1
HVAC Design
1. Consultants
Designing (Design Consultant)
Site Supervisors (Project Consultant)
Testing / Inspection
Approvals
Commissioning
2. Contractor
Supervision of Installation (Project Engineer / Site Engineer)
Project Estimation (”)
Project Approvals (”)
Procurement (Purchase)
3. Maintenance
Drafting
Drawings to convey the design
HVAC Software’s
Load Calculations
Block Load, HAP, CHVAC, RHVAC
Carrier Elite
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H Heating
V Ventilation
A/c Air Conditioning
Heating
It is the process of adding heat to the space by using hot air to
maintain the comfort conditions in the space.
Ventilation
It is the process of maintaining indoor air qualities either by
removing used air or by adding fresh air.
Air Conditioning
It is the process of adjusting the temperature, humidity levels &
purifying the air to satisfy human comfort conditions.
The comfort conditions are:
25˚C or 76˚F Temperature
30 – 70% RH (Ideally 50% RH)
RH Relative Humidity
RH = Amount of moisture in Sample Air
Saturated Air
Saturated Air Air with 100% Moisture Content
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HVAC Standards
ASHRAE American Society of Heating Refrigeration &
Air Conditioning Engineering
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Refrigerant
It is a gas / liquid which boils / evaporates at very low
temperatures.
E.g. Lithium Bromide – BP - 5˚C
Ammonia – BP - 10˚C
Refrigerants can be kept under pressure to maintain the liquid
state.
E.g. LPG – Liquefied Petroleum Gas
List of Refrigerants
Refer Page D-2 = HVAC Handbook
Principle of Air Conditioning
Vapour Compression System / Vapour Compression Cycle
Absorption Chilling System
Vapour Compression Cycle (VCC)
Condenser
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Evaporator
It is an array of tube / Heat Exchanger where refrigerant absorbs
heat & evaporates.
Return
Rows of Coils
Condenser
It is an array of tube / Heat Exchanger where refrigerant rejects
heat & condenses in to liquid.
Expansion Valve
It is an Orifice / a Capillary tube used to release the pressure of
refrigerant. It also regulates the flow of refrigerant (so valve).
Orifice
Compressors
It is used to increase the pressure of refrigerant gas. It handles
only gas. It is the driver of the complete cycle.
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Working of VCC
Expansion Evaporates
Pressure
Temperature
Fan
Note:
Copper tubes / coils are used because of high heat transfer rate.
From Condenser to Evaporator Liquid line
From Evaporator to Compressor Suction line
From compressor to Condenser Hot gas line / Discharge line
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Super Heat mode of Refrigerant
It is the heat added to the refrigerant on the suction side / line of
the compressor (due to high outside temperature).
Sub Cooling
It is the heat rejected from the discharge line to the atmosphere
(due to low atmospheric temperature)
Absorption Chilling System
NH3 vapour
Expansion Valve
Chilled water in
Out Span
H2o+NH3
No electricity
Fossil fuels are using.
Less efficient, because no control on pressure.
Absorption Chilling System is less efficient than VCC. All the
Air Conditioners now have VCC.
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Classification of Air Conditioning Systems
Local cooling comfort system (M/c inside the space)
Window A/c
Split A/c
Multi Split A/c
Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit
Centralized A/c System (M/c outside the space)
Central A/c System / All Air System
Chilled Water System / Air Water System
Window A/c
It pulls room air & blows it over the Evaporator for conditioning
of air.
Outside Window
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Split A/c
Insulation
It pulls room air & blow over the Evaporator for Air
Conditioning of room air.
Available capacity up to 7-8TR
Length of refrigerant pipe can be taken from catalog. Generally,
length should not exceed 40-50m.
Outdoor unit can be mounted on the roof & also on the wall.
Advantages
Not much space required / No breaking of window.
Noise is removed from the space.
No chance of mixing of air.
Indoor unit types
Ducted type
Non-Ducted type
Outdoor unit types
Vertical discharge unit
Horizontal discharge unit
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Multi Split A/c
Ref: Pipe
IU - 1
IU - 2
IU - 3
IU - 4
Branch Distributor
Outdoor Unit
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Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit
Capacity up to 7.5TR
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CENTRALISED A/c SYSTEM
Chilled Water System
Chiller/ FCU
Cooler
AHU
Supply
Chilled Water Pipe
P1 P2 Return
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Central A/c System
AHU
DX Direct Expansion
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Functions of Air Handling Unit
Cooling
Heating
Humidification
Dehumidification
Filtration
Cooling
Refers to removal of heat from air.
For removing heat we use Cooling Coils / Heat Exchanger.
