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ECE 003 – EC42FB1 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES, QUEZON CITY LABORATORY NO.

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES


938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE


ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

2ND SEMESTER AY 2017-2018


PRELIM

INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS
ECE 003
EC42FB1

Diode Applications and Filter Circuit


LABORATORY NO. 1

Submitted to:
Engr. Reginald Phelps T. Laguna

Submitted on:
December 13, 2017

Submitted by:
Abesamis, Beatrice A.
Acuña, Jonalyn A.
Canaya, Regina Marie V.
Castillo, Edith A.
Oca, Eugene B.

ABESAMIS, ACUÑA, CANAYA, CASTILLO, OCA 1


ECE 003 – EC42FB1 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES, QUEZON CITY LABORATORY NO. 1

Diode Applications and Filter Circuits


Laboratory No. 1
Abstract—In this paper, the students were able to analyze the
operation of a single and dual polarity power supply, examine
the activity of a filter capacitor in a power supply circuit and
determine the output variations under load influence to be
familiarized with the basic principles, forward voltage and
current characteristics for semiconductor diodes. Multisim
simulation and actual experimentation were conducted to
evaluate the diode bridge rectifier and dual-polarity power
supply. The results were: the output frequency is twice the
input frequency, the bigger the capacitor value, the smaller
the ripple; the smaller the current and the bigger the load, the Fig. 2. Half-Wave Rectifier Circuit with Transformer-Coupled Input
Voltage
smaller the ripple. In addition, the voltage drop in the
rectification process was confirmed.

I. INTRODUCTION
A diode is made from a small piece of semiconductor
material which can be either Silicon, Germanium, or
Gallium Arsenide (GaAs). Half of it is doped as a p region
and half is doped as an n region with a pn junction and
depletion region in between. The p region is called the
anode while the n region is called the cathode. Fig. 1 shows
a picture of a silicon diode as well as its parts.

Fig. 3. Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier Circuit with Transformer


Coupled Input Voltage

Fig. 1. Diode and Its Parts

There are many applications for diodes in real life that


are related to electronic devices and circuits. In a basic DC
power supply, diodes are commonly used as rectifiers. The Fig. 4. Bridge Full-Wave Rectifier Circuit with Transformer Coupled
rectifier’s function in a power supply is to convert the ac Input Voltage
input voltage to a pulsating dc voltage, called a half-wave
rectified voltage, after going through the transformer. The
rectifier can be either a half-wave rectifier, a full-wave
center-tapped rectifier, or a full-wave bridge rectifier. Fig.
2, 3, and 4 illustrate the schematic diagram for half-wave,
center-tapped, and bridge rectifiers respectively.
After going through the rectifier, the pulsating dc
voltage goes through the filter. The filter eliminates the
fluctuations in the rectified voltage and produces a
relatively smooth dc voltage. The 60 Hz pulsating dc
voltage of a half-wave rectifier or the 120 Hz pulsating
Fig. 5. Filter Circuit as Denoted by the Capacitor
voltage of a full-wave rectifier must be filtered to reduce
the large voltage variations. The small amount of This experiment deals with the necessary formulas and
fluctuation in the filter output voltage is called ripple. For computations for rectifiers and filters as well as
this process to occur, the filter commonly uses capacitors instructions on how to simulate the circuit on such
although inductors can also be used depending on the processes using the Module DL 3155M12.
desired output.

ABESAMIS, ACUÑA, CANAYA, CASTILLO, OCA 2


ECE 003 – EC42FB1 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES, QUEZON CITY LABORATORY NO. 1
II. OBJECTIVES Calculating for Umdc, Ureff, and r calculated of the circuit
This activity aims to introduce the basic principles, with the first capacitive filter,
forward voltage, and current characteristics for Given that,
semiconductor diodes. Furthermore, this activity has the
following specific objectives: 𝑅 = 470 Ω
 Analyze the operation of a single and dual polarity 𝐶 = 100 µ𝐹
power supply. using (4),
 Examine the activity of a filter capacitor in a power
0.005
supply circuit. 𝑈𝑚𝑑𝑐 = (1 − ) (16.97 𝑉) = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟏𝟔 𝑽
 Determine output variations under load influence. (470 Ω)(100 µ𝐹)
Calculating for Ureff and r by using (5) and (6),
III. CALCULATIONS
The following are the formulas used in the experiment: 𝑈𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 = (0.3)(2.2 𝑉) = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔 𝑽

