*Corresponding author
ABSTRACT
Introduction
Dyes are coloured substances used for The chemical structure of azo linkage and
colouration of various substances including aromatic sulpho group make them
paper, leather, fur, hair, food, drugs, recalcitrant to biological degradation
cosmetics and textiles materials etc. Azo (Chander, 2014). The other chemicals which
dyes which form the largest & most are used in industry as dyes are nitro,
important group are primary aromatic nitroso, diphenylamine dyes, heterocyclic
amines. White rot fungi are also capable of dyes, vat dyes, anthraquinoid dyes, sulphur
degrading a wide range of hazardous dyes, diphenyl and triphenyl methane dyes,
xenobiotic including various synthetic dyes xanthene dyes etc. These dyes are widely
(Coulibaly et al., 2003; Gomi et al. 2011). used in industries viz. textile, leather, paper,
These dyes are structurally related to food and cosmetics etc. Such extensive use
triphenylmethane dyes. Acid azo dyes are of colour often leads to problem of coloured
characterized by the presence of a waste waters, which need pre-treatment for
chromophoric azo group in addition to colour removal prior to its disposal
sulfonic acid group (Mautaoukkil et al., (Malaviya et al., 2012). Some of the dyes
2004). are mutagenic and carcinogenic.
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The waste water treatment systems used are Materials and Methods
unable to completely remove the recalcitrant
dyes from the effluents. These dyes are Microorganisms: Three white rot fungal
released into the aquatic and terrestrial cultures selected for the present study
environment through the effluents emerging include
from the textile and dyestuff industries
(Chander et al., 2014). Phanerochaete chrysosporium (BKM-F
1767), Phlebia brevispora (HHB-7030),
Mutagenic and carcinogenic nature of these Phlebia floridensis (HHB-9905). The WRF
dyes and intense colouration which they were procured from Dr. Rita Rentmeester,
exhibit are potent sources of soil and ground Forest Product Laboratory, USDA,
water pollution (Wesenberg et al., 2002). Wisconsin, USA. The cultures were
maintained on Glucose Yeast extract Agar
Environmental pollution is a worldwide plates and stocked at 20°C.
problem and remediation of contaminated
sites can be complex and expensive. Chemicals: Coracryl brilliant blue X, a
disperse dye was procured from Colourtex
Dyes are mostly resistant to microbial attack Industries Limited, Vatva, Gujrat. Rest of
and in certain cases, under anaerobic the chemicals was of analytical grade and
conditions bacteria reduce these dyes to was purchased from Hi-Media Chemicals
carcinogenic aromatic amines (Chander and Mumbai.
Arora, 2007). However ligninolytic enzymes
of white rot fungi (WRF) can degrade these Inoculum Preparation: Cultures were
dyes under aerobic conditions. grown on Glucose Yeast extract Agar
(GYA) plates. GYA contains, yeast extract -
These dyes must first be taken up by the 5.0 g, peptone - 5.0 g, glucose - 10.0 g, agar
bacterial cell for degradation (Coulibaly et - 15.0 and distilled water - 1l. The pH of
al., 2003), whereas in the fungal system dye medium was adjusted to 5.0 using 1N HCl.
degradation is carried out entirely by the The GYA medium was autoclaved at 15psi
extracellular enzymes. Therefore in recent for 15mins. After the medium solidified,
years attention has been directed towards each agar plate was inoculated at the centre
fungal decolourisation (Chander, 2014). with fungal mycelial disc (8 mm) taken from
periphery of 6 8 days old grown fungal
Most of the research work is centered on dye culture. P. chrysosporium was incubated at
decolourisation using Phanerochaete 37±0.5°C while Phlebia sp. were incubated
chrysosporium and Coriolus versicolor at 25±0.5°C. These 7 8 days grown culture
which degrade many chemically diverse were used cut mycelia plugs with a 8mm
pollutants both in solid and liquid cultures. cavity borer and used as inoculum.
