
Procedure :
1. Double click the mat lab 7.5 in the desktop.

2. In the command window from the file tab select New
3. Enter the program given below.
4. Select run from debug tab.
5. Observe the plot and find the phase margin and gain margin if the system and
analyze the stability

Output Response:

Exercise 1
1. To obtain the bode plot of a system
Aim :
To obtain the bode diagram for the MATLAB program for the transfer function of
C(s) 3 s 2 2103s 2100

= 4 using MATLAB.
R(s) s 18s 3 400 s 2
Theory :
Polar plot is a plot of the magnitude |G(j)H(j)| and phase angle |G(j)H(j)| in
polar coordinates for various values of frequencies ranging from 0 to then to 0.
Bode plot is a plot of magnitude |G(j)H(j)| in decibels versus log and phase angle
|G(j)H(j) | versus log in rectangular coordinates. Magnitude versus phase angle plot
or gain-phase plot is a plot of magnitude |G(j)H(j)| in decibels.versus phase angle
|G(j)H(j) | in rectangular coordinates with frequency as varying parameter.
Program :
% Bode Plot
num = [0000 0000 0003 2103 2100];
den = [001 018 400 0 0];
sys = tf (num, den);
W = log space (-2, 4, 100);
Bode (sys, W);
[gm, pm, Wcp, Wcg] = Margin (sys);
gmdb = 20*log10 (gm);
grid
Result :
Thus the stability of the system was analyzed using MATLAB and the Bode plot graph was
plotted.

Output Response:

Exercise 2
2. To obtain the root locus of a system
Aim :
To obtain the root locus plot of a system having the transfer function of
C(s) 1
= 3 using MATLAB.
R(s) s 5s 2 4s
Theory :
Locus is defined as a set of all points satisfying a set of conditions. The term root
refers to the roots of the characteristic equation, which are the poles of the closed-loop
transfer function. These poles define the time response of the system and hence the
performance and stability of the system. Hence, root-locus defines a graph of the poles of
the closed-loop transfer function as the system parameter, such as the gain is varied.
Evans root locus method, or simply root-locus method, gives all closed-loop poles
graphically, using the knowledge provided by the open-loop poles and open-loop zeros. A
root-locus plot is composed of as many individual loci as there are poles. Individual loci
are referred to as branches of the root locus.
Program :
% Root Locus
num = [0 0 0 1];
den = [1 5 4 0];
rlocus (sys)
zeta = 0.5;
omega n = 0.8;
s grid (zeta, omega n)
[k, poles] = rlocfind (sys);
Result :
Thus the stability of the system was analyzed using MATLAB and graph of the root locus
was plotted.

Output Response:

Exercise 3
3. To obtain the Nyquist plot of a system
C(s)
Aim :To obtain the Nyquist plot of a system having the transfer function of =
R(s)
40
using MATLAB.
s 6s 10s 8
3 2
Theory :
Nyquist analysis is a frequency response method. It is basically a graphical

procedure for determining the absolute and relative stability of closed-loop control
systems. Stability information obtained directly from a graph of the open-loop frequency
response function GH(). Nyquist method is also useful for obtaining information about
transfer functions of systems from the experimental frequency response data.
Program :
% NYQUIST DIAGRAM
num = [ 0 0 0 40];
den = [ 1 6 10 8];
nyquist (sys)
v = [-2, 5, -5, 5]
axis (v) Preparation 30
[Gm, Pm, Wcp, Wcg] = margin (sys) Performance 30
Viva Voce 10
Inferences: Total marks out of 70
Result :
Thus the stability of the system was analyzed using MATLAB and graph of the Nyquist
plot was plotted.
1.What the advantages are of bode,Polar,Nyquist plot?
2. Define phase margin?
3. Define gain margin?
4. What is phase and gain cross-over frequency?5.Define corner frequency?

Circuit Diagram:
+ 25A L F A
3 POINT
STARTER 20A
350 710 +
D (0-15)A
P
(0-300)V MC A
S -
MC
T + + D
220V P
(0-2)A
DC S MC A V S
SUPPLY W T
- -
LOAD
I S
T Sh(+) A(+) A(+) Sh(+)
C
H
M # G
Sh(-) A(-) A(-) Sh(-)
- 25A 20A
FUSE RATING: 125% of rated current
Fig: Circuit Diagram to Find Armature Resistance Ra

DATE Modeling of Electrical Machines
TRANSFER FUNCTION OF
EX. NO. 3
SEPARATELY EXCITED D.C. SHUNT GENERATOR
Aim :
To find the transfer function of separately excited D.C generator.
Apparatus required:
Sl. Apparatus
No. Name Range Type Quantity
1. D.C. Shunt motor#machine 220 V, 18.6 A Shunt WDG 1
2. 3 point starter 220 V M-C; A-O 1
3. D.C. Voltmeter 0 300V Moving coil 1
0 - 20 A 2
4. D.C. Ammeter Moving coil
0 - 2.5 A 1
800 / 1 A 1
5. Rheostat Wire wound
1250 / 1.2 A 1
6. Tachometer(portable) 09999 r.p.m Digital 1
7. D P S T Switch 0 300V Manual 1
0 300 Multiple strand As
8. Connecting wires
SWG 1/18 wire(legged ends) required
Theory :
Consider a separately excited generator which is many times used in various practical
mechanical systems. Generators are required to drive the motors because vacuum
diodes, transistor amplifiers are not suitable because of their low ratings.
Where;
Rf = Field Resistance,
Lf = Field Inductance, H
if = Field current, A
Ef = Applied Voltage (input)
Eg = Generated voltage (output)
Now for a generator Eg where = flux
Flux is directly proportional to current passing through the field winding say i f
Eg if

Tabular Column:
Table 1. Measurement of Eg and Ef Table 2. Measurement of Field resistance Rf (Motor

(Motor running condition) off condition, by varying potential divider)
Field Generated Vf
Sl. Sl. Current Voltage R f=
Current Voltage If
No. No.
If (A) Eg (V) If (A) Vf (V) Rf (Ohm)
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 Average field resistance, Rf
Model graph:

Let Ka be the generator constant in V/ A
Eg = Ka i f ------ (1)
Applying Krichhoffs Law to field circuit
di f
Ef = if Rf + Lf ------ (2)
dt
Taking Laplace of both the equations (1) and (2)
Eg = Ka If (s)
Ef (s) = Rf If (s) + Lf (s) If (s) neglecting If (0)
E f (s)
If(s) =
R f sL f
Eg If : Eg = KgIf
K a E f (s)
Eg(s) =
R f sL f
E g (s) Kg
=
E f (s) Lf
R f (1 s )
Rf
Formula required:
Km Kg
1. Transfer function, T.F. = 2. Motor gain constant, K m =
1 s m Rf
E g Lf
3. Generator gain constant, K g = 4. Motor time constant, m =
I f Rf

Model Calculation:

Where; Lf=Field inductance, H; Rf=Field resistance, ; Xf= z f2 R f2 , ; Xf=2fl,, ; Lf=

Xf
, Henry
2f
Figure: Modeling of Systems Machines, Sensors and Transducers
Procedure: Measurement of Eg and Ef
1. The d.c mains feeding the d.c motor is switched on and is started using three point starter.
2. Motor is brought to its rated speed by varying the field rheostat of the motor.
3. The generated voltage is note down. This is the residual voltage.
4. The generator field rheostat is varied for different values of I f and the corresponding
voltmeter reading is noted down. Observations should be continued up to the
generated voltage is 25% higher than the rated voltage of the generator.
Measurement of Rf (By varying the potential divider) The d.c main is switched on.
5. By varying the potential divider note down the ammeter and voltmeter reading step by step.
Measurement of Zf (By varying the 1- autotransformer) The a.c main is switched on.
6. By varying the 1- autotransformer note down the ammeter and voltmeter reading
step by step till it reaches the rated voltage.
Inferences:
Result: Thus the transfer function of separately excited d.c generator has found and
suitable graph was drawn.
Preparation 30
1.What is the need for modeling in electrical machines?
Performance 30
2.Difference between separately and self excitation?
Viva Voce 10
3.Define transfer function.
Total marks out of 70

Connection Diagram:

DATE
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF COMPENSATORS
EX. NO. 4
Aim :
To study the compensation of second order process by using lead, lag compensator.
Apparatus Required :
1. Device model kit 1 3. CRO -1

2. patch cards - As per required 4. CRO Probe -1
Design T1 = R1C1, T2 = R2C2
Lag lead network using operational = G j = = tan-1 T1 = tan-1 T2

amplifiers an electric lead lag network
using operational amplifier is R 2 R 4 1 T12 12 Sin (t tan 1T, tan 1T2 )
V(s)T=
Z1 = R1 || C1
R1R 2 1 T22 22
Z2 = R2 || C2 Input sin wt
The Second output amplifier act as a sine

inverter with a variable again to
Determination of value for angle compensations
compensate the amplifier.
Frequency of sine wave = 20 Hz.
R 2 1 R1G(s)
Where; G(j
RG
)= =
R3 R1 1 R2G(s) Phase angle to be compressed = 70 0
= tan-1 [2 f T1] tan-1 [2 f T2]
R 2 R 4 1 T12 12 2 ft2 = tan(89.95 70)

G (j ) =
R1R 3 1 T22 22
t2 = 0.003 ms

Table 1 : LEAD compensator
Where; R1 = 1m ; R2 = 20 m ; C1 =0.1f; C2 =0.01f
Gain =
Input Output VO
SL. X1 X2 X Y1 Y2 Y Frequency
voltage voltage 20log
Vin
NO.
ms Ms ms V V V Hz V V dB
Table 2 : LAG compensator
Gain =
Input Output VO
Vin
NO.
Table 3 : LEAD LAG compensator
Gain =
Input Output VO
Vin
NO.
Formula :
X1 Y1 X1 Y1
-1 -1
Sin =
X2 = Y2 = sin
X2 = sin
Y2

For Equation :
T1 = R1C1 = 10 ms; T2 = - 0.003 ms;
C1 = f1R1 = = 10 m; C2 = 1 f = R2 = = 3 k .
Procedure:
(A) LAG :
1. Connections are made as per the connection diagram.

