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HATCHERY FEED GUIDE 2013
CONTENTS
Click on titles to go directly to the article
Introduction
Manufactured feeds
Product listings
Species look up
Introduction
Suzi Dominy
editor@hatcheryfeed.com
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HATCHERY FEED GUIDE 2013
Photo: T.Bardal
SINTEF Fisheries and aquaculture have flexi-
ble laboratories for testing different new
equipment, feed types and cultivation meth-
ods. The live feed organisms in question are
rotifers, Artemia and copepods, in addition to
different microalgae. At the moment the fo-
have shown increased survival, higher growth,
cus is on intensive cultivation of copepods,
less deformities, better pigmentation and
primarily the species Acartia tonsa. Production
higher stress tolerance when copepods are
of live feed organisms for feeding marine fish
used compared to traditional live feed organ-
larvae is an important step in rearing most of
isms (rotifer and Artemia). Intensively pro-
the marine fish species worldwide. Fish larvae
duced copepods also facilitate cultivation of
are in a critical phase of their life cycle and
fish species that have previously been difficult
there is a great need for live feed with an op-
to rear through the first feeding phase. One
timal nutritional quality. Several first feeding
example is the ornamental fish mandarin fish,
experiments on Atlantic cod and ballan wrasse
HATCHERY FEED GUIDE 2013
Hatcheryfeed.com
Website . Newsletter. Magazines
SUPPLIER FOCUS
See our product listings in this guide. For more information, visit
www.reedmariculture.com or call us at: 1-877-732-3276.
HATCHERY FEED GUIDE 2013
EFFECTS OF levels of this fatty acid might yield differential cacy of soybean oil (Harel et al. 1994), beef
DIETARY reproductive performance in white bass. tallow (Fernández-Palacios et al. 1995), and
PLANT OILS
Accordingly, we assessed the reproductive olive and linseed oil blends (Rodriquez et al.
ON FEMALE
WHITE BASS
performance of female white bass fed diets 1998) as alternatives to marine oils in gilt-
MORONE containing flax, canola, or corn oil as alterna- head sea bream broodstock diets, although
CHRYSOPS tives to marine-origin lipid. We chose these conditions were not comparable among trials,
EGG plant oils because they represent a range of i.e., duration and source of n-3 LC-PUFA
COMPOSITION 18:2n-6 levels and thus differ in their relative differed among studies, making direct com-
AND PROGENY
ratios of n-3 to n-6 C18 PUFA (flax: 3.21:1, n parison of alternative oil sources impractical.
SURVIVAL
-3 to n-6 C18 PUFA; canola: 0.45:1; corn: Direct comparisons of alternative oils have
0.02:1; see Table 1 for diet formulations). been conducted in other broodstock nutrition
trials, though the model taxa were not car-
nivorous teleosts. Chinese mitten-handed crab
Broodstock feeds altered egg Eriocheir sinensis broodstock fed soybean oil
composition and larval survival had a higher fecundity compared to brood-
C18 PUFA accumulated within eggs of brood- stock fed pork lard as the primary dietary lipid
stock fed diets containing plant oils during the source (Wen et al. 2002). Reproductive out-
8-week period immediately prior to spawning, put of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus brood-
even though white bass vitellogenesis begins stock fed soybean oil prior to spawning was
5 months prior to spawning (Berlinsky et al. enhanced compared to broodstock fed corn,
1995). Broodstock fed plant oils produced coconut, or cod liver oils (Santiago and Reyes
eggs with similar concentrations of C18 PUFA, 1993). The most favorable alternative oil
but eggs from flax oil-fed broodstock con- sources for use in broodstock feeds in the
tained higher levels of 18:3n-3 and eggs of above studies contained greater concentra-
canola and corn oil-fed broodstock had ele- tions of C18 PUFA than saturated fatty acids
