Chapter 4dc DC

CHAPTER 5
DC-DC Converters
Introduction
 Definition:
Converting the unregulated DC input to a
controlled DC output with a desired voltage level.
 General block diagram
• Applications:
Switched-mode power
supply (SMPS) DC motor
control, battery chargers.
2
Linear Switch Regulator
 Transistor is operated
at linear (active)
mode.
 Output voltage
Vo = Vs - VCE
 The transistor can be

modelled by an
equivalent variable
resistor, as shown.
 Power loss is high due

to:
Po = IL2RT
3
Switching Regulator
 Power loss is zero (for
ideal switch):
- If switch is open no current flow
through the switch.
- when switch is closed no
voltage drop across it.
- Since power is a product of
voltage and current, no losses in
the switch.
- Power is 100% transferred to
the load.
 Switching regulator is the

basis of all DC-DC
converters. 4
Review of Basic Concepts
 When ON: The output voltage is the same as

the input voltage and the voltage across the
switch is 0.
 When OFF: The output voltage is zero and there
is no current through the switch.
 Ideally, the Power Loss is zero since output
power = input power
 Periodic opening and closing of the switch
results in pulse output 5
 Define Duty Cycle (D) which depends on ton and

switching frequency fs:
t t ton = DT

D on
 on

t f

on
s
t t T toff = T – DT = (1 – D)T
on off
 Range of Duty Cycle: 0 < D < 1

 Average (DC) Output Voltage
T DT
1 1
V0 vot
dt Vid 
tVD
i 6
T0
T 0
 Two ways to vary the output voltage:
• Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), where ton is varied
while the overall switching period T (thus fs) is kept
constant
• Pulse Frequency Modulation (PFM), where ton is
kept constant while the switching period T (thus fs)
is varied
7
PWM
PFM
8
Continuous vs. Discontinuous
 Two modes of operation in DC-DC Converters based
on Inductor Current
• Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) when
inductor current > 0
• Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) when
inductor current goes to 0 and stays at 0 for
some time
9
Volt Second Balance
 Steady state and periodic operation
• Inductor charges and discharges
• Average (DC) voltage across Inductor in
one period = 0
• Inductor looks like a short
10
Amp Second Balance
 Steady state and periodic operation
• Capacitor charges and discharges
• Average (DC) current through a capacitor in one
period = 0
• Capacitor looks like an open to a DC
11
Buck (step-down) Converter
 Average output voltage is less than input
voltage.
 Power stage consist of a switch, diode and
inductor.
 Input current characteristic is poor, output
current characteristic is good.
12
Analysis for switch closed
 The inductor voltage
VL = Vd  Vo
di
L L
dt
diL Vd  Vo
 =
dt L
 Since the derivative of iL is a +ve

constant, therefore iL must
increase linearly.
diL ΔiL ΔiL Vd  Vo
= = =
dt Δdt DT L
 Vd  Vo 
 ΔiL closed =    DT
 L  13
Analysis for switch opened (off)‫‏‬
VL = Vo
diL
L
dt
diL  Vo
 =
dt L
 Since the derivative of iL is a -ve

decrease linearly.
diL ΔiL ΔiL V
= = = o
dt Δdt ( 1  D)T L
 ΔiL opened =   Vo   ( 1  D)T

 L  14
Steady state operation
 Steady state operation requires
that iL at the end of the
switching cycles is the same at
the beginning of the next cycle.
 That is the change of iL over one
period is zero
 ΔiL closed +  ΔiL opened = 0

 Vd  Vo    Vo 
   DT +    ( 1  D)T = 0
 L   L 
 Vo = DVd
15
 Transfer Function:
•In steady state the average inductor
voltage is zero over one switching
period  Volt Second Balance
V
LO
NtO
N 
VLO
FFtO
FF0
(
VS
VD
O)T
(V)
O(
1 D
)T0
V
ODV
S
16
Average, maximum and minimum inductor current
 Average inductor current =

Average current in RL
Vo
 IL = IR =
R
 If iL have big ripple, C needs to
work hard to absorb AC
component.
17
Average, maximum and minimum inductor current
 Max current: • Min current:

