INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS TRAFFIC ENGINEERING?

The Institute Of Transportation Engineers Defines Traffic Engineering Is That Phase Of Engineering
Which Deals With The Planning, Geometric Design And Traffic Operation Of Roads, Streets And
HighwaysTheir Networks, Terminals, Abutting Lands And Relationships With Other Modes Of
TransportationFor The Achievement Of Safe, Efficient And Convenient Movement Of Persons And
Goods.

HOW TO KNOW ABOUT TRAFFIC ENGINEERING STUDY?

Traffic Study May Group In To Three Main Categories:-

Inventories: - Provides A List Or Graphic Display Of Existing Information About Street Width,
Parking Space, Transit Routes And Traffic Regulations.
Administrative Studies: - It Uses The Existing Engineering Records, Available In Government
Agencies And Departments. This Information Is Used To Prepare An Inventory Of The Relevant
Data. And It Includes Result Of Surveys Which May Involve Field Measurement And Areal
Topography.
Dynamic Traffic Studies:-Involve In The Collection Of Data Under Operational Conditions Like
Study Of Speed, Traffic Volume, Travel Time And Delay, Parking And Accidents.

WHY WE STUDY TRAFFIC ENGINEERING?

Highway Transportation Has Provided Considerable Opportunities for Peoples, Particularly the
Freedom to Move from Place to Place at Ones Will and Convenience.
However, Several Problems Related To The Highway Mode Of Transportation Exist. Such Include
Traffic Congestion and Delay,
Crashes,
Pollutions, And
Parking Difficulties.
Adequate Information Should Be Collected To Reduce Such Problems
Traffic Studies Involve the Collection of Data Under Operational Conditions And Include
Studies of Speed,
Traffic Volume,
Travel Time and Delay, And
Parking Studies

TO FOLLOW THIS STUDY WHAT WE KNOW FIRST TO USE?

The First Thing To Follow The Study Is To Know About The Facilities Of Traffic Flow.
So There Are Two Types Of Facilities
Uninterrupted Traffic Facility: - Are Traffic Facilities Free From External Interruptions. It Includes
Freeways Where There Are No Intersections At Grade, No STOP And YIELD Signs, etc. and
Some Rural Highways,
Multilane Highways.
 Interrupted Traffic Facility: - Incorporate External Interruptions. Such As
Traffic Signals,
Un-Signalized Streets with STOP and YIELD Signs.
Transit Lanes
Pedestrian Walkways.
AFTER WE KNOW ABOUT THE FACILITIES WE KNOW ABOUT HOW TO
CONTROL THE TRAFFIC FLOW?
To know about the control of traffic flow the first thing to do knows about the volume studies of
traffic flow.
Traffic volume studies are conducted to collect data on the number of vehicles and pedestrians that
pass a point on highway facility during a specified time period.
This time of period varies from as little as 15 minutes to as much as a year depending on the
anticipated use of data.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
This project provides a guide to simple, reliable traffic flow control techniques, suitable for
intersections traffic in around bus station dessie. And the project helps to the safety of all moving
vehicles, goods and peoples to minimize the fatal of lives.
1.3 VOLUME STUDIES
Traffic volume is expressed using
A. Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT) is the average 24 hour counts collected every day of
the year in both directions.
B. Average Daily Traffic (ADT) is the average of 24 hour counts collected over a number of
days greater than one but less than a year.
C. Peak Hour Volume (PHV) is the maximum number of vehicles that pass a point on a high
way during a period of 60 consecutive minutes.
D. Vehicle Classification (VC) records volume with respect to the type of vehicles.
E. Vehicle Miles (Kilometers) Of Travel (VMT, VKT) a measure of travel along a section of
road. A product of roadway in miles to which the volume is applicable.
Purpose of traffic volume studies

AADT

Estimation of highway user revenues

Computation of crash rates in terms of number of crashes per 100 million vehicle
miles
Establishment of traffic volume trends
Evaluation of the economic feasibility of highway projects
Development of freeway and major arterial street systems
Development of improvement and maintenance programs

ADT

Planning of highway activities

Measurements of current demand
Evaluation of existing traffic flow

PHV

Functional classification of highways

 Design of the geometric characteristics of a highway, for example, number of lanes,
intersection signalization, or channelization
Capacity analysis
Development of programs related to traffic operations, for example, one-way street
systems or traffic routing
Development of parking regulations
1.4 METHODS OF CONDUCTING VOLUME COUNTS
A. Manual Method
One or more persons recording observed vehicles using a counter
Usually used for short or complicated counts (intersection turning movement)
Need enough staff adequately to record all movements desired
Need to account for fatigue to data collectors
B. Automatic Method
Automatic counters can be classified into two general categories:
Those that require the laying of detectors (surface or subsurface),
Those that do not require the laying of detectors (Doppler principles, laser
scanning, and infrared)
Surface detectors pneumatic road tubes
Subsurface-magnetic or electric contact devices
1.5 MEASUREMENT OF TRAFFIC VOLUME DATA
We use to count by manual method and analysis the data with the peak hour volume so the result of
our project is depend on the analysis of the data that counted by the manual method.