2. Switch ON the unit.
3. Give the sine wave as input
4. Note down the amplitude and frequency of the input signal.
5. Observe the lissajous pattern through CRO, by keeping the CRO in X-Y mode and
calculate the Phase Shift of the output signal with the input.
6. Conduct the experiment for various frequencies.
7. After completing experiment switch off the unit.
(B) LEAD :

10. Give the sine wave as input
11. Measure the amplitude and frequency of the input signal and tabulate it.
12. Observe the Lissajous pattern through CRO, by keeping the CRO in X-Y mode and
(C) LEAD LAG :

17. Give the sinusoidal input as the set value to the error detector.
18. Measure the amplitude and frequency of the input signal and tabulate it.
19. Observe the Lissajous pattern through CRO, by keeping the CRO in X-Y mode and

Bode plot for Lead ,Lag-Lead,Lag compensators

Inferences:
Result :
Thus the compensation of second order process by using Lead, Lag, and Lead-Lag
compensator was completed and stability performance was plotted
1.What is the need for compensators?
2.Define lag,lead,lag-lead compensators.
3.Mention the transfer function of lag,lead,lag-lead compensators.
4.Differentiate between lag and lead compensators.
5. Differentiate between lag and lag-lead compensators.

Connection Diagram:
Figure 1 : DC servomotor position with P controller

DATE
DC POSITION CONTROL SYSTEMS USING SERVO MOTOR
EX. NO. 5 (a)
Aim :
To study the DC position control system and draw the error characteristics between set-
point and error.
Exercise :
1. To study the DC servomotor position controller with P controller.

Apparatus required
Sl.
Name Range Type Quantity
No.
DC position control kit with DC servo motor

1 - - 1
( Motor set up )
2 PEC - 01 - - 1
3 Patch chords Rated Amps - As req.
4 Digital Multi-meter - portable 1
THEORY:
A DC position control system is a closed loop control system in which the position
of the mechanical load is controlled with the position of the reference shaft. A pair of
potentiometers acts as error-measuring device. They convert the input and output
positions into proportional electric signals. The desired position is set on the input
potentiometer and the actual position is fed to feedback potentiometer. The difference
between the two angular positions generates an error signal, which is amplified and fed
to armature circuit of the DC motor. The tacho generator attached to the motor shaft
produces a voltage proportional to the speed which is used for feedback. If an error
exists, the motor develops a torque to rotate the output in such a way as to reduce the
error to zero. The rotation of the motor stops when the error signal is zero, i.e., when the
desired position is reached.

Table 1 : DC servomotor position with P controller
Input Output
Error
Sl. Position Position
No.
Degree Degree Degree
Model graph :
+Y
Error, degree
Y
Input degree X
Figure 2 : The characteristics between set-point (input degree) and error

Experiment 1
1. To study the DC servomotor position controller with P controller

Aim :
To study the DC servo motor position controller with P controller.
Procedure :
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. DC output of P24 and P25 connected to the input of permanent magnet DC motor
3. Set the pulse release switch is in OFF position
4. Switch ON the unit
5. Set the motor at any position by varying the set position knob
6. Notice the input position in digital display by toggling the SPDT switch in NO (switch
position is upper side) mode
7. Slightly vary the P control Knob
8. Now release the pulse release switch S 2 , select the SPDT (SW1) switch is NC (switch
position is lower side) mode
9. Notice the maximum overshoot Or maximum position achieved by the motor
10. Notice the output position in digital display
11. Tabulate the input and output position and maximum overshoot in the tabular column
shown below
Conclusion:
Thus the characteristics of DC servo motor position controller with P controller was
studied and verified.

Circuit diagram:
Figure 3 : AC servomotor position with PI controller

DATE
AC POSITION CONTROL SYSTEMS USING SERVO MOTOR
EX. NO. 5(b)
Aim :
To study the operation of AC servomotor position control with PI controller using PEC-02
module.
Apparatus required
Sl.
No.
AC position control kit with AC servo

1 - - 1
motor( motor set up )
2 PEC - 02 - - 1
3 Patch chords Rated Amps - As required
4 Digital Multi-meter - portable 1
Theory:
The AC servomotor is a two-phase induction motor with some special design

features. The stator consists of two pole pairs (A-B and C-D) mounted on the inner
periphery of the stator, such that their axes are at an angle of 90 o in space. Each pole
pair carries a winding, one winding is called the reference winding and other winding is
called the control winding. The exciting currents in the two windings should have a phase
displacement of 90o. The supply used to drive the motor is single-phase and hence a
phase advancing capacitor is connected to one of the phases to produce a phase
difference of 90o.
The rotor construction is usually of squirrel cage or drag-cup type. The squirrel
cage rotor is made of laminations. The rotor bars are placed on the slots and short-
circuited at both ends by end rings. The diameter of the rotor is kept small in order to
reduce inertia and to obtain good accelerating characteristics. Drag cup construction is
employed for very low inertia applications. In this type of construction, the rotor will be in
the form of hollow cylinder made of aluminum. The aluminum cylinder itself acts as
short-circuited rotor conductors.

Table 1 : AC servomotor position with PI controller
Input Output
Error
Sl. Position Position
No.
Degree Degree Degree
Model graph:
+Y
Error, degree
Y
Input degree X
Figure 4 : The characteristics between set-point (input degree) and error.

Precautions :
1. Check whether power ON/OFF switch is in OFF condition

2. Check whether 230 V AC ON/OFF switch is in OFF condition
Procedure for connection :
3. Connect terminal P7(pulse input-1) to P3(pulse output) and P10(pulse input-2) to P4(pulse output)
4. Connect gate terminal P8 to P19 and P11 to P21
5. Connect MT1(1) terminal P9 to P20 and MT1(2) terminal P12 to P22
6. Connect terminal P23 to P24, P25 to P26 and P27 to P22
7. Connect terminal P15 to P17 and P16 to P18
8. Connect terminal P1(SP input) to P13(SP output) and connect terminal P2 (PV input) to P14 (PV output)
9. Connect servo motor to P31 by using serial cable
10. Connect the main winding of the motor to 230 V AC supply through a PC power chord.
Procedure for experiment :
11. Check whether the connections are made as per the connection procedure
12. Switch ON the trainer power ON/OFF
13. Switch ON the constant 230 V AC main winding voltage to the servo motor
14. Set the motor actual position using set position Knob(POT1) and take the readings for set
position and actual position and tabulate it
15. Repeat the same procedure step by step upto 340 0
16. For each step note down set position and actual position and tabulate it
Inferences:

Preparation 30
Performance 30
Result :
Viva Voce 10
Thus the AC position control system using servomotor was
conducted and readings are tabulated.
1. What type of motor is used as AC servomotor? Why?

2. What improvements are made in the servomotor characteristics?
3. How voltage constant Kc and speed constant Km are determined?
4. Does the negative value of speed constant affect stability of the element?
5. How two phase AC voltage is obtained from three phase AC?

Circuit diagram :
Figure 1 :SYNCHRO TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER

DATE DETERMINATION OF ERROR CHARACTERISTICS
EX. NO. 6 USING SYNCHRO TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER
Aim :
To determine the error characteristics in rotor position of synchro transmitter and receiver.
Apparatus required
Sl.
No.
1 Single phase transformer 230/50V AC - 1
2 Digital Voltmeter 0-300 VAC 1
Synchro Transmitter 50 V AC
Input Rotor voltage
3 1
34 V AC
Output Stator Voltage (max)
34 V AC
Synchro Receiver
(max)
4 Stator voltage 1
Rotor voltage 35 VA
5 Digital Multi-meter - Portable 1
6 Patch chords Rated Amps - As required
Theory:
A synchro is an electromagnetic transducer commonly used to convert converting angular

position difference between output shaft and input command dial into a proportional AC
voltage.The basic synchro is usually called a synchro transmitter. Its construction is similar to that
of a three phase alternator. The stator (stationary member) is of laminated silicon steel and is
slotted to accommodate a balanced three phase winding which is usually of concentric coil type
(three identical coils are placed in the stator with their axis 120o apart) and is star connected.
The rotor is a dumb bell construction and wound with a concentric coil. The rotor winding is
applied with an AC supply voltage through slip rings and this rotor is held fixed in a desired
angular position say r (i.e. input or reference).This voltage causes a flow of magnetizing current
in the rotor coil which produces a sinusoidally time varying flux directed along its axis and
distributed nearly sinusoidally in the air gap along stator periphery.