A. Bridge Rectifier 0.66 𝑉


𝑟= = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟓%
Medium Value of the Output Voltage 15.16 𝑉
Calculating for Umdc, Ureff, and r calculated of the circuit
𝑈𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 2 • 0.3 • 𝑈𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.6 • 𝑈𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 (1) with the second capacitive filter,
Peak Inverse Voltage
𝐶 = 470 µ𝐹
𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 𝑈𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 (2)
using (4),
𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 2𝑓𝑖𝑛 (3) 0.005
𝑈𝑚𝑑𝑐 = (1 − ) (16.97 𝑉) = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟓𝟗 𝑽
where: (470 Ω)(470 µ𝐹)
Umed = Medium Value of the Voltage
Uimax = Maximum Input Voltage Calculating for Ureff and r by using (5) and (6),
fin = Input Frequency
𝑈𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 = (0.3)(516 𝑚𝑉) = 𝟏𝟓𝟒. 𝟖 𝒎𝑽
fout = Output Frequency
154.8 𝑚𝑉
B. Capacitive Filter 𝑟= = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟐%
15.16 𝑉
DC Medium Value of the Filter Output Voltage
B. Activity 2: Dual Power Supply
0.005
𝑈𝑚𝑑𝑐 = (1 − ) 𝑈𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 (4)
𝑅𝐶 Given the positive and negative Uimax,
𝑅𝐶 ≫ 𝑇
+𝑈𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5√2 𝑉 = 7.07 𝑉
Effective Value of the Ripple Voltage
−𝑈𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −5√2 𝑉 = −7.07 𝑉
𝑈𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 0.3 • 𝑈𝑟𝑝𝑝 (5)
Calculating for Umed using (1),
Ripple Factor
+𝑈𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 0.6 (7.07 𝑉) = 𝟒. 𝟐𝟒 𝑽
𝑈𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑟= (6) −𝑈𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 0.6 (7.07 𝑉) = −𝟒. 𝟐𝟒 𝑽
𝑈𝑚𝑑𝑐

where: Given that,


Ureff = Effective Voltage
Umdc = DC Medium Value of the Filter Output Voltage 𝑅 = 470 Ω
r = Ripple Factor 𝐶 = 470 µ𝐹
Theoretical values are calculated and provided to Calculating for Umdc using (4),
validate the data gathered from the experiment.
0.005
A. Activity 1: Diode Bridge Rectifier (Graetz Bridge) +𝑈𝑚𝑑𝑐 = (1 − ) (7.07) = 𝟔. 𝟗𝟏 𝑽
with Capacitive Input Filter (470 Ω)(470 µ𝐹)
Given that, 0.005
−𝑈𝑚𝑑𝑐 = (1 − ) (−7.07)
(470 Ω)(470 µ𝐹)
𝑈𝑖𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 13.15 𝑉
−𝑈𝑚𝑑𝑐 = −𝟔. 𝟗𝟏 𝑽
𝑈𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 13.15 √2 𝑉 = 18.6 𝑉
IV. SIMULATIONS
𝑈𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 18.6 𝑉 − 0.7 𝑉 = 17.2 𝑉
The students used Multisim for simulation. Basically,
using (1) to calculate for Umed, Multisim is an electronic schematic capture and simulation
𝑈𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 0.6 • 16.97 𝑉 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝟖 𝑽 program which helps users to create circuit design and do
its corresponding simulation. It is the cornerstone of the NI
ABESAMIS, ACUÑA, CANAYA, CASTILLO, OCA 3
ECE 003 – EC42FB1 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES, QUEZON CITY LABORATORY NO. 1
circuits teaching solution to build expertise through
practical application in designing, prototyping, and testing
electrical circuits. In addition, with powerful learning
features and laboratory hardware integration, Multisim
teaches students foundational concepts in analog, digital
and power electronics throughout engineering and science
curriculum.
A. Activity 1: Diode Bridge Rectifier (Graetz Bridge)
with Capacitive Input Filter
To align the simulation with the actual experiment, the Fig. 7. Output and Input Frequency Measurement
students produced 13.5 Vrms as the secondary voltage (even
though 12 Vrms is required), resulting to 16.7:1 ratio. In Fig. 7, the frequency counter was used to gather the
𝑁𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑐 data for input and output frequency.
= (7)
𝑁𝑝𝑟𝑖 𝑉𝑝𝑟𝑖

Given that Vpri and Vsec are 220 Vrms and 13.5 Vrms,
respectively, and assuming that Nsec is 1, using (7),
𝑁𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑉𝑝𝑟𝑖
𝑁𝑝𝑟𝑖 =
𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑐

1(220 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 )
𝑁𝑠𝑒𝑐 =
13.5 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠

𝑁𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 16.3
Fig. 8. Measuring the Medium Value of the Output Voltage of the
𝑁𝑠𝑒𝑐 ≅ 16.7 Bridge Rectifier without Capacitive Input Filter

To start, the schematic diagram in Fig. 6 was done in In Fig. 8, the medium value of the output voltage was
Multisim. AC_POWER (AC power source), 1P1S measured using Multisim’s multimeter.
(configurable transformer, 1 primary, 1 secondary), The capacitor 100 uF was added in the circuit after
ground, 1N4001 (general purpose plastic rectifier), and rectification process. The circuit connection can be seen in
470-Ω resistor were used. This bridge rectifier has no Fig. 9. The output voltage was measured across the load.
capacitive filter.

