Intensive Training Course on Groundwater and Environmental Geochemistry

International School for Geoscience Resources (IS-Geo)

124 Gwahang-no, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34132, Korea, URL: http://isgeo.kigam.re.kr

Country Report of Indonesia

Submitted by

Nofi Muhammad Alfan Asghaf and Iman Prakasa

The Delegation of Center of Groundwater Resources and Enviromental

Geology
 COUNTRY REPORT
Country: Indonesia Period: 20 June 8 July 2016
Center of
Groundwater Nofi Muhammad Alfan
Organization: Resources and Presenter: Asghaf and Iman Prakasa
Enviromental
Geology

1. INTRODUCTION OF THE COUNTRY

1.1. General Status
Indonesia is the largest country in Southeast Asia, both in population and in area. As
an archipelagic nation, Indonesia has 17,508 islands, which includes the five greater
islands of Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Celebes, and Papua. Indonesia has a total of
land area of 1.94 million sq-km and a total land and sea area of over six million sq-
km. The length of archipelago is approximately 5,500 km running east-west, and its
width is 1,770 km.

Figure 1. Indonesia, an archipelagic nation

Country Report: INDONESIA 1

 Indonesia consists over 300 ethnic groups and the population is over 254.9 million
(2015), with an average population growth rate of 1.75%. The distribution of
population is uneven among the islands; with Java (the smallest among the major
islands) being heavily populated (around 65% of the total population).
Administratively, Indonesia consists of 34 provinces, five of which have special status.
Each province has its own legislature and governor. The provinces are subdivided into
regencies (kabupaten) and cities (kota), which are further subdivided into districts
(kecamatan or distrik in Papua and West Papua), and again into administrative villages
(either desa, kelurahan, kampung, nagari in West Sumatra, or gampong in Aceh).
Following the implementation of decentralization in the year of 2013, the 412
districts or regencies have become the key administrative units responsible for
providing most government services.

1.2. Politics and Economics

The political system of Indonesia is a framework of a presidential representative
democratic republic. It conducts a democratic, multi-party presidential republic type of
governance. As in other democratic countries, the Indonesian political system is based
on the Trias Politica that recognizes the separation of the legislative, executive and
judicial powers. The legislative power is vested in the People's Consultative Assembly
(MPR) that consists of two houses namely the House of Representatives (DPR) -
composed of representatives of political parties, and the Regional Representatives
Council (DPD) - composed of representatives from each province in Indonesia. The
MPR is currently composed of 550 members of the DPR and 128 members of the DPD.
The executive branch is centralized on the president, vice president, and the cabinet of
ministers. The cabinet in Indonesia is a presidential one, in which the ministers report
to the president and do not represent the political parties in the parliament. The
President, the House of Representatives and also the Governor and lower local
governments are elected every 5 years. Suffrage age is 18 years old. The judicial powers
- since the reform era and after the amendment of the 1945 Constitution - are
administered by the Supreme Court, the Judicial Commission, and the Constitutional
Court. However, the presence of the Minister of Justice and Human Rights is retained.
Country Report: INDONESIA 2
 Indonesia has a mixed economy in which both the private sector and government play
significant roles. The country is the largest economy in Southeast Asia and a member
of the G-20 major economies.[118] Indonesia's estimated gross domestic product
(nominal), as of 2014, was US$887 billion while GDP in PPP terms is US$2.685
trillion. It is the sixteenth largest economy in the world by nominal GDP and is the
eighth largest in terms of GDP (PPP). As of 2014, per capita GDP in PPP was
US$10,651 (international dollars) while Nominal per capita GDP was US$3,518.
The debt ratio to GDP is 26%.The industry sector is the economy's largest and accounts
for 46.4% of GDP (2012), this is followed by services (38.6%) and agriculture (14.4%).
Since 2012, the service sector has employed more people than other sectors, accounting
for 47.9% of the total labour force, this has been followed by agriculture (38.9%) and
industry (13.2%). Agriculture, however, had been the country's largest employer for
centuries.
Indonesia was the 27th biggest exporting country in the world in 2010, moving up three
places from the previous year. Indonesia's main export markets (2009) are Japan
(17.28%), Singapore (11.29%), the United States (10.81%), and China (7.62%). The
major suppliers of imports to Indonesia are Singapore (24.96%), China (12.52%), and
Japan (8.92%). In 2014, Indonesia ran a trade deficit with export revenues of US$176
billion and import expenditure of US$178.2 billion.