Table 2 : Synchro transmitter
Synchro transmitter: Standard value
SL. Synchro transmitter Synchro receiver Error = Txrp Rxrp
NO. Rotor position degree Rotor position degree Rotor position degree
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Model graph :
Error, degree
Transmitter rotor position

The rotor winding is applied with an AC supply voltage through slip rings and this rotor is held
fixed in a desired angular position say r (i.e. input or reference).This voltage causes a flow of
magnetizing current in the rotor coil which produces a sinusoidally time varying flux directed
along its axis and distributed nearly sinusoidally in the air gap along stator periphery. Because of
transformer action, voltages are induced in each of the stator coils. As the air gap flux is
sinusoidally distributed, the flux linking any stator coil is proportional to the cosine of the angle
between rotor and stator coil axis and so is the voltage induced in each stator coil.
Procedure :
1. Connect the digital voltmeter across the any two stator output of synchro transmitter
2. Connect the synchro transmitter stator outputs to corresponding stator terminals of synchro
receiver
3. Power ON the all ON/OFF switches
4. Verify the stator output voltage of 0 V at 0 degree, if it is not make 0 V at 0 degree to adjust
the pointer of both transmitter and receiver
5. Adjust the transmitter rotor position step by step by using knob
6. Note down the rotor position of transmitter and receiver in the tabulation
Inferences: Dr.N.G.P.IT /DEPT.OF EEE

Preparation 30
Performance 30
Viva Voce 10

Result :
Thus the error on rotor position of synchro transmitter and receiver was determined and their
characteristic has been plotted.
1.Define synchros?
2.What is meant by rotor angular position?
3.What is meant by AC synchros?
4.what is meant by dc synchros?


DATE Simulation of Control Systems by Mathematical development tools
EX. NO. 7 STUDY THE EFFECT OF P, PI, PID CONTROLLERS USING MATLAB
Aim :
To study and analyze the effect of P, PI, PID Controllers using MATLAB.
Apparatus required :
A personal computer with MATLAB software package.

Theory :
The Characteristics of P, I, and D Controllers
A proportional controller ( ) will have the effect of reducing the rise time and will
reduce but never eliminate the steady-state error. An integral control ( ) will have the effect of
eliminating the steady-state error for a constant or step input, but it may make the transient
response slower. A derivative control ( ) will have the effect of increasing the stability of the
system, reducing the overshoot, and improving the transient response. The effects of each of
controller parameters, , , and on a closed-loop system are summarized in the table
below.
Table 1 : Controller response to specifications
Controller Response Rise time Overshoot Settling time S-s error
Kp Decrease Increase Small Change Decrease
Ki Decrease Increase Increase Eliminate
Kd Small Change Decrease Decrease No Change
Note that these correlations may not be exactly accurate, because , , and are dependent
on each other. In fact, changing one of these variables can change the effect of the other two. For
this reason, the table should only be used as a reference when you are determining the values for
, and .

Output of Exercise no:1 Output of Exercise no:2
Output of Exercise no:3 Output of Exercise no:4
Output of Exercise no:5

Problem : Suppose we have a simple mass, spring, and damper problem.
Taking the Laplace transform of the modeling equation, we get

Ms2X(S) +bsX(s+Kx(S) = F(s)
The transfer function between the displacement X(s) and the input F(s)then becomes
( ) 1
=
( ) + +
Exercise 1
1. Open-Loop Step Response :

Aim :
To study the performance of Open-Loop Step response using MATLAB.
Theory : The DC gain of the plant transfer function is 1/20, so 0.05 is the final value of the output
to an unit step input. This corresponds to the steady-state error of 0.95, quite large indeed.
Furthermore, the rise time is about one second, and the settling time is about 1.5 seconds. Let's
design a controller that will reduce the rise time, reduce the settling time, and eliminate the
steady-state error. Let's first view the open-loop step response. Create a new m-file and run the
following code:
Program :
t = 0:0.1:2;
n = [1];
d = [1, 10, 20];
s = tf (n, d);
c = step (s, t);
plot (t, c);
Result :
Thus the performance of Open-Loop Step response was analyzed using MATLAB and graph was
plotted.


Exercise 2
2. Proportional Control Response

Aim :
To study the performance of Proportional control response using MATLAB.
Theory :
From the table shown above, we see that the proportional controller K p reduces the rise time, increases the
overshoot, and reduces the steady-state error. The closed-loop transfer function of the above system with a
proportional controller is:
( )
=
( ) + 10 + (20 + )
Figure : Proportional controller
Let the proportional gain KP equal 300 and change the m-file to the following:
Program :
t = 0:0.1:2;
n1 = [300];
d1 = [1, 10, 320];
s1 = tf (n1, d1);
c1 = step (s1, t);
plot (t, c1);
Result :
Thus the performance of Proportional control response was analyzed using MATLAB and graph was plotted.


Exercise 3
3. Proportional-Derivative Control
Aim :
To study the performance of Proportional + Derivative control response using MATLAB.
Theory :
Now, let's take a look at a PD control. From the table shown above, we see that the derivative
controller Kd reduces both the overshoot and the settling time. The closed-loop transfer function
of the given system with a PD controller is:
( ) +
=
( ) + (10 + ) + (20 + )
Figure : Proportional-Derivative Control
Let Kp equal 300 as before and let Kd equal 10. Enter the following commands into an m-file and
run it in the MATLAB command window.
Program :
t = 0:0.1:2;
n2 = [10, 300];
d2 = [1, 20, 320];
s2 = tf (n2, d2);
c2 = step (s2, t);
plot (t, c2);
Result :
Thus the performance of Proportional + Derivative control response was analyzed using MATLAB
and graph was plotted.

Exercise 4
4. Proportional-Integral Control
Aim :
To study the performance of Proportional + Integral control response using MATLAB.
Theory :
Before going into a PID control, let's take a look at a PI control. From the table, we see that an
integral controller Ki decreases the rise time, increases both the overshoot and the settling time,
and eliminates the steady-state error. For the given system, the closed-loop transfer function with
a PI control is:
( ) +
=
( ) + 10 + (20 + + )
Figure : Proportional + Integral controller
Let's reduce the Kp to 30, and let Ki equal 70. Create a new m-file and enter the following
commands.
Program :
t = 0:0.1:2;
n3 = [30, 70];
d3 = [1, 10, 50, 70];
s3 = tf (n3, d3);
c3 = step (s3, t);
plot (t, c3);
Result :
Thus the performance of Proportional + Integral control response was analyzed using MATLAB
and graph was plotted.


Exercise 5
5. Proportional-Integral-Derivative Control
Aim :
To study the performance of Proportional + Integral + Derivative control response using MATLAB.
Theory :
After several trial and error runs, the gains KP = 350, Ki = 300, and Kd = 50 provided the desired
response. To confirm, enter the following commands to an m-file and run it in the command
window. You should get the following step response.
( ) + +
=
( ) + (10 + ) + (20 + ) + )
Figure : Proportional + Integral + Derivative controller
Now, let's take a look at a PID controller. The closed-loop transfer function of the given system
with a PID controller is:
Program :
t = 0:0.1:2;
n4 = [50, 350, 300];
d4 = [1, 60, 370, 300];
s4 = tf (n4, d4);
c4 = step (s4, t);
plot (t, c4);
Inferences:



Preparation 30
Performance 30
Viva Voce 10
Result :
Thus the performance of Proportional + Integral + Derivative control response was analyzed
using MATLAB and graph was plotted.
1.What is the effect of PD controller on the system performance?
2. What is the disadvantage in proportional controller?
3. What is the effect of PI controller on the system performance?
4. Why derivative controller is not used in control systems?
5. Write the transfer function of PID controller.
6. What is the effect on system performance when a proportional controller is introduced in a

system?

Circuit Diagram:
Fig: Maxwell Inductance Bridge
Tabular Column:
S.No R2 R3 Actual Actual Measured

(Ohms) (Ohms) Value Value Value
CX(F) LX(mH) LX(F)

DATE
AC BRIDGE: MAXWELLS INDUCTANCE BRIDGE
EX. NO. 8(a)
Aim:
To find the unknown inductance and Q factor of a given coil.
Apparatus Required:
Apparatus
Sl.
No.
1. Maxwells Inductance Bridge Kit 900 mH A.C 1
2. Multi meter - Digital 1
3. Unknown Inductance 1-1000 mH A.C 1
4. Patch chords - - 15 nos
THEORY:
Using Maxwell inductance Capacitance Bridge, inductance can be measured by comparing
with a variable standard capacitance. This bridge is used to measure inductance with low Q factor from
1 to 10. This bridge is also called Maxwell Wien Bridge. The equations for a Maxwell inductance
Capacitance balanced Bridge are as follows LX=R1R3C2
Formula :
1. Unknown inductance, LX = R1R2C, mH

2. % Error = (Lxtheory Lxpractical)/Lxtheory x 100
Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the unknown inductance at the L x (unknown) point.
3. Keep R1 in minimum position.
4. Connect A to A and B to B.
5. Connect the CRO across P and Q.