Fig. 6. Initial Setup for Bridge Rectifier without Capacitor Filter Fig. 9. Initial Setup for Bridge Rectifier with Capacitor C1

Figure 6 covers the rectification process. An AC was selected by means of the selector AC, 0, and
oscilloscope was added to observe the waveform of the DC. Using the Multisim’s oscilloscope, the ripple peak-to-
secondary of the transformer and rectified voltage. Using peak voltage of the circuit with 100-uF capacitor was
KVL analysis, the formula for the output voltage of full- measured in Fig. 9. Its corresponding Ureff and r were
wave rectification will result to (8), wherein Vpsec calculated. Moreover, the medium value of the output
corresponds to the secondary of the transformer. voltage was measured using multimeter in Fig. 10.

𝑉𝑝(𝑜𝑢𝑡) = 𝑉𝑝𝑠𝑒𝑐 − 1.4 𝑉 (8)

Fig. 10. Measuring the DC Medium Value of the Filter Output Voltage of
the Bridge Rectifier (with Capacitive Input Filter C1)

ABESAMIS, ACUÑA, CANAYA, CASTILLO, OCA 4


ECE 003 – EC42FB1 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES, QUEZON CITY LABORATORY NO. 1
The capacitor 470 uF was added to the circuit. The
circuit connection can be seen in Fig 11. The output voltage
was displayed when measured across the load.
Additionally, AC was selected by means of the selector
AC, 0, and DC. Its corresponding Ureff and r were
calculated.

Fig. 14. Measuring the Medium Value of the Output Voltage of the Dual
Power Supply without Capacitive Filter

A capacitive input filter was added to the circuit. In Fig.


Fig. 11. Initial Setup for Bridge Rectifier with Capacitor C2 15, the filtered output voltage was displayed in the
oscilloscope.
The medium value of the output voltage was measured
using Multimeter in Fig. 12. The results are tabulated in
Table 2.

Fig. 12. Measuring the DC Medium Value of the Filter Output Voltage of
the Bridge Rectifier (with Capacitive Input Filter C 2)
Fig. 15. Displaying the Filtered Output Signal of the Dual Power Supply
B. Activity 2: Dual Power Supply
Same components were used as in the first activity By using multimeter and setting to direct-current, the
except that the transformer is 1P2S. Vpri and Vsec are 220 positive and negative medium value of the filtered output
Vrms and 5 Vrms, respectively. To solve for the secondary voltage were measured in Fig. 16.
ratio of the transformer, using (7),
1(220 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 )
𝑁𝑠𝑒𝑐 =
5 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠

𝑁𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 44

Fig. 16. Measuring the DC Medium Value of the Filter Output Voltage of
the Dual Power Supply

The circuit was connected as shown in Fig. 17. A


potentiometer and 150-Ω resistor was added to the circuit.
The potentiometer was adjusted to measure the current of
10 mA. Oscilloscope was connected in the circuit and AC
was selected. With the use of oscilloscope, the ripple peak-
Fig. 13. Displaying the Rectified Output Signal of the Dual Power Supply to-peak voltage was measured (Fig.18). Same procedure
were undertaken for the current of 15, 20, 25, and 30. The
In Fig. 13, the rectified output signal across the load corresponding Ureff and r were calculated.
was displayed with the use of oscilloscope. By using
multimeter and setting to direct-current, the positive and
negative medium value of the output voltage were
measured in Fig. 14.
ABESAMIS, ACUÑA, CANAYA, CASTILLO, OCA 5
ECE 003 – EC42FB1 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES, QUEZON CITY LABORATORY NO. 1

Fig. 17. Measuring the Current

Fig. 21. Measuring the DC Medium Value of the Filter Output Voltage of
the Bridge Rectifier (with Capacitive Input Filter C 1)

Calculating for Ureff and r by using (5) and (6),


𝑈𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 = (0.3)(2.226 𝑉) = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟕𝟖 𝑽
0.6678 𝑉
𝑟= = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟓%
16.066 𝑉
Fig. 18. Measuring the Ripple Peak-to-Peak Voltage

Included below are the waveforms and values gathered


for the first and second activity:

A. Activity 1: Diode Bridge Rectifier (Graetz Bridge)


with Capacitive Input Filter

Fig. 22. Measuring the DC Medium Value of the Filter Output Voltage of
the Bridge Rectifier (with Capacitive Input Filter C 2)

B. Activity 2: Dual Power Supply

Fig. 19. The input (60 Hz) and output (120 Hz) frequency were measured
using frequency counter.

Fig. 23. Measuring the Medium Value of the Output Voltage of the Dual
Power Supply without Capacitive Filter

Fig. 20. Measuring the Medium Value of the Output Voltage of the
Bridge Rectifier without Capacitive Input Filter

ABESAMIS, ACUÑA, CANAYA, CASTILLO, OCA 6


ECE 003 – EC42FB1 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES, QUEZON CITY LABORATORY NO. 1
Calculating for Ureff and r by using (5) and (6),
𝑈𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 = (0.3)(138.048 𝑚𝑉) = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝑽
41.4144 𝑚𝑉
𝑟= = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕%
6.226 𝑉

Fig. 28. The potentiometer was adjusted to produce a current of 15 mA.

