ESSENTIAL OILS
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INTRODUCTION:
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PRODUCTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS:
India is already world leader as far as production and
export of essential oils and their value added products
are concerned.
Many factors go in favour of our country,
1) Biodiversity
2) Scientific manpower
3) Processing industry
4) Huge investment in trade
Unless, all these four parameters are well addressed
by any country, an industry cannot grow and achieve
distinction.
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The production of essential oils can be grouped in to
five categories,
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WORLD PRODUCTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS FOR PROCESSING (2011)
Essential Oil Quantity (in MTonnes) Producing Countries
Basil 500 India
Cederwood 3000 China, USA, India
Citrodora 1000 China, Brazil, India, S.Africa
Citronella 1500 China, Indonesia, India
Clove Leaf 4000 Madagascar, Indonesia, Zanzibar
Others 2000
TOTAL 99,700
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The following are the methods for separation of
essential oils,
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NEED FOR DIVERSIFICATION
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AROMATIC PLANTS – NEED FOR
DIVERSIFICATION
More profitable than many field crops
Ecologically sustainable
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IMPORTANT ESSENTIAL OIL PLANTS GROWN IN
INDIA AND THEIR USES
PRINCIPAL CHEMICAL
PLANT BOTANICAL NAME CONSTITUENTS INDUSTRIAL USES
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SCENTED GERANIUM PELARGONIUM GRAVEOLENS L-CITRONELLOL, PERFUMERY AND
L. HER.EX AIT. GERANIOL, LINALOOL FLAVOURING
TOTAL 1,29,838
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PRODUCTION OF ESSENTIAL OIL IN INDIA (YEAR-2011)
Sl No Essential Oil Production Sl Essential Oil Production
(M. Tonnes) No (M. Tonnes)
1 Ajowan 20 15 Fennel 05
2 B. Pepper 50 16 Geranium 10
3 Basil Exotic 02 17 Ginger 05
4 Basil Indian 500 18 Jamrosa 05
5 Cederwood 200 19 Juniper Berry 10
6 Cinnamon Leaf 05 20 K. Katchri 10
7 Citronella 100 21 Lavender 02
8 Cumin 10 22 Lemongrass 150
9 Cardamom 25 23 M.Arvensis 30,000
10 Coriander 05 24 M.Citrata 05
11 Davana 05 25 M.Longifolia 04
12 Dillseed 10 26 M.Piperita 1,200
13 E. Citrodora 10 27 Nutmeg 25
14 Eucalyptus 50 28 Nagarmotha 25
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Sl Essential Oil Production (M.
No Tonnes)
29 Palmarosa 15
30 Patchouli 04
31 Rosemary 01
32 Rooh khas 02
33 Sandalwood 25
34 Spearmint 400
35 Turmeric 05
36 Thuja 04
37 Vetiver oil 20
38 Others 50
TOTAL 32,974
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ESTIMATED AREA UNDER AROMATIC CROPS AND
ESSENTIAL OIL PRODUCTION IN SOUTH INDIA
Citronella 400 40
Patchouli 100 5
Geranium 50 0.5
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OVERVIEW OF THE ECONOMICS OF CULTIVATION OF
AROMATIC CROPS (APPROX.)
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ECONOMICS OF AROMATIC CROPS
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IMPROVED CROPPING SYSTEMS IN AROMATIC CROPS
Citronella + (greengram-fingermillet) 45
Citronella + (greengram-groundnut) 43
Citronella + (greengram-sorghum) 40
Palmarosa + blackgram 13
Geranium + cowpea 29
Geranium + blackgram 33
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RETURNS FROM CROP SEQUENCES INVOLVING
AGRICULTURAL AND AROMATIC CROPS IN SEMI-ARID TROPICS
Cropping system Geranium oil yield
equivalent (kg/ha)
1 Sorghum + Redgram – clusterbean/greengram 30.35
+ geranium – greengram
2 Pearlmillet – clusterbean/greengram + 28.36
geranium – greengram
3 Sunflower + Redgram – cluster 30.55
bean/greengram + geranium – greengram
4 Maize – greengram + geranium – greengram 30.27
5 Palmarosa + clusterbean/greengram 16.82
6 Lemongrass + clusterbean/greengram 12.12
7 Java citronella + greengram 17.81
8 Geranium + clusterbean/greengram 42.07
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AGRI-WASTE IMPROVES ECONOMICS OF
RAINFED PALMAROSA
Incorporation of 76.2
spent material
Additional benefit 12.9
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USES OF VETIVER
Environmental and soil Perennial nature, strong
protection root system
Use in phytoremediation
Perfumery & flavours Vetiver oil is unique;
there is no synthetic
substitute
Handicrafts Several articles of utility
and decoration
Shelter Thatching roofs;
makeshift houses
Other uses Traditional drinks,
fodder etc.