vated concentrations of 18:2n-6 (Table 2). (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids
These data suggest fatty acid recycling occurs (MUFA). Moreover, tilapia broodstock fed soy-
continuously within the eggs during later bean oil (n-3 and n-6 C18 PUFA) outper-
stages of vitellogenesis. Nutrients provided formed broodstock fed corn oil (predominantly
via the diet immediately prior to spawning can n-6 C18 PUFA), suggesting excessive dietary
be reflected within the eggs relatively quickly, intake of 18:2n-6 may be detrimental to tila-
ultimately leading to the differences in embry- pia egg quality and a balanced intake of 18:2n
onic and larval survival we observed between -6 and 18:3n-3 is more favorable (Santiago
plant oil treatments in the current study. We and Reyes 1993). Despite study-to-study
found dietary intake of plant oils containing variation, some generalized themes can be
elevated concentrations of 18:2n-6 negatively teased away from these differential
impacted hatch rate and cumulative larval responses. Generally, increasing levels of
survival at 3 DPH (Figure 1). Conversely, die- 18:2n-6 have a negative effect on reproduc-
tary intake of plant oils containing elevated tive performance and progeny success
concentrations of 18:3n-3 improved hatch whereas inclusion of other C18 PUFA appears
rate and larval survival at 3 DPH among the less problematic. In our study, reproductive
n-3 LC-PUFA-deficient treatments. performance of female white bass increased
progressively as 18:3n-3 replaced 18:2n-6 as
Alternative oils are generally only used to the predominant C18 PUFA found within the
dilute n-3 LC-PUFA-rich lipids in broodstock plant oil source (Figure 1). Therefore, marine
diets, and have not been directly compared to oil replacement with 18:3n-3-rich plant oils
determine how their respective fatty acid pro- may not have the same ramifications for
file influences broodstock physiology or repro- carnivorous broodstock (especially white bass)
ductive output (Harel et al. 1994; Fernandez- as those associated with 18:2n-6-rich plant
Palacios et al. 1995; Lane and Kohler 2006; oils (Lane and Kohler 2006). However, fur-
Jaya-Ram et al. 2008). Multiple broodstock ther research is necessary to fully validate this
nutrition trials were conducted evaluating effi- hypothesis.
HATCHERY FEED GUIDE 2013
EFFECTS OF Table 1. Formulation and composition (g*kg-1) of experimental diets fed to female white bass for 8 weeks
DIETARY prior to spawning.
PLANT OILS
ON FEMALE
Experimental Diets
WHITE BASS
MORONE Flax Canola Corn
CHRYSOPS
Ingredient
EGG
COMPOSITION Menhaden meal a
500.0 500.0 500.0
AND PROGENY
SURVIVAL Flax oilb 85.0 ‐‐ ‐‐
Canola oil ‐‐ 85.0 ‐‐
Corn oil ‐‐ ‐‐ 85.0
Fatty acid composition (% total fatty acid methyl esters)
a
Omega Protein (Houston, Texas)
b
Jedwards International, Inc. (Quincy, MA)
c
U.S. FWS Federal Premix #3
d
U.S. FWS Federal Premix #30
e
Saturated fatty acids—includes 14:0, 15:0, 16:0, 17:0, 18:0, 20:0, and 22:0.
f
Monounsaturated fatty acids—includes 16:1n‐7, 18:1n‐7, 18:1n‐9, 20:1n‐9, 22:1n‐11, and 22:1n‐9.
g
n‐6 Long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids—sum of all n‐6 FA with chain length ≥ 20 carbon atoms and double bonds ≥ 3; includes
20:2n‐6, 20:3n‐6, 20:4n‐6, and 22:2n‐6
h
Also includes 18:3n‐6
i
Also includes 18:4n‐3
n‐3 Long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids—sum of all n‐3 FA with chain length ≥ 20 carbon atoms and double bonds ≥ 3; includes 20:3n
j
‐3, 20:4n‐3, 20:5n‐3, 22:5n‐3, and 22:6n‐3
k
C18 Polyunsaturated fatty acids—sum of all PUFA with 18 carbon chain length.
HATCHERY FEED GUIDE 2013
EFFECTS OF Table 2. Crude lipid fatty acid concentrations (mean ± standard error; % total fatty acid methyl esters) of
DIETARY white bass eggs after feeding flax, canola, or corn oil for 8 weeks prior to spawning. Different letters
PLANT OILS within rows denote statistically significant differences between treatment means (α=0.05).