Fig. 24. Output Waveform for Dual Power Supply with Capacitor Filter

Fig. 25. Measuring the DC Medium Value of the Filter Output Voltage of
the Dual Power Supply

Fig. 29. The ripple peak-to-peak voltage produced was 226.025 mV.

Calculating for Ureff and r by using (5) and (6),


𝑈𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 = (0.3)(226.025 𝑚𝑉) = 𝟔𝟕. 𝟖𝟎𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝑽
67.8075 𝑚𝑉
𝑟= = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗%
6.226 𝑉

Fig. 26. The potentiometer was adjusted to produce a current of 10 mA.

Fig. 30. The potentiometer was adjusted to produce a current of 20 mA.

Fig. 27. The ripple peak-to-peak voltage produced was 138.048 mV.

ABESAMIS, ACUÑA, CANAYA, CASTILLO, OCA 7


ECE 003 – EC42FB1 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES, QUEZON CITY LABORATORY NO. 1

Fig. 34. The potentiometer was adjusted to produce a current of 30 mA.

Fig. 31. The ripple peak-to-peak voltage produced was 350.489 mV.

Calculating for Ureff and r by using (5) and (6),


𝑈𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 = (0.3)(350.489 𝑚𝑉) = 𝟏𝟎𝟓. 𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟕 𝒎𝑽
105.1467 𝑚𝑉
𝑟= = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟗%
6.226 𝑉

Fig. 35. The ripple peak-to-peak voltage produced was 666.792 mV.

Calculating for Ureff and r by using (5) and (6),


𝑈𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 = (0.3)(666.792 𝑚𝑉) = 𝟐𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟔 𝒎𝑽
200.0376 𝑚𝑉
Fig. 32. The potentiometer was adjusted to produce a current of 25 mA. 𝑟= = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟏%
6.226 𝑉
V. EXPERIMENTATION
Materials, Tools, Equipment and Testing Devices
Before anything else, procurement of necessary
materials was done. The following are the materials, tools,
equipment and testing devices used in the experiment:
 De Lorenzo 3155M12
 Signal Generator and Probes
 Oscilloscope and Probes
 Digital Multimeter
 Connecting Wires

Fig. 33. The ripple peak-to-peak voltage produced was 551.912 mV.

Calculating for Ureff and r by using (5) and (6),


𝑈𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 = (0.3)(551.912 𝑚𝑉) = 𝟏𝟔𝟓. 𝟓𝟕𝟑𝟔 𝒎𝑽
165.5736 𝑚𝑉
𝑟= = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟔%
6.226 𝑉

ABESAMIS, ACUÑA, CANAYA, CASTILLO, OCA 8


ECE 003 – EC42FB1 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES, QUEZON CITY LABORATORY NO. 1
A. Activity 1: Diode Bridge Rectifier (Graetz Bridge)
with Capacitive Input Filter

Fig. 38. The measured input frequency in the secondary of the transformer
was 60 Hz.

Fig. 36. The ripple peak-to-peak voltage produced was 666.792 mV.

First and foremost, the module DL 3155M12 was


prepared and inserted in the console. The main switch was
set to on. The oscilloscope was connected and the resistor
R1 as shown in Fig 36. The oscilloscope was then adjusted.
Without supplying the signal generator, the line of channel
1 and one of channel 2 was superposed at the half of the
oscilloscope display.

Fig. 39. The output frequency was 120.002 Hz when rectification process
was conducted.

In addition, the frequency is measured on the secondary


of the transformer and at the ends of R1 as well. From that,
the group noticed that the output frequency is double
against the input one. Moreover, using a digital multimeter,
the direct-current component at the ends of R1 was
measured. The measured and calculated output were
compared.
Fig. 37. This figure presents the voltage measured on the secondary of the
transformer (18.6 V). The switch S1 was set to on. This activated C1 with 100
µF capacitance. Channel 1 of the oscilloscope was
To start, switches S1 and S2 were set to off, indicating connected to the ends of R1. As a result, it was seen on the
that there were no capacitor involved in the process. The oscilloscope display that the wave was not pulsating
pulsing wave was produced in the oscilloscope display. anymore; instead it was clipped. In other words, the
When both switches were off, the wave is of pulsing kind. waveform produced became a quite direct voltage with a
After that, the peak voltage was measured in R1 and on the residual undulation, or what is called ripple. The students
secondary portion of the transformer after having moved measured the peak-to-peak ripple voltage.
the channel 1 probe. The students noticed that the voltage
at the diode ends is reduced of a value equal to two times
the potential barrier.