In the present study three WRF including Dye decolourisation studies in broth
Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Phlebia culture
brevispora, Phlebia floridensis have been
used to study the decolourisation of a The three white rot fungi were grown on
coracryl brilliant blue, a commercial textile mineral salt broth (MSB) containing as
dye (Disperse dye). described by Gill et al. (2002) with scale up
of medium. The Erlenmeyer flasks (250ml)
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containing 120ml of MSB were autoclaved 1.0ml sodium succinate buffer (50mM, pH
at 15psi for 15min and inoculated with 10 4.5), 1.0ml sodium lactate (50mM, pH 5.0),
fungal discs (8mm) obtained from 7 8 days 0.4ml manganese sulphate (0.1mM), 0.7ml
grown cultures on GYA plates and phenol red (0.1mM), 0.4ml H2O2 (50 m),
incubated on a shaker at 200rpm at their gelatin 1mg ml-1 and 0.5ml of enzyme
optimum growth temperature i.e. 37±0.5°C extract. The reaction was initiated by adding
for P. chrysosporium and 25±0.5°C for H2O2 and conducted at 30°C. One milliliter
Phlebia sp. On 6, 8 and 10th day of of reaction mixture was taken and 40 l of
incubation, the extracellular medium 5N NaOH was added to it. Absorbance was
containing dye-degrading enzymes was taken at 610nm. After every minute the
obtained by filtering through pre-weighed same steps were repeated with 1ml of the
Whatmann filter paper no.1. reaction mixture up to 4 min. One unit of
enzyme activity is equivalent to an
Hundred milliliters of cell free enzyme absorbance increase of 0.1 units min-1 ml-1.
extract (CFEE) obtained as above was taken
in sterilized 250ml conical flask and filter Laccase (E.C.1.10.3.2)
sterilized dye was added to obtained its final
concentration of 30 g/ml. The dye Laccase activity was measured according to
containing extract was incubated on the Arora and Sandhu (1985). The reaction
shaker at 200 rpm at the optimum growth mixture containing 3.8ml acetate buffer
temperature of respective fungi, and (10mM, pH 5.0), 1ml guaiacol (2mM) and
decolourisation of dye was assayed as 0.2ml of enzyme extract was incubated at
calculated as discussed previously (Chander 25°C for 2h. The absorbance was read at
and Arora, 2007). The enzyme extracts 450nm. Laccase activity has been expressed
without dyes were used for estimation of at colorimetric units ml-1 (CU ml-1).
three ligninolytic enzymes.
Results and Discussion
Enzyme assays
All the three fungi grew on Mineral Salt
Lignin peroxidase (E.C.1.11.1.14) Broth cause decolourisation of dye to a
variable extent. Though none of the fungi
LiP assay were done by monitoring the tested matched P. floridensis in causing
oxidation of dye Azure B is presence of decolourisation of coracryl brilliant blue P.
H2O2 (Arora and Gill, 2001). The reaction brevispora gave a maximum dye
mixture contained (final concentration) decolourisation of 91% (Table 1). Dye
sodium tartarate buffer (50mm, pH 3.0), decolourisation started at varied pace in
azure b (32 m), H2O2 (100 m) and 0.5ml of different organism. On the 6th day of
enzyme extract. The reaction was initiated incubation, in P. brevispora 46%of the
by adding 0.5ml of H2O2. One unit of initial colour was removed in first 1h
enzymes activity is equivalent to an followed by P. chrysosporium and P.
absorbance decrease of 0.1 units min-1 ml-1. floridensis detected 37% and 36%
respectively, while in 48h P. floridensis
Manganese peroxidase (E.C.1.11.1.13): showed 49% (Figure 1). On 8th day of
incubation P. floridensis showed 62%
MnP was assayed by monitoring the decolourisation in first 1h but the rate of
oxidation of phenol red (Orth et al., 1993). decolourisation was lower in P. brevispora
Five milliliters of reaction mixture contained
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10 0.02 NA 0.08
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(5): 217-226
8 0.004 0.015 NA
10 0.02 0.006 NA
70
6th
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e
g
a
t 10
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c
r
e 1 2 3 5 24 48
P
Incubation Period (hrs.)
70
60 6th
n
o
it 50
a
izr 40
lo
o30
c
e
d20
e
g
ta10
n
e
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re
P 1 2 3 5 24 48
Incubation Period (hrs.)
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100
90 6t
n 80 h
o
it 70
a
zi 60
r
lo 50
o 40
c
e 30
d
e 20
g
a
t 10
n 0
e
c
re 1 2 3 5 24 48
P Incubation Period (hrs.)
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brilliant blue dye decolourisation in Project grant [Grant No: 38-104/2009 (SR)
comparison to Phlebia sp. dated 19-12-2009].
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226