Heat Exchanger Component involved in exchange of heat.
Types of Cooling Coil
DX coil
Chilled Water coil
DX coil
Used in VCC (Refrigerant flowing through it)
Chilled Water coil
Used in Chilled Water Cycle (Chilled Water flowing through it)
Selection of Coil
Based on:
More no’s of Rows
Less Coil face air velocity (400 – 700 fpm)
fpm feet per minute
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Heating
Refers to the addition of heat to the air.
Heating Coil Heat Exchanger
Types of Heating Coil
Hot Water Coil
Steam Coil
Electric Heating Element
Hot Water Coil
Hot water flowing through it.
Boiler produces hot water & it circulated through radiators &
AHU’s to give the heat in the space.
Hot water is flowing in Hot Water Coils, used in radiators &
AHU’s.
Steam Coil
Steam Boiler produces steam, which is supplied to Steam Coils
installed in AHU’s & radiators.
Electric Heating Element
It can be mounted in AHU / in the ducts which gets heated up
by using electricity.
Used for small capacities.
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Humidification
Adding moisture to the air during Winter season.
Humidification is done with heating.
Winter season
Temperature 5 - 10˚C
RH 90%
When heating is done:
Temperature
RH (RH 50 – 40%)
Methods of Humidification
Wet Humidification
Steam Humidification
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Wet Humidification
F.A S.A
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Steam Humidification
F.A S.A
R.A
Steam Humidifier
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Dehumidification
Removal of moisture from air during summer season.
Summer season
Temperature 45 - 50˚C
RH 20 – 25%
When cooling the air:
Temperature
RH (RH up to 50%)
Methods of Dehumidification
DPT method (Dew Point Temperature)
Chemical Dehumidification
DPT method (Dew Point Temperature)
It is the maximum temperature of air below which moisture
starts condensing in to liquid.
The temperature of Cooling Coil is set below the Dew Point
Temperature of air. Thus the moisture is removed by
dehumidifying the air.
Chemical Dehumidification
Silica Gel is used for dehumidification. It has a property of
absorbing moisture from the air.
Disk is applied with Silica Gel & air is made to pass over it.
Maintenance of disk is to be done periodically.
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Filtration
It is to purify the air from foreign particles / contaminants like
bacteria, dust, odour etc. present in the air
Types of Filtration
Mechanical Filtration
Electrostatic Filtration
Mechanical Filtration
Types of Filters
Pad Filters
Panel Filters
Anti-microbial Filters
Bag Filters
HEPA Filters (High Efficiency Particulate Air Filters)
ULPA Filters (Ultra Low Particulate Air Filters)
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Pad Filters
Frame (Al)
Filter Media
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Panel Filters
Frame Work
Filter Media
Anti-microbial Filters
These are Pad / Panel Filtered sprayed with Biocides to kill the
bacteria
Used mostly in Hospitals, Malls, Labs, Offices etc.
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Bag Filters
Filter Media
Frame Work
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HEPA Filters (High Efficiency Particulate Air Filters)
These are basically Panel / Bag Filters with specialized Filter
Media which gives 99% clean air.
Application
Hospitals (Operation Theatres, ICU’s Labs etc.)
Food Processing Units etc.
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Electrostatic Filtration
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Package Unit / DX Package Unit / Package A/c Unit (PACU)
Condenser S.A
Evaporator
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Split type AHU
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Properties of Air
The Thermodynamic properties of air are:
Dry Bulb Temperature (DBT)
Wet Bulb Temperature (WBT)
Relative Humidity (RH)
Humidity Ratio (HR)
Dew Point Temperature (DPT)
Enthalpy
Dry Bulb Temperature (DBT)
It is the temperature measured with ordinary
thermometer.
Wet Bulb Temperature (WBT)
It is the temperature measured with ordinary thermometer
covering a wet cloth over the bulb.
Relative Humidity (RH)
It is the amount of moisture in sample air to the ratio of
saturated air.
RH = Amount of moisture in Sample Air
Saturated Air
Humidity Ratio (HR)
It is the ratio of grains of moisture present per pound of air.
HR = Grains of moisture ( Gr/lb)
Pounds of Air
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Dew Point Temperature (DPT)
It is the maximum temperature of air below which
moisture starts condensing in to liquid.
Enthalpy
It is the total heat content in the air.
Note:
Psychometric Chart is used to find the Thermodynamic
properties of air.
Any two values to be known to find the rest.
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Air Distribution System
This system is design to distribute the air in the building
from AHU, by using duct.
Duct
It is a conduit, used to convey air either from machine to
the space or space to the machine.