ABESAMIS, ACUÑA, CANAYA, CASTILLO, OCA 9


ECE 003 – EC42FB1 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES, QUEZON CITY LABORATORY NO. 1

Fig. 40. The medium value was 9.89 V. Fig. 42. The positive DC medium value of the unfiltered output voltage
was 3.407 V.
With a digital multimeter, the direct-current component
of the resistance R1 was measured. The measured and Both switches, S1 and S2, were set to off. By means of
calculated output were compared. cables, the circuit was supplied by connecting the jacks 1,
3, and 2 to the transformer (6-0-6 VAC). The students
noticed the output signal on the oscilloscope display were
of pulsing kind with same amplitude, but were of opposite
sign. Using a digital multimeter, the positive and negative
value of the direct-current component was measured and
compared with the calculated one. Same procedure were
done when measured with both switches on.
The resistor R5 was adjusted to produce a current of 10
mA, 15 mA, 20 mA, 25 mA, and 30 mA. The peak-to-peak
ripple voltage was measured in the oscilloscope.

Fig. 41. The DC medium value of the filter output voltage was 15.31 V.

Finally, the capacitor C2, having 470 µF was activated


by switching S2 to on (S1 was turned off). Repeating the
same procedures, the signal was displayed on the
oscilloscope. The students realized that the ripple factor
decreased. To sum up, the same data was gathered as in the
procedure wherein S1 is on.
B. Activity 2: Dual Power Supply
To begin, module DM 3155M12 was inserted in the
console. Also, the main switch was set to on and the circuit
Fig. 43. The peak-to-peak ripple voltage produced was 520 mV when the
diagram was connected. The oscilloscope was adjusted current is 10 mA.
accordingly. Without supplying the signal generator, at the
half of the oscilloscope display, the line of channel 1 and Calculating for Ureff and r by using (5) and (6),
channel 2 was superposed.
𝑈𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 = (0.3)(520 𝑚𝑉) = 𝟏𝟓𝟔 𝒎𝑽
156 𝑚𝑉
𝑟= = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟏%
7.06 𝑉

ABESAMIS, ACUÑA, CANAYA, CASTILLO, OCA 10


ECE 003 – EC42FB1 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES, QUEZON CITY LABORATORY NO. 1

Fig. 44. The peak-to-peak ripple voltage produced was 680 mV when the
current is 15 mA. Fig. 46. The peak-to-peak ripple voltage produced was 940 mV when the
current is 25 mA.
Calculating for Ureff and r by using (5) and (6),
Calculating for Ureff and r by using (5) and (6),
𝑈𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 = (0.3)(680 𝑚𝑉) = 𝟐𝟎𝟒 𝒎𝑽
𝑈𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 = (0.3)(940 𝑚𝑉) = 𝟐𝟖𝟐 𝒎𝑽
204 𝑚𝑉
𝑟= = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟗% 282 𝑚𝑉
7.06 𝑉 𝑟= = 𝟑. 𝟗𝟗%
7.06 𝑉

Fig. 45. The peak-to-peak ripple voltage produced was 820 mV when the
current is 20 mA. Fig. 47. The peak-to-peak ripple voltage produced was 960 mV when the
current is 30 mA.
Calculating for Ureff and r by using (5) and (6),
Calculating for Ureff and r by using (5) and (6),
𝑈𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 = (0.3)(820 𝑚𝑉) = 𝟐𝟒𝟔 𝒎𝑽
𝑈𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 = (0.3)(960 𝑚𝑉) = 𝟐𝟖𝟖 𝒎𝑽
246 𝑚𝑉
𝑟= = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟖% 282 𝑚𝑉
7.06 𝑉
𝑟= = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟖%
7.06 𝑉

ABESAMIS, ACUÑA, CANAYA, CASTILLO, OCA 11


ECE 003 – EC42FB1 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES, QUEZON CITY LABORATORY NO. 1
VI. DATA AND RESULTS
In this section, waveforms and tables, together with its
corresponding waveforms are presented to further
understand the activity. Throughout the simulation, the
pink waveform represents the secondary voltage or the
unrectified voltage.
A. Activity 1: Diode Bridge Rectifier (Graetz Bridge)
with Capacitive Input Filter

Fig. 50. Output Waveform for Bridge Rectifier with Capacitor Filter C 1
using AC (c) With Capacitive Filter C1

Fig. 48. Output Waveform for Bridge Rectifier without Capacitor Filter
(a) Without Capacitive Filter

Fig. 51. Output Waveform for Bridge Rectifier with Capacitor Filter C 2
using DC (d) With Capacitive Filter C2

Fig. 49. Output Waveform for Bridge Rectifier with Capacitor Filter C 1
using DC (b) With Capacitive Filter C1

Fig. 52. Output Waveform for Bridge Rectifier with Capacitor Filter C 1
using AC (e) With Capacitive Filter C2

Calculating for Ureff and r by using (5) and (6),


𝑈𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 = (0.3)(534.931 𝑚𝑉) = 𝟏𝟔𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟗 𝒎𝑽