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TESTING OF ESSENTIAL OILS:
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PROSPECTS OF CULTIVATION OF MEDICINAL AND
AROMATIC PLANTS
The number species of living organisms on earth is
estimated to be about 13.6Milion, which includes
about 2,50,000 species of plants. Out of these, 35-
70,000 species of higher plants may have been used
for medicinal purposes at one time or another in
different traditional medical practices. About 5000
species of higher plants have been exhaustively
studied by the pharmaceutical industries as a source
of new drugs. More than 120 drugs of known
chemical structure, which are extracted from 95
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species of higher plants are globally in allopathic
medicine.
It is estimated that there are about 47000 species
plants in India, out of which 17000 are Angiosperms,
representing 6% of world’s known flowering plants.
Nearly 8000 plants have recognized for medicinal use
in value traditional systems of medicine in India.
There are about 1300 plants in India which are known
to be medicinal aromatic plant. Out of which 65 plant
species have demand in the world market.
India share the 3rd largest producer natural essential
oils next to USA and Brazil.
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Total Indian exports about 2800tonns of essential
valued at Rs.327.44 lakhs, with mentha mint oil
accounting for about 70% and 60% of the quantity
and value, respectively, of the total essential oils
export.
Further, 4th largest economy after USA, China & Japan
and second fastest growing economy. Hence there is a
demand for the mass consumption items.
In the context of rising affluence, the country expected
to grow at 20% in FMCG, Wellness and Lifestyle
segments and it will become 4th largest consumer
economy by 2025.
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Emerging demand for the Natural product World wide:
There is an enormous opportunity for cultivation of
medicinal plants as against the current collection form the
wild cultivation. The commercial cultivation can ensure
stability in Quantity and Quality of the material including
conservation of the valuable natural plant genetic sources.
For commercial cultivation there is a good scope in waste
lands along with the inter-plantation methods.
The Medicinal Aromatic Plants though they are similar
morphologically they differ in quality & quantity which
needs to be assed with sophisticated equipments.
Therefore standardization of cultivation practices under
local conditions on adoptability for the wide range of agro
climatic conditions.
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Essential oils from aromatic plants are low volume
and of high value. They have a longer shelf life at room
temp. than horticultural plants. Some of them can be
grown in marginal lands through contract farming.
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ORGANIC FARMING & SANDALWOOD FARMING
What is Organic Farming .. ?
Agro-ecosystem health
Biodiversity
Natural biological cycles
Natural soil biological activity
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FEATURES OF ORGANIC FARMING
Organic Farming as a production system has the following features:-
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ORGANIC FARMING & SANDALWOOD CULTIVATION
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IDEAL CONDITIONS FOR SANDALWOOD
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CULTIVATION PROCESS
Seeds are available in two seasons April - May and September – October.
Both the seeds perform alike with respect to germination.
Fresh fruits collected are de-pulped and dried seeds are kept for two
months due to dormancy before sowing.
If the seeds are soaked in 0.05% gibberllic acid for 16 hours prior to
sowing, good and uniform germination could be achieved.
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INTERPLANTING WITH FRUIT CROPS
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SANDALWOOD PLANTATION WITH
HOST PLANTS
Farmers who can sustain longer periods of investment, can adopt Sandalwood
plantation by interplanting with natural essential oil bearing plants viz….,
Lemongrass, Citronella, Palmarosa, Vetiver etc…,
Planting Sandalwood trees are much more economical and the expenditure
required for planting and maintenance up to a period of 15 years for a hectare
would be about Rs.10 lakhs, where as the economic returns shall be phenomenal.