1.3. Cooperation with Korea

1.4.1 Economy
Bilateral Indonesia-South Korea began in 1979. The meeting discussed the policies in
the field of energy between the two countries, trade in LNG, crude oil, refinery,
coal and cooperation in developing oil, gas, coal and electricity. In the period 1979-
2006, Indonesia and Korea has conducted bilateral meetings as much as 21 times that
formed in the Joint Committee on Energy. On December 4, 2006 in conjunction with
the Joint Committee to 22, agreed to further enhance and intensify energy cooperation
involving the private sector of both countries. It is characterized by the formation
agreement Energy Forum is expected to be a new forum for cooperation Indonesia,
Korea, replacing the Joint Committee.
Country Report: INDONESIA 3
 The third meeting of Indonesia-Korea Energy Forum (IKEF) which took place March
25 to 26 in Seoul, Korea, focused on potential cooperation in the future development
and evaluation of cooperation that has existed so far. Both parties are committed to
enhance the cooperation that has been established.
Cooperation that has been established between Indonesia and Korea in the field of oil
and gas, among others, development of Madura and Poleng Block which is cooperation
between PT Pertamina and Kodeco and SK Energy are collaborating in the downstream
oil and gas. Some potential areas of cooperation to be developed in the future, including
the development of dimethyl ether (DME) as new oil, the development of marginal oil
and gas fields, CBM, coal and second-generation biofuels joint research.
On occasion, the Korean delegation expressed hope that can continue to work to
socialize a nuclear power plant in Indonesia. IKEF third meeting was attended by 155
government officials and businessmen from both countries. Indonesian delegation led
by Director General of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Oil and Gas,
Evita H. Legowo. While the Korean delegation led by Deputy Minister of Energy and
Natural Resources Policy Kim Junggwan.The 3rd IKEF Operation has coincided with
a meeting of the 2nd Joint Task Force (JTF) Indonesia-Korea. This is a container
Indonesia-Korea bilateral meeting to discuss the progress or development that includes
talks from various ministries and related units and followed by the government and the
private sector. Acting as a focal point JTF activities are shared with the Coordinating
Ministry for Economic Affairs of Ministry of Knowledge Economy (MKE) Republic
of Korea.
Political transition to the new government in Indonesia in October 2014 went smoothly
and policy reform gathered momentum. Nevertheless, measures over the previous 2
years to restrain domestic demand and curb the current account deficit, coupled with
sluggish exports, weighed on the economy. Growth in the gross domestic product
(GDP) slowed to 5.0% in 2014, a fourth consecutive year of deceleration. In 2014,
personal consumption remained buoyant, but government spending and fixed
investment slowed and net exports fell.
Current President Joko Widodo is implementing policy reform to improve the
investment climate that is expected to spur economic recovery this year and next year.
Country Report: INDONESIA 4
 Reform of fuel subsidies has already freed significant public funding for social and
physical infrastructure. Inflation is seen subsiding to moderate rates through the
forecast period, and the current account deficit to narrow. Challenges center on
maintaining reform momentum, bolstering government revenue, and developing
export-oriented manufacturing.
Projections for 2015 and 2016 assume that the new governments rapid reform
momentum is maintained through both years and that the administration follows
through on policies to accelerate infrastructure development, improve the investment
climate, reduce logistic costs, and enhance budget implementation. On this basis, GDP
growth is forecast to recover to 5.5% this year and 6.0% in 2016.

