WHAT IS BENDING? ATAU LENTURAN?

Chapter Objectives
 To generalize the procedure by formulating equations that
can be plotted so that they describe the internal shear and
moment throughout a member.
 To use the relations between distributed load, shear, and
moment to draw shear and moment diagrams.
 To determine the stress in elastic symmetric members
subject to bending.
In-class Activities
1. Reading Quiz
2. Applications
3. Shear and moment diagrams
4. Graphical method for construction of shear and
bending moment diagrams
5. Flexural formula
6. Unsymmetric bending
7. Stress Concentrations
READING QUIZ

1) Provided that the bending formation of a straight

member is small and within elastic range, which of
the following statements is incorrect?

a) Plane section remains plane

b) Cross section remains perpendicular

c) The length of the longitudinal axis remains unchanged

d) In-plane distortion of cross section to the longitudinal axis is

not negligible
APPLICATIONS (cont)
APPLICATIONS (cont)
 APPLICATIONS
Beam Analysis Related to Real LifeApplication
 APPLICATIONS
Beam Analysis Related to Real LifeApplication
 APPLICATIONS
Beam Analysis Related to Real LifeApplication
APPLICATIONS
‘PURE BENDING’
Pure bending is a condition of stress where a bending moment is
applied to a beam without the simultaneous application of axial,
shear, or torsional forces.

Pure bending is the flexure (bending) of a beam under a constant

bending moment (M) therefore pure bending only occurs when the
shear force (V) is equal to zero since dM/dx= V.

In reality, this state of pure bending does not practically exist,

because such a state needs an absolutely weightless member. The
state of pure bending is an approximation made to derive formulas.
 ‘PURE BENDING’

Assumptions made in the theory of Pure Bending

1. The material of the beam is homogeneous* and isotropic**.

2. The value of Young's Modulus of Elasticity is same in
tension and compression.
3. The transverse sections which were plane before bending,
remain plane after bending also.
4. The beam is initially straight and all longitudinal filaments
bend into circular arcs with a common centre of curvature.
5. The radius of curvature is large as compared to the
dimensions of the cross-section.
6. Each layer of the beam is free to expand or contract,
independently of the layer, above or below it.
 Bending

Pure Bending: Prismatic members

subjected to equal and opposite
couples acting in the same
4 - 13 longitudinal plane.
BENDING
 Other Loading Types
• Eccentric Loading: Axial loading
which does not pass through section
centroid produces internal forces
equivalent to an axial force and a
couple.
• Transverse Loading: Concentrated
or distributed transverse load
produces internal forces equivalent
to a shear force and a couple.

• Principle of Superposition: The

normal stress due to pure bending
may be combined with the normal
stress due to axial loading and shear
stress due to shear loading to find
the complete state of stress.
4 - 15
 ABILITY/SKILL LEARNED/EARNED:

 To generalize the procedure by formulating equations that

can be plotted so that they describe the internal shear and
moment throughout a member.
 To use the relations between distributed load, shear, and
moment to draw shear and moment diagrams.
 To determine the stress in elastic symmetric members
subject to bending.
 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

 Understand the concept of beam and different forces which

act on it
 Understand different types of supports and types of beam
 Understand the concept of shear force and bending
moment
 Evaluate reactive forces on different kind of loadings on
different types of beams
 WHAT IS BEAM

 Members subjected to load transverse to the axis are

termed beam.
 The members are subjected to forces or moment having
their vector perpendicular to the axis of the bar/beam.
 Planar strucure
 SUPPORTS AND THEIR TYPES

STATICALLY DETERMINATE

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE
SUPPORTS AND THEIR TYPES
SUPPORTS AND THEIR TYPES
SUPPORTS AND THEIR TYPES
SUPPORTS AND THEIR TYPES

a) Accommodate one 3 reactions, b) 1 reaction c) 2 reactions

.
LOADINGS AND THEIR TYPES
EVALUATION OF REACTIVE FORCES
SHAPES OF BEAMS
 APPLICATIONS
Beam Analysis Related to Real LifeApplication
STRESS AND STRAIN DUE TO BENDING
- INTERNAL FORCES IN BEAM
STRESS AND STRAIN DUE TO BENDING
- INTERNAL FORCES IN BEAM
STRESS AND STRAIN DUE TO BENDING
- INTERNAL FORCES IN BEAM
-Like method of sections/joints
-Section must be in equilibrium
-Want to know where the biggest forces and moments are for
designing
SHEAR (V) AND MOMENT (M) DIAGRAM (D)

