Chapter-V
Introduction
Credit Management
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Cash sales are totally riskless but not the credit sales, as the
on. The cash payment for goods and services received by the
future are called Trade debtor and represent the firms claim on
assets.
credit period, the discount offered for early payment and the
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the 3rd most important assets category for business firm after
after inventories.
customers even though they pay after the discount date and
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creditworthy.
2. The policies and practices of the firm in determining
practice.
the objective were to maximize sales, then the firm would sell
risk were the aim, then the firm would not sell on credit to
anyone. In fact, the firm should manage its credit in such a way
maximizing the value, the firm should manage its trade credit.
promote sales and profits until that point is reached where the
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extension of credit.
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Credit Management
Credit Policy
produced.
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Credit Rating
formulae:
P = S (1-V) K * I B, S
P = Change in profit
S = Change in sales
variable cost and fixed cost and change in sales. The figure is
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worked.
Credit Period
this is true only when one provides longer period credit than
P= S (1-V)*K*1-b, S
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P= Change in profit
S= Change in sales
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the length of time for customers under which they are allowed
days. When a firm does not extend any credit the credit period
would obviously be zero. It is generally stated in terms of a net
are stated at net 30. Usually the credit period of the firm is
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trade credit.
order to induce them to pay their bill early. The cash discount
terms indicate the rate of discount and the period for which
Capital.
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economic conditions.
production and selling cost and cost resulting from the slower
sales.
granted.
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accounts.
optimal collection policy the firm should compare the cost and
benefits. The optimal credit policy will maximize the profit and
the firm.
Credit Evaluation
Before granting credit to a prospective customers the
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risk.
Both the errors are costly. Type (i) leads to loss of profit
evaluation.
following.
1. Financial statements
2. Bank references
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3. Trade references
4. Credit agencies
following steps.
importance.
4. For each factor, multiply the factor rating with the factor
weight to get the factor score.
rating index.
categories:
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groups.
not credit worthy i.e. the higher the Z score the stronger the
credit rating.
decision.
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Rev is revenue for sale and cost is the cost of goods sold.
Refuse credit
only if the customer does not default on the first order. Under
this, once the customer pays for the first order, the probability
1
[P (Rev Cost )-(1-P ) Cost ] + P x [P (Rev -Cost )-(1-
1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2
P ) Cost ]
2 2
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cash.
Approach
sales figure.
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ACP/360 days.
group.
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payment behaviour.
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control measures.
policy and suggest the need for relaxing credit standards for an
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collection policy.
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current assets
Table 5.1
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table 5.2.
Table 5.2
Average
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Table 5.3
Average Collection Period in Selected Cement Companies
for the years from 2003-04 to 2007-08
(in days)
Cement
1999-00 34 36 7 46
18
2000-01 43 36 7 47
20
2001-02 43 33 8 49
22
2002-03 41 27 10 48
37
2003-04 26 28 10 37
47
Company 39 32 8 45
29
Average
is 47 (2007-08).
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Table 5.4
Average
table 5.5.
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Table 5.5
Select References:
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