1.4.2. Socio-Cultural
Cooperation between the two countries also occurred in socio-cultural fields. Exchange
visits of cultural missions have been organized between the countries.
South Korea is very active in organizing international promotional events in numerous
cities in Korea and these events have been well taken advantage by Indonesia. The
biggest cultural promotional events are Korea Travel Fair, Hi Seoul, Busan Travel Fair,
Busan Film Festival etc.
Indonesian government has ratified Cooperation Agreement with South Korea in the
cultural field signed in 2000. MOU in the field of tourism between the two countries
was also signed in 2006. As a follow-up of those agreements, on 14-15 May 2008 in
Yogyakarta was held the First Cultural Committee Meeting RI-ROK.
The two countries is trying to boost the cooperation in the educational field by signing
MoU on the Educational Field during the state visit of President Lee Myung-Bak to
Indonesia in March 2009. With the MOU, the cooperation will be carried out through
joint cooperation in research projects and programs; visits and exchanges of lecturers,
students, researchers, and other experts; exchanges of information and documents;
organization of joint meetings, conferences, seminars and exhibitions; exchanges of
material necessary, establishment of joint research centers; education, training, and
participation in on-going programs; and other forms of cooperation.

Country Report: INDONESIA 5

 Indonesia and South Korea have also signed an MoU on creative economy when
President Prak Geun Hye visited Indonesia in 2013. The MoU is intended to enhance
the cooperation on creative economy between Indonesia and South Korea especially in
fields of art, handycraft, music, film and video games.
The number of Indonesian exchange students in Korea increased gradually every year.
In 2004, there were only 70 Indonesian students, which later increased to be around
1200 students in January 2015.
Likewise, Korean student's interest to study in Indonesia is also increasing. Most of
Korean students are studying Indonesian language at various universities in Indonesia.
A number of Korean students also participate in Art and Culture Fellowship program
which organized annually by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Starting from 2005, the
foreign ministry has offered Indonesian language programs for diplomats from the
ASEAN+3 countries. Korean students also participate in Darmasiswa Program,
scholarship provided by Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia to study in
various universities in Indonesia.
South Korean tourism potential is very high. According to data from the Korea Tourism
Organization the number of South Koreans who traveled abroad each year are more
than 14.5 million people (2014). The high level of prosperity with percapita income of
more than US $ 33,100 based on purchasing power parity that is issued by the IMF, led
to the need to travel abroad is no longer a secondary requirement but an activity that is
prepared every year. The number of South Korean tourists to Indonesia continues to
increase in the last five years, although slightly fluctuates due to a number of domestic
events in Indonesia between the issue of terrorism, natural disasters and disease
outbreaks of bird flu. The latest data in 2014 the number of South Korean tourists
visiting Indonesia as many as 328.122 people, the sixth-largest after the tourists who
travelled to Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, China and Japan.
In 2013 the Indonesian and South Korea celebrated 40 years of diplomatic ties. The
culmination of the celebration was a Gala Dinner held at the Lotte Hotel Seoul on
September 25, 2013. The Gala Dinner was attended by more than 400 persons from
various groups including the South Korean Minister of Trade and Industry.
Coordinating Minister for Economy Hatta Rajasa was present in the Gala Dinner after
Country Report: INDONESIA 6
 attending a meeting CEPA on the previous day. Coordinating Minister was
accompanied by Minister of Industry MS Hidayat and Trade Minister Gita Wirjawan
and Agus Yudhoyono became the guest of honour at the Gala Dinner. Batik fashion
show by Alleira by eaturing Anissa Pohan as the main model is one of the events at the
Gala Dinner. Other Indonesian artists who performed that night were Angels
Percussion and Daeng Udjo Angklung orchestra. In addition, South Korean artist, Eru,
who performed alongside Atiqah Hasiholan and lastly, Taejina also performed a
number of songs. This event was a form of softpower diplomacy which was held
Embassy in Seoul in order to promote and introduce Indonesian culture to South
Korean society.