Duct Material
Galvanized Iron / Steel Sheet Rigid & Heavier
Fibre Glass Flexible
Aluminium Semi Rigid
Fabric Flexible
Duct Shapes
Rectangular Duct
Circular / Round Duct
Oval Duct
Note:
Main duct should always be Rectangular.
Branch duct can be Rectangular / Circular.
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Duct in Sectional & Plan View
Supply Air Duct
S.A
R.A
F.A
E.A
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Duct Riser & Drop Plan / Top View
Supply Air Duct
Riser Drop
Return Air Duct
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Duct Offset
Duct Offset
Change in Elevation
Beam Slab
Sectional View
DN UP
Top View
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Change in Position
Wall
Top View
Types of Ducts
Supply Air Duct
Handling conditioned air from machine to space.
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Components of Air Distribution System
End Cap
Elbow
Wall
Tie Damper Flexible Duct
Reducer
Branch Take off Diffuser
Diffuser Plenum
Sound Attenuator
Damper
Flexible Connector
Duct Liner
Starting Collar
Plenum
AHU
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Plenum
It is the first attachment to the machine to which ducts are
connected.
Starting Collar
It is used if the Main Duct size & Plenum size are different.
Flexible Connector
It is made up of fabric & used to remove the vibrations from the
duct system.
Fabric
Metal Strips
Bolted
Duct Liner
Fibre glass material is lined inside the duct for acoustical
insulation.
It should be lined up to 20ft from the machine.
Sound Attenuator
It is used for acoustical insulation.
It is basically installed in the main duct only.
It is made up of GI material.
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Sound Attenuator Selection
The selection is done based on:
Air volume it is handling (cfm)
Noise levels to be maintained (db level / noise criteria)
Duct routings
Documents to be given:
Drawings
Roof drawing
Floor drawing
Machine catalogues
Noise level specifications
Note:
Check the physical dimension of Sound Attenuator & order the
connection pieces, if required.
Duct Wrap / Duct Insulation
Fibre glass insulation is wrapped over the duct for thermal
insulations.
Note:
For internal ducts, Insulation thickness = 0.5” – 2”
For external ducts, Insulation thickness = 2” – 4”
Internal insulation comes in rolls (flexible).
External insulation comes in rigid boards (semi-rigid)
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Flexible Duct
It is used to connect Branch Duct with Diffuser.
It is flexible in nature, as it is made up of fibre glass material.
These are basically circular in shape.
Available up to 12”
The length of Flexible Duct should be limited to 10ft.
Flexible Duct size is based on the cfm it is handling.
Dampers
It is used to control the flow of air.
These are used for air balancing.
Types of Dampers
Volume Dampers
Fire Dampers
Splitter Dampers
Relief Dampers
Volume Dampers
These are installed in every branch & in the main duct to
regulate the volume of air to be flown.
Types
Butterfly Damper
Multi-blade Damper
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Butterfly Damper
Motorized Actuator
Duct
Disc
T Thermostat
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Multi-blade Damper
It is installed in the main ducts.
Blades
Types
Parallel Blade
Opposed Blade
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Parallel Blade
Opposed Blade
Note:
Movement of blade is controlled by Actuators.
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Fire Dampers
Fire Damper
AHU
These are installed with the ducts which are passing through
slab / walls.
It is used to stop the flow of air during the event of fire.
It has fusible link which melts & break during the event of fire.
Fusible Link
Shutter
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Splitter Dampers
Splitter Damper
Relief Dampers
It is used to release the excess air pressure build up in the ducts.
Branch Take-off
It is a fitting used to create branch connection either from
rectangular duct to rectangular duct or from rectangular duct to round
duct.
Takeo-ff position
Top Take-off
Side Take-off
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Branch Types
Y-Branch
Double - Y
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Access Doors
Access Doors are used to have access to the components which
requires repair & maintenance
Access Doors should be made in the fall ceiling & also in the
ducts.
Diffusers
These are air outlets connected with the ducts to give air in the
space & also to take air from the space.
Types of Installation
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Diffuser installed in fall floor
4-Way 3-Way
2-Way 1-Way
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Round Diffuser Perforated Diffuser
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Dimensioning
Square Diffuser W×L
Round Diffuser Diameter (D)
Perforated Diffuser W×L
Swirl Diffuser Diameter (D)
Stair Case Diffuser W×L
Linear Square Diffuser L×H
Grill W×H
Linear Bar Grill L×H
Register W×H
Note:
The collar connecting diffuser & duct should be ordered as per
the neck size.