ΔiL
I max = I L +
2 ΔiL
I min = I L 
Vo 1  Vo  2
+  ( 1  D)T 
R 2 L 
 1 ( 1  D) 
 1 ( 1  D)  = Vo   
= Vo  +  R 2 Lf 
 R 2 Lf 
18
Continuous current mode (CCM)‫‏‬
 From previous analysis,
ΔiL
I min = I L 
2
 1 ( 1  D) 
= Vo   
R 2 Lf 
• For continuous operation, Imin ≥‫‏‬0
 1 ( 1  D) 
 Vo     0
R 2 Lf 
1 ( 1  D) • This is the minimum value of inductor to
 0
R 2 Lf ensure continuous mode operation.
( 1  D) • Normally L is chosen >> Lmin
 L  Lmin = R
2f 19
Output voltage ripple
ic = iL  iR
Q = CVo
ΔQ = CVo
ΔQ
 ΔVo =
C
• From the current figure, by using triangle
area formula:
1  T  ΔiL 
ΔQ =   
2  2  2 
TiL
 • Therefore, the ripple factor,
8
TiL ( 1  D) ΔVo ( 1 D)
r= =
∴ΔVo = = 2
 Vo Vo 8LCf 2 20
8C 8LCf
Design procedures
• Calculate D to obtain required output voltage.
• Select a particular switching frequency:
- preferably >20kHz for negligible acoustic noise.
- higher freq results in smaller L and C but higher device losses, thus lowering
the efficiency and needs large heat sink.
- Possible devices: MOSFET, IGBT, BJT.
• Determine Lmin. Increase Lmin by about 10 times to ensure full continuous mode.
• Calculate C for ripple factor requirement.
- must withstand peak output voltage.
- must carry required rms current. The rms current for triangle waveform is IP/3
and IP is the peak capacitor current given by ∆iL/2.
• Wire size consideration – normally rated in rms. RMS value for iL is
2
 Δi / 2 
I L,rms = I +  L 
2
L
 3 
21
Example 4.1
• The buck dc-dc converter has the following parameters:
Vs = 50V
D = 0.4
L = 400µH
C =100µF
F = 20 kHz
R = 20 Ω
Assuming ideal components, calculate;

(a) The output voltage Vo
(b) The maximum and minimum inductor current
(c) The output voltage ripple
22
Solution 4.1
• The inductor current is assumed to be continuous, and the output
voltage is computed by
Vo = VsD = (50)(0.4) = 20 V.
(b) The maximum and minimum inductor current
 1 1 D   1 1 D 
I max = Vo  +  I min = Vo   
 R 2 Lf   R 2 Lf 
1 1  0.4  1.5
= 1  = 0.25 A
= 20 + 3
 20 2 400 10 6
2010  
2
1.5 Note that the minimum inductor
= 1+ = 1.75 A current is positive, verifying that
2 the assumption of continuous
current was valid.
23
Solution 4.1
(c) The output voltage ripple

ΔVo 1  D
=
Vo 8LCf 2
1  0.4

840010 10010 20000
6 6 2
 0.00469
 0.469%
Since the output ripple is sufficiently small, the assumption of a