As part of celebrating 40th anniversary of diplomatic relations between Indonesia and
Korea, on September 26, 2013, Minister for Economic Affairs inaugurated the opening
of the Indonesian Film Festival in Seoul CGV theaters. The film festival was first held
in South Korea, a total of 9 Indonesian films screened for the duration of more than 10
days at CGV theaters in Seoul and Ansan. It was a new breakthrough in the promotion
of Indonesian films in the country of K-Pop.
In 2013, for the purpose of branding, positioning and introducing Indonesia to South
Korean society, the Indonesian Ambassador realized that through South Korean
celebrities and media were the most excellent and effective tools because it will be
automatically broadcasted by many mass media even by South Korean televisions.
With this idea in mind, in June 2013, the Indonesian Embassy appointed one of Koreas
famous artist, Lee Beum Soo and his wife Lee Yoon Jin to be Goodwill Ambassadors
of Indonesia whose duties include helping to introduce and promote Indonesia to the
South Korean people. The appointment of Lee Beum Soo was reported by various print
media and television in South Korea. Also, this appointment was done because the
Indonesian Embassy saw that this country has a great potential to promote Indonesian
culture.
Furthermore, in January 2014, to further promote and introduce Indonesia among the
people of the South Korea, the Indonesian Embassy in Seoul appointed Tae Jin A,
Koreas most prominent singer, as a Special Friend of Indonesia. The awards
ceremony, was also aired more than 20 medias in South Korea. As a Special Friend of
Country Report: INDONESIA 7
 Indonesia, Tae Jin A was pleased to be a promotional media with his son Eru who is
also a fairly well-known young singers in South Korea and Indonesia. For example is
a huge picture of Tae Jin A and Eru in front of the Embassy.
And then in August 2014, the Indonesian Embassy also awarded Special Friend of
Indonesia to the son of Tae Jin A, Eru, for having a important role in promoting and
strengthening the relationship between Indonesia and Korea through cultural exchange.
Throughout 2014, in order to promote Indonesia to the South Korean people, the
Indonesian Embassy organized, among others, Open House Seoul in cooperation with
the Seoul City Government in August 2014 and Indonesian Food Festival in
cooperation with the Ministry of Tourism and the Creative Economy in October 2014.
In addition to the above, the Indonesian Embassy also organized several cultural
promotional events in cooperation with the Indonesia community in Korea, such as
One Indonesia Day in August 2014, which was attended by 5000 people of Indonesia
in South Korea and some 1,000 Koreans visitors, Indonesian Week at Kyunghee
University in June 2014 which was visited by approximately 500 visitors and
Indonesian Week in November 2014 at Seoul National University which was visited
by more than 1000 visitors.
Other than cultural performances, in 2014, the Ambassador also gave a public lecture
on Indonesia in several top universities in South Korea, among others, at Kyung Hee
University, Sookmyung Women's University, Kyungsung University, Seoul National
University (SNU) and Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST). The lectures
always fully attended by professors and Korean students who are interested in knowing
more about Indonesia.
During 2015, the Embassy continues to organize events to promote Indonesia. In March
2015, the Ambassador of Indonesia presented before the CEO and senior executives
South Korean companies in an executive class at Yonsei University. In the same month
the Indonesian Embassy also presented the richness of Indonesian cuisine at Seoul
National University. Furthermore, in June 2015 the Ambassador was the main speaker
at a scientific discussion with faculty and students at Yonsei University, one of the best
universities in South Korea.

Country Report: INDONESIA 8

 The Indonesian Embassy also participated in various cultural activities and exhibitions
to introduce Indonesia and to promote Indonesia, in April 2015, the Embassy promoted
one of the famous painter Southeast Asia from Indonesia Christine Ay Tjoe to carry
out the largest and most comprehensive exhibition of paintings first in South Korea.
The exhibition was visited by businessmen and famous figures in South Korea and
Indonesia. In May 2015, the Indonesian Embassy participated in the promotion of
cultural activities in Seoul Friendship Fair 2015 and Khamsahamnida Bazaar 2015.
And in June 2015, the Indonesian Embassy participated in tourism promotion and
cultural exhibitions organized by the World Masters Committee at Gwanghwamun
Square, Seoul.