ABESAMIS, ACUÑA, CANAYA, CASTILLO, OCA 12


ECE 003 – EC42FB1 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES, QUEZON CITY LABORATORY NO. 1
160.479 𝑚𝑉
𝑟= = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔%
16.764 𝑉
TABLE I. MULTISIM SIMULATION OF DIODE BRIDGE
RECTIFIER WITHOUT CAPACITIVE FILTER
Without Capacitive
Filter
Uo [V]
17.172
measured
Uimax [V]
18.618
measured
fi [Hz]
60
measured
fo [Hz]
120
measured
Umed [V] Fig. 53. Output Waveform for Bridge Rectifier without Capacitor Filter
10.518
measured (a) Without Capacitive Filter
Umed [V]
10.18
calculated
Table I covers the simulation process of diode bridge
rectifier without capacitor. To verify the diode drop in the
theoretical formula (8),

18.618 𝑉 − 17.172 𝑉 = 1.446 𝑉

in which in the practical model of rectification of full-wave


bridge rectifier, the voltage drop of the rectified signal is
1.4 V. The output frequency resulted to 120 Hz. The
formula presented in (3) was verified in which the output
frequency is twice the input frequency. As for the medium
value of the output voltage, the simulation is close to the
calculated one, having only 3.32% difference.
Fig. 54. Output Waveform for Bridge Rectifier with Capacitor Filter C 1
TABLE II. MULTISIM SIMULATION OF DIODE BRIDGE using DC (b) With Capacitive Filter C1
RECTIFIER WITH CAPACITIVE FILTER
With Capacitive With Capacitive
Filter C1 Filter C2
Umdc [V] Umdc [V]
16.066 16.764
measured measured
Umdc [V] Umdc [V]
15.16 16.59
calculated calculated
Urpp [V] Urpp [V]
2.252 0.534
measured measured
Ureff [mV] Ureff [mV]
667.8 160.479
calculated calculated
r calculated 4.15% r calculated 0.96%

In Table II, the simulation data for diode bridge rectifier


with capacitor is presented. Comparing the two capacitor
filtering process, the DC medium value of the filtered Fig. 55. Output Waveform for Bridge Rectifier with Capacitor Filter C 2
output voltage of with-capacitive-filter-C2 is higher than using DC (d) With Capacitive Filter C2
the other. Moreover, with-capacitor medium voltage is
TABLE III. ACTUAL EXPERIMENTATION OF DIODE
greater than without-capacitor. This basically means that BRIDGE RECTIFIER WITHOUT CAPACITIVE FILTER
among the three, the output of with-C2 has more DC
Without Capacitive
characteristics. In addition, with-C2 had less ripple peak- Filter
to-peak ripple voltage, resulting to much lower percent Uo [V]
17.20
ripple. By this, the larger the value of the capacitor, the measured
Uimax [V]
lesser the ripple. measured
18.60
fi [Hz]
60.0997
measured
fo [Hz]
120.002
measured
Umed [V]
9.89
measured
Umed [V]
10.18
calculated

ABESAMIS, ACUÑA, CANAYA, CASTILLO, OCA 13


ECE 003 – EC42FB1 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES, QUEZON CITY LABORATORY NO. 1
Referring to Table III, justifying formula (8) by using
the diode bridge rectifier’s voltage drop result;
18.6 𝑉 − 17.2 𝑉 = 1.4 𝑉

This only means that the voltage across the diode affects
the rectified voltage assuming practical model. As for the
Umed, the percent difference is 2.93%, which only means
that the data gathered in the experiment is accountable.
Same goes for the frequency in which the output frequency
is doubled.

TABLE IV. ACTUAL EXPERIMENTATION OF DIODE BRIDGE


RECTIFIER WITH CAPACITIVE FILTER
With Capacitive With Capacitive Fig. 57. Peak-to-Peak Ripple Voltage as a Function of Load Current
Filter C1 Filter C2
Umdc [V] Umdc [V] TABLE V. MULTISIM SIMULATION OF DUAL POWER SUPPLY WITH
14.97 15.31 AND WITHOUT CAPACITOR FILTER
measured measured
Umdc [V] Umdc [V]
15.16 16.59 Without Capacitive With Capacitive
calculated calculated
Urpp [V] Urpp [V] Filter Filter C2
2.2 .516 + Umed [V] + Umdc [V]
measured measured 3.884 6.226
Ureff [mV] Ureff [mV] measured measured
660 154.8 + Umed [V] + Umdc [V]
calculated calculated 4.24 6.91
calculated calculated
r calculated 4.35% r calculated 1.02% - Umed [V] - Umdc [V]
-3.884 -6.226
measured measured
In Table IV, just like in Table II, the medium value of - Umed [V] - Umdc [V]
-4.24 -6.91
with-C2 is greater than with-C1 and without-capacitor. calculated calculated
Same interpretation goes for the result. The smaller the In Table V, it can be noted that the DC medium voltage
ripple, the more successful the filtration process is. of with-C2 is greater than of without-capacitor for the
Comparing the two procedures, Table III had less error positive and negative voltage output.
than in Table I except for the frequency part. Additionally,
TABLE VI. MULTISIM EXPERIMENTATION OF RIPLLE VS. CURRENT
Table IV is less accountable than Table II which is to be
expected since several factors affected the actual I
10 15 20 25 30
experimentation like environment-related constituents. [mA]
However, despite of the difference in actual Urpp
138.048 226.025 350.489 551.912 666.792
[mV]
experimentation, Multisim simulation and theoretical Ureff
computation, same understanding could be derived from 41.4144 67.8075 105.1467 165.5736 200.0376
[mV]
them. r 0.67% 1.09% 1.69% 2.66% 3.21%
B. Activity 2: Dual Power Supply
Referring to Table VI, current has a relationship with
the ripple peak-to-peak voltage. The greater the current, the
larger the ripple.