constant output voltage was reasonable.
24
Buck Converter: 12V to 2.5V 1A
Design
Given: Vs  12V Vo  2.5V Iomax  1A
Ioccm  0.1A %Vo  1% f  50kHz
Solution:
Vo
D  D  0.208
Vs
Inductor:
( 1  D) Vo 4
Lcrit   Lcrit  1.979  10 H
2 f Ioccm
6
Choose: L  200 10 H
( 1  D) Vo
ILmax  Iomax  ILmax  1.099 A
2 L f
( 1  D) Vo
IL  IL  0.198 A
Lf
25
Buck Converter: 12V to 2.5V 1A
Design
MOSFET:
Vds  Vs Vds  12 V
Id  DIomax Id  0.208 A
Diode:
Vrrm  Vs Vrrm  12 V
If  ( 1  D) Iomax If  0.792 A
Capacitor:
%VoVo
Vcmax  Vo  Vcmax  2.513 V
2
( 1  D) 1 5
C   C  1.979  10 F
2 %Vo
8 Lf
6
Choose Co  50 10 F
( 1  D)
%Vo  %Vo  0.396 %
2
8 Lf Co 26
Buck Converter: Pspice 12V to 2.5V
L1
1 2
20 0u
S1
-
+
+
-
V1 S break D1 R1
12 Dbreak C1
2.5
50 u
V1 = 0 V2
V2 = 1
TD = 0
T R = 10 n
T F = 10n
P W = {(3.18 5/12)*(1/50k)}
P ER = {1 /5 0k}
27
Buck Converter: Pspice 12V to 2.5V
1.25A Inductor Current
1.00A
SEL>>
0.59A
I(L1)
2.0A
Input Current
1.0A
0A
3.6800ms 3.7000ms 3.7200ms 3.7400ms 3.7600ms 3.7800ms 3.8000ms 3.8182ms
-I(V1)
Time 28
Boost (step-up) Converter
 Average output voltage is higher than input
voltage.
 Power stage also consist of a switch, diode
and inductor.
 Input current characteristic is good, output
current characteristic is bad.
29
Boost Converter
 When the switch is CLOSED
• Inductor is charging with Vs across it
• Diode is reverse-biased (anode at 0 while cathode
at some positive value)‫‏‬
• Input is disconnected from the output, i.e. no
energy flows from input to output, output gets
energy from capacitor
 Opposite to the Buck
• VLclosed = Vs
30
Boost Converter
• When the switch is OPEN
• Inductor is discharging.‫‏‬
• Diode is forward-biased
• Input is connected to the output, i.e. energy flows from input to
output‫‏‬while‫‏‬capacitor’s‫‏‬energy‫‏‬is‫‏‬replenished.
• The output stage receives energy from the i/p as well as from the
inductor.
• VLopen = Vs – Vo
31
Boost Converter
Analysis for switch closed
VL = Vs
diL
L
dt
diL Vs
 =
dt L
increase linearly.
diL ΔiL ΔiL Vs
= = =
dt Δdt DT L
 ΔiL closed =  Vs   DT 32
L
Boost Converter
VL = Vs  Vo
diL
L
dt
diL Vs  Vo
 =
dt L
decrease linearly.
diL ΔiL ΔiL V V
= = = s o
 Vs  Vo 
 ΔiL opened =    ( 1  D)T 33
 L 
Boost Converter
Steady-state operation
 ΔiL closed +  ΔiL opened = 0
 Vs   Vs  Vo 
   DT +    ( 1  D)T = 0
L   L 
Vs
 Vo =
1 D
34
Boost Converter
• Transfer Function:
• In steady state the average inductor voltage is zero
over one switching period  Volt Second Balance
V
LO t NV
NO LOF t FF 0
FO
V
SDT(V
SVO)(1D)T0
1
O
V V
1D
S
Average output voltage is higher than input voltage
35
Boost Converter
• Inductor current:
● Input power = Output power
V
o2
Vs I s =
R
2
 Vs 
 

2
Vs I L =   =
1 D Vs
R ( 1  D)2 R
● Average inductor current
Vs
IL =
( 1 D)2 R
36
Boost Converter
• Inductor current:
● Max, min
ΔiL Vs Vs DT
I max = IL +  +
2 ( 1  D) R
2
2L
ΔiL Vs Vs DT
I min = IL   
2 ( 1  D) R
2
2L
37
Boost Converter
• Continuous Current Mode (CCM)
and Steady State
I min  0
Vs Vs DT
 0
( 1  D) R 2L
2
D(1  D)2 TR D(1  D)2 R

Lmin = 
2 2f
38
Boost Converter
• Continuous Current Mode (CCM)
and Steady State
• Ripple factor
ΔQ =  Vo  DT  CVo
R
Hence
Vo DT Vo D ΔVo D
ΔVo =  r = =
RC RCf Vo RCf
39
Boost Converter
• Example
Design a boost converter to provide an output voltage of 36V from a
24V source. The load is 50W. The voltage ripple factor must be less
than 0.5%. Specify the duty cycle ratio, switching frequency, inductor
and capacitor size.
• Solution
Vs V2
o
Vo = Po =
1 D R
V 24 V2 36 2
D = 1  s = 1  = 0.33 R= =o
= 25.92Ω
Vo 36 Po 50
40
Boost Converter
• Solution
Let f = 20kHz
D
r=
D(1  D) R
2
RCf
Lmin =
2f D
C=
0.33( 1  0.33 ) x 25.92
2
Rfr