2. STATUS OF CENTER OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCES AND

ENVIROMENTAL GEOLOGY

2.1. Summary
Task of the center of groundwater resources and environmental geology institution are
preparation materials technical policies, norms, standards, procedures recitals,
criterion, plans, programs, evaluation, reporting, giving recommendation technical
utilization of groundwater, drilling implementation and technical assistance, as well as
laboratory management in the field of utilization of ground water.

2.2. Governmental Policy and Legal Framework Regarding Center Of Groundwater

Resources And Enviromental Geology

Center for Groundwater Resources and Environmental Geology is the main institution
which has the main task in carrying out research and service in the field of engineering
geology, environmental geology and groundwater.
In the division of Groundwater, the functions of this institution are :
Preparing of technical policy, norms, standards, procedures, criteria, plans,
programs, evaluation, reporting, providing technical recommendations, as well
as the implementation of the mapping, research, investigation, engineering,
modeling, and technical assistance in the areas of inventory and conservation of
groundwater

Country Report: INDONESIA 9

 Preparing of technical policy, norms, standards, procedures, criteria, plans,
programs, evaluation, reporting, providing technical recommendations for
utilization of groundwater, conducting drilling and implementation of technical
guidance, as well as the management of the laboratory in the field of ground water
utilization

2.3. Organizational Structures

Geological Agency is one the main institutions under The Ministry of Energy and
Mineral Resources which has the main task in conducting research and service in the
division of geology. Geological Agency has 4 (four) main executor institutions which
has the specific tasks of each institution in the division of geology.

Figure 2. Geological Agency as the main institution of The Ministry of Energy and
Mineral Resources

Country Report: INDONESIA 10

 Figure 3. Organisation structure of Geological Agency

2.4. Recent Status & Projects

1. Hydrogeological mapping scale 1:250,000
2. Deliniation and evaluation of Groundwater Basin Boundaries.
3. Mapping on Groundwater recharge and discharge areas.
4. Assessment on Groundwater resource potential of the Gw Basin.
5. Establish zone of groundwater condition
6. Groundwater modeling for urban Groundwater Basins.

3. STATUS OF GROUNDWATER RESEARCH IN THE COUNTRY

3.1. Background
Water, including groundwater, is indispensable for life, but its availability at a
sustainable quality and quantity is threaten by many factors, mainly by climate pattern
(free Groundwater system) and Groundwater abstraction (artesian Groundwater`
system).

Since the last four decades, in the era of developing of the country, populous cities
serving as centers of development for services, education, tourism and other sectors are
growing in the whole of Indonesia, primarily in Java island. The need for water
(including Groundwater), therefore, is increasing correspondingly to the population &
economic growth.

Country Report: INDONESIA 11

 Potential groundwater as a source of clean water supply in Indonesia reached about 100
billion m3 and spread throughout mainland Indonesia. The abundant potential, can
make a significant contribution in fulfilling the needs of clean water for the community.

3.2. Geological Settings

Indonesia is geologically complex region which is situated at the boundaries of three
major plates: Eurasia, India-Australia, and Pacific-Philippine Sea. In western
Indonesia, the boundary between the Eurasian and Indian plates is the Sunda Trench.
Parallel to this in Sumatra is the right-lateral strike-slip Sumatran Fault, which results
from the partitioning of oblique plate convergence into normal convergence at the
trench and trench-parallel movement further north. Most active deformation in
Sumatra occurs between the trench and the Sumatran fault. In contrast, east of Java,
active deformation occurs within a complex suture zone up to 2000 km wide, including
several small plates and multiple subduction zones; plate boundaries (Fig. 1) are
trenches and another major strike-slip zone, the left-lateral Sorong Fault, which runs
from New Guinea into Sulawesi. Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements
indicate very high rates of relative motions, typically more than several centimeters per
year, between tectonic blocks in Indonesia.

Country Report: INDONESIA 12

 Figure 3. Geological Map of Indonesia

Figure 4. The general geological features of Indonesia

The Geological map of Indonesia is shown in Figure 6, which is in scale 1 : 5,000,000.