Fig. 56. Output Waveform for Dual Power Supply without Capacitor
Filter (a) Same Amplitude but Opposite Sign

Fig. 58. Output Waveform for Dual Power Supply without Capacitor
Filter (a) Same Amplitude but Opposite Sign

ABESAMIS, ACUÑA, CANAYA, CASTILLO, OCA 14


ECE 003 – EC42FB1 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES, QUEZON CITY LABORATORY NO. 1
 THE TRANSFORMER USED
HAD 6 VRMS AS SECONDARY  5 VRMS WAS USED
2 BUT THE SECONDARY THROUGHOUT
VOLTAGE PRODUCED WAS ACTIVITY 1.
5 VRMS.

VIII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS


After conducting the experiment, the students were able
to assert the following points:
A. Conclusions
After performing the experiment and obtaining a lot of
output information, the group members conclude the
Fig. 59. Peak-to-Peak Ripple Voltage as a Function of Load Current
following:
 The operation of both the single and dual polarity
TABLE VII. ACTUAL EXPERIMENTATION OF DUAL POWER SUPPLY power supply was analyzed both using Multisim
WITH AND WITHOUT CAPACITOR FILTER
simulation and using the Module DL 3155M12. We
Without Capacitive With Capacitive followed the formulas as described in the lab manual while
Filter Filter C2 applying our own takeaways from class lectures. Thus, we
+ Umed [V] + Umdc [V]
measured
3.407
measured
7.06 were able to get outputs and computations that were
+ Umed [V] + Umdc [V] approximate to the true values.
4.24 6.91
calculated calculated
- Umed [V] - Umdc [V]  Throughout the experiment, we were able to examine
-3.41 -7.02
measured measured how the filter capacitor works in a power supply circuit. To
- Umed [V] - Umdc [V] prove this, we tabulated data and results that compare the
-4.24 -6.91
calculated calculated
output voltages measured with and without the capacitor.
Table VII shows that the DC medium voltage of with- In addition, we computed the ripple voltages and proved
C2 is larger than of without-capacitor for the positive and that filters really do decrease fluctuations in the output DC
negative voltage output, just like in Table V. voltage. However, we were not able to perform properly
the part where the ripple must be put to 0 in the AC scenario.
TABLE VIII. ACTUAL EXPERIMENTATION OF RIPLLE VS. CURRENT Only the simulation held it accountable.
I [mA] 10 15 20 25 30  We were able to determine that the load actually affects
Urpp
520 680 820 940 960
the output voltage in the circuit since both the simulation
[mV] and the experiment produced results that were
Ureff approximately close to each other.
156 204 246 282 288
[mV]
r 2.21% 2.89% 3.48% 3.99% 4.08% B. Recommendations
The first thing that we would like to recommend is to
Table VIII presents that current is directly proportional
re-perform the AC ripple scenario since we failed in
with the ripple.
performing this task properly. In addition, since this
experiment covers only capacitors being used as filters, we
recommend the usage of inductors as filters since
Multisim simulation and actual experimentation differ apparently, inductors can also be used as filters albeit it
with calculated a bit. However, this did not impede the functions differently from a capacitor. There were also
expected results. power supply filter circuits where capacitors and inductors
VII. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED AND ACTIONS TAKEN are used in combination with each other for a more
situational filtering process.
This section presents the difficulties and impediment
faced by the students, as well as the corresponding steps IX. SUMMARY
taken to aid those complications. As a recap, this experiment tackled about the power
supply, rectifiers, and filters. As such, this experiment
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED AND ACTIONS TAKEN
aimed to provide clear understanding to the established
Activity Problems Actions laws in Electronic Circuits about DC power supplies and
No. Encountered Taken some of their parts. The group used both the simulation tool
 THE TRANSFORMER USED Multisim as well as Module DL 3155M12 so that when the
HAD 12 VRMS AS  13.5 VRMS WAS USED
SECONDARY BUT THE THROUGHOUT
outputs for both the simulation and the experiment came
SECONDARY VOLTAGE ACTIVITY 1. approximately close with each other, it signifies that the
PRODUCED WAS 13.5 VRMS.  THE STUDENTS experiment was performed properly. Furthermore, the
1
 THE FORMULA FOR THE ADJUSTED THE extracted results from the module were used to calculate
RATIO IN RELATION WITH PRIMARY RATIO for additional data such as ripple voltage, ripple percentage,
THE VOLTAGE IN THE MANUALLY UNTIL
unfiltered voltage, filtered voltage, diode voltage drop, and
TRANSFORMER DID NOT 18.6 V IS REACHED.
WORK IN MULTISIM.
so on. The group failed to perform one task properly but
ABESAMIS, ACUÑA, CANAYA, CASTILLO, OCA 15
ECE 003 – EC42FB1 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES, QUEZON CITY LABORATORY NO. 1
they were able to get the correct data using the simulation. 2. If the load resistance connected to a filtered power
A lot of the data were presented in tabulated form and were supply is increased, what will happen to the ripple voltage?
observed thoroughly throughout the whole experiment. If the load resistance is increased, what variation can be
seen in the ripple voltage?
X. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1
1. After the rectifier stage, what causes the ripple 𝑉𝑟(𝑝𝑝) ≅ ( )𝑉
voltage on the output of a capacitor-input filter? 𝑓𝑅𝐿 𝐶 𝑝(𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡)