Model Calculation:

6. Switch on the unit.

7. Choose R3, such that you can obtain a maximum variation of output.
8. Now set R2 to maximum position.
9. Vary the potentiometer R1 such that the amplitude of sine wave is decreases and that one
point it will obtain a minimum of zero amplitude and then it will start increasing at that point
stop the tuning and switch OFF the unit.
10. Remove the patching at R1 and find the resistance using multi meter and note down the
reading according to the table given below and calculate the value of unknown inductance.
11. One can verify the balancing condition by connecting the bridge output (P & Q) to the input (P
& Q) of audio power amplifier and you can hear a minimum noise or no noise. If you vary the
potentiometer R1 you can hear a maximum noise.
Inferences:

Preparation 30
Performance 30
Viva Voce 10
Result:
Thus the value of unknown inductance was found experimentally by using the Maxwells Bridge.
Viva Voce QUESTIONS:

1. What is meant by bridge circuit?
2. What are the uses of bridge circuits?
3. What are the advantages of bridge circuits?
4. What are the types of Maxwell Bridge?
5. What is the basic working principle of Maxwell Bridge?
6. What is the other name for Maxwell inductance Capacitance Bridge?
7. What is the quality factor for Maxwell Wien Bridge?
8. What are the advantages of Maxwell Bridge?

Circuit Diagram:
Tabular Column:
S.No R2 R4 Actual Actual Measured

(Ohms) (Ohms) Value Value Value
C3(F) CX( F) CX(F)

DATE
AC BRIDGE: SCHERING BRIDGE
EX. NO. 8(b)
Aim:
To measure the unknown value of capacitance using schering bridge.
Apparatus Required:
Apparatus
Sl.
No.
1. schering bridge Bridge Kit - - 1
2. Multi meter - Digital 1
3. Unknown capacitance - - 1
4. Patch chords - - 5 nos
Theory:
A Schering bridge, shown in fig balances with component capacitance and its series resistance.
Capacitance C1 is a standard capacitor, selected with a range switch and producing an opposition
ratio with R2 that balances with the unknown capacitance C X. RX is the unknown resistance
connected in series with unknown capacitance. DRB R 2 is calibrated in units of capacitance and
is used in conjunction with C2 for reactive balance. The combination of C2 and R1 balances the
resistive component of the capacitor.
CX=R2C3/ R4
Procedure:
1.Connections are given as shown in the circuit diagram.
2.The value of R2 is selected arbitrarily (say1K) and R1 is varied.
3.If the selection of R2 is correct the balance point (NULL POINT) can be observed on the
oscilloscope by varying R1.If not another value of R2 is chosen.[At balance the vertical line in the
oscilloscope comes to a point for an particular value of R1 in the same direction.]
4.The capacitor C1 can be varied for fine balance adjustment.

Model Calculation:

5.When the balance condition is reached, the trainer kit is switched OFF and the value R1 is
measured using a multimeter.
6.The value of unknown capacitance is calculated.
7.The experiment is repeated for various samples provided.
Inferences:
Result:
Thus the value of unknown capacitance was found experimentally by using the schering Bridge.
Viva Voce QUESTIONS:

1. What is Schering Bridge?
2. Draw the circuit diagram of Schering Bridge.
3. What are the advantages of Schering Bridge?
4. What are the measurement factors of Schering Bridge?
5. What is the measuring range of Schering Bridge?
6. What is the key advantage of Schering Bridge?
7. How are the errors at low voltages rectified?

Circuit Diagram:
Tabular column:
S.NO R1() R2() R3 () Calculated Actual

value Rx value
() Rx ()

DATE
EX. NO. 8(c) DC BRIDGE: WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
Aim:
To measure the value of unknown resistance using Wheatstone bridge.
Apparatus Required:
S. APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

No
1 Wheatstone Bridge trainer - - 1
kit
2 Multimeter - - 1
3 Unknown resistance - - Few
Theory:
A very important device used in the measurement of medium resistance is the

Wheatstone bridge. The Wheatstone bridge is an accurate and reliable instrument,
which is extensively used in industries. The Wheatstone bridge is an instrument for
making comparison measurement and operates upon a null indication principle. This
means the indication is independent of the calibration of the null indicating instrument
or any of the characteristics. For this reason, very high degree of accuracy can be
achieved using Wheatstone bridge.
The Wheatstone bridge has four resistive arms consisting of resistances R1, R2,
R3 and RX together with a source of an emf and a null detector, usually a galvanometer
or any other sensitive current meter as shown in Fig 3.1. The current through the
galvanometer depends on the potential difference between points B and D . The
bridge is set to be balanced when there is no current through the galvanometer or
when the potential difference across the galvanometer is zero. This occurs when the
voltage from point B to point A equal the voltage from point D to point A and
vice versa.
Formula:
The equations for a balanced Wheatstone bridge are as follows :
Unknown Resistance Rx= R2R3/R1

Model calculation:

Procedure:
1. Give the connections as per circuit diagram shown in fig.
2. Connect the unknown resistance. The galvanometer shows some deflection.
3. Adjust the Decade Resistance Box (DRB) until the galvanometer shows zero
deflection.
4.Note down the values of resistances R1, R2, and R3 from DRB and tabulate
5. Calculate the unknown resistance (RX) by using the given formula.

6. Note down the actual value of resistance (RX) by using multimeter.
Inferences:
Result:
Thus the value of unknown resistance was found experimentally by using the
Wheatstone bridge
1. What are the types of DC bridges?

2. What is Wheatstone bridge?
3. Write the balancing equation for Wheatstone bridge.
4. State the advantages of Wheatstone bridge method.
5. State the disadvantages of Wheatstone bridge method

Circuit Diagram:
Tabular column:
S.NO R1() R2() R3 () Calculated

value Rx
()

DATE
DC BRIDGES: KELVIN DOUBLE BRIDGE
EX. NO. 8(d)
Aim:
To measure the value of unknown resistance using Kelvin double bridge.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S. APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

No
1 Kelvin double bridge - - 1
trainer kit
2 Multimeter - - 1
3 Unknown resistance - - Few
Theory:
In the Wheatstone bridge, the bridge contact and lead resistance causes
significant error, while measuring low resistances. Thus for measuring the values of
resistance below 1, the modified form of Wheatstone bridge is used, known as Kelvin
Bridge. The consideration of the effect of contact and lead resistances is the basic aim
of Kelvin Bridge. This bridge consists of another set of ratio arms hence called Kelvin
double bridge.
Formula:
The balancing equations can be obtained from the bridge circuit:

Let, RX - Unknown resistor.
R2, R3 - Variable resistors.
R1- Known resistor
Procedure:
1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown in fig
2. The unknown resistance R is connected at the terminals X and Y.
3. The power supply unit is switched ON.
4. The value of resistor S is varied by varying the potentiometer P to obtain null
balance.

Model calculation:

5. The power supply unit is switched OFF.

6. The corresponding values of resistances are entered in the table
7. The unknown value of the resistor Rx is obtained by using the given formula.
Inferences: Dr.N.G.P.IT /DEPT.OF EEE

Preparation 30
Performance 30
Viva Voce 10
Result:
Thus the value of unknown resistance was measured using Kelvin Double Bridge
1. What is Kelvin Bridge?

2. Draw the circuit diagram of Kelvin's bridge.
3. Write the balance equation of Kelvin's bridge.
4. What are the limitations of Kelvin's bridge?
5. What is Kelvin's double bridge?

Circuit Diagram:

DATE DYNAMICS OF SENSORS/ TRANSDUCERS
EX. NO. 9(a) Study of Temperature Transducer
Aim :
To observe the characteristics of thermistors or thermal resistors.
Apparatus required:
Sl.
No.
1. DC Regulated power supply 0 30 V Single 1
2. Thermistor kit - Desktop 1
3. Digital Voltmeter 0 10 V Moving coil 1
4. Multi-meter 0 100 M Digital 1
5. Connecting wires Patch chords : As required
Theory :
The word thermistor is a combination of thermal and resistor. It is a two terminal

semiconductor device whose resistance is temperature sensitive. The value of such
resistors decreases with increase in temperature. They have very high temperature
coefficient of resistance, of the order of 3 to 5% per C, making it an ideal temperature
transducer. The temperature coefficient of resistance is normally negative.
Manufacturing materials : Materials employed in the manufacture of the thermistors

include oxides of nickel, cobalt, iron, manganese, copper, uranium, nichrome., etc,. are
pressed into desired shapes and sintered (or baked) at a high temperature to form
composite thermistors.
Construction/Shape : Bead type, probe type, discs type, washers type, drum type,
cylinder type, glass type., etc,.

