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3 Standardization

Harmonic Levels
of

3.1 INTRODUCTION
The most widespread standards for harmonic control worldwide are due to IEEE in
the U.S. and IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) in the European
Union. In 1981, the IEEE issued Standard 519-1981,1 which aimed to provide
guidelines and recommended practices for commutation notching, voltage distortion,
telephone influence, and flicker limits produced by power converters. The standard
contended with cumulative effects but did little to consider the strong interaction
between harmonic producers and power system operation.
The main focus of the revised IEEE-519 standard in 19922 was a more suitable
stance in which limitations on customers regarding maximum amount of harmonic
currents at the connection point with the power utility did not pose a threat for
excessive voltage distortion. This revision also implied a commitment by power
utilities to verify that any remedial measures taken by customers to reduce harmonic
injection into the distribution system would reduce the voltage distortion to tolerable
limits. The interrelation of these criteria shows that the harmonic problem is a system,
and not a site, problem. Compliance with this standard requires verification of
harmonic limits at the interface between utilities and customers, more commonly
known as PCC.
Recommended total harmonic distortion (THD) levels for current and voltage
signals were established in the 1992 revision of IEEE-519. Total and individual
harmonic distortion levels were issued for customers on current and for utilities on
voltage signals at the PCC. The TDD concept was created to better relate the THD
to the demand current. The TDD is the total root sum square (RSS) of the harmonic
current expressed in percentage of the nominal maximum demand load current. The
standard also called for limiting commutation-notching levels at individual low-
voltage customer locations. Communication interference with systems produced by
low-voltage DC converters was addressed in the revised standard and IT limits for
utilities were also established. All recommended IEEE-519-1992 limits were pre-
sented for different voltage levels encompassing 69 kV and below, 69.001 through
161 kV, and higher than 161 kV.
The 1992 edition of the IEEE harmonic standard thus advocates the joint con-
tribution of utilities and customers to contend with harmonic emission and control
matters. The compliance with recommended levels was deemed a convenient way
to keep harmonic current penetration into the distribution system under control and

59

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60 Harmonics and Power Systems

permit the operation of equipment and devices that draw current in a nonlinear
fashion. For over a decade, this standard has been the main reference for American
utilities, customers, and manufacturers alike in trying to sustain the operation of the
electrical systems within tolerable waveform distortion margins. Harmonic distortion
limits were not specified for particular types of customers (industrial, commercial,
or residential). The observance of these limits brought also the need for properly
modeling utility systems and harmonic sources, which led to the development of
expert software whose main characteristics are described in Chapter 8.
Similar to IEEE-519, IEC harmonic standards set limits at the utility–customer
interface; they also set limits for customer equipment, in a clear reference to resi-
dential installations. After multiple revisions, the last IEC harmonic standard 61000-
3-23 focused on limiting equipment consumption of harmonics. The equipment refers
to single- and three-phase units with per-phase currents up to 16 A. Individual
harmonic limits are required for every one of the four different classes of equipment
considered — namely, A through D. Class D is regarded as a highly harmonic
producer and its harmonic content is subject to a strict maximum harmonic current
per unit of the current drawn at the main frequency. These are more stringent limits
than for the other classes of equipment.
Regarding voltage distortion, compatibility4 and planning5 levels are specified
for electrical networks to tie in with emission and immunity levels, respectively, in
LV and MV installations. Compatibility levels are used as a reference for coordi-
nating the emission and immunity of the equipment in LV and MV installations.
Planning levels are used by system operators in evaluating the impact of all disturbing
loads on the utility supply. For MV, compatibility levels are described in IEC 61000-
2-12:2003-04.4 Indicative values for planning levels along with definitions of LV,
MV, HV, and EHV are given in IEC 61000-3-6:19965: LV is 1 kV or less; MV is
above 1 kV and below 35 kV; HV is from 35 to 230 kV; and EHV is above 230 kV.
Unlike IEEE-519, IEC considers the harmonic distortion assessment to cover
short- and long-term effects.5 The former are referred to as very short (3 s) events
and the latter as short-period (10 min) events. Very short-time events are meant
to account for disturbing effects on electronic devices that may be susceptible
to harmonic levels lasting up to 3 s, excluding transients. Long-term effects
account for thermal effects on equipment such as transformers, motors, cables,
capacitor banks, etc. However, for statistical assessment, periods of 1 week or
longer are recommended.5–8
Interharmonic (harmonic components not an integer of the fundamental fre-
quency) voltage compatibility limits related to flicker in lighting devices are
addressed in IEC 61000-2-2.7 IEEE-519:1992 does not specifically set limits for
interharmonics. However, it is expected that this issue will be included in the present
revision of the standard, in accordance with Halpin.10

3.2 HARMONIC DISTORTION LIMITS


The rms value of a voltage waveform, considering the distortion produced by har-
monic currents, is expressed by:

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Standardization of Harmonic Levels 61

Vrms = ∑ Vh
h =1
2
(3.1)

Likewise, the rms value of a sinusoidal current, taking into account the distortion
created by the harmonic source currents, is given by:

Irms = ∑ Ih
h =1
2
(3.2)

