The amount of energy required to heat 1kg of The Number of Nucleons (Protons + Neutrons)
a substance by 1°C at atom contains
Definitions Atomic Mass
Heat Capacity 1 Atomic Mass unit = 1/12th the mass of a
Units: J.g⁻¹.°C⁻¹
Carbon-12 nucleus
Q = c.m.ΔT
Same Atomic number but different Atomic Mass due to different number of
Isotopes
States of Matter Neutrons e.g. He-4 (2 protons, 2 electrons) VS He-3 (2 protons, 1 neutron)
Very high temperatures cause stripping of the
electron cloud resulting in equal numbers of
Plasma Negatively charged electron clouds orbit the
high energy anions and cations in a gas-like
positively charged nucleus
state
Rutherford's Model
The nucleons make up the vast majority of the
Melting/Freezing (aka Fusion): solid liquid
mass of the atom
Vaporization/Condensation: liquid gas Energy required to transform matter from one Electrons exist in fixed energy levels in a shell-
Latent Heat Atoms and Matter The Atom
state to another Bohr's Model and Energy Levels like orientation between which they jump
releasing quanta (packets) of energy
Sublimation/Deposition: solid gas