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Background of CO2 Corrosion (/Background+of+CO2+Corrosion)
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Background of CO2 Corrosion
According to the study of “Corrosion Costs and Preventive Strategies in The United States” in 2002, pipeline
corrosion cost approximate $7 billion annually in the USA. This cost does not include the cost of downtime or lost
oil and gas. In addition, this article also stated that the total cost of corrosion in the US pipeline system could
grow up to 20 billion annually if the costs on production, process, and refining down time, and on the
environment were included.
Figure 1: The TransAlaska Pipeline System
CO2 related corrosion failure accounts for 25% of all safely incidents, 8.5% increase of expenditure of capital,
5% of lost/deferred production, 2.2% of tangible assets, and 2.8% turnover.
Figure 2: Corroded Pipe
The study also stated that with the currently available technologies there are approximate 30% cost of corrosion
can be avoided.
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Challenges
The main challenges that oil and gas producers face regarding corrosion are:
Aging pipeline infrastructure
Cost of equipment and pipe replacement
Stricter regulations
Environmental issues
What is CO2 corrosion?
CO2 corrosion or sweet corrosion is the corrosion of carbon and lowalloy steel by carbonic acid and its
derivatives. Carbonic acid is formed by gaseous carbon dioxide first dissolving into water, and then reacting to it.
There are three main types of CO2 induced corrosion in pipelines:
· Pitting corrosion
· MesaType Attack
· FlowInduced Localized Corrosion
Pitting Corrosion: Pitting takes place at low velocities and at the dew point in gasproducing wells. And what
happens is a small shallow is formed in the pipe wall, which is gradually corroded away until a sAs temperature
and CO2 partial pressure increase, the pitting susceptibility increase as well.
Figure 3: Pitting Corrosion
MesaType Attack: Mesa attack is a type of localized corrosion and happens in low to medium conditions
where the protective ion carbonate film forms but it is unable to bear the operating flow regime.
Figure 4: Mesa Type Attack Corrosion
FlowInduced Localized Corrosion: This kind of corrosion happens in areas of transient and turbulent flow
and it is when the protective barrier covering the pipe wall is stripped away, leaving a small exposed area for
where all corrosion activities take place.
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Figure 5: FlowInduced Localized
Corrosion
Figure 6: FlowInduced Localized Corrosion Process
Key Factors Influencing CO2 Corrosion
Figure 7: Key Factors Influencing CO2 Corrosion
Methods of Corrosion Control
Coating and Linings: are inert barriers that are placed between the pipe wall and the flowing fluid and are often
applied in conjunction with cathodic protection systems to provide the most costeffective protection.
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Cathodic Protection: apply a direct electrical current to counteract the normal external corrosion of a metal
pipeline.
Materials Selection: making a selection of corrosionresistant materials, such as stainless steel, plastics and
special alloys.
Corrosion Inhibitors: are chemicals that are injected into the pipeline that can reduce the pH, act as a barrier,
and react with possible oxidizing agents and so on. They extend the life of pipelines and prevent system
shutdowns and failures.
Sources
[Author unknown] O&G next generation: Fighting Back [Internet]. [Cited 2010 November 27]. Available from:
http://www.ngoilgas.com/article/FightingBack/
Kermani M. B., Morshed A. 2003. Carbon dioxide corrosion in oil and gas production: a compendium. Corrosion.
2003;59(8):659683.
[Author unknown] Hydrocarbon processing: Flow induced fatigue failure [Internet]. [Cited 2010 November 28]. Available
from:http://www.hydrocarbonprocessing.com/images/22/25609/BabakrFig12.gif
Wang H.V., Allan K., Clariant Corporation. 2010. Internal pipeline corrosion study on the changes from oil to gas
production. Society of Petroleum Engineers, SPE No. 132854, June 2010, 13 pages
Figures from:
[Author unknown] O&G next generation: Fighting Back [Internet]. [Cited 2010 November 27]. Available from:
http://www.ngoilgas.com/article/FightingBack/
[Author unknown] World Interesting Facts: Top 10 most expensive projects in the world [Internet]. [Cited 2010 November
27]. Available from: http://www.worldinterestingfacts.com/human/top10mostexpensiveprojectsintheworld.html
[Author unknown] Corrosion & integrity solutions: Gallery [Internet]. [Cited 2010 November 27]. Available from:
http://www.cisolutionsllc.com/
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