As defined in Chapter 1, total harmonic distortion is a parameter used in IEEE


and IEC standards. For the sake of convenience, the definition of THD discussed in
Chapter 1 is repeated here for voltage and current signals, respectively:

∑V
h= 2
h
2

THDV = (3.3)
V1

∑I
h= 2
2
h

THDI = (3.4)
I1

3.2.1 IN AGREEMENT WITH IEEE-519:1992


Per IEEE-519,2 recommended harmonic distortion limits are to be verified through
comparison with measurements at the PCC, i.e., the interface between the electric
utility and the customer. Chapter 5 describes the relevant aspects involved in the
measurements of harmonics. A significant issue is that levels can be exceeded by
50% under start-ups or unusual conditions with durations less than an hour. It
additionally recommends the use of probability distribution functions from field
measurements, stating that if limits are exceeded for only a “short” period, such a
condition can be considered acceptable.
As portrayed in Figure 3.1, the recommended limits are a function of the system
voltage level. For electric networks 69 kV and below, for example, the total voltage
distortion is limited to 5%; no individual voltage harmonic should exceed 3%, as
depicted in the illustration.
Concerning current harmonic distortion, IEEE-519 defines the limits as a
function of the ratio between the short-circuit current at the PCC (Isc) and the
average current corresponding to the maximum demand during a period of 12
months (IL). The recommended limits are summarized in Figure 3.2. Notice that

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62 Harmonics and Power Systems

5
4
3
69 kV and under
%

2
69001-161 kV
1
161 kV and above
0
THDV (%) Individual voltage
distortion (%)

FIGURE 3.1 IEEE-519 voltage harmonic distortion limits.

Harmonic distortion limits at the PCC


must be below the values on the z axis

15

12
20 20
7
10
15 6
5.5
7 15
%

10 4.5 5
2.5
5 4 1.2
4 3.5 2 1.4
0 2.51.5 1
2 Isc/lL > 1000
0.7 8
h < 11 1.5 1
100 < Isc/lL < 1000
11 = <h <17 0.6 0.5
5 50 < Isc/lL < 100
17 = <h <23 0.3 20 < Isc/lL < 50
23 = <h <35
h < 35 Isc/lL< = 20
THDI (orTDD)

FIGURE 3.2 IEEE-519 current distortion limits.

the suggested limits become more stringent for decreasing Isc/IL ratios and increas-
ing harmonic order.
The following aspects are to be noticed:

Regardless of the Isc/IL ratio at the PCC, all power generation equipment must
meet the values given for an Isc/IL ratio < 20.
Even harmonics are limited to 25% of the odd harmonic limits.
Current distortions that result in a DC offset (e.g., half-wave converters) are
not allowed.
Note that total harmonic distortion limits are expressed in terms of the total
demand distortion or TDD, which refers to the electric demand during a
period of 15 to 30 min.

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Standardization of Harmonic Levels 63

36500
22800
100,000
16400
10,000
50 1,000

100
10 20
10
Dedicated system (2) 5 10 1

General system 3 Notch area


(V-µs)
Special applications (1) Notch depth
(3)
Voltage (%)
THD (%)

(1) Special applications include hospitals and airports


(2) A dedicated system is exclusively dedicated to converter loads
(3) In V-µs for rated voltage and current. If voltage is different than 480 V, multiply by V/480

FIGURE 3.3 Notching levels from IEEE-519. (Data from Standard 519-1992: “IEEE Guide
for Harmonic Control and Reactive Compensation of Static Power Converters.”)

The shown values are the maximum permissible limits under continuous
operation. During start-up or unusual operating conditions lasting less than
1 hour, these limits can be exceeded by 50%.
In systems that use converters of more than six pulses, these limits can be
q
increased by , where q is the number of pulses.
6

IEEE-519 also sets limits for commutation notching in LV power converters.


Figure 3.3 depicts the allowed notch depth and notch area along with the corre-
sponding THD.
IEEE-519:1992 practically establishes a joint involvement of the customer and
the electric company to maintain harmonic distortion levels within limits that will
enable the power distribution systems to operate within safe voltage distortion limits.
Making customers play a part in this process assures the direct benefit of minimizing
the negative effects that harmonic currents may have at their premises. Figure 3.4
outlines this relationship.

3.2.2 IN CONFORMANCE WITH IEC HARMONIC DISTORTION LIMITS


With regard to IEC, as described earlier, compatibility levels are used as a reference
for coordinating the emission and immunity of the equipment in LV and MV
installations. Planning levels are used by system operators in evaluating the impact
of all disturbing loads on the utility supply. For the interface utility/customer short-

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64 Harmonics and Power Systems

IEEE-519:1992 (IEEE recommended practices and


requirements for harmonic control in electrical
power systems) compliance

The electric power company


The customer (Verifying effectiveness of corrective
(Controlling harmonic distortion measures applied by customers to assure
levels within recommended limits) that voltage distortion limits at the PCC
are achieved)

FIGURE 3.4 Relationship between customers and power utilities to achieve compliance with
IEEE-519.