ON FEMALE
WHITE BASS
MORONE Experimental Diets
CHRYSOPS Fatty Acids Flax Canola Corn
EGG
SFA a 17.9 ± 0.4 17.9 ± 0.4 17.6 ± 0.4
COMPOSITION
AND PROGENY 37.2 ± 1.0 36.6 ± 1.0 37.4 ± 1.0
MUFAb
SURVIVAL
9.6 ± 1.3 b 14.8 ± 1.4 a 15.2 ± 1.4 a
18:2n‐6
3.6 ± 0.2 3.9 ± 0.2 3.8 ± 0.2
n‐6 LC‐PUFAc
13.5 ± 1.2 b 19.1 ± 1.3 a 19.7 ± 1.3 a
n‐6d
9.0 ± 0.6 a 3.4 ± 0.7 b 3.4 ± 0.7 b
18:3n‐3
22.3 ± 1.0 22.9 ± 1.1 21.7 ± 1.1
n‐3 LC‐PUFAe
31.4 ± 1.1a 26.3 ± 1.2 b 25.2 ± 1.2 b
n‐3f
a
Saturated fatty acids—includes 14:0, 15:0, 16:0, 17:0, 18:0, 20:0, and 22:0.
b
Monounsaturated fatty acids—includes 16:1n‐7, 18:1n‐7, 18:1n‐9, 20:1n‐9, 22:1n‐11, and 22:1n‐9.
c
n‐6 Long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids—sum of all n‐6 FA with chain length ≥ 20 carbon atoms and double bonds ≥ 3; includes
20:2n‐6, 20:3n‐6, 20:4n‐6, and 22:2n‐6
d
Also includes 18:3n‐6
e
n‐3 Long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids—sum of all n‐3 FA with chain length ≥ 20 carbon atoms and double bonds ≥ 3; includes
20:3n‐3, 20:4n‐3, 20:5n‐3, 22:5n‐3, and 22:6n‐3
f
Also includes 18:4n‐3
g
C18 Polyunsaturated fatty acids—sum of all PUFA with 18 carbon chain length
Fertilized and unfertilized white bass eggs Hybrid striped bass larvae--3 days post hatch.
HATCHERY FEED GUIDE 2013
EFFECTS OF All plant oil-based diets were Figure 1. Linear regressions estimating progeny survival of female
DIETARY n-3 LC-PUFA-deficient based white bass fed flax, canola, or corn oil as primary dietary lipid
PLANT OILS
on previously determined sources for 8 weeks prior to spawning. Plots are (a) hatch and (b) 3
ON FEMALE
WHITE BASS
dietary ‘requirements’ for day post hatch (DPH) survival rates vs. dietary 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3
MORONE female white bass brood- intake.
CHRYSOPS stock (3.9% dry matter,
EGG Lane and Kohler 2006;
COMPOSITION 4.0% Lewis et al. 2010).
AND PROGENY
Though, no dietary effects
SURVIVAL
were observed with regard to
maternal broodstock weight
(684.2 ± 70.1 g; mean ±
SD), growth (14.3 ± 4.1%), a
survival (100%), or fecundity
(141,000 ± 61,000 eggs/kg
body weight) as a result of
the 8-week feeding trial.
Evidence of this deficiency
was apparent as reduced
survival of the plant oil-fed
progeny was observed in re-
lation to broodstock fed fish
oil in a previous study (Lewis
et al. 2010). Replacing LC-
PUFA with C18 PUFA would
improve the oxidative stabil-
ity of fish tissues, since C18
PUFA are less prone to lipid
peroxidation than LC-PUFA b
(Gonzalez et al. 1992). In a
previous paper (Lewis et al.