Due to the complexity of geological setting in Indonesia, the general geological features
of Indonesia can be seen in Figure 7.

Western Indonesia, notably the Islands and Kalimantan, contains most of the oldest
rocks in Indonesia. The basement formation is metamorphic and it is intruded with
plutonic formations. They are overlain with Mesozoic, Cenozoic, recent volcanic
formations and quaternary deposits. The oldest rocks of Sumatra Island are gneiss,
schist and quartzite and the schists often contain gold. They probably belong to several
geological periods, but all were folded and denuded before the Carboniferous beds were
deposited. They form the backbone of the island, and crop out on the surface at intervals
along the mountain chain which runs parallel to the west coast. They are penetrated by
granitic rock at several locations, which are also Pre- Carboniferous.

The next series of rocks consist of slates below and limestone above. It lies
unconformably upon the older rocks; and the limestone contains Fusulina, Phihipsia
and Productus, indicating that it belongs to the Upper Carboniferous. These beds are
Country Report: INDONESIA 13
 found only in northern Sumatra. They are accompanied by intrusions of diabase and
gabbro, and they are sometimes folded, but they are little disturbed. No Permian beds
are known, and Mesozoic deposits such as Triassic clays and sandstones with Daonella
have been found in the upper part of the basin of the Kwalu (East Sumatra). They rest
unconformably upon the Carboniferous beds, and have been steeply tilted. Cretaceous
beds also have been buckled. Tertiary deposits are very widely spread over the plains
and low-lying regions. They consist of breccias, conglomerates, sandstones, marls, and
limestones, with seams of coal and lignite.

3.3. Types & Occurrences of Aquifers

Indonesia is mainly built up of Tertiary (2.6 Ma - 65 Ma) and Quaternary (present - 2.6
Ma) rocks. Therefore, hidrogeologically of Indonesia may be divided into three distint
provinces of groundwater occurence related to precipitation, topography and geological
setting. The provinces are the Mountains, the Quartenery Volcanins, and the Lowland
Plains

Figure 5. The general hidrogeological map of Indonesia

Generally, Indonesia may be hydrogeologically divided into three main distinctive

provinces of groundwater occurrence related to the precipation, topographic and
geologic setting. The provinces are the Mountains area, the Quaternary Volcanic, and
the Lowland Plains.

The least productive groundwater is the Mountains area, which underlain by

consolidated, sparsely fractured, and poorly permeable volcanic and sedimentary rock
Country Report: INDONESIA 14
 of Miocene age, that transmit little or no water to wells. Small quantities of water may
be obtained from joined and fissures, from thick mantles of weathered rocks, and from
thin alluvial deposits along some river valleys. However there is little prospect of
significance groundwater development in this province. Locally under favorable
condition, groundwater discharge in the form of seepage and spring; however, since
these discharge are usually small, they are widely used as domestic supply only.

In the Quaternary volcanic terrain, groundwater occurrence is generally governed by

topographic setting and hydraulic connection between aquifers provided by
intergranular and fissures systems. The aquifers are usually porous or fractured
volcanic product such as coarsed grained pyroclastic, fractured or joined lava. A part
from the top of volnanoes where surface runoff predominates, high recharge take place
on the middle and lower flanks of volcanoes; these are areas, which correspondent with
areas of higher rainfall. No exploitable groundwater can be expected from higher flanks
of volcanoes, but perched groundwater and deep seated aquifers may be found on the
middle flanks. Productive aquifers generally occur along the foot of volcano.

Figure 6. Map of limestone distribution in indonesia

The most productive groundwater provinces are the Lowland Plains which underlying
by moderately to highly unconsolidated rock that yield water to wells. This province
includes the lowlands of the region spread in Indonesia, the coastal plain of and the
intermountain basin. Most of these plains consist sand and gravel within irregularly

Country Report: INDONESIA 15

 layer of sequence of heterogeneous volcanic debris and alluvial deposits. The aquifer
are confined at depth by tuff and fined grained of reworked of volcanic material and
clay layers. Artesian aquifers occur over substantial area of these plains and flow up
above ground level. Within this province a large number of wells drilled and
exploratory well have been drilled.