Day Hour Volume

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1:30-1:45
1:45-2:00
2:00-2:15
2:15-2:30
Monday
2:30-2:45
2:45-3:00
3:00-3:15
3:15-3:30

5:30-5:45
5:45-6:00
6:00-6:15
6:15-6:30

6:30-6:45
6:45-7:00
7:00-7:15
7:15-7:30

11:30-11:45
11:45-12:00
12:00-12:15
12:15-12:30

12:30-12:45
12:45-1:00
1:00-1:15
1:15-1:30

Day Hour Volume

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1:30-1:45
1:45-2:00
2:00-2:15
2:15-2:30
Tuesday
2:30-2:45
2:45-3:00
3:00-3:15
3:15-3:30

5:30-5:45
5:45-6:00
6:00-6:15
6:15-6:30

6:30-6:45
6:45-7:00
7:00-7:15
7:15-7:30

11:30-11:45
11:45-12:00
12:00-12:15
12:15-12:30

12:30-12:45
12:45-1:00
1:00-1:15
1:15-1:30

Day Hour Volume

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1:30-1:45
 1:45-2:00
2:00-2:15
2:15-2:30
Wednesday
2:30-2:45
2:45-3:00
3:00-3:15
3:15-3:30

5:30-5:45
5:45-6:00
6:00-6:15
6:15-6:30

6:30-6:45
6:45-7:00
7:00-7:15
7:15-7:30

11:30-11:45
11:45-12:00
12:00-12:15
12:15-12:30

12:30-12:45
12:45-1:00
1:00-1:15
1:15-1:30

Day Hour Volume

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1:30-1:45
 1:45-2:00
2:00-2:15
2:15-2:30
Thursday
2:30-2:45
2:45-3:00
3:00-3:15
3:15-3:30

5:30-5:45
5:45-6:00
6:00-6:15
6:15-6:30

6:30-6:45
6:45-7:00
7:00-7:15
7:15-7:30

11:30-11:45
11:45-12:00
12:00-12:15
12:15-12:30

12:30-12:45
12:45-1:00
1:00-1:15
1:15-1:30

Day Hour Volume

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1:30-1:45
 1:45-2:00
2:00-2:15
2:15-2:30
Friday
2:30-2:45
2:45-3:00
3:00-3:15
3:15-3:30

5:30-5:45
5:45-6:00
6:00-6:15
6:15-6:30

6:30-6:45
6:45-7:00
7:00-7:15
7:15-7:30

11:30-11:45
11:45-12:00
12:00-12:15
12:15-12:30

12:30-12:45
12:45-1:00
1:00-1:15
1:15-1:30

Day Hour Volume

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from shell from from from shell from from
to pyssa pyssa to menharya to menharya pyssa to
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1:30-1:45
1:45-2:00
2:00-2:15
 2:15-2:30
Saturday
2:30-2:45
2:45-3:00
3:00-3:15
3:15-3:30

5:30-5:45
5:45-6:00
6:00-6:15
6:15-6:30

6:30-6:45
6:45-7:00
7:00-7:15
7:15-7:30

11:30-11:45
11:45-12:00
12:00-12:15
12:15-12:30

12:30-12:45
12:45-1:00
1:00-1:15
1:15-1:30

Day Hour Volume

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from shell from from from shell from from
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1:30-1:45
1:45-2:00
 2:00-2:15
2:15-2:30
Sunday
2:30-2:45
2:45-3:00
3:00-3:15
3:15-3:30

5:30-5:45
5:45-6:00
6:00-6:15
6:15-6:30

6:30-6:45
6:45-7:00
7:00-7:15
7:15-7:30

11:30-11:45
11:45-12:00
12:00-12:15
12:15-12:30

12:30-12:45
12:45-1:00
1:00-1:15
1:15-1:30

After collected and analyzed the counted data, and decisions are made by the group members that the t-intersection traffic control is

turns to the merits of traffic signals that should be an effective tool for providing safe and orderly traffic flow and provide the best

available solution to existing problems of the traffic flow in dessie around bus station.