-A POWERFUL TOOL to locate maximum V and M

-Necessary for Designing
-Mmax occurs when V = 0
SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
• Shear is obtained by summing forces
perpendicular to the beam’s axis
up to the end of the segment.

• Moment is obtained by
summing moments about
the end of the segment.

• Note the sign conventions are

opposite when the summing
processes are carried out with
opposite direction. (from left to right vs from right to left)
With the three static equation
Sum of the vertical forces must be zero Σ Fv = 0
Sum of the horizontal forces must be zero Σ Fh = 0
Sum of the moments forces must be zero ΣM=0

simple structures (statically determinate) can be completely analysed.

To calculate the reaction of beams we use the equation Σ M = 0
The Shear force at any cross-section of the beam is equal to the algebraic sum of
the external forces acting on one side of the section only.

The Bending moment, at any point of the beam, is equal to the algebraic sum of
the moments (taken about the point) of the external forces (loads & reactions) on
one side of the section only.
ANALYSIS ON S & M DIAGRAM
1 We determine the reactions at the
supports (RL and RR) by considering the
whole system to be in a state of
equilibrium.
Σ M RL = 0 to determine RR
Σ M RR = 0 to determine RL

2 To determine the internal forces at point

X cut the beam at this point into two
section

3 Redraw the two ‘parts’ of the beam; and

draw the internal forces on the cut end of
the beam portion to keep the system in
balance

4 The bending moment is calculated by

selecting the turning point at the cut edge.
The BM for the left portion of the beam is:
BM = Rl × x - F1 × (x-d)
 ANALYSIS ON S & M DIAGRAM
Sign convention for shear force and bending
moment
The sign shear force (S) and bending moment (M)
are positive (+) or negative (-) as shown below.

Internal forces at the section

(positive shear and positive
bending
PROCEDURE FINDING
SHEAR & MOMENT DIAGRAM

1. SUPPORT REACTIONS – FBD-Determine all the reaction

forces and moments
2. SHEAR & MOMENT FUNCTION – Specify x coordinates –
at the beam left end-find V, M etc
3. DRAW THE SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAM – V vs x,
M vs. x
EXAMPLE 1
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown in
Fig. 11–4a.
EXAMPLE 1 (cont.)
Solution
The support reactions are shown in Fig. 6–4c.
Applying the two equations of equilibrium yields

wL
   Fy  0;  wx  V  0
2
L 
V  w  x  1
2 
 wL   x
  M  0;   x  wx    M  0
 2  2
 w

M    Lx  x 2  2
2
EXAMPLE 1 (cont.)
Solution
The point of zero shear can be found from Eq. 1:
L 
V  w  x   0
2 
L
x
2

From the moment diagram, this value of x represents the point on the
beam where the maximum moment occurs.

w  L   L   wL2
 2

M max   L      
2   2   2   8
EXAMPLE 2
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown in
Fig.
EXAMPLE 3
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown in
Fig.
GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING
SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
- A method based on two
differential relations, one that
exists between distributed
load and shear, and the other
between shear and
moments.
Regions of distributed load:
Change in shear = area under distributed
loading
V    w x dx
Change in moment = area under shear
diagram

M   V  x dx
GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING
SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS (cont)
Regions of concentrated force and moment:

V  F  V  V   0
V   F

M  M  M 0  Vx  M  0
M  M 0
EXAMPLE 2
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown in
Fig. 6–12a.
EXAMPLE 2 (cont.)
Solution
• The reactions are shown on the
free-body diagram in Fig. 6–12b.