Besides, limestone that spread out in many regions of Indonesia is also a main aquifer
in Indonesia (Figure 9). In the limestone areas which have undergone the process of
karstification, groundwater can flow through the channel (conduit / underground river),
while the limestone that has not undergone karstification, the dominant groundwater
flow through fractures, fissures, and bedding plane. Hydrogeologically, fracture zones
(and fault) area geological structure that was important in controlling the karst
hydrogeological system, because the zone has permeability and the secondary porosity
very well.

3.4. Characteristics of Groundwater Resources

Characteristics of Groundwater Resources Influence of the complexity of geological
settings in Indonesia and the climate, which average annual rainfall of 2,700 mm, and
range between dry regions of 1,100 to very wet regions of 6,000 mm (figure 7).

3.5. Potentials and Productions of Groundwater Resources

Based on mean annual rainfall which were analysed by Meteorological and
Geophysical Agency MGA (1975) and recharge percentage of various aquifer
formation, total gw quantity in Indonesia at unconfined aquifer system (R1) were
roughly calculated 496,217x106 m3/year, whereas at confined aquifer system (Q2)
which were calculated by applying Darcys Law attains 20,906x106 m3/year (Table 1,
Geological Agency, 2008).

Country Report: INDONESIA 16

 Figure 7. Indonesian climate

Table 1. Recapitulation of Gw Basin in Indonesia

Country Report: INDONESIA 17

 Groundwater management in Indonesia is based on groundwater basin includes planning,
implementation, monitoring, evaluation of the implementation of the conservation of
groundwater, groundwater utilization, controlling of natural hazard. This management
process is intended to achieve sustainability, the sustainability of groundwater availability
and sustainability benefits.

Considering technically management of ground water based on the groundwater basin, the
basin boundary determination is becoming important for being related to the authority of
by local government management in each boundary. Technically, groundwater basin
boundaries do not coincide with administrative boundaries, so as a consequence, there will
be coverage area of groundwater basins, namely:

1. Inter Country Transboundary Groundwater Basin (GWB) (4 Basins)

2. Inter Province Transboundary GWB (36)

3. Inter Regency Transboundary GWB (175)

4. On Regency Area GWB (206)

Figure 8. Groundwater basin map of Indonesia

Country Report: INDONESIA 18

 Tabel 2. Groundwater potentials in groundwater basin
Groundwater Potentials
Area
(millions m3/year)
No GWB Numbers
Unconfined Confined
(km2)
Aquifers Aquifers
1 Inter Country Transboundary 5 147.886 126.276 5.259
2 Inter Province Transboundary 36 319.635 131.186 4.127
3 Inter Regency Transboundary 176 349.023 198.101 9.987
4 On Regency 204 91.071 40.654 1.533
Total 421 907.615 496.217 20.906

Potentials and Productions of groundwater in Indonesia can be summarized from potential

and production of groundwater of each groundwater basin. Research and inventory in each
groundwater basin continue to be conducted to obtain the number of groundwater potential
of each groundwater basin and also the production of each.
Globally, using simple analysis and some deduction data, the groundwater potential had been
calculated which can be seen in Tabel 1. Total of the potential groundwater in Indonesia is
shown in the following table.

3.6. Groundwater Contamination

Groundwater can be contaminated by a wide range of sources. The common sources
of groundwater contamination in Indonesia are :

Soil waste landfill: Landfills are usually either placed above ground or contained
within quarries and pits Landfills are sources of groundwater and soil
pollution due to the production of leachate and its migration through refuse

Septic Systems: Homes not connected to municipal sewer systems usually use
septic systems to dispose of wastewater from toilets and drains

Country Report: INDONESIA 19

 Agriculture: Extensive herbicide use in agricultural areas has resulted in
widespread occurrence of herbicides in agricultural streams and shallow ground-
water

Pesticides: Pesticides are any substance or mixture intended to prevent, kill, or

repel any pest, including insects, weeds, mice, fungi, or bacteria

Mining: Mining wastes include waste generated during the extraction,

beneficiation, and processing of minerals

3.7. Status of Groundwater Projects

3.7.1. Summary
Based on Government Regulation no. 43/2008 concerning groundwater, the scope
of the vision and mission of the national groundwater management are:

1. Vision of the groundwater management is :

Management of a comprehensive, integrated, and environmentally resources to

realize the benefits of sustainable ground water for the greatest prosperity of the
people.