Duct Neck
Collar
Face
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Standard Duct Fittings
Standard Elbow
Long way Elbow
Short Radius Elbow
Short Radius Elbow No Throat
Long Radius Elbow
Long way Elbow
Rt = ¾ D
Rt R Rh = D + ¾ D
Rh R Centre Line Radius
Rh Heel Radius
Rt Throat Radius
Note:
For rectangular ducts, replace ‘D’ with ‘W’ (Width of outlet).
It gives pressure drop.
Rt = 150mm (or) 6”
Rt R Rh = 150mm + D
Rh R=D
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Short Radius Elbow No Throat
Rt = D
Rt R Rh = 2D
Rh R = 1.5 D
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Reducer
Used to connect bigger size of duct to a smaller size.
Used to have reduction in duct size.
Types
Concentric Reducer
Eccentric Reducer
Concentric Reducer
L L Length of Reducer
Slope of Reducer = 1: 7
Maximum Length = 1500mm
Minimum Length = 150mm
Eccentric Reducer
L
Slope of Reducer = 1: 7
Maximum Length = 1500mm
Minimum Length = 150mm
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Example
200mm
800mm ᶿ 1000mm
200mm
L=?
L = 7 × 100 = 700mm
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Duct Routing Guidelines
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Duct Routings
Spine
AHU
L - Shape
AHU
H - Shape
AHU
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Perimeter
AHU
AHU
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Supply Duct Configurations
Extended Plenum System / Trunk & Branch System
AHU
Branch Duct
Branch
Plenum of AHU
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Return Duct Configurations
Individual Return / Room-by-Room Return
(A)
Shaft
Duct left in each space above fall ceiling, but not connected to
Diffuser & routed to machine.
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Central Return System
Note:
For (B) & Central Return System, there should be no: of
opening left unsealed in every space.
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Duct Classification as per Velocity of Air
Low Velocity System (400 – 2000 fpm)
Medium Velocity System (2000 – 2500 fpm)
High Velocity System (2500 – 3000 fpm)
fpm feet per minute (velocity)
Duct & Fan Classification as per Pressure
Class-I Low Pressure up to 4” of wg
Class-II Medium Pressure 4” – 6” of wg
Class-II High Pressure 6” – 12” of wg
Wg Water Gauge
AHU Classification
Roof Top Units (Double Skin)
Indoor Type Units (Single Skin)
Horizontal & Vertical AHU
Horizontal AHU
R.A S.A
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Vertical AHU
S.A
R.A
(or)
S.A
R.A
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Fan Arrangement in AHU
Blow Thru
Draw Thru
Blow Thru
Draw Thru
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Note:
For small capacity units like Window A/c & Split A/c, Blow
Thru Fan Arrangement is used.
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Minimum Fitting Spaces
AHU
Minimum 2D distance
Elbow to Elbow
Minimum 6D
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Thermal Zoning
Zone
It can be a single space / multiple spaces served by common Air
Handler & the control is done by one Thermostat.
Two spaces are set to be in one zone if they have similar A/c
requirements.
Dining Area
Kitchen
AHU
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VAV System
In this system Variable Air Volume terminals are used to vary
the volume of air supplied to the space.
AHU
T T T
Inlet CU Outlet
Damper
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CAV System
It is required two duct systems.
In this system, volume of air is constant, but the temperature of
air is varying.
Cooling Mode
Cool Air Duct Hot Air Duct
Temperature = 25˚C
cfm = 2000
Damper
Heating Mode
CA Temperature = 40˚C
HA cfm = 2000
Intermediate Mode
Temperature = 30˚C
CA HA cfm = 2000
Note:
Single Zone System & VAV System are widely used.
CAV System is used in Hospitals, Factories etc.
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Heat Gain Calculations / Load Calculations /
Cooling Load Calculations
Cooling
Removal of heat from the space.
Heat
It is a form of energy.
Heat can neither be created nor be destroyed.
But can transfer from hotter region to cooler region.
Units
KJ, Kcal, BTU
KJ Kilo Joule
Kcal Kilo Calorie
BTU British Thermal Unit
It is the amount of heat required to raise / lower 1˚F of
temperature for 1lb of ice/water.
12 MBH = 1 TR
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Temperature
It gives the intensity of heat.
Units
˚C, ˚F, K
Heat
Sensible Heat Latent Heat
Latent Heat of Fusion Latent Heat of Vaporization
Sensible Heat
It can be sensed by touch.
It raises DBT.
Latent Heat
It cannot be sensed by touch, but associated with moisture.
It raises WBT.
Latent Heat of Fusion
Amount of heat required to change the phase from solid to liquid at
constant temperature.