2010), we speculated that
low hatch and larval survival
rates among white bass lar-
vae may be due to increased
lipid peroxidation within eggs
containing high concentra-
tions of LC-PUFA. However,
embryonic and larval survival were better in
Conclusions
previous studies when broodstock were fed
menhaden oil-based diets containing 4.0% n- Based on our findings, white bass require con-
3 LC-PUFA and eggs contained higher concen- siderable amounts of n-3 LC-PUFA in the diet
trations of LC-PUFA (with greater predisposi- to achieve maximal reproductive success. Of
tion to oxidation). This suggests that while all diets evaluated in the present and previous
lipid oxidative stability may influence brood- papers (Lane and Kohler 2006; Lewis et al.
stock performance, LC-PUFA availability has 2010) addressing female white bass brood-
an overriding effect on egg quality (Lane and stock nutrition, egg concentrations of n-3 LC-
Kohler 2006; Lewis et al. 2010). Physiological PUFA and embryo survival are consistently
impacts specific to egg C18 PUFA inclusion maximized by feeding 100% menhaden oil.
rather than LC-PUFA displacement are cur- Therefore, despite environmental and eco-
rently unknown. nomical concerns associated with the long-
HATCHERY FEED GUIDE 2013
EFFECTS OF gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) and on egg quality. (Eriocheir sinensis) fed different sources of dietary lipid.
DIETARY Fish Physiol Biochem 18:177‐187 Comp Biochem Physiol 131A:675‐681
PLANT OILS
ON FEMALE Santiago CB, Reyes OS (1993) Effects of dietary lipid Wonnacott EJ, Lane RL, Kohler CC (2004) Influence of
WHITE BASS source on reproductive performance and tissue lipid lev‐ dietary replacement of menhaden oil with canola oil on
MORONE els of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus) brood‐ fatty acid composition of sunshine bass. North Am J
CHRYSOPS
stock. J Appl Ichthyol 9:33‐40 Aquacult 66:243‐250 ΩHF
EGG
COMPOSITION Sargent JR (1995) Origins and functions of egg lipids: nu‐
AND PROGENY ABOUT THE AUTHOR
tritional implications. In: Bromage NR, Roberts RJ (ed.)
SURVIVAL
Broodstock Management and Egg and Larval Quality.
Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford
Tacon AGJ, Metian M (2008) Global overview on the use
of fish meal and fish oil in industrially compounded
aquafeeds: trends and future prospects. Aquaculture
285:146‐158
Trushenski JT, Lewis HA, Kohler CC (2008a) Fatty acid pro‐
file of sunshine bass: I. profile change is affected by initial
First author, Heidi Hill is currently
composition and differs among tissues. Lipids 43:629‐641
the Aquaculture Research and
Trushenski, J.T.; Lewis, H.A.; Kohler, C.C.; 2008b: Fatty Development Manager at
acid profile of sunshine bass: II. Profile change differs Cargill Animal Nutrition.
This study was completed as part of her
among fillet lipid classes. Lipids 43, 643‐653
dissertation research at Southern Illinois
Wen XB, Chen LQ, Zhou ZL, Ai CX, Deng GY (2002) Repro‐ University.
duction response of Chinese mitten‐handed crab E: heidi_hill@cargill.com
SUPPLIER FPCUS
of marine shrimp, including complete elimina- for ongrowing shrimp and fish. Sanolife PRO
tion of polychaetes. Additionally, health boost- -W, for example, promotes the rapid decom-
ers from the Sanoguard S-PAK range position of waste material and helps control
improve the shrimp’s resistance to stress and pathogenic bacteria in ponds under both aero-
diseases while Sanolife MIC colonizes the bic and anaerobic conditions. Sano TOP-S is
shrimp’s digestive tract with favorable bacte- a product that boosts the animals’ immune
ria that will compete with pathogenic and system. It allows the most efficient and profit-
opportunistic bacteria and at the same time, able plan of action during times of stress,
improve the water quality. such as the transfer from hatchery to nursery,
and ultimately to the farm, or during disease
outbreak.
Health products for fish and shrimp
grow-out
INVE Aquaculture has developed a range of
products specifically for ongrowing shrimp and
fish. These products fit in their holistic
approach of increasing the farmer’s profits
through improved biosecurity, the manage-
ment of the rearing conditions & strengthen-
ing the animal’s health. The Sanolife range of
probiotics has set industry standards by
providing highly concentrated and consistent
formulations of Bacillus specifically designed
Inve's aquaculture experts work with a customer (center) in Thailand, using a diet from our well-known
FRiPPAK shrimp hatchery dry diet range.