• The shear at each end is plotted first,

Fig. 6–12c. Since there is no
distributed load on the beam,
the shear diagram has zero slope
and is therefore a horizontal line.
EXAMPLE 2 (cont.)

Solution
• The moment is zero at each end,
Fig. 6–12d. The moment diagram
has a constant negative slope of
-M0/2L since this is the shear in the
beam at each point. Note that the
couple moment causes a jump in the
moment diagram at the beam’s
center, but it does not affect the
shear diagram at this point.
EXAMPLE 3
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for each of the beams
shown in Figs. 6–13a and 6–14a.
EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solution
BENDING DEFORMATION OF A STRAIGHT
MEMBER
Assumptions:
1. Plane section remains plane
2. Length of longitudinal axis remains unchanged
3. Plane section remains perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis
4. In-plane distortion of section is negligible
 Symmetric Member in Pure Bending
• Internal forces in any cross section are
equivalent to a couple. The moment of the
couple is the section bending moment.
• From statics, a couple M consists of two
equal and opposite forces.
• The sum of the components of the forces in
any direction is zero.
• The moment is the same about any axis
perpendicular to the plane of the couple
and zero about any axis contained in the
plane.
• These requirements may be applied to the
sums of the components and moments of
the statically indeterminate elementary
internal forces. Fx    x dA  0
M y   z x dA  0
4 - 51 M z    y x dA  M
 FLEXURAL FORMULA

Assumptions:
Material behaves in a linear-elastic manner so that Hooke’s Law Applies;
i.e. σ=E.є

y y
    max ;     max ;
c c
M R Z   M Z ;
y 
M   ydF   y dA   y  max dA
A A
c 
 max
c A
M y 2 dA

Mc
 max 
I
My
 
I
EXAMPLE 4
The simply supported beam in Fig. 6–26a has the cross-
sectional area shown in Fig. 6–26b. Determine the absolute
maximum bending stress in the beam and draw the stress
distribution over the cross section at this location.
EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solution
• The maximum internal moment in the beam, 22.5 kNm,
occurs at the center.

• By reasons of symmetry, the neutral axis passes through the

centroid C at the mid-height of the beam, Fig. 6–26b.

I   I  Ad 2 

 2 121 0.250.02  0.250.020.16 
3 2
1
12
0.020.33 
 
 301.3 10 6 m 4

My
B   B ; b 
 
22.5 103 0.17 
 12.7 MPa (Ans)
I  
301.3 10 6
EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solution
• A three-dimensional view of the stress distribution is shown in Fig. 6–26d.

• At point B,
My
B   B ; B  
 
22.5 103 0.15
 11.2 MPa
I  
301.3 10 6
EXAMPLE 11.12
Solution
Determine the max bending stress at section a-a.
solution
Example 11.13

• Determine the max normal stresses for

both cases
CONCEPT QUIZ
CONCEPT QUIZ

1) Which of the following statements is true?

The flexure formula for a straight member can be applied

only

a) when bending occurs about axes that represent the

principal axes of inertia for the section.
b) the principal axes have their origin at the centroid.
c) the principal axes are orientated along an axis of
symmetry, if there is one, and perpendicular to it.
d) all of the above.
NOTES ON BEAM

END OF CHAPTER 11
HOMEWORK FOR
CHAPTER 11: F11.1,
11.5,11.18,F11.15,11.36,
11.51
QUIZ 1 – TORSION - 26/9/2013
A series of gear are mounted on the 40 mm diameter A-36 steel shaft.
(i) Draw the torque diagram for the whole length
(ii) Determine the angle of twist of gear B relative to gear A
(iii) Identify which section has the highest torque

END OF CHAPTER TORSION

School of Mechanical Engineering

NOTES ON BEAM

http://www.boeingconsult.com/tafe/structur
es/struct1/beams/Beams.HTM
BENDING STRESS
BENDING- DEFORMATION
NOTES ON BEAM

BEAMS ARE LONG STRAIGHT MEMBER – TRANSVERSE

LOAD – CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO HOW THEY ARE
SUPPORTED SUCH AS:
-CANTILEVER
-- SIMPLY SUPPORTED
-- OVERHANGING