DC LAB REPORT

Hardware Experiment 5
Implementation of CDMA based Communication
System

Submitted By

R. Saketh B140540EC

Venkatesh U B140709EC

Alagappan B140490EC

Ashish B140614EC

Krishna Naik B130820EC

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AIM
To implement the hardware of a CDMA based communication system with transmitter and
receiver.

THEORY
CDMA or Code Division Multiple Access is a medium access method used in modern
communication systems like cellular communication. Similar to other variants of generic
medium access methodologies like TDMA or FDMA, CDMA is also used to allow transmitters
to make use of the available channel to its maximum efficiency. However, CDMA allows any
number of users to take channel for their transmission since multiplexing is done not
through time or frequency.
In CDMA, each user is allotted a high frequency sequence called as code or pseudo noise
sequence with respect to their message data. Transmitted signal is the inner product or in
other words, the XOR output of the code and user data. Each user is allocated a unique code
and all the codes are designed such that each of them will be orthogonal to each other.
Hence, in CDMA very large number of users can take simultaneous use of channel without
worrying about interference of time slots or frequency bands. This is what is happening at
the transmitter side.
At the receiver side, the same method of developing the code sequence is used as the
transmitter. For every received sequence, the inner product of the received sequence and
each of the code sequence is performed. Since two codes will never be non-orthogonal, the
result will yield correct output only for that data modified using the required code
sequence. Thus, the transmitted data can be uniquely identified in this fashion. The
following figure summarizes all these steps.

Since the frequency of data widens due to the XOR operation with the code, CDMA is
+commonly referred to as Spread Spectrum system. The main issue associated with CDMA is
the problem of intracellular interference, especially when utilized to achieve mobile
communication. This arises since all the users would be utilizing the entire bandwidth
available to a cell unlike FDMA or TDMA.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED
1. 7474 D-flip flop
2. 7486 XOR gate
3. 7493 4-bit binary counter
4. 7420 four input NAND gate
5. 7404 NOT gate

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure1: generation of message sequence

Note: Instead of the 4-input AND, we used 4-input NAND(7420) and NOT gate(7404).

Figure2: PN sequence generation

Figure3: CDMA transmitted sequence

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 Received data sequence

Despreaded signal

Figure4: Receiver side(despreading)

CIRCUIT WORKING
To generate a low frequency message data with respect to the code, a 4-bit ripple counter
(mod 15 counter) is used and output of its MSB flip flop is taken to get frequency division by
15. Hence, with respect to the main clock, this output will be ideally zero for 7 positive
edges and high for another 7 positive clock edges. Thus with respect to the main clock, we
could generate a low frequency data signal (figure1).

To generate a high frequency pseudo noise sequence, a shift register arrangement running
at the same clock as the ripple counter is used. Noise is made random by the feedback
connection as seen from the figure2 above. Hence, now the message data will be a low
frequency periodic square wave and the code will be high frequency random sequence.
These two signals are XORed together to get the signal to be transmitted as shown in
figure3.

At the receiver side, the same circuitry used to get the PN sequence has been used and its
output and the received signal are XORed together. Since this is the reversal of what has
been done at the transmitter side, the original message signal can be retrieved back
(figure4).

OBSERVATIONS AND INFERENCES

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Message sequence is the output of the counter. It can be clearly seen that this output is high
for around 7 active clock edge and low also for almost the same amount. From the scope,
the input frequency is 500 Hz and the counter’s output is having a frequency of around
34Hz. Hence, a frequency division of approximately 15 has been achieved. PN sequence is
also shown in the figure. These both are XORed to get the spreaded sequence(transmitted
sequence) as shown in the figure.

The figure shows the despreaded sequence with respect to the original sequence. As can be
clearly the despreaded sequence and the message are almost of the same frequency and
amplitude.

RESULT
The hardware for generating CDMA based pseudo noise and transmitted sequence has been
implemented. The outputs of transmitter side were verified and the original message signal
was recovered at the receiver side using the same PN sequence.