HATCHERY FEED GUIDE 2013
HOW IS IT MADE?
A SUMMARY OF STARTER AQUATIC FEEDS
Will Henry discusses the three most common and
cost-effective methods currently in use for the production
of sub-millimeter aquatic feeds: pellet and crumble, direct
extrusion, and spheronization.
This article is not intended to be an all- Figure 1. Product Sample of Cold-Extrusion SAS
encompassing resource for starter aquatic
feeds, as the author is aware that technology
moves at an extremely fast past and produc-
ers are driven by the ever-demanding needs
of a fluent market.
It is probably prudent to first discuss the re-
quirements of typical micro-aquatic (sub-
millimeter, less than 1 .0 mm in diameter)
feeds. For this article, we will discuss the fol-
lowing product parameters that as an equip-
ment designer/
manufacturer
that our clients
Each method, regardless of ask us to focus
limitations, has a specific niche to on: size & uni-
For discussion, let us assume we are targeting
fulfill and performs well within formity, homoge-
a feed cycle for 0.3 mm feed. As stated
neity, shape, and
above, the cost to manufacture said feed is
economy.
not inexpensive. As such, we want to ensure
Size and uniformity that the stock grow-out to the next stage
The importance of size and size uniformity, where it will require a larger feed size in a
within the industry, are strict for obvious rea- timely and cost effective manner. If our feed
sons (Wankowski, 1977; Wankowski & size uniformity is poor, then feed is wasted
Thorpe, 1979). The foremost of these are (inability to consume over-sized pellets) and
yield cost at the time of harvest and feed the grow-out time is lengthened (poor nutri-
costs. To put it simply, the cost of aquatic tion due to inability of consumption).
feed production is inversely proportional to Pellet Homogeneity
the targeted product size. As size is de-
Proper pellet homogeneity begins with formu-
creased, the cost of manufacturing is in-
lation and grinding. The first consideration
creased. This is due to the various complexi-
should be to the components of a required
ties that holds true regardless of the method
diet and the selection of ingredients that grind
of manufacturing. Figure 1 depicts a US
and mix well. Secondly, keeping the number
minted dime for reference against 0.3mm,
of dry components to a minimum will help
0.5mm, and 1.0mm products to render a per-
reduce the risk of heterogeneity (non-
spective of the size range.
uniformity). For example, if we can keep the
HATCHERY FEED GUIDE 2013
HOW IS IT total dry ingredient count below 10 compo- For a more detailed comparison to consider an
MADE? nents, it will be easier to ensure that a under-lying concern for starter feeds, please
A SUMMARY
uniform distribution occurs after mixing. In note the micro-graphs in Figures 4 and 5.
OF STARTER
AQUATIC
addition, component ratio (percentage of total
FEEDS batch size) is also important. Distributive Figure 4 Pelleted and crumbled
mixing (measure of mixing intensity/
efficiency) is greatly improved and more pre-
dictable if component ratios are greater than
5 - 7% of total batch size (J.M. Ottino, Kine-
matics of Mixing: Chaos and Transport, 1990).
The third consideration for pellet homogeneity
is particle size. A general rule for homoge-
nous pellet production is that the mean parti-
cle size of the dry raw materials should be in
the size range of 1/3 to 1/5 of the desired pel-
let size. For example, if the target pellet size
is 1 mm, then the targeted mean particle size
after grinding should be in the range of 300 to
500 microns. For reference comparing good
particle size to poor particle size, and the Figure 5. Extruded spheronization and
effect of such on a final product, please refer- agglomeration
ence Figures 2 and 3 below:
450 99.8%
350 99.2%
250 98.6%
149 97.8%
75 77.7%
Not to say that a perfect sphere is required,
Figure 7: Sample #1C2 but a smooth spherical shape has proven to
show marked improvement in mortality rates
Pulverized & Sifted
Micron Size % Through
(specifically in non-bottom feeding applica-
tions) and yield uniformity. This would be
450 100.0% due in part to the ‘smooth’ structure of a
350 100.0% properly formed spherical pellet. Referring
250 100.0% back to Fig. 4, you will note that sharp and
jagged edges are prominent in most (if not
149 99.8%
all) of the ‘pellets’. As a fingerling, the mouth
75 80.8%
of your stock is extremely sensitive to injury.