Tabular column:
Mercury Output
Thermometer( C ) Voltage(Volts)
Model Graph:

Coefficient : Most are negative temperature coefficient (NTC) of resistance, i.e.

theirresistance decreases with increase of temperature and exhibits non-linear
characteristics. Positive temperature coefficients (PTC), i.e. their resistance increases
with decreases of temperature are also available used for special purposes and exhibits
linear characteristics.
Procedure :
1. Connections are made as per the wiring sequence given on the above circuit
diagram.
2. Switch on the power supply and vary the voltage upto 2 Volts wait for 5 minutes so
that the thermistor can become zero oK to nominal heated state.
3. Now vary the voltage across thermistor and note down the readings from voltmeter
(increasing voltage) and multimeter (decreasing resistance).
4. Tabulate the readings and draw the graph heater voltage versus resistance.
Inferences:
Result :
Thus the thermistor was tested and characteristics curve were drawn.
1.What is thermistor?
2.What is RTD?
3.Differentiate between positive and negative co-efficient temperature.

Circuit Diagram:
MAINS
PRESSURE (kg/cm) ON/OFF
RG1 RG2
V+ ANALOG -
-
PRESSURE DISPLAY
CELL
OP-AMP DIGITAL
+ CONVERTER DECODER-DRIVER
v-
RG4 RG3
FULL BRIDGE DIFF. AMP. ADC SYSTEM OUTPUT
SENSOR INPUT SENSOR OUTPUT (DC mV) ZERO ADJ. CAL.

EX. NO. 9(b) Study of Pressure Transducer
Aim:
To study the characteristics of the pressure cell with respect to bridge voltage.
Apparatus Required:
Apparatus
Sl.
No.
1. ITB-16 CE Trainer Kit 220/240 V Portable 1
2. Multimeter(mV) 12 V DC Portable 1
3. Pressure Cell. Setup 220/240 V Portable 1
4. Power Chord 220/240 V Pin end 1
Theory:
Many techniques have been developed for the measurement of pressure and
vacuum. Instruments used to measure pressure are called pressure gauges or vacuum
gauges.A 'manometer' is an instrument that uses a column of liquid to measure
pressure, although the term is often used nowadays to mean any pressure measuring
instrument.A vacuum gauge is used to measure the pressure in a vacuum which is
further divided into two subcategories, high and low vacuum .The applicable pressure
range of many of the techniques used to measure vacuums has an overlap. Everyday
pressure measurements, such as for tire pressure, are usually made relative to ambient
air pressure. In other cases measurements are made relative to a vacuum or to some
other specific reference. When distinguishing between these zero references, the
following terms are used:
Absolute pressure is zero-referenced against a perfect vacuum, so it is equal to
gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure.
Gauge pressure is zero-referenced against ambient air pressure, so it is equal to

absolute pressure minus atmospheric pressure. Negative signs are usually omitted. To
distinguish a negative pressure, the value may be appended with the word "vacuum" or
the gauge may be labeled a "vacuum gauge."

Tabular column:
Pressure (kg/m2 Output

Voltage(Volts)
Model Graph

Procedure:
1. Install the pressure cell setup and interface the 9 pin D connector with ITB-16-CE
Kit.
2. Connect the multimeter (in mv mode) across T2 and T3 for bridge voltage
measurement.
3. Switch ON the module.
4. Initially, open the air release valve and exhaust the tank inlet air and nullify the
bridge voltage by using zero adjustment POT.
5. Now, close the opened air release valve. By pressing the pump piston, the pumps
absorb the air from atmosphere and supply it to the cylinder. Then, the pressure will
be developed in the cylinder and now measure the bridge voltage (mV) across T2
and T3.
6. Gradually increase the pressure by pressing the pump piston and note down the
bridge voltage (mV) for corresponding gauge pressure.
7. Tabulate the readings and plot a graph between gauge pressure and bridge voltage
(mV).
Inferences:
Result:
Thus, the characteristic of the pressure cell with respect to bridge voltage was
studied and also the graph was plotted.
1.What are the types of pressure transducer?

2. Define Pressure transducer.
3. What is the purpose of strain gauge?
4. Define strain gauges.
5. Define gaugefactor.

Circuit Diagram:

EX. NO. 9(c) Study of Displacement Transducer using LVDT
Aim :
To observe the characteristics of displacement transducer using LVDT
Apparatus Required:
Apparatus
Sl.
No.
1. LVDT Kit 220/240 V Portable 1
2. Multimeter 12 V DC Portable 1
3. LVDT Setup 220/240 V Portable 1
As Per
4. Patch Chord 220/240 V Pin end
Required
Theory:
The linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) (also called just a differential
transformer, linear variable displacement transformer, or linear variable displacement
transducer) is a type of electrical transformer used for measuring linear displacement
(position). A counterpart to this device that is used for measuring rotary displacement
is called a rotary variable differential transformer. LVDTs are robust, absolute linear
position/displacement transducers; inherently frictionless, they have a virtually infinite
cycle life when properly used. As AC operated LVDTs do not contain any electronics,
they can be designed to operate at cryogenic temperatures or up to 1200 F (650 C),
in harsh environments, under high vibration and shock levels. LVDTs have been widely
used in applications such as power turbines, hydraulics, automation, aircraft, satellites,
nuclear reactors, and many others. These transducers have low hysteresis and excellent
repeatability. The LVDT converts a position or linear displacement from a mechanical
reference (zero, or null position) into a proportional electrical signal containing phase
(for direction) and amplitude (for distance) information. The LVDT operation does not
require an electrical contact between the moving part (probe or core assembly) and the
coil assembly, but instead relies on electromagnetic coupling.

Tabular column:
Displacement Output
(mm) Voltage(Volts)
Model graph:

Procedure:
1. Install the LVDT Position sensor and interface the nine pin D type cable with LVDT
Kit.Switch ON the unit.
2. Connect the multimeter or CRO (in ACmV mode) across the T4 and T7 for the
secondary output voltage measurement.
3. Set the micrometer position at 10 mm and calibrate the display at 0 mm using
zero potentiometer.
4. Set the micrometer position at 20 mm and calibrate the display at 10 mm using
span potentiometer
5. Repeat the zero and span calibration until the core displacement is 0.00 mm for 10
mm displacement in micrometer and core displacement is 10.00 mm for 20 mm
displacement in micrometer.
6. After completion of the calibration, place the core of the LVDT to 10 mm by
adjusting the micrometer.
7. Gradually increase the micrometer displacement from 10 mm to 20 mm and note
down the forward core displacement from 0 mm to 10 mm on the display and
secondary output voltage (mV) across T 4 and T7 and across see the Signal
conditioned output voltage (V) across T6 and T7.
8. Similarly, decrease the Micrometer displacement from 10 mm to zero mm and note
down the reverse core displacement of zero to 10 mm on the display and secondary
output voltage (mV) across T 4 and T7.
9. Plot the graph between core displacement (mm) along x-axis and secondary output
voltage (mV) across y axis.
Inferences:
Result:
Thus, the characteristic of the pressure cell with respect to bridge voltage was studied
and also the graph was plotted.
1. What is meant by LVDT?
2. Mention some basic requirements of a transducer.

Circuit Diagram :
+24V MAINS
ON/OFF
R
LIGHT
+ RAYS
LDR V DMM
LAMP
SUPPLY
- LAMP LDR
+24V +15V
- A +
R1 R2
LIGHT
PHOTO + RAYS +
DIODE V V
- LAMP PD -
+24V +15V
- A +
R1 R2
LIGHT
RAYS
PHOTO + +
V V
TRANSISTOR - LAMP PD -

EX. NO. 9(d) Optical sensors
Aim :
To observe the characteristics of Optical sensors.
Apparatus Required:
Apparatus
Sl.
No.
1. Trainer Kit 220/240 V Portable 1
0-10 micro
2. Multimeter Portable 1
amphs
4. Power Chord 220/240 V Pin end 1
Theory:
Optical sensors are based on the modulation of light travelling between a light
source and a light detector. The transmitter light along either an air path or a fibre-
optic cable. Either form of transmission gives immunity to electromagnetically induced
noise,and also provides greater safety than electrical sensor. When used in hazardous
environment.Light sources suitable for transmission across an air path include tungsten
-filament lamps,laser diodes,LED. However as the light from tungsten lamp is usually
in the visible part of the light frequency spectrum, it is prone to interference from the
sun and other sources.Due to this, infrared LEDs or infrared laser diodes are normally
preferred.These emit light in a narrow frequency band in the infrared region and are not
affected by sunlight.