2x20 x103 =
0.33
 95.99 μH 25.92 x 20 x103 x0.005
 127.31μF
41
Boost Converter: Main
Components’‫‏‬Ratings
Vds > Vomax and Id > D*Is
Vrrm > Vomax and IF > Iomax
D VO
C
Rf VO
VO
Vcmax Vo 
2 42
Boost Converter: 5V to 12V 1A
Example
Given: Vs  5V Vo  12V Iomax  1A
Ioccm  0.15A %Vo  2.5% f  100kHz
Solution:
Vs
D  1  D  0.583
Vo
Inductor:
2
D( 1  D) Vo 5
Lcrit   Lcrit  4.051  10 H
2 f Ioccm
6
Choose: L  50 10 H
Vs VsD
ILmax   ILmax  2.692 A
2 Vo 2 Lf
( 1  D) 
Iomax
Vs
ILavg  ILavg  2.4 A
2Vo
( 1  D) 
Iomax
VsD
IL  IL  0.583 A
Lf 43
Boost Converter: 5V to 12V 1A
Example
Capacitor:
%VoVo
Vcmax  Vo  Vcmax  12.15 V
2
DIomax 1 5
C   C  1.944  10 F
Vof %Vo
6
Choose Co  20 10 F
DIomax
Vo  Vo  0.292 V
Co f
MOSFET:
Vo
Vds  Vo  Vds  12.146 V
2
Id  DILavg Id  1.4 A
Diode:
Vo
Vrrm  Vo  Vrrm  12.146 V
2
If  Iomax If  1 A
44
Boost Converter: Pspice 5V to
12V 1
L1 a
2
D1a
50 u
Dbreak V
V 1a S 1a C1a R1a
5 + + 20 u
12
- -
V1 = 0 V 2a
V2 = 1 S break
TD = 0
T R = 10 n
T F = 10n
P W = {(1-(4.58/12 ))/100 k}
P ER = {1 /1 00k}
0
18V
Output Voltage
16V
(12.046V)
12V
8V
4V
0s 0.5ms 1.0ms 1.5ms 2.0ms 2.5ms 3.0ms 3.5ms 4.0ms 4.5ms 45
5.0ms
V(D1a:2)
Boost Converter: Pspice 5V to
12V
4.0A
Switch Current
2.0A
0A
I(S1a:3)
4.0A
Diode Current
2.0A
0A
I(D1a)
3.75A Inductor Current = Input Current
2.50A
SEL>>
1.25A
4.83ms 4.84ms 4.85ms 4.86ms 4.87ms 4.88ms
I(L1a)
Time
46
Buck Boost Converter
• It is a step up or step down converter
• Average output voltage could be higher or lower than input
voltage depending on Duty Cycle
• Output voltage polarity is opposite to input voltage
• Power stage also consists of a switch, diode and inductor
• Input current characteristic is bad, output current
characteristic is bad
47
• When the switch is CLOSED
• Inductor is charging while diode is open
• Input is disconnected from the output, i.e. no energy flows
from input to output, output gets energy from capacitor
• Same as Boost
• VLON = Vs
48
• Inductor is discharging and forcing the diode to be forward-biased
• Input is again disconnected from the output, i.e. energy flows from
inductor and capacitor is replenished
• Different from both Boost and Buck
• VLOFF = Vo
49
• Transfer Function:
• In steady state the average inductor voltage is zero over one
switching period  Volt Second Balance
V
St
ONV
Ot
OFF0
V
SD O
TV(1
D)T0
 D
O
V V
S 
1D
Average output voltage may be higher or lower than input voltage

If D > 0.5 the output is larger than the input
If D < 0.5 the output is smaller than the input
50
Analysis for switch closed (on)‫‏‬
diL
VL = Vs  L
dt
diL Vs
 =
dt L
constant, therefore iL must increase
linearly.
diL ΔiL ΔiL Vs
= = =
dt Δdt DT L
 ΔiL closed = Vs DT
L 51
diL
VL = Vo  L
dt
diL Vo
 =
dt L

constant (-ve Vo), therefore iL must
decrease linearly.
diL ΔiL ΔiL V
= = = o
 ΔiL opened = Vo ( 1  D)T 52

L
 Steady state operation
ΔiL,closed + ΔiL,opened = 0
Vs DT Vo ( 1  D)T
+ =0
L L
 D 
 Vo = Vs  
1 D 
53
 Inductor current
Assuming no power loss,
Po = Ps
Vo2
= Vs I s
R
But I s= I L D
Vo2
= Vs I L D
R
2
  D 
  Vs  
 1  D 
2
IL =
Vo
  