In terms of shape, we will need to consider During consumption of said pellet, it is prob-
individual component shape as well as shape able that some injury will be incurred causing
consistency. Individually, it is important to the fish to refrain from feeding properly.
ensure that each pellet is round and smooth.
HATCHERY FEED GUIDE 2013
HOW IS IT
MADE? PELLET & CRUMBLE
A SUMMARY
OF STARTER ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
AQUATIC
High Capacity Levels 40% Yield after Post Production Sifting
FEEDS
Low Cost per Unit Sinking Only
Nutritional Heterogeneity
DIRECT EXTRUSION
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Floating or Sinking
Good Durability
Nutritional Homogeneity
Excellent Appearance
Medicate, Vitamins
ADVANCES IN
EXTRUDED FEED
Extruded diets with fresh raw material are now able to
provide complete compounded nutritional requirements for
broodstock and juvenile marine fish. Extrusion consultant,
Peter Hutchinson explains ...
Manufacture of hatchery feeds is as much art formulations are not so much cost driven (as
as science. Understanding what the customer would be the case with commercial grow-out
wants, what fish require and what is feasible diets) and an “all in” basis is often used as a
in terms of manufacture can be a balancing starting point for ingredients. Sales are very
act. At the end of the day we need to form much result driven and we rely on prompt
some sort of pellet which will hold together feedback from customers. So if sales are
as required, meet shelf life and biosecurity growing, we figure we must be doing some-
requirements, get eaten as well as meet nutri- thing right and we work closely with custom-
tional requirements for growth and or egg ers to see what we can learn from their re-
quality. sults. Bearing in mind results will not gener-
ally be multiple replicate, peer reviewed stud-
It’s actually difficult to write this type of arti-
ies, so intuition and experience play a signifi-
cle with “good science”, as science is scrappy
cant roll. The costs of rigorous trials are pro-
for this side of
hibitive given the volumes of feed utilized by
In our earlier attempts with high the aquaculture the hatchery industry and therefore prompt
industry and spe-
end hatchery feeds (broodstock cies are varied.
feedback is imperative. As is the case with
and juvenile), we threw many small businesses in the research indus-
Basics such as
try, we don’t have the luxury of big marketing
everything in ... protein and lipid
budgets with gimmicky concepts either. There
quality and high
aren’t many second chances out there in this
protein to energy
market...!
ratios are a given, however in a compounded
diet for marine broodstock or juveniles our In our earlier attempts with high end hatchery
general understanding of these macronutri- feeds (broodstock and juvenile), we threw
ents needs to be expanded when compared everything in (much like everyone one else),
with grow out diets, as in themselves balanc- including various MOS, pigments, soluble pro-
ing these nutrients won’t generate quality re- teins, aminos, high DHA oil, ARA, high vits
sults. Protein source is critical, however what and mins, natural antioxidants, stimulants,
we would generally understand as quality ani- attractants and so on. To be honest, the suc-
mal protein doesn’t necessarily produce re- cess rate wasn’t as good as using wet fish di-
sults. ets. We then moved to semi-moist diets and
while we had a small increase in palatability,
From time to time specific ingredients may
not much else changed and customers were
be required by a customer and formulations
still using the diets primarily as “supplements”
tailored to fit a species in question. Clearly
rather than as complete diets. We were using
HATCHERY FEED GUIDE 2013
ADVANCES IN standard semi-moist stabilizing techniques at wet feed, relying on these booster products as
EXTRUDED that time, including phosphoric acid as an a sole source of feed has not worked well in
FEED
acidulant, along with the other usual sugar our experience. Feeding of formulated
syrups and prop glycol to reduce water activ- “dough” alone from blended powders mixed
ity. with water will struggle to provide required
results. Extruded diets with fresh raw material
It wasn’t until we made a significant departure
are now able to provide complete com-
from these standard stabilizing methods and
pounded nutritional requirements for brood-
began using a blend of organic acids in con-
stock and juvenile marine fish, with the added
junction with fresh wet fish/mussel/squid
benefits of improved bio-security and conven-
meat inclusion that we began to see real
ience whilst still providing the high degree of
benefits. The greatly improved results from
palatability required. ΩHF
utilizing fresh ingredients are likely multifac-
eted in influence and as much as definitive
conclusions are hard to draw, the majority of
result probably relate to quality of protein
(having not been rendered first), with a very
slim possibility that some enzyme activity
may survive the extrusion process. Also the ABOUT THE AUTHOR
organic acids may be directly influencing gut
flora in terms of reducing pathogenic load and
as an indirect consequence, helping to im-
prove length of GIT microvilli. There are mul-
tiple theories surrounding use of organic acids
including protection of proteins and other nu-
trients during processing, stimulation of en-
zyme secretion, nutrient release through
acidification, increased utilization of fats and
increased gastric retention. So take your pick
as to the most significant role these ingredi-
ents are playing, however my intuition tells
me that un-rendered wet raws and organic Peter Hutchinson is the Director of E.N.