E.g. Ice (solid) 0˚C Water (liquid)
Latent Heat of Vaporization
Amount of heat required to change the phase from liquid to gas /
vapour at constant temperature.
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Sources of heat gain in a Building envelop
Heat Gain through Glass/Window.
Heat Gain through Wall & Roof.
Heat Gain through Partition.
Heat Gain from People.
Heat Gain from Electrical Equipments.
Heat Gain from Motors.
Heat Gain from Kitchen Appliances.
Heat Gain from Ducts.
Heat Gain from Infiltration Air.
Heat Gain through Ventilation Air.
Heat Gain through By-pass Air.
Heat Gain through Chilled Water Pumps.
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Outdoor Design Conditions & its Corrections
Example:
Washington City
DBT WBT HR (Gr/lb) Daily Range
Outdoor Conditions
Refer Page A-11of HVAC Hand Book
Daily Range
Difference of maximum & minimum temperature (DBT) on the
hottest day of the year.
Note:
Correction to Outdoor Condition is to be done to find the
Temperature at specific month.
Outdoor Temperature in April
Yearly Range
Specific Month
Yearly Range
Difference in Summer Temperature & Winter Temperature.
= 95˚F - 0˚F
= 95˚F
Correction to be done for April = -19˚F
Refer Page A-13, Table-3 of HVAC Hand Book
DBT in April = 95˚F - 19˚F
= 76˚F
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DBT in April at 10am
For this we require:
Daily Range
Time
Refer Page A-13, Table-2 of HVAC Hand Book
Correction to be done for April at 10am = -10˚F
DBT in April at 10am = 76˚F - 10˚F
= 66˚F
Indoor Conditions
Refer Page A-14 of HVAC Hand Book
Comfort Conditions
76˚F DBT
56% RH
DBT(summer) = 74˚F - 76˚F
RH = 50 % - 45%
U-factor / Conductivity Factor
U-factor can be calculated, based on the compositions.
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Wall composition
Brick (inches)
Ro Ri
Cement Plaster
ΣR = Ro+ Ri + R1X1 + R2X2 + ………. + RnXn
Where,
Ro Outside Air Film Resistance
Ri Inside Air Film Resistance
R1, R2, ……, Rn Resistance of materials
X1, X2, ……, Xn Thickness of Materials (inches)
For R1, R2, ……, Rn & X1, X2, ……, Xn
U= BTU/hr/˚F/sft
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Roof Composition
Cement Plaster
Fibre Glass Insulation
Concrete (inches)
Where,
Ro Outside Air Film Resistance
Ri Inside Air Film Resistance
R1, R2, ……, Rn Resistance of materials
X1, X2, ……, Xn Thickness of Materials (inches)
For R1, R2, ……, Rn & X1, X2, ……, Xn
U= BTU/hr/˚F/sft
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Heat Gain through Glass / Window
Q = U×A× Sun gain
Where,
Q Total Heat Gain in BTU/hr
U Conduction Factor
A Area of glass in sft
Sun gain Heat Experienced by Glass(Temperature rise due to Heat)
Maximum from 8.00am – 4.00pm
Refer Page A-18 of HVAC Hand Book
Note:
Location Hottest Month Latitude Daily Range
India May 20˚N 18˚F
Middle East August 30˚N 28˚F
USA July 40˚N 17˚F
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Heat Gain through Wall & Roof
Q = U ×A ×ETDcorrected
Where,
Q Total Heat Gain in BTU/hr
U Conductance Factor
A Area of Wall/Roof in sft
ETDcorrected= ETDwall/roof + Correction (according to region)
ETD Equivalent Temperature Difference
Refer Page A-29, 23 & 24
Correction:
Refer Page A-15 & A-24 with Temp: Diff: & Daily Range
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Heat Gain through Partition
Partition
It is a glass, wall, floor/slab in partition with a non-A/c space.
Wall partition
Q = U×A×ΔT
Where,
Q Total Heat Gain in BTU/hr
U Conductance Factor
A Area of glass/wall/slab in sft
ΔT = (T1 – T2)
T1 Outdoor Temperature
T2 Indoor Temperature
Note:
For Normal Partition (corridor, bathroom etc.),
T1 = (T1–5)
For Heat generating Partition (kitchen, laundry room etc.)
T1 = (T1+15)
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Heat Gain from People
Sensible Heat Gain = No’s of people × Sensible Heat/person
Latent Heat Gain = No’s of people × Latent Heat/person
Q = Sensible Heat Gain + Latent Heat Gain
Sensible Heat Gain/person & Latent Heat Gain/person is given
by standards as per Type of application & degree of activity.
Refer Page A-60 & A-36 of HVAC Hand Book
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