Ripple is a residual periodic variation of the DC voltage where:


within a power supply. This is caused by the incomplete Vr(pp) is peak-to-peak ripple voltage
suppression of the alternating waveform after rectification. RL is load resistance
Ideally, filters are created to eliminate ripples on the C is capacitor
pulsating dc voltage. To understand further, an explanation Vp(rect) is unfiltered peak rectified voltage
of how ripples are produced is provided below. Ripple voltage, in the presence of a filter capacitor, is
inversely proportional to load resistance. If the load
resistance is infinite, then there would be no ripple voltage.
As the load resistance increases, the ripple voltage
decreases and the ripple becomes smaller.
3. If the filter capacitors have defects such as leaky,
shorted, or open, what are the possible output waveforms
of a power supply that can be seen through an oscilloscope?
Fig. 60. Charging of Capacitor
A leaky or open capacitor in the filter circuit results in
In Fig. 60, it can be seen that when the power is turned a low dc output voltage that can be seen in the oscilloscope.
on, the initial charging of the capacitor happens wherein This condition is generally accompanied by an excessively
the diode is forward-biased. It allows the capacitor to high ripple amplitude.
charge to within 0.7 V of the input peak. This phenomena On the other hand, a shorted capacitor results in a no-
occurs during the first positive quarter-cycle of the input. output indication. Depending on the magnitude of the short,
a shorted capacitor may cause a shorted rectifier,
transformer, or filter choke and may result in a blown fuse
in the primary of the transformer. In addition, it also results
in an abnormally high dc voltage at the input to the filter
and no voltage at the output of the filter and it can be seen
in the oscilloscope.
TASK DISTRIBUTION
Fig. 61. Discharging of Capacitor Each member contributed to the completion of this
laboratory report. The following sections are fairly
Referring to Fig. 61, the capacitor discharges through distributed:
RL. As the voltage goes down from the peak, the
capacitor’s charge retains, making the diode reverse- TABLE IX. DIVISION OF TASKS
biased. Then, the capacitor discharges.
Section Member

Introduction Acuña

Objectives Oca

Calculations Castillo

Simulations Abesamis

Experimentation Oca

Fig. 62. Capacitor charges again. Data and Results Abesamis


Problems Encountered
Canaya
Repeating the same process, the capacitors charges and Actions Taken
again when the voltage increases as illustrated in Fig 62. Conclusions and Acuña
Recommendations Canaya
However, even after passing through the capacitor- Summary Castillo
input filter, it is impossible to fully eliminate ripples in the Questions and Answers
Castillo
dc voltage. On the bright side, the larger the value of the Abesamis
capacitor used in the filter, the smaller the ripple voltage at
the output of the filter.

ABESAMIS, ACUÑA, CANAYA, CASTILLO, OCA 16


ECE 003 – EC42FB1 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES, QUEZON CITY LABORATORY NO. 1
REFERENCES Aditya Pal, 'If the load resistance connected to the filtered power supply
decreases, what will happen to the ripple voltage?', 2017. [Online].
Thomas L. Floyd, Electronic Devices (Electron Flow Version), 9th ed., Available: https://www.quora.com/If-the-load-resistance-
New Jersey, 2012, pp.44-60. connected-to-the-filtered-power-supply-decreases-what-will-
National Instruments, 'Benefits for Circuit Design and Research', 2017. happen-to-the-ripple-voltage. [Accessed: 12 -Dec-2017]
[Online]. Available: http://www.ni.com/multisim/benefits/circuit- Integrated Publishing, ' FAILURE ANALYSIS OF THE LC
design/. [Accessed: 12-Dec-2017] CAPACITOR-INPUT FILTER', 2017. [Online]. Available:
Wikipedia, 'Ripple (Electrical)', 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.tpub.com/neets/book7/27j.htm. [Accessed: 12 -Dec-
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple_(electrical). [Accessed: 12 - 2017]
Dec-2017]

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