Petrology (Chapter 1)
(
(above) ) Salsburyy Crags,
g , Teschenite Sill
(Edinburgh)
(right) Hutton’s step – contact
metamorphism of sandstone Image source: Barb Dutrow and Darrell Henry (2002)
1. How do we know we are dealing
with
i h iigneous rocks?
k ?
A. Observational criteria (general)
i. Field Criteria
Geological forms
directly observed
as igneous
events:
• cinder cones
cones,
stratovolcanoes,
flows, etc.
Ash-Rich Strombolian Activity, Stromboli Volcano, Italy
Image source: www.photovolcanica.com
1. How do we know we are dealing
with
i h iigneous rocks?
k ?
A. Observational criteria (general)
ii. Textural Criteria
Macroscopic/
microscopic
development of
interlocking texture.
• first-crystallizing minerals
are most euhedral and later
minerals are less euhedral
Gabbro - Rustenberg layered suite,Bushveld Complex: (paragenetic sequence)
Image source:
http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/geolsci/dlr/bv_thin.html
1. How do we know we are dealing
with
i h iigneous rocks?
k ?
A. Observational criteria (general)
ii. Textural Criteria glassy textures
Tokachi Volcano, Hokkaido, Japan (2006) Walter Maresch (Ruhr Univ.), Barb Dutrow
(LSU) and Dan Dunkley (Univ. Tokyo). Image source: Darrell Henry
3. How does a petrologist assess this?
B. Experimental data to simulate the
conditions at depth
p
Piston cylinder apparatus and experimental assembly from Ruhr Univ.. Image source: Barb
Dutrow, 1987
3. How does a petrologist assess this?
C. Theoretical models to extend experimental
data to other conditions i.e. thermodynamics
y
Theoretical melting models to relate decompression melting and the types of melts to
rocks. Image source: Ed Stolper (CalTech).
3. How does a petrologist assess this?
D. Knowledge of the interior of the Earth –
direct samples
p of the mantle
• serves as interface of
lithospheric plates and
mesophere.
Sharp increase in S-
S and P P-
wave velocities indicate
solid metallic inner core.
p
• “Post-perovskite" derives from
name of stable phase of MgSiO3
throughout most of Earth's
mantle, i.e. perovskite.
image source: Press and Siever (2001)
5. Hypothesis for origin of Earth?
A Early differentiation (first few 10s of
A.
millions of years?)
Differentiation process
likelyy results from
heating due to
combinations of
• gravitational
i i l collapse
ll
• accretion of
planetismals
image source: Press and Siever (2001) • Sinking of iron to form
core
• radioactive decay
Renewed interest in the Early Earth
False
F l color
l CL image
i off ancient
i t
zircon. (Wilde et al. 2001)
Alternate Early Earth timeline
Places of Other Ancient Earth Materials
5. Hypothesis for origin of Earth?
B Resulting heterogeneous Earth composition
B.
Differentiation
produced chemical
zonation in the Earth
Relationship between
depth and pressure
a function of weight of
the overlying column of
material.
P = ρgh
• ρ = density
• g = acceleration of
gravity
• h = height of rock
column
Related to factors
including cooling
initiated in the early
Earth and radioactive
decay.
decay
Estimated ranges of oceanic and
continental steady-state geotherms to a
depth of 100 km using upper and lower
image source: Winter (2001) limits based on heat flows measured
near the surface.
5. P
P--depth-
depth-T relation in the Earth?
Heat is transferred by:
p
• radiation to space
(minor)
• conduction (thermal
(
vibration)
• convection (density
( y
differences
associated with T))
• advection (transfer of
heat with rocks).)
image source: Winter (2001)
7. Where are magmas from? – where
it is hot enough – plate tectonics
5 3 1 6 4 7 2
200 km
Continental Crust
Oceanic Crust
400 Source of Melts
Lithospheric Mantle ?
? ? ?
Sub-lithospheric Mantle
600 km