A.LDR Characteristics:
Input voltage (v) Resistance (ohm)
B.Photo Diode characteristics:
Lamp voltage=5V Lamp voltage=10V

Output Out put current Output Out put current
voltage(V) (micro amphs) voltage(V) (micro amphs)
C.Photo Transistor characteristics:
Lamp voltage=5V Lamp voltage=10V

Output Out put current Output Out put current
voltage(V) (micro amphs) voltage(V) (micro amphs)

Procedure:
A.LDR Characteristics:
1.Connect the power cord of trainer unit to AC mains 220V ,50Hz supply.
2.Switch ON the trainer.The neon lamp will glow indicating that the unit is ready for
operation.
3.Patch the lamp supply to the sockets marked lamp in the LDR circuit.
4.Keep the potentiometer in the left most minimum position.
5.Connect a digital multimeter,with resistance range (kilo ohms )across the terminals
marked DMM.
6.Connect a DC voltmeter (DC 0-25 V) at input side.
7.Vary the potentiometer and the intensity of the bulb will be varying.
8.Note down the voltage and resistances and tabulate the readings in a tabular column.
9.Plot a graph for input voltage vs output resistance.
B. Photo Diode characteristics & C. Photo transistor characteristics:
1.Patch the lamp supply to the sockets marked lamp in the PD circuit.
2. Connect a DC voltmeter (DC 0-25 V) at input side.
3.Connect a DC voitmeter (DC 0- 15V) and DC micro ammeter (DC 0-100 micro amphs)
at the output side.
4.Vary the potentiometer (at input side) and set a voltage of DC 5V.
5. Vary the potentiometer (at output side) and note down the voltage and current.
6.Tabulate the readings in a tabular column.
7.Repeat the experiment for different input voltages of 10V,15V and 20V.
8.Plot a graph for output voltage vs output current,for different input voltages.
Inferences:

Model graph:

Result:
Thus, the characteristic of the optical sensors was studied and also the graph was
plotted.
1. What is meant by optical sensors?
2. Mention some basic rapplications of a transducer.

Circuit Diagram:
MAINS
STRAIN (s) ON/OFF
RG1 RG2
V+ ANALOG -
-
STRAIN DISPLAY
GAUGE
OP-AMP DIGITAL
+ CONVERTER DECODER-DRIVER
v-
RG4 RG3
FULL BRIDGE DIFF. AMP. ADC SYSTEM OUTPUT
SENSOR INPUT SENSOR OUTPUT (DC mV) ZERO ADJ. CAL.

EX. NO. 9(e) Strain Gauge
Aim:
To find the effect of loading on strain gauge and find voltage difference using bridge
circuit.
Apparatus Required:
SI.NO Name Range Quantity
1 Strain gauge trainer kit - 1
2 Weights 100 grams 1
3 Digital Volt MeterV 220/240 V 1
4 Patch Chord 220/240 V Few
Theory:
The strain gauge is a transducer employing electrical resistance variation to sense the
strain produced by a force or weight. It is a very versatile detector for measuring
weight, pressure, mechanical force, or displacement. Strain, being a fundamental
engineering phenomenon, exists in all matters at all times, due either to external loads
or the weight of the matter itself. These strains vary in magnitude, depending upon the
materials and loads involved. Engineers have worked for centuries in an attempt to
measure strain accurately, but only in the last decade we have achieved much
advancement in the art of strain measurement. The terms linear deformation and strain
are synonymous and refer to the change in any linear dimension of a body, usually due
to the application of external forces. The strain of a piece of rubber, when loaded, is
ordinarily apparent to the eye. However, the strain of a bridge strut as a locomotive
passes may not be apparent to the eye. Strain as defined above is often spoken of as
"total strain." Average unit strain is the amount of strain per unit length and has
somewhat greater significance than does total strain. Strain gauges are used to
determine unit strain, and consequently when one refers to strain, he is usually
referring to unit strain. As defined, strain has units of inches per inch. Strain gauges
work on the principle that as a piece of wire is stretched, its resistance changes. A
strain gauge of either the bonded or the unbonded type is made of fine wire wound

Tabular column:
Loads in kg Output
Voltage(Volts)
Model Graph:

Procedure:
1. Connect strain gauge with Wheatstone bridge and find the resistance of strain
gauge with no load and record the value in the table.
2. Find the resistance of strain gauge with loads, 100 g, 200g, 300g, 400 g and
500 kg, through Wheatstone bridge and record the values in the table.
Inferences:
Result:
Thus, the characteristic of the loads in grams with respect to bridge voltage was
studied and also the graph was plotted.
1. What is meant by transducer?

2. Mention some basic requirements of a transducer.
3. What are the classifications of transducers?
4. What is active transducer?
5. What is passive transducer?
.

Connection Diagram:
ORIFICE METER
MERCURY
LEVEL
ROTA METER
MANUAL CONTROL VALVE

MANO METER
SOURCE TANK

EX. NO. 9(f) Study of Flow Transducer
Aim:
To study the flow of fluid using sensors.
Apparatus Required:
SI.NO Name Range Quantity
1 Flow Transducer trainer kit - 1
3 Digital Volt Meter 220/240 V 1
Theory:
Controlling the flow in piping systems is a significant issue in the chemical process
industries. Obviously, in order to control the flow in a pipe, the flow must be
measured. This experiment will introduce you to three devices that are used to
measure flow. One, the rotameter, is a simple mechanical device that is designed to be
read by an operator. It is rugged, relatively inexpensive, and easily installed. The
second, the orifice plate, can be set up to be read locally or remotely using pressure
transducers. Both are designed for flows that do not contain significant amounts of
solid material. The third, the magnetic flow meter, is a more sophisticated device than
either the rotameter or the orifice plate. It requires that the flowing material be
electrically conductive, but can measure flows with suspended material. Brief
descriptions of the three devices are on the attached pages, along with the simplified
directions and questions.
Procedure:
1.Connect the unit to 220V AC supply and switch ON the unit. The VAF meter will glow
,indicating that the unit is ready for operation.
2.Keep the manometer release valve in closed condition.
3.Fill the source tank water till the foot valve of the pump is immersed in the water.
4.Switch ON using power switch. The motor starts pumping the water .Rotate the
control valve till float in the rotameter reads 50LPH.

Tabular column:
S.No Rotameter Manometer reading in cm Flow Q(LPH)

reading (LPH) =119.07*(H)^1/2
H1 H2 H = H1 +
H2
Model Graph:

5.Tabulate the reading and compute the flow measurement rate.
6.Repeat the procedure upto 300 LPH.
Inferences:

Preparation 30
Performance 30
Viva Voce 10
Result:
Thus the flow of fluid using sensors was studied.
1. What is inductive transducer?

2. Mention some advantages oforifice meter.
3. Mention the applications of orifice meter.

Circuit Diagram:

DATE
Power and Energy Measurement
EX. NO. 10
Aim:
To conduct the experiment on measurement of power and energy using watt meter and
single-phase energy meter.
Apparatus Required:
S.NO APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1 Energy meter Induction - 1
2 DPST Switch - - 1
3 Voltmeter MI (0-300) V 1
4 Ammeter MI (0-10) A 1
5 Wattmeter UPF 300 V/ 5 A 1
6 Stop Clock - - 1
7 Lamp Load - - 1
Theory:
Induction type Energy Meter is universally used for measurement of energy in

domestic and industrial A.C. circuits. Induction type of meters possesses lower friction
and higher torque ratio/weight ratio. And their also inexpensive and accurate and retain
their accuracy over a wide range of loads and temperature conditions.
Procedure:
1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram shown in fig
2. Note down the energy meter constant in the Table.
3. Switch on the 1, 230V, 50Hz AC main supply and close the DPST switch.
4. Set the load current to 2A and note down the corresponding time for 5
revolutions in the table.

Tabular column:
Energy Meter Constant (EMC) = _________ Rev / KWh

No. of Revolutions of the disc =
Voltmeter Wattmeter Time taken

for no. of True Energy
S.No Reading Reading revolutions Actual Energy % Error
(WH)
(V) (W) (Sec) (WH)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

5. Calculate the number of revolutions for 15sec and enter the corresponding
values in the table.
6. Calculate the energy using the formulae.
7. Increase the current in steps of 1A and repeat the steps from 5 to 6.
Inferences:

Preparation 30
Performance 30
Viva Voce 10

Result:
Thus the power and Energy was measured using watt meter and Energy meter.
Viva Questions:
1. Define energy.
2. What is meant by creeping in energy meter? How can be avoided?
3. One horse power is equal to how many watts in SI units and metric systems?
4. How are the ammeters and voltmeters connected in any circuit?
5. What is the difference between MI and MC type instruments?
6. Define EMC.
7. Difference between Energy meter and watt meter.

