Week4 Handout

University of Technology, Sydney 31275 Mobile Networking
Week 4: GSM
Overview of GSM
Week 4
Peter Leijdekkers
Peter Leijdekkers UTS – Mobile Networking (31275) 4.1
Influence of mobile communication to the layer model

 service location
Application layer  new applications, multimedia
 adaptive applications
Transport layer  congestion and flow control

 quality of service
 addressing, routing, device location
Network layer  hand-over
 SDMA, FDMA, TDMA, Aloha

Data link layer  Reservation schemes
 Collision avoidance, MACA
 Polling
Frequencies
Physical layer
 Signals
 Antenna
 Signal propagation
Multiplexing Spread spectrum
Overview
Market
GSM Services
GSM components
Air Interface
Call Setup
Handover
Dr Peter Leijdekkers 4.1

Week 4: GSM
3G wireless Standards
3rd Generation mobile systems
3G: Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWANs) are the broadest range
wireless networks. Most widely deployed today in the cellular voice
infrastructure - also have the ability to transmit data. Includes UMTS
(Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service), EV-DO Evolution-
Data Optimized wireless high-speed data network. Applications:
Multimedia such as full-motion video, video conferencing and Internet
access. High-speed data transmissions of 144Kbps and higher
(2Mbit/s).
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hX0i6pXzsLE&NR=1
Performance characteristics of GSM (wrt. analog sys.)
 Communication
 mobile, wireless communication; support for voice and data services
 Total mobility
 international access, chip-card enables use of access points of different
providers
 Worldwide connectivity
 one number, the network handles localization
 High capacity
 better frequency efficiency, smaller cells, more customers per cell
 High transmission quality
 high audio quality and reliability for wireless, uninterrupted phone calls at
higher speeds (e.g., from cars, trains)
 Security functions
 access control, authentication via chip-card and PIN

Week 4: GSM
Disadvantages of GSM
There is no perfect system!!

 no end-to-end encryption of user data
 no full ISDN bandwidth of 64 kbit/s to the user
 reduced concentration while driving
 abuse of private data possible

 roaming profiles accessible
 high complexity of the system

 several incompatibilities within the GSM standards
 limited access to American market
Overview
 Market
 GSM Services
 GSM components
 Air Interface
 Call Setup
 Handover
Mobile Services
GSM offers
 several types of connections
 voice connections, data connections, short message service
 multi-service options (combination of basic services)
Three service domains
 Bearer Services
 Telematic Services
 Supplementary Services
bearer services
MS
transit source/
TE MT GSM-PLMN network destination TE
R, S Um (PSTN, ISDN) network (U, S, R)
tele services
TE: Terminal MT: Mobile Termination PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network
MS: Mobile Station PLMN: Public Land Mobile network ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network

Week 4: GSM
Bearer Services
 Telecommunication services to transfer data between access points

 Specification of services up to the terminal interface (OSI layers 1-3)
 Different data rates for voice and data (original standard)
 data service (circuit switched)
 synchronous: 2.4, 4.8 or 9.6 kbit/s
 asynchronous: 300 - 1200 bit/s
 data service (packet switched)
 synchronous: 2.4, 4.8 or 9.6 kbit/s
 asynchronous: 300 - 9600 bit/s
Today: data rates of approx. 50 kbit/s possible
Tele Services I
 Telecommunication services that enable voice communication via

mobile phones
 All these basic services have to obey cellular functions, security
measurements etc.
 Offered services
 mobile telephony
primary goal of GSM was to enable mobile telephony offering the
traditional bandwidth of 3.1 kHz
 Emergency number
common number throughout Europe (112); mandatory for all service
providers; free of charge; connection with the highest priority
(preemption of other connections possible)
Tele Services II
 Non-Voice-Teleservices
 group 3 fax
 voice mailbox (implemented in the fixed network supporting the mobile
terminals)
 electronic mail (MHS, Message Handling System, implemented in the
fixed network)
 ...
 Short Message Service (SMS)

alphanumeric data transmission to/from the mobile terminal using the
signaling channel, thus allowing simultaneous use of basic services
and SMS
 Multimedia Message Service (MMS)