2. National mission of groundwater management are:

The balance between conservation and utilization of groundwater, to

ensure the sustainability of groundwater availability and expediency.

Inventory of potential groundwater in each groundwater basin.

Water use appropriate, fair, efficient, and effective, with emphasis on meeting
basic daily needs.

Preservation of groundwater to maintain the existence and continuity of

the availability of groundwater.

Groundwater protection and conservation efforts to protect and conserve

the environment as well as the function of groundwater.

Management of groundwater quality and pollution control in keeping with the

natural state.

Country Report: INDONESIA 20

 Authorization control to prevent unauthorized over-exploitation of groundwater.

The availability and sustainability of groundwater in the management

information system

Increased active participation by all stakeholders based on the phrase "water is

every one's business"

3.7.2. Objectives and Targets

Geological Agency, in this case Center for Groundwater Resources and Environmental
Geology keep trying to fulfill all the vision and mission which is stated in the
regulation, by planning projects in the upcoming years.
The routine projects in years would be:
1. Hydrogeological Mapping
Hydrogeological map is a basic map as synoptic representations of all kinds of earth
and water related data have attained the utmost importance, since maps are particularly
useful tools in describing static situations and dynamic processes in the subsurface as
related to water. It is aimed to conduct an inventory and analysis of groundwater and
provide data and information of groundwater as basis for planners and executors of
development for the purposes of planning and groundwater development.
Hydrogeological Mapping scale 1:250.000 was based on sheet map allotment which
made by Spatial Information Agency (BIG). About 40 % of total number sheet has been
conducted with the map status that is shown in table 2.

Table 3. Status of hidrogeological map scale 1 : 250.000

Map Status Number of Mapping Sheet

Open Map 33 sheets
Published Map 44 sheets
Digital Published Map 96 sheets
Unfinished Map 93 sheets
TOTAL 266 sheets

Country Report: INDONESIA 21

 Figure 9. Status of hidrogeological map of Indonesia

Figure 10. Hidrogeological map of Indonesia, Scale 1:250,000

Country Report: INDONESIA 22

 3.7.3. Major Features and Achievements
The research and investigations in the strategic groundwater basins. These are including
the following tasks :
- Aquifer configuration design of groundwater basin
- Groundwater potential analysis
- Groundwater monitoring
- Groundwater conservation zone mapping
- And the other specific purpose projects

The specific purpose projects are also important for research and investigation in the
field of groundwater. And also the other tasks which have to be immediately
conducted due to the specific reason, especially for hazard reason or the other
importance reason.

The projects in the previous years due to the above reasons, such as:
1. Delineation recharge and discharge area using isotope in Jakarta GWB
2. Sea Water Intrusion Mapping in Jakarta and surroundings area
3. The impact of Sidoarjo Mud Flow on groundwater in the surrounding area.

3.7.4. Future Directions and Programs

The main program in the future is :
Hydrogeological mapping scale of 1: 100,000
Research the Groundwater conservation in major cities throughout Indonesia
The small island groundwater research
The case study of ground water such as the case of Lapindo mud, liquefaction
research etc.

4. STATUS OF ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY IN THE COUNTRY

Environmental geochemistry program is not the main program, but there are several
programs related to environmental geochemistry, such as:
1. The management of groundwater and seawater intrusion.
2. Land Subsidence and Urban Development in Jakarta (Indonesia).
Country Report: INDONESIA 23
 3. Groundwater Quantification - Validation of Groundwater Models.

Country Report: INDONESIA 24