Vs D
Vs RD Vs RD R( 1  D)2
54
 Inductor current
ΔiL Vs D Vs DT
I max = IL +  +
2 R( 1  D)2
2L
ΔiL Vs D Vs DT
I min = IL   
2 R( 1  D)2
2L
• For CCM
Vs D Vs DT
 =0
R( 1  D)2
2L
( 1  D)2 R
 Lmin =
2f 55
 Output voltage ripple
 Vo 
ΔQ =   DT  CVo
R
Vo DT Vo D
∴ΔVo = =
RC RCf
ΔVo D
r= =
Vo RCf
56
57
Buck Boost Converter: Main
Components’‫‏‬Ratings
Vds > Vs-Vo and Id > D*IL Vrrm > Vs-Vo and IF > Iomax
D
VO  VO
RCf
V
Vcmax Vo  O
2 58
Buck Boost Converter: Pspice 15V to -3.3V
D1b
S 1b Dbreak
-
+
V 1b V
2 C1b R1b
+
-
15 S break 20 u
L1 b 3.3
V1 = 0 V 2b
V2 = 1 50 u
TD = 0
T R = 10 n
T F = 10n 1
P W = {(4.05 /1 8.3)/1 00k}
P ER = {1 /1 00k}
0
0V
Output Voltage
-2.0V
(-3.3386)
-4.0V
-5.0V
0s 0.5ms 1.0ms 1.5ms 2.0ms 2.5ms 3.0ms 3.5ms 4.0ms 4.5ms 5.0ms
V(C1b:2)
59
Time
Buck Boost Converter: Pspice 15V to -3.3V
2.0A
Switch Current = Diode Current
1.0A
SEL>>
0A
I(S1b:3)
2.0A
Diode Current
1.0A
0A
I(D1b)
2.0A Inductor Current

1.5A
1.0A
4.8503ms 4.8600ms 4.8700ms 4.8800ms 4.8900ms 4.9000ms

-I(L1b)
Time 60
Cuk Converter
• It is a step up or down converter (like Buck Boost)‫‏‬
• Polarity of output voltage is opposite to that of input voltage
• Additional main storing component is Capacitor, and an inductor
in its power stage
• Good input and output current characteristics
• Called Boost-Buck
• Transfer function is derived using Amp Second Balance
+ +
+
+
61
Cuk Converter: CCM & Steady State
• At t = 0- sec (right before the switch is turned ON)‫‏‬
• C1 is already charged, L2 has discharged through Diode
• At t = 0 sec, the switch is CLOSED
• L1 is charging (Vs across it) and through the source path
• C1 discharges through the switch and around the load path
• Replenishing (charging L2) hence forcing Diode to be reverse biased
• Current iC1 = -iL2  (IC1)Closed = – IL2
• From KVL around outermost loop in DC steady state
VC1 VS Vo
+ +
+
62
• L2 is discharging (flipping its polarity) causing the diode
to be forward biased (diode conducting)‫‏‬
• L1 is discharging through C1 (replenishing C1) then
through diode then back to source
• Current iC1 = iL1  (IC1)Open = IL1
+
+ +
+
63
• Transfer Function
• In steady state, average current through capacitor in one period is
zero (recall capacitor looks like an open to dc or average value)‫‏‬


i
C
1cl
ose
d

 D 
Ti 
 
C1o
pe
n


(
1)D
T
0
IL1 D


IL
2DT  IL(
1
1) D T 0 IL2 1D
(Equation A)‫‏‬
Pin Pout I V
 (Equation B)‫‏‬
 
L1 o
1 o 
VI
S L V IL2 IL2 VS
Combining equations A and B yields:
Vo D

VS 1D
64
• Critical values for Inductors and Capacitors
(1D)2R VSD
VD IL1m I 
c
L IL1  S ax S
2fL
1
2D
f f L1 1
(1D )R IL2 
VD
IL2m I 
VSD
2c 
S
L f L2
ax o
2fL
2f 2
I(
1D
)
D IS(1D ) V (
V V
)S
C1c  
V 1
C
1m
ax S o
2 1
fC
f C
C
2 fR 1
1 D V DV
   S
2
C2c  V S V
C2
max V
o 2
C
8f2C
2L
1
6fC L
8fR 2 22
• Voltage Ratings of MOSFET and Diode