Week 4: GSM
Supplementary services
 Similar to ISDN services besides lower bandwidth due to the

radio link
 May differ between different service providers, countries and
protocol versions
 Important services
 User Identification
 Call Redirection or forwarding
 suppression of number forwarding
 automatic call-back
 conferencing with up to 7 participants
 locking of the mobile terminal (incoming or outgoing calls)
 ...
Overview
 Market
 GSM Services
 GSM components
 Air Interface
 Call Setup
 Handover
Cellular Network Reference Model

G B
VLR VLR
BTS
D
A Um
H
AC BSC BTS
HLR MSC
C MS
F E
EIR
Ai
Di
OMC MSC PSTN ISDN
NSS/OSS (Network & Switching Subsystem)
BTS: Base Transceiver Station BSC: Base Station Controller

MS: Mobile Station
AC: Authentication Centre EIR: Equipment Identity Register
HLR: Home Location Register VLR: Visitor Location Register
MSC: Mobile Services Switching Center EIR: Equipment Identity Register
AC: Authentication Centre OMC: Operation & Maintenance Center

Week 4: GSM
NNS: Network and Switching subsystem

 NSS: the main component of the public mobile network GSM
 Connects wireless network to fixed networks
 Performs handovers between different BSCs
 Functions to worldwide localisation of users
 Charging, accounting functions
 Roaming of users between different providers in different countries
 Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)
 High performance digital ISDN switches

 Manages several BSCs in a geographical region
 Connects to other networks (PSTN,ISDN,X25)
 Uses standard signalling system SS7
 Databases (important: scalability, high capacity, low delay)

 Home Location Register (HLR)
central master database containing user data, permanent and semi-permanent data
of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)
 Visitor Location Register (VLR)
local database for a subset of user data, including data about all user currently in the
domain of the VLR. Each MSC has a VLR database
Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)
The MSC plays a central role in GSM

 switching functions
 additional functions for mobility support
 management of network resources
 interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)
 integration of several databases
 Functions of a MSC
 specific functions for paging and call forwarding
 termination of SS7 (signaling system no. 7)
 mobility specific signaling
 location registration and forwarding of location information
 provision of new services (fax, data calls)
 support of short message service (SMS)
 generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Operation subsystem
 The OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation, management,
and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
 Communication with other components via SS7 signaling
Authentication Center (AC)

 generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR
 authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and
encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

 registers GSM mobile stations and user rights
 stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even
localized
Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)

 traffic monitoring
 status reports of network entities
 accounting and billing
 …

Week 4: GSM
Base Station System and Mobile Station

Radio cell
Base Transceiver Station (BTS):

• radio components (sender, receiver, Um
antenna)
BTS
• if directed antennas are used one BTS can
cover several cells Abis MS
A
Base Station Controller (BSC):
• switching between BTSs, MSC BSC
• controlling BTSs, Um
Abis
• managing of network resources,
• mapping of radio channels (Um) onto BTS
MS
terrestrial channels (A interface)
• Handles handover between BTSs
• Paging of MS
Base Station System Radio cell
Radio Cells
segmentation of the area into cells
possible radio coverage of the cell
idealized shape of the cell

cell
 use of several carrier frequencies

 not the same frequency in adjoining cells
 cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user
density, geography, transceiver power etc.
 hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap, shapes depend on
geography)
 if a mobile user changes cells
 handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
Mobile Station (MS)
Terminal for the use of GSM services

A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups
 MT (Mobile Terminal):
 offers common functions used by all services the MS offers
 corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access
 end-point of the radio interface (Um)
 TA (Terminal Adapter):
 terminal adaptation, hides radio specific characteristics
 TE (Terminal Equipment):
 peripheral device of the MS, offers services to a user
 does not contain GSM specific functions
TE TA MT
Um
R S

Week 4: GSM
Identifiers Used in GSM

 SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)
 personalization of the mobile terminal, stores user parameters
 IMSI (international mobile subscriber identification)

 IMSI identifies a subscriber worldwide.
 Mobile country code + mobile network node + ms identification nr
 E.g 240 + 23415 + 123456
 TMSI (temporary mobile subscriber identification):