1.6 PROBLEMS THAT WE GOT

Accidents between vehicles and pedestrians, vehicles and vehicles represent a major problem to resolve; however, we
mentioned below the problem we got.

Pedestrian accidents with left-turning traffic is very dangerous than the other turns,
1.
2. Driver characteristics,

3. Pedestrian characteristics,

4. Traffic police problems,

5. Parking problems, and

6. Walkway and drainage problems.

PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENTS WITH LEFT-TURNING TRAFFIC

When we work our project on dessie around bus station the first problem that we saw is accidents on left-turn traffic is very

dangerous b/c more traffic flow movement is done at left-turn and more than 300 pedestrian flow in a hour passes through that

way plus the road is not good enough to accept that flow in that hour b/c its too narrow.

DRIVER CHARACTERISTICS

The other problem that we got is the driver problems as we know driving a vehicle involves many skills such as visual search,

perception, and judgment. In order to minimize the risk of an accident, the driver has to continually process new information,

react to the environmental demands and make proper decisions. In this case, the focus is on the drivers understanding of

different turning rules instead they made mistakes in turning.

there are also different type of drivers we divided with 4 types of drivers that make problems

I. Slow Pokes Drivers: - this type of drivers is that drive slow b/c there scared to go faster b/c they are afraid

that they might hit someone (generally senior citizens). There are also slow pokes who drive slow b/c they

dont know where there are going. Slow pokes are never wanted on the road. They create serious traffic

problems and can even double ones travelling time of a two lane open highway. Yes on an open highway you

can generally pass them however they make the traffic very congested and make everyones day miserable.

II. Slow Drivers: - are the ones that dont like to speed b/c there afraid of getting caught or those who simply

rather not put all their attention on the road. This type of drivers also makes the traffic congested.

III. Fast Drivers: - whatever they make good transport for late workers fast drivers only create a problem when

they become extremely aggressive and start tailgating, passing on extremely close calls, cutting people off. etc.

IV. Tailgater Drivers: - are the worse and endanger themselves and the driver in front of them and to everyone

who lives of the road.

PEDESTRIAN CHARACTERISTICS

The other problem is the pedestrian problem as we know pedestrians are very vulnerable to vehicles if the pedestrian is very be

careful b/c during a journey, the pedestrian needs to perform maneuvers, detects obstacles, and make decisions. An error in

these skills or physical limitations of the pedestrian may lead to serious injuries or death as the pedestrian interacts with

vehicles instead they not do that.

TRAFFIC POLICE PROBLEMS

when the traffic congestion in the city, the traffic police department should work properly to facilitate the traffic flow plus to

make a safe and reliable movement to peoples, goods and other movable things instead they dont do that they accept any

problem and they only do when they want or unless they work when accident occur anyways they are careless to do the work.

PARKING PROBLEMS

Whatever there is a sign that says no parking they may not exactly agree on it or the magnitude of the problem they create? This

seems to agree that a lack of local parking spaces can contribute to traffic congestion.

As our work we estimated that about 10% of the cars circling a city at any given time are doing so drivers look for parking.

Aside from the frustration factor, those cars are creating traffic congestion.
 The cause of traffic congestion or traffic jams tends to be complex, but they all come down to having too many cars on the same

streets at the same time. Recurring traffic congestion is most frequently the result of roadways having insufficient capacity for

the volume of cars too many cars or too little road. Alternatively, accidents, breakdowns, construction and other events that

randomly restrict traffic flow are the typical cause of traffic jams.

WALKWAY AND DRAINAGE PROBLEMS

The other problem that we see is water can enter the road as a result of rain penetrating the surface or as a result of the infiltration of

ground water is coming into the road and the road will be weakened and it will be much susceptible to damage by traffic. At this time

there is no drainage system that make properly work to runoff the water from the road but it makes a catchment in to the road and make

very bad materials on the road that should make peoples sick and the walkway also the effect of that bad materials at that time the

pedestrians use other safe roads to minimize the bad martials that makes things bad for pedestrians and other movable things and make

the traffic very congested.

1.7 TRAFFIC SIGNALS

Traffic signals control vehicle and pedestrian traffic by assigning priorities to various traffic movements to influence traffic flow.
the purpose of traffic signals are to ensure an orderly flow