acids are mutually beneficial, as their com-
Hutchinson, Auckland, New Zealand
bined inclusion has resulted in the most sig-
nificant performance improvement we have Peter studied aquaculture in Tasmania,
seen to date. Australia, in the early ‘nineties before
returning to New Zealand where he
The beauty of this approach is that it need not
worked primarily in the finfish hatchery
be restricted to the hatchery industry. Wenger
industry. In 1997 he joined the family
Manufacturing have developed extrusion
business (EN Hutchinson Ltd.) and
equipment that is capable of utilizing in ex-
established a small extrusion plant,
cess of 50% wet raw material off the back of
with a focus on aquaculture nutrition
trends towards increasing wet meat inclusion
in the pet food industry. In theory, by utilizing and general R&D. Over the last decade
wet meat/fish by-products even standard Peter has consulted widely in the field
salmon pellets could be produced economi- of aquatic nutrition and extrusion, for a
cally, potentially with significant performance diverse range of major private and
benefits. public sector companies, including
development of starch based
While there are generic booster/supplement bio-polymers, breakfast cereals, pet
products on the market, which are designed
foods, agricultural and aquatic feeds.
to be fed in conjunction with wet fish diets
and can supplement compounds lacking in the E: pete@enhutchinson.co.nz
HATCHERY FEED GUIDE 2013
- Twin screw extrusion, multiple designs both When using either a single or twin screw
parallel and non parallel extruder the equipment is best utilized if it is
a stand-alone system for micro feeds, in fact
- Reduced heat forming extrusion or what is
the best arrangement is if the entire line is
HATCHERY FEED GUIDE 2013
PRODUCTION solely used for producing micro feeds. The Figure 1. Extreme case of material blocking an
OF MICRO extrusion die
main reason is cleanliness. Any possible re-
FEEDS
DIRECTLY sidual large particles from other extrusion
FROM AN products where extreme fineness of the raw
EXTRUSION material is not required can, in the end, result
COOKER
in die blockage causing a shutdown of the
process. If this is not possible then attention
to cleaning the system completely is advised.
The system defined as delivery conveyors,
hoppers, mixers, grinders, sifters and any
other devices that would feed into the extru-
sion cooker.
Sample #1B4
Pulverized
Micron Size % Through
450 99.8%
PRODUCTION
Figure 2. High capacity non parallel twin screw extruder for micro pellets
OF MICRO
FEEDS
DIRECTLY
FROM AN
EXTRUSION
COOKER
parting the required heat for the cooking ABOUT THE AUTHOR
process. In both cases controlled slippage of
the raw materials is what increases friction
between the raw materials themselves as well
as the extruder parts creating heat for cook-
ing. The actual extruder configuration can be
adjusted to increase or decrease this phe-
nomenon in singles and standard parallel sin-
gle twin screw designs. The exception is the
non parallel twin screw extruders referred to
as Conical Co-Rotating Twin Screw Extruders.