 TMSI identifies a subscriber. Used over the air only to hide identity of the user.
 Used by VLR is only valid for a certain period
 MSISDN (mobile station ISDN number)

 MSISDN is a dialable number assigned to a given subscriber.
 +61 4 2456 1842
 IMEI (international mobile station equipment identity)

 IMEI identifies a particular handset.
This is also called mobile identity number (MIN).
Overview
 Market
 GSM Services
 GSM components
 Air Interface
 Call Setup
 Handover
The GSM Radio Interface
BASE TRANSCEIVER STATION
MOBILE

Week 4: GSM
Air Interface
Radio Transmission Techniques

 FDMA
 TDMA
 CDMA
Channels
 Physical channels
 Logical channels
FDMA
Frequency
Channel
Time
TDMA
Frequency Time Slot
Channel
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time

Week 4: GSM
GSM uses paired radio channels
 TDMA
 GSM900: 124 radio carriers, inter carrier spacing 200khz.
 890 to 915mhz mobile to base - UPLINK
 935 to 960mhz base to mobile - DOWNLINK
890MHz 915MHz 935MHz 960MHz
0 124 0 124
GSM - TDMA/FDMA
935-960 MHz
124 channels (200 kHz)
downlink
890-915 MHz
124 channels (200 kHz)
uplink
higher GSM frame structures
time
GSM TDMA frame
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4.615 ms
GSM time-slot (normal burst)

guard guard
space tail user data S Training S user data tail space
3 bits 57 bits 1 26 bits 1 57 bits 3
546.5 µs
577 µs
Burst and Frames
 The information contained in one time slot on the TDMA frame is

called a burst.
 Five types of burst

 Normal Burst
(data transmission)
 Frequency Correction Burst
(correct local oscillator of MS to avoid interference with neighboring
channels)
 Synchronization Burst
(training sequence to synchronize Ms with BTS)
 Access Burst
(initial connection setup between MS and BTS)
 Dummy Burst
(No Data is available for that slot)

Week 4: GSM
Channels
Physical Channels
 Associated with frequency bands, time slots, codes
 Physical channels transfer bits from one network element to another
Logical Channels
 Distinguished by the nature of carried information and the way to
assemble bits into data units
 Three types
 one-to-one: traffic channels between a BTS and a MS
 one-to-many: synchronization signals from BTS to MSs in a cell
 many-to-one: from MSs to the same BTS
Logical Channels
Control Channels
 Broadcast Channels (BCH)
 Common Control Channels (CCCH)
 Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH)
Traffic Channels (TCH)

 Full Rate (TCH/F)
 Half Rate (TCH/H)
Control Channels
Broadcast Channels (BCH)

 Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH)
 Synchronization Channel (SCH)
 Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
Common Control Channels (CCCH)

 Paging Channel (PCH)
 Random Access Channel (RACH)
 Access Grant Channel (AGCH)
Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH)

 Stand alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH)
 Cell Broadcast Channel (CBCH)
 Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)
 Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH)

Week 4: GSM
Overview
 Market
 GSM Services
 GSM components
 Air Interface
 Call Setup
 Handover
Mobile Terminated Call (MTC)
1: calling a GSM subscriber

2: forwarding call to GMSC
3: signal call setup to HLR 4
HLR VLR
4, 5: request MSRN from VLR 5
8 9
6: forward responsible 3 6 14 15
MSC to GMSC calling 7
PSTN GMSC MSC
7: forward call to station 1 2
current MSC 10 10 13 10
8, 9: get current status of MS 16
BSS BSS BSS
10, 11: paging of MS 11 11 11
12, 13: MS answers
14, 15: security checks 11 12
17
16, 17: set up connection
MS
BSS: Base Station System MS: Mobile Station

HLR: Home Location Register VLR: Visitor Location Register
GMSC: Gateway Mobile Services Switching Center
Mobile Originated Call (MOC)
1, 2: connection request
3, 4: security check
5-8: check resources (free circuit)
9-10: set up call
VLR
3 4
6 5
PSTN GMSC MSC
7 8
2 9
1
MS BSS
10