I(
1)D
VV
S (
VSV
) S
1
r
r
m D o
2fC
65
Cuk Converter: 12V to 4V 1.25A Example
CUK EXAMPLE
Given: Vs  12V Vo  4V Iomax  1.25A f  25kHz
IL1  0.6A IL2  0.8A VC1  100mV VC2  20mV
Solution:
Vo
D  D  0.25
Vo  Vs
Inductors:
VsD 4
L1  L1  2  10 H
IL1f
6
Choose: L1  250 10 H
VsD
New L1 ripple: IL1  IL1  0.48 A
L1f
VsD 4
L2  L2  1.5  10 H
IL2f
6
Choose: L2  180 10 H
VsD
New L2 ripple: IL2  IL2  0.667 A 66
L2f
Cuk Converter: 12V to 4V 1.25A Example
Capacitors:
DIomax
Is 
1D
Is ( 1  D) 4
C1  C1  1.25  10 F
f VC1
6
Choose C1  200 10 F
Is ( 1  D)
VC1  VC1  62.5 mV
C1 f
DVs 4
C2  C2  1.667  10 F
2
8VC2L2f
6
Choose C2  200 10 F
D Vs
VC2  VC2  16.667 mV
2
8C2 L2f
VC1
VC1max  Vs  Vo  VC1max  16.031 V
2
Vds  VC1max Vds  16.031 V
67
Vrrm  VC1max Vrrm  16.031 V
Cuk Converter: 12V to 4V Pspice
L1 C1 L2
1 2 2 1
25 0uH 20 0uF
18 0uH V
S1
+ + R1
V1 D1 C2 {4/1.25}
- -
12 V Dbreak
S break 20 0uF
0
V1 = 0 V2
V2 = 1
TD = 0
T R = 10 n
T F = 10n
P W = {0 .2 95/250
k}
P ER = {1 /2 5k}
68
Cuk Converter: 12V to 4V
Pspice
16.1V
16.0V
15.9V
Peak to peak voltage Ripple of C1 = 67 mV
15.8V
V(C1:1,C1:2)
4.02V
Peak to peak voltage ripple C2 = 19.5 mV
4.01V
4.00V
3.99V
SEL>>
3.98V
-V(L2:1)
Time
69
Cuk Converter: 12V to 4V
Pspice
1.0A
Peak to peak Inductor L1 current ripple = 0.55 A
0.5A
0A
I(L1)
2.0A
Peak to peak Inductor L2 current ripple = 0.75 A
1.5A
1.0A
SEL>>
0.5A
I(L2)
Time
70

Chapter 4dc DC

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Chapter 4dc DC

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CHAPTER 5

 The transistor can be

 Power loss is high due

 Switching regulator is the

 When ON: The output voltage is the same as

 Define Duty Cycle (D) which depends on ton and

 Range of Duty Cycle: 0 < D < 1

 Since the derivative of iL is a +ve

 Since the derivative of iL is a -ve

 ΔiL opened =   Vo   ( 1  D)T

 ΔiL closed +  ΔiL opened = 0

 Average inductor current =

 Max current: • Min current:

• For continuous operation, Imin ≥‫‏‬0

Assuming ideal components, calculate;

(b) The maximum and minimum inductor current

(c) The output voltage ripple

Since the output ripple is sufficiently small, the assumption of a

Ioccm  0.1A %Vo  1% f  50kHz

1.25A Inductor Current

Average output voltage is higher than input voltage

D(1  D)2 TR D(1  D)2 R

Ioccm  0.15A %Vo  2.5% f  100kHz

Average output voltage may be higher or lower than input voltage

 Since the derivative of iL is a -ve

 ΔiL opened = Vo ( 1  D)T 52

2.0A Inductor Current

4.8503ms 4.8600ms 4.8700ms 4.8800ms 4.8900ms 4.9000ms

Combining equations A and B yields:

• Voltage Ratings of MOSFET and Diode

IL1  0.6A IL2  0.8A VC1  100mV VC2  20mV

Peak to peak voltage ripple C2 = 19.5 mV

Peak to peak Inductor L2 current ripple = 0.75 A

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