PIN Diagram:
Circuit Diagram:

Page No: 103
EE 6511-Control and Instrumentation laboratory
DATE
INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
EX. NO. 11 (a)
Aim:
To study the performance of an Instrumentation Amplifier.
Apparatus required:
S.NO APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY

1 A741 IC - 3
2 Function Generator - 2
3 DRB 1 1
4 Resistor 100K 6
5 Dual PowSupply 15V 1
6 Multimeter - 1
7 Connecting wires - Few
Theory:
In analogue instrumentation, the transducers are frequently located some
distance away from the measurement system. A general purpose amplifier for
processing such signal should have following characteristics. a. It should have
differential inputs b. It should have high input impedance and CMRR. c. The amplifier
should be provided with simple gain adjustment. The instrumentation amplifier is a
dedicated differential amplifier with extremely high input impedance. Its gain can be
precisely set by a single internal or external resistor. The high common mode
rejection makes this amplifier very useful in recovering small signals buried in large
common mode offsets and noise. The instrumentation amplifier is a closed loop
device with carefully set gain. This allows the instrumentation amplifier to be
optimized for its role as signal conditioner of low level signals in large amounts of
noise. It consists of two carefully matched OP-AMPS. Each input v1 and v2 is
applied to the non-inverting input terminals of its OPMP. This OPAMP configured as
a voltage follower, produces the instrumentation amplifier's very high input
impedance. The outputs of the OPMPS are connected together through a string of
resistors. The two resistors R 2 are internal to integrated circuit while R 1 is the gain
setting resistor. It may be internal or connected externally.
Page No: 104
Tabular column:
SI.NO V1(volts) V2(volts) Vout(volts)

Page No: 105
Procedure:
1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown in fig
2. Switch ON the power supply unit.
3. Vary the value of Rgain.

4. Vary the input voltage from 0 to 20 mV (or) 50 mV using Multimeter.
5. Repeat the above procedure for different values of gain and enter the corresponding
output voltage in table
6. Plot the gain between input voltage and output voltage as shown in fig
Inferences:
Result:
Thus the char of an instrumentation amplifier was studied and the reading was tabulated.
1. What is an amplifier?
2. What is an Instrumentation amplifier?
3. List the features of instrumentation amplifier.
4. What is mean by CMRR?
5. Define voltage Gain.
6. Give the pin configuration of IC A 741 7.

Page No: 106
PIN Diagram:
CircuitDiagram:
Vcc
+5v Analog Input
4
R1
1k
+
1 A Y
2 -
IC 7432
R2 IC 7404 IC 7408
1k
+
7 B X
6
-
R3
1k +
8 C
9
-
LM324
R4 11
1k

Page No: 107
DATE
Analog to Digital Converter
EX. NO. 11(b)
AIM:
To obtain the digital output of the given analog input.
Apparatus Required:
Quantit
SI.No Name Range
y
1 - 2
LM 324 IC
2 1k 1
Resistor
3 15V Few
Dual Power Supply
4 5V 1
Power supply
5 LED - 8
6 Bread Board & - 1 & Few

Connecting Wires
Theory:
ADC provides the function just to that of a DAC. It accepts an analog input voltage VA and
produces an output binary word d1, d2dn of functional value D, so that
D = d1 2-1+ d2 2-2+dn2-n
Where d1 is the MSB and dn is the LSB ADC usually has two additional control lines. The
START input to tell ADC when to start the conversion and the EOC output to announce
when the conversion is completed.
FLASH A/D CONVERTER:

This is the simplest possible A/D converter as shown in Fig It is at the same time, the
fastest and most expensive technique. The circuit consists of a resistive divider network, 8
OP AMP comparators and a 8 line to 3 line Encoder. A small amount of Hysteresis is built
into the comparator to resolve any problems that might occur if both inputs were equal
voltage as given in the truth table. At each node of the resistive divider, a comparison
voltage levels available at the nodes are equally divided between the reference voltage V R
and the ground. The purpose of the circuit is to compare the analog input voltage V a with
each of the node voltages.

Page No: 108
Tabular Column:
SI.NO Analog Digital Output

Input
(volts)

Page No: 109
Truth Table:
Procedure:
2. Vary the input voltage Vin.
3. The digital output for the corresponding analog input is displayed on the LED
4. Repeat the above procedure for different values of analog input voltage and enter the
corresponding digital output values in table.
Inferences:
Result:
The digital output in the LED display for the given analog input was obtained.
1. List the broad classification of ADCs.

2. What is flash type converter?
3. Explain in brief the principle of operation of successive Approximation ADC.
4. Where is the successive approximation type ADC's used?
5. Define conversion time.
6. Define resolution of a data converter

Page No: 110
PIN Diagram:
CircuitDiagram:
S3
D1
20k
10k
S2 10k O/P
D2 20k
10k +
IC 741 1
2 -
S1
D3 20k
10k
S0
D4
20k
10k
L H

Page No: 111
DATE
Digital to Analog Converter
EX. NO. 11(c)
AIM:
To obtain the analog output of the given digital input.
Apparatus Required:
Quantit
SI.No Name Range
y
1 - 1
A741 IC
2 10k,20 k 4,5
Resistor
3 15V Few
Dual Power Supply
4 5V 1
Power supply
5 - 1
Digital Multi Meter
6 Bread Board & - 1 & Few
Connecting Wires
Theory :
R-2R LADDER NETWORK DAC:
The digital to analog converter is to convert digital input signal to analog output signal
and is usually operated at the same frequency as the ADC. The output of DAC converter is
commonly a staircase. This staircase like digital output is passed through a smoothing filter
to reduce the effect of quantization noise. The accuracy and stability of a DAC depends
upon the accuracy of the resistors and the tracking of each other with temperature. There is
however a number of problems associated with this type of DAC. One of the disadvantages
of binary weighted type DAC is the wide range of resistor values required. It may be
observed that for better resolution, the input binary word length has to be increased. Thus
as the number of bit increases, the range of resistance value increases. The largest resistor is
128 times the smallest one for only 8-bit DAC. For a 12-bit DAC, the largest resistance
required is 5.12 M if the smallest is 2.5k. The difficulty of achieving and maintaining
accurate ratios over such a wide range especially in monolithic form restricts the use of
weighted resistor DAC to below 8-bits. Wide ranges of resistors are required in binary
weighted resistor type DAC. This can be avoided by using R-2R ladder type DAC where only

Page No: 112
Tabular Column:
Digital Input (volts) Analog Output (volts)
Theoritical Practically

Page No: 113
two values of resistors are required. It is well suited for integrated circuit realization. The
typical value of R ranges from 2.5k to 10k.
Formulas:
Vo= - VRef (S3 X 2-1 + S2 X 2-2+ S1 X 2-3+ S0 X 2-4
The circuit shown in figure is a simple 4-bit digital-to-analog converter. It is

actually just a variant of a simple op amp summer circuit, i.e., an operational amplifier
configured to output a voltage that is proportional to the sum of the input voltages. In
this circuit, the inputs are binary weighted with respect to each other, with the binary
weighting of the inputs achieved by the R-2R ladder resistor network at the non-inverting
input of the op-amp. As its name implies, the R-2R network consists of resistors with only
two values, R and 2R (10K and 20K, respectively, in the circuit shown).
The output Vo of the 4-bit R-2R ladder DAC in fig is:
Vo= VRef (S3 X 2-1 + S2 X 2-2+ S1 X 2-3+ S0 X 2-4)

Wherein S3, S2, S1 and S0 are the logic inputs ('1' or '0') for bits 3, 2, 1, and 0, respectively.
Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown in fig
2. Give the digital input from 0000 to 1111 in the circuit
3. Note down the corresponding analog output vge usingMultimeter.
4. Enter the readings in table
Inferences:
Result :
The analog output voltage for the given digital input was obtained.
Viva-Voce Questions: Dr.N.G.P.IT /DEPT.OF EEE

Preparation 30
1. What are the different methods of D/A Conversion? Performance 30

2. What are LSB and MSB?
Viva Voce 10
3. What are the limitations of Binary Weighted Resistor DAC?
4. Give the pin specifications of IC 741.
5. What is monotonic DAC?

Page No: 114

Page No: 115
DATE PROCESS SIMULATION
EX. NO. 12. A DIGITAL SIMULATION OF FIRST AND SECOND ORDER SYSTEMS
Aim :
To determine the unit step response and impulse response of a digital simulation of the
first order and second order system.
Apparatus required:
A PC with MATLAB package
Theory:
The time characteristics of control systems are specified in terms of time domain
specifications. Systems with energy storage elements cannot respond instantaneously and
will exhibit transient responses, whenever they are subjected to inputs or disturbances.
The transient response characteristics of a control system to a unit step input is

specified in terms of the following time domain specifications
1.Delay Time td 2. Rise Time t r
3.Peak Time tp
4.Maximum Over shoot Mp
5.Settling time ts
Procedure:
1. In MATLAB software open a new model in simulink library browser.
2. From the continuous block in the library drag the transfer function block.
3. From the source block in the library drag the step input.
4. From the sink block in the library drag the scope.
5. From the math operations block in the library drag the summing point.
6. Connect all to form a system and give unity feedback to the system.
7. For changing the parameters of the blocks connected double click the respective block.
8. Start simulation and observe the results in scope.
9. From the step response obtained note down the rise time, peak time, peak overshoot and
settling time.

Page No: 116
Output for first order systems in step response:
Output for first order systems in impulse response:

Page No: 117
10. For the same transfer function write a matlab program to obtain the step response and
verify both the results.
Experiment 1
To obtain the unit step response of a first order system
Aim :
C(s) 3
To obtain the unit step response of a system having the transfer function of =
R(s) 2s 3
using MATLAB.
Program :
% STEP RESPONSE
num = [ 0 0 3];
den = [ 0 2 3];
sys = tf (num,den);
step (sys)
Result :
C(s) 3
Thus the unit step response of a system having the transfer function of = using
R(s) 2s 3
MATLAB was analyzed.