Week 4: GSM
MTC/MOC call setup

Mobile Terminated Call Mobile Originated Call
MS BTS MS BTS
paging request
channel request channel request
immediate assignment immediate assignment
paging response service request
authentication request authentication request
authentication response authentication response
ciphering command ciphering command
ciphering complete ciphering complete
setup setup
call confirmed call confirmed
assignment command assignment command
assignment complete assignment complete
alerting alerting
connect connect
connect acknowledge connect acknowledge
data/speech exchange data/speech exchange
Overview
 Market
 GSM Services
 GSM components
 Air Interface
 Call Setup
 Handover
4 types of handover
1
2 3 4
MS MS MS MS
BTS BTS BTS BTS
BSC BSC BSC
MSC MSC
1. Intra cell handover
2. Inter cell, intra BSC handover
3. Inter-BSC, intra MSC handover
4. Inter MSC handover

Week 4: GSM
Handover decision
receive level receive level

BTSold BTSold
HO_MARGIN
MS MS
BTSold BTSnew
Handover procedure
MS BTSold BSCold MSC BSCnew BTSnew

measurement measurement
report result
HO decision
HO required HO request
resource allocation
ch. activation
HO command HO request ack ch. activation ack

HO command HO command
HO access
Link establishment
HO complete HO complete
clear command clear command
clear complete clear complete

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University of Technology, Sydney 31275 Mobile Networking

Peter Leijdekkers UTS – Mobile Networking (31275) 4.1

Influence of mobile communication to the layer model

Transport layer  congestion and flow control

 SDMA, FDMA, TDMA, Aloha

Peter Leijdekkers UTS – Mobile Networking (31275) 4.2

Peter Leijdekkers UTS – Mobile Networking (31275) 4.3

Dr Peter Leijdekkers 4.1

Peter Leijdekkers UTS – Mobile Networking (31275) 4.4

3rd Generation mobile systems

Performance characteristics of GSM (wrt. analog sys.)

Peter Leijdekkers UTS – Mobile Networking (31275) 4.6

Dr Peter Leijdekkers 4.2

There is no perfect system!!

 abuse of private data possible

 high complexity of the system

Peter Leijdekkers UTS – Mobile Networking (31275) 4.7

Peter Leijdekkers UTS – Mobile Networking (31275) 4.8

Peter Leijdekkers UTS – Mobile Networking (31275) 4.9

Dr Peter Leijdekkers 4.3

 Telecommunication services to transfer data between access points

Today: data rates of approx. 50 kbit/s possible

Peter Leijdekkers UTS – Mobile Networking (31275) 4.10

 Telecommunication services that enable voice communication via

Peter Leijdekkers UTS – Mobile Networking (31275) 4.11

 Short Message Service (SMS)

Peter Leijdekkers UTS – Mobile Networking (31275) 4.12

Dr Peter Leijdekkers 4.4

 Similar to ISDN services besides lower bandwidth due to the

Peter Leijdekkers UTS – Mobile Networking (31275) 4.13

Peter Leijdekkers UTS – Mobile Networking (31275) 4.14

Cellular Network Reference Model

OMC MSC PSTN ISDN

NSS/OSS (Network & Switching Subsystem)

BTS: Base Transceiver Station BSC: Base Station Controller

Dr Peter Leijdekkers 4.5

NNS: Network and Switching subsystem

 Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)

 High performance digital ISDN switches

 Databases (important: scalability, high capacity, low delay)

Peter Leijdekkers UTS – Mobile Networking (31275) 4.16

Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)

The MSC plays a central role in GSM

Peter Leijdekkers UTS – Mobile Networking (31275) 4.17

Authentication Center (AC)

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)

Peter Leijdekkers UTS – Mobile Networking (31275) 4.18

Dr Peter Leijdekkers 4.6

Base Station System and Mobile Station

Base Transceiver Station (BTS):

Peter Leijdekkers UTS – Mobile Networking (31275) 4.19

segmentation of the area into cells

possible radio coverage of the cell

idealized shape of the cell

 use of several carrier frequencies

Peter Leijdekkers UTS – Mobile Networking (31275) 4.20

Mobile Station (MS)

Terminal for the use of GSM services

Peter Leijdekkers UTS – Mobile Networking (31275) 4.21

Dr Peter Leijdekkers 4.7

Identifiers Used in GSM

 IMSI (international mobile subscriber identification)