On an average about 500 trees planted in one hectare and the average yield per
tree is about 15 to 20 kg of scented heartwood at the end of 15 years.
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ECONOMIC MODEL WORKED OUT BY KS&DL UNDER PUBLIC SECTOR,
PRIVATE, PARTNERSHIP P3 FOR COMMERCIAL CULTIVATION OF SANDALWOOD
IN INDIA UNDER BUY BACK ARRANGEMENT:
Sl. Particulars Per Hectare (2.5 Acre) Quantity / Price
No.
01 Requirement of Sandal Seedlings / Hosts
Cost for pit formation, soil work, planting, watering etc., Rs. 20,000-00
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03 Recurring Expenditure till Harvesting
Annual Weeding & Soil working for 15 years Rs. 2,000/- pa Rs. 30,000-00
Approx. quantity of Heartwood expected per tree Min. 20 kgs. x 450 9000 Kgs.
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Approx. quantity of Heartwood expected per tree 20 kgs. x 450 9000 Kgs.
Approx. quantity of Sapwood expected per tree 30 kgs x 450 13500 Kgs.
Average Price of Sandalwood Heartwood class Rs.3,500 per kg x 9000 kgs Rs.3,15,00,000-00
Estimated profit from Inter crops for Rs 13.50 Kg Rs.12,000/- pa x 15 years Rs,3,75,000-00
spread over 15 years @ Rs 25,000/-.
TOTAL Rs,3,27,70,725-00
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LEGAL ASPECT OF SANDALWOOD
Sandalwood plants are widely distributed in the
southern Indian states like, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,
Andhra Pradesh and Kerala, hence, defined sandalwood
as a “Forest produce”, where as “Indian Forest Act”
does not have any special provisions for sandalwood.
Karnataka Soaps and Detergents Ltd are the pioneers in distilling quality
sandalwood oil.
Distillers follow different methods for obtaining oil from wood.
Steam distillation is a simple and efficient method and is widely accepted.
Sandalwood is powdered and sieved to get mesh size of 12 to 36 and then charged
into copper or stainless steel stills.
Steam is bubbled up at the base under pressure 30 to 40 Psi (low pressure steam)
for 100 to 120 hours.
The crude oil floating on the surface of distillate is skimmed off and filtered.
Moisture present in the oil is removed by vacuum process.
On an average good kind of Sandalwood yields about 5 to 6 percent of oil upon
distillation.
The exhausted powder is used in incense stick manufacture and a resin is also
extracted from it.
COLOUR OF HEARTWOOD AND OIL CONTENT
The superiority of wood is generally judged based on colour and from the portions of the tree
from which it is taken. Weight of wood is also one of the criteria for selecting quality wood for
higher yield of oil.
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USES OF SANDALWOOD OIL
Some of the major industries depending on sandalwood oil:
Attar industry
Perfumery
Pan Masala
Pharmaceutical applications
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DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION OF
SANDAL WOOD & OIL
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PHARMACEUTICAL USES OF
SANDALWOOD OIL
Treatment of Skin diseases
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STATUS OF SANDALWOOD INDUSTRY
Indian sandalwood industry is very large compared to any perfume industry in the world.
More than 85 percent of world’s production of wood and oil is contributed from India.
Tamil Nadu contributes more than 80 percent of the countries production. Karnataka
was contributing more than 50 percent of the wood and oil to the market, presently
negligible.
It is estimated that the present annual production of sandalwood exceeds 300 to 400
tonnes and oil production exceeds 3 to 5 tonnes.
However, these figures do not match with the official production. Domestic industries
consume about 80,000 kg of sandalwood oil each year.
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GLOBAL PRODUCTION OF SANDALWOOD OIL
In view of the Indian sandalwood supply being limited and expensive, industries
dependent on sandalwood are on the look out for alternates, such as:-
Western Australian sandalwood oil
Fiji oil
New Caledonia sandalwood and oil
South African sandalwood oil
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BIBILIOGRAPHY
E-mail – cimapfsbangalore@vsnl.net /
fsbangalore@cimap.res.in
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT:
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