In this case the screw flighting does not allow
for part changes but relies on the operation
parameters of its design. Shaft speed control
and open area related to the flow from a BPV,
Joseph P. Kearns is the Aquaculture Proc-
back pressure valve. ΩHF
ess Engineering Manager for Wenger
Manufacturing, Inc. He has eight pat-
ents for Wenger all with regards to
aquatic feeds and/or machinery associ-
ated with production of same.
E: jkearns@wenger.com
The marine hatchery feed portfolio from Skretting
www.skretting.com/spectrum
HATCHERY FEED GUIDE 2013
MANUFACTURED FEEDS
SUPPLIER PRODUCT NAME SPECIES LIFE FORM DESCRIPTION MORE
STAGE INFORMATION
Inve
Lansy Breed Fish Broodstock Pellets Soft pellets that enhance the nutritional WEBSITE
Aquaculture quality of the offspring and provide a more
predictable output. Allows for better and CONTACT
increased egg production. Available in 8, 12
or 24 mm pellets.
Inve
NRD Fish Larvae up Crumbled dry Top performance dry diet range for marine WEBSITE
Aquaculture to juveniles feed fish. One diet line for the co‐feeding,
CONTACT
weaning, post‐weaning, nursery and
pre‐ongrowing stages.
HATCHERY FEED GUIDE 2013
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HATCHERY FEED GUIDE 2013
Black Box Larval Diets Micro (#0, #1, #2) Vita (1.5, 2 – 9 mm)
Black Box Acclimation diets Micro 1.2 mm Calform (2 – 9 mm)
STURGEON
Biomat Bio-Oregon
EN Hutchinson MicroVita
PINK CHUM
BroodMax BioFlake
MP Enhance Brood (5, 7 , 9 and 10.5 mm) Black Box Larval Diets
EWOS Canada Black Box Acclimation diets
Pacific Trading Aquaculture Transfer (1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 mm) MAT MIX
Otohime Pacific (1.2, 1.5, 2 – 9 mm)
EN Hutchinson
BroodMax
Inve Aquaculture
BREED-S FRESH
EPAC
FRiPPAK FRESH
FRiPPAK PL FEEDS
LANSY-Shrimp
Lucky Star
Micro Elite
Skretting
PL
Zeigler
EZ Artemia
EZ Larva
Larva Z-Plus
Larva Z-Plus
Larva Esencial
Larva AP-100
PL Raceway Plus
EZ Black
The Future of Feeds
Superio
ing r
id
Fe
Prov
eds
for
ts®
up
ul
erior Res
S
» Reed Mariculture has earned a reputation for
being on the cutting edge by developing innovative
nutrition and production solutions for the
aquaculture industry.
Customers in over 80 countries depend on Reed
Mariculture for timely delivery of superior nutrition
products and world class customer service.
Commercial Aquaculture Products
Our Instant Algae® including RotiGrow® and Shellfish Diet®
products are the most convenient
and effective feeds on the market
for growth, enrichment and green-
water productivity. We also offer
© 2012-2013 Reed Mariculture, Inc. All Rights reserved. Instant Algae, Instant Zooplankton, RotiGrow, Shellfish Diet, Reef Nutrition, and APBreed are trademarks or registered trademarks of Reed Mariculture Inc.
Instant Zooplankton® products.
• Hatcheries: Bivalve Shellfish,
Instant Algae in our
Finfish, and Shrimp 10 Liter Cubitainer
Reef Nutrition™
We provide a full line of the highest
quality and freshest ornamental
products in the industry, backed by
our customer service guarantee. Reef Nutrition Products
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HATCHERY FEED GUIDE 2013
AQUAFEED HORIZONS
Asia 2014
April 8, 2014. Bangkok. Thailand
feedconferences.com
HATCHERY FEED GUIDE 2013
Sanocare ACE
Skretting
Sanolife MIC-F
NEPTUNE
Sanolife GWS
ORI-CULTURE
ORI-GREEN
Lucky Star
ORI-GOLD
Nutri - HUFA
SHELLFISH
Pacific Trading Aquaculture
Reed Mariculture
Super Fresh Chlorella SV-12
Instant Algae Shellfish Diet
1800
Reed Mariculture
APBreed SDaquarist
Instant Algae Isochrysis 1800
SHRIMP
Instant Algae Nanno 3600