Page No: 118
Output for second order systems in unit response:
Output for second order systems in impulse response:

Page No: 119
Experiment 2
To obtain the impulse response of a first order system

Aim :
To obtain the impulse response (first order system) of a system having the transfer
C(s) 3
function of = using MATLAB.
R(s) 2s 3
Program :
% IMPULSE RESPONSE
num = [ 0 0 3];
den = [ 0 2 3];
sys = tf (num,den);
impulse (sys)
Result :
C(s) 3
Thus the impulse response of a system having the transfer functions of = using
R(s) 2s 3
MATLAB was analyzed.

Page No: 120

Page No: 121
Experiment 3
To obtain the unit step response of a Second order system

Aim :
C(s)
To obtain the unit step response of a system having the transfer function of =
R(s)
4
using MATLAB.
2s 4s 6
2
Program :
% STEP RESPONSE
num = [ 0 0 4];
den = [ 2 4 6];
sys = tf (num,den);
step (sys)
grid
Result :
Thus the unit step response of a second order system having the transfer function of
C(s) 4
= using MATLAB was analyzed.
R(s) 2s 4s 6
2

Page No: 122

Page No: 123
Experiment 4
To obtain the impulse response of a Second order system

Aim :
C(s)
To obtain the impulse response of a system having the transfer function of
R(s)
4
using MATLAB.
2s 4s 6
2
Program :
% IMPULSE RESPONSE
num = [ 0 0 4];
den = [ 2 4 6];
sys = tf (num,den);
impulse (sys)
grid
Inferences:
Result :
C(s) 4
Thus the impulse response of a system having the transfer functions of =
R(s) 2s 4s 6
2
using MATLAB was analyzed.

Preparation 30
Performance 30
Viva Voce 10
1. What is analog simulation?
2. Brief digital simulation. Total marks out of 70
3. What do you mean by type and order of the system?
4. Brief the effect on stability of a system when increasing
&/ decreasing the type &/ order of the system.
5. What is damping ratio? Brief its significance w.r.t stability.

Page No: 124

Page No: 125
DATE ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BY NI LABVIEW
EX. NO. 13 Wheatstones Bridge and Andersons Bridge
Aim:
1. To determine the self inductance of the coil (L) using Andersons bridge.
2. To calculate the value of inductive reactance (X L) of the coil at a particular frequency.
Pre-Requisites:-
1.Tools like NI LabVIEW and MATLAB
Apparatus:
Apparatus required are resistance boxes, capacitor, headphone, signal generator,

inductance coil and connection wire.
Theory:
AC bridges are often used to measure the value of unknown impedance (self/mutual
inductance of inductors or capacitance of capacitors accurately). A large number of AC
bridges are available and Anderson's Bridge is an AC bridge used to measure self inductance
of the coil. It is a modification of Wheatstones Bridge. It enables us to measure the
inductance of a coil using capacitor and resistors and does not require repeated balancing of
the bridge. The bridge is balanced by a steady current by replacing the headphone H by
moving coil galvanometer and A.C source by a battery. This is done by adjusting the
variable resistance, r. After a steady balance has been obtained, inductive balance is
obtained by using the A.C source and headphone.

Page No: 126
Andersons Bridge- Connection Diagram:
Connections can make using connection wire by click and drag option.

Page No: 127
Notes:
1. Since the impedances of the arms should be of the same order of magnitude, the
approximate value of L should be determined by some other method.
2. Sometimes it may be impossible to obtain the balance by varying r and S. Then the
formula for L with a value of RQ which satisfies formula for S may require negative value of
r. If the product CRq is greater than L, then variable resistance r will be a negative
quantity. It will, therefore, not possible to obtain a balance point under such
conditions.Hence it is desirable to know the value of L approximately so that CRQ is less
than L. A balance is then obtained with a positive value of r. The value of P and R should be
then be adjusted so that r is a positive quantity and a balance can be obtained by varying
the value of r.
To obtain balance point a cathode ray oscilloscope can be used in place of heat phone.
Performing simulation:
Slider Region
Signal generator
1. Voltage- This slider is used to vary the voltage of the signal generator.
2. Frequency- Using this slider we can fix the frequency for a paticular voltage.
Inductance coil:
1. Length- This slider is used to change the length of the inductance coil used in the circuit.
There are 1000 number of turns in 1m length of the coil.
2. Diameter- This slider help us to fix the diameter of the core material of the coil.
Power On Button- This button enables the user to start the experiment after the
connnections are made. It will be active only when the whole connections done properly.
Variable Resistance r - This slider is used to balance the circuit after fixing the suitable
resistances in the P, Q, R and S resistance boxes.

Page No: 128
Wheatstones Bridge- Connection Diagram:
Connections can make using connection wire by click and drag option.

Page No: 129
Resistance Boxes - The value of the resistances in P, Q, R and S can be varied from
fractional to small by clicking and removing the tick mark in the pop up box.
Capacitor - Here 0.01F capacitor is used.
Procedure for doing simulator:
1. Connections are made using the above connection diagram for wheatsons bridge and
Anderson's bridge .
2. Power on the switch of siganal generator.
3. Apply pariticular Voltage and frequency.
4. Select particular length for inductance coil and diameter for core.
5. Give a particular resistance value for P resistance box and other value of resistances in Q,
R and S will automatically appear.
6. The value of variable resistor 'r' can be varied either by using the slider or by clicking the
arrow displayed in the resistor.
7. Note the value of r, where the voltage in CRO becomes zero is the balancing condition.
Note: The value of resistances in the four resistance boxes are suitable to attain balancing
condition, the variable resistor, r will automatically display a value near the balancing
condition. Otherwise variable resistor displays the minimum value of 1.
8. The experiment is repeated by using " reset" button. Also we can hold the connections
and can change the parameters by " Power off " button.
Procedure for real lab:
Connections are made as shown in the theory. A.C. source say a 1000Hz audio-
oscilloscope and a head set is used here. Keeping the value of P, Q, R and S constant,
adjust the value of variable resiatnce r till the sound is reduced to a minimum value. This is
the balancing point of the alternating current. Note the value of resistance r and capacitor
C. Repeat the experiment three times and calculate the self inductance of the coil using
equations.
Type equation here.

Page No: 130
Observations and Calculations:
S.No Resistance Resistance Resistance Variable Variable

R() Q() P() resistance resistance Inductance
S() r() L(H)
L=C( RQ+r(R+S) ) = XL=2fL
Where C = 0.01F
Where f is the frequency and L is the self inductance of the coil.

Page No: 131
Results:
1. The self inductance (L) of a coil using Anderson's Bridge = H

2. The inductive reactance( XL) of the coil at a particular frequency of the given coil =

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Dr. N.G.P.

ACADEMIC YEAR 2015 2016

EE6511 CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY

R.Sundar Dr. G. Naveen Babu

EE6511 CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY LT P C 0 0 3 2

1. P, PI and PID controllers

8. Bridge Networks AC and DC Bridges

3 Power and Energy Measurement

3 Modeling of Systems Machines, Sensors and Transducers

4 Design of Lag, Lead and Lag-Lead Compensators

5 Position Control Systems

6 Synchro-Transmitter- Receiver and Characteristics

7 Simulation of Control Systems by Mathematical development tools.

2 Determination Of Transfer Function Of Ac Servo Motor

Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Figure : Time response graph

Proportional Peak Rise Peak Settling Integral Damping

Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

DATE P, PI, AND PID CONTROLLERS

EX. NO. 1 ANALOG SIMULATION OF TYPE 0 AND TYPE 1 SYSTEM

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Proportional Peak Rise Peak Settling Integral Damping

Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown in fig.

Figure : Proportional controller

Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Proportional Peak Rise Peak Settling Integral Damping

Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

3. To study the time response of P + I controller

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown in fig.

Figure : Proportional + Integral controller

Thus the time response of P + I controller was studied.

Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Proportional Peak Rise Peak Settling Integral

Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

4. To study the time response of P + I + D controller

Figure : (a) and (b) Proportional + Integral + Derivative controller

Dr.N.G.P.IT /DEPT.OF EEE

1.What is the effect of PD controller on the system performance?

2. What is the disadvantage in proportional controller?

3. What is the effect of PI controller on the system performance?

4. Why derivative controller is not used in control systems?

5. Write the transfer function of PID controller.

Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

A personal computer with MATLAB software package.

1. Double click the mat lab 7.5 in the desktop.

Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

1. To obtain the bode plot of a system

C(s) 3 s 2 2103s 2100

num = [0000 0000 0003 2103 2100];

den = [001 018 400 0 0];

sys = tf (num, den);

W = log space (-2, 4, 100);

Bode (sys, W);

[gm, pm, Wcp, Wcg] = Margin (sys);

gmdb = 20*log10 (gm);

Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

2. To obtain the root locus of a system

sys = tf (num, den);