SEVEN BASIC QC TOOLS

GROUP MEMBERS:

1. ELIYANA IKRAM KGJ140061

2. NOR FADILAH NASARUDDIN KGJ140042
3. OOI YUAN SHENG KGJ150027
4. UMI HAFSYAH ABD RAZAK KGJ140052
5. SHAZLIANA IDRIS SHAH KGJ140065
OUTLINE

 Introduction
 7 Basic QC Tools
 Benefits of QC Tools
 Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
 The 7 Basic QC Tools is a designation given to a fixed set
of graphical technique identified as being most helpful in
troubleshooting issues related to quality.
 Called basic because it is suitable for people with little
formal training in statistics and because can be used to
solve the vast majority of quality related issues.
 The seven basic tools are:
1. Cause and Effect Diagram
2. Histogram
3. Pareto Analysis
4. Flow Chart
5. Scatter Plot
6. Run Chart
7. Control Chart
CAUSE & EFFECT DIAGRAM
 A graphic tool that helps identify, sort, and display
possible causes of a problem or quality characteristic.
 This diagram is apply when:
a. Identify possible causes for a problem
b. A team’s thinking tends to fall into ruts
CAUSE & EFFECT DIAGRAM
 Basic layout of the diagram:

CAUSE A CAUSE C

EFFECT

CAUSE B CAUSE D
 CAUSE & EFFECT DIAGRAM
 Steps to develop the diagram:

STEP 2 STEP 4
STEP 6
• Identify • Identify
and • Fill in the main • Add
• Identify detailed • Analyze
define effect categories causes
the effect box and levels the
influencing diagram
draw the the effect
STEP 1 spine STEP 3 STEP 5
CAUSE & EFFECT DIAGRAM
 Example of Step 4:
CAUSE & EFFECT DIAGRAM
 Example of Step 5 and Step 6:
HISTOGRAM
 Graphical representation of the distribution of
numerical data.
 Being used to estimate a probability distribution of a
quantity variable such as sum, mean, maximum,
minimum and range.
 First introduced by Karl Pearson.
 Presented in Bar Chart.
HISTOGRAM
 Steps to construct the histogram:

• Set a range (covers the min & max)

STEP 1

• Divide the range into a series of intervals (each interval

STEP 2 should have the same width)

• Count how many values fall into each interval

STEP 3

• Draw a bar chart on it

STEP 4

• Make analysis based on the bar chart

STEP 5
HISTOGRAM
 Example:
A class of student with the height of
169cm,152cm,187cm,171cm,183cm,
165cm, 186cm and 173cm.
1. Range = 150 cm – 189cm
2. The width = 5 cm
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 [ 189 − 150 + 1]𝑐𝑚
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = = = 8 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 5 𝑐𝑚
3. Column Range No. of
(cm) Student Histogram
4.
1 150 – 154 1 3
2 155 – 159 0
2
3 160 – 164 0
4 165 – 169 2 1

5 170 – 174 2 0
6 175 – 179 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7 180 – 184 1
5. Max = 187cm; Min = 152cm ; Mean = 173.3cm
8 185 – 189 2
PARETO ANALYSIS
 Creative way of looking at causes of problems.
 Helps to identify the top portion of causes that need
to be addressed to resolve the majority of problems.
 Vilfredo Pareto proposed the Pareto’s principle ('80-
20 Rule‘). History: 20% of the people owned 80% of
the wealth.
 Cover most aspects of work, business, organizational
development and personal life.
 Solve 80% of problems if we solve certain major
causes of problems.
 Helpful in specialised quality management such
as six sigma, planning, decision-making, and
general performance management.
PARETO ANALYSIS
 Example of pareto analysis:
FLOWCHART
 A diagram that uses graphic symbols to depict the
nature and flow of the steps in a process.
 Level of flowchart is consists of 3 levels:
1. Macro level
2. Mini level
3. Micro level
FLOWCHART

 Symbol used in the flowchart:


b

b


b


b

b
 FLOWCHART

Key to success
on implement
the flowchart

Draw the
Flowchart
Arrange the
sequence of
Record steps
process
Observe the steps
current
Start with process
the big
picture
FLOWCHART
 Interpreting the flowchart:
FLOWCHART
 Example of flowchart for Cut Grass Process:
SCATTER PLOT
 Used to study and identify the possible relationship
between the changes observed in two different sets of
variables.
 Steps to construct a scatter plot:

Collect two It is common that the

pieces of data Draw a diagram “cause” variable be
and create a labelling the labelled on the X
summary table of horizontal and axis and the “effect”
the data vertical axes variable be labelled
on the Y axis

Interpret the Plot the

scatter diagram data pairs
for direction and on the
strength diagram
SCATTER PLOT
 Example of scatter plot:
RUN CHART
 Use to plot data based on time.
 Very useful in identifying trends and cycles.
 X-axis (time element), Y-axis (process to be tracked).
 Shows history and pattern of variation.
 To find out what are the problems while initiating the
change management.
 To check whether the change has resulted in a
desired output towards the end of implementation of
the change management process.
RUN CHART
 A run is defined as one or more consecutive data
points on the same side of the median.
 A run could have a single point, or many points.

 In this chart,
there are 10 runs.
 The runs are
circled.
 Notice that the
runs exclude any
points that are on
the median line.
 RUN CHART
 Example:
Case Study - REDUCING DELAYS FOR REFERRAL TO
TREATMENT – RAISED PSA
The medical director of Urology was
concerned about what he felt were
inordinate delays in the time between
referral and treatment for the raised PSA
pathway. He collected the average delay
time per week for a period of 20 weeks ,
presented them to the Service
Improvement Team, and asked them to
help remedy the problem. He felt an
average waiting time of 31 days was
unacceptable. He also felt that the
process was continuing to deteriorate.
He pointed to the fact that the delay time
Source : Using Run Charts for Healthcare Improvement by
reached 40 days during week 14. In Steve Harrison, Sept 2012
addition, during the last six weeks he felt
there was a “negative trend” from 26
days to 35 days of wait time.
CONTROL CHART
 The best tool for monitoring the performance of a
process.
 Allows you to identify the following conditions related
to the process that has been monitored.
 Stability of the process.
 Predictability of the process.
 Any observations made outside the limits are
“irregular” and “problematic” – need for improvement.
 Good quality process – a process that consistently
stays “safe”; within the limits.
CONTROL CHART
 A control chart is a specialized run chart.
 The difference between a run chart and a control
chart is a control chart has three statistically
calculated lines: a center line, an upper control limit,
and a lower control limit.
 Upper control limit:
Mean of the metric + 3 *
Standard Deviation of
the metric
 Center line: Mean of the
metric of interest
 Lower control limit:
Mean of the metric – 3 *
Standard Deviation of
the metric
CONTROL CHART
 Example of control chart:
BENEFITS OF QC TOOLS
Encourages group
Helps determine root causes
participation

Increases process
Identify problem areas and
knowledge and promote
improvement opportunities
process understanding

Identifies areas for collecting

Provide tool for training
data
CONCLUSION
 All of these tools together can provide great
process tracking and analysis that can be very
helpful for quality improvements.
These tools make quality improvements easier to
see, implement and track.
THANK YOU