time (10 min) measurement results of voltage distortion, usually taken as the value
related to the 95% probability weekly value,5 must conform to planning levels.
Planning levels are defined in IEC 61000-2-12;4 higher level emissions reaching up
to 11% for very short periods (3 s) are also considered. These are important in
assessing very short-time effects of harmonics.
Figure 3.5 shows the IEC Compatibility4 and Planning5 individual voltage dis-
tortion levels for MV systems. As noted, THD levels for MV systems are somewhat
higher than those from IEEE in Figure 3.1.
Regarding customer equipment, IEC standards specifically set harmonic levels
aimed at protecting low-voltage systems at customer and utility installations. IEC

Voltage distortion limits for MV systems

6.5
5 8.00 %
4 4
3 2.5
1.6 1 1.2 1.6 1.2 1.2 1.2 8 6.00
0.5 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
5 6 5 4.00
3.5 3
2 1.5 2 1.76
1 1.41 1.27 2.00
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.46 0.43 0.4 0.41 0.39 0.38 0.3 0.36 0.35

0.00
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1516 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 THD
h
Planning levels IEC 61000-3-6
Compatibility levels IEC-61000-2-12

FIGURE 3.5 IEC voltage distortion limits.

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Standardization of Harmonic Levels 65

61000-3-23 considers four different classes of equipment in establishing harmonic


current limits:

Class A: balanced three-phase equipment; household appliances (excluding


equipment) identified as class D; tools (except portable), dimmers for
incandescent lamp (but not other lighting equipment), audio equipment;
anything not otherwise classified
Class B: portable power tools
Class C: all lighting equipment except incandescent lamp dimmers
Class D: single phase, under 600 W, personal computer, PC monitor, TV
receiver

Table 3.1 presents the limits for individual harmonic current for every one of
the classified equipment classes. Limits are given in amperes for equipment classes
A and B and in percentage of fundamental for class C. For class D, levels are
specified in milliamperes per watt for equipment with a rated power exceeding 75
W but inferior to 600 W, or in amperes for equipment larger than 600 W. Notice
that total harmonic distortion levels are not specified. For an application involving
230-V class D equipment subject to the maximum level of individual harmonic
current, the total harmonic distortion would yield around 95%.11
Finally, IEC61000-2-27 defines compatibility levels for situations of interhar-
monic voltages occurring near the fundamental frequency. Specific types of loads are
sensitive to the square of the voltage and exhibit a beat effect resulting in flicker.
Figure 2 in reference 7 describes maximum interharmonic amplitudes (as a percentage
of fundamental voltage) as a function of the difference between the interharmonic
and the fundamental frequency (beat frequency). In essence, voltage oscillations
between 1 and 4% are established for beat frequencies below 1 Hz or between 20
and 40 Hz (too small or too large differences) and voltage variations between about
0.2 and 1% are set for beat frequencies between 1 and 25 Hz for 120- and 230-V lamps.
Other effects of interharmonics and subharmonics, including their detrimental
effects on underfrequency relays and harmonic torques in rotating machines that are
not addressed in the IEC standards, are described in reference 8.

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66
TABLE 3.1
IEC 61000-3-2 Harmonic Current Limits for Different Equipment Classes
Max. Permissible Max. Permissible
Max. Permissible Harmonic Current Harmonic Current
Odd Even Max. Permissible Harmonic Current (mA/W) (A)
Harmonic Harmonic Harmonic Current (A) (% of Fundamental) 75 W < P < 600 W P > 600 W
n n Class A Class B Class C Class D

2 1.08 1.62 2
3 2.3 3.45 (30) × circuit power factor 3.4 2.3
4 0.43 0.645
5 1.14 1.71 10 1.9 1.14
6 0.3 0.45
7 0.77 1.155 7 1 0.77
8 ≤ n ≤ 40 1.84/n 2.76/n

Harmonics and Power Systems


9 0.4 0.6 5 0.5 0.4
11 0.33 0.495 3 (For all 11 ≤ n ≤ 39) 0.35 0.33
13 0.21 0.315 0.296 0.21
15 ≤ n ≤ 39 2.25/n 3.375/n 3.85/n 2.25/n

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Standardization of Harmonic Levels 67

REFERENCES
1. Standard 519-1981: “IEEE Guide for Harmonic Control and Reactive Compensation
of Static Power Converters.”
2. IEEE Std. 519-1992: Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Con-
trol in Electric Power Systems.
3. IEC 61000-3-2 (2001-10): Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) — part 3-2: limits
— limits for harmonic current emissions (equipment input current ≤ 16 A per phase).
4. IEC 61000-2-12, 2003-04: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) — part 2-12: com-
patibility levels for low-frequency conducted disturbances and signaling in public
medium-voltage power supply systems.
5. IEC 61000-3-61996: Assessment of emission limits for distorting loads in MV and
HV power systems, technical report type 3.
6. IEC 61000-4-30, 2003: Power quality measurement methods.
7. IEC 61000-2-2: Electromagnetic compatibility — part 2-2, environment compatibility
levels for low-frequency conducted disturbances and signaling in public and low-
voltage power supply systems, 2002.
8. Joint WG CIGRE C4.07/CIRED, Power quality indices and objectives, final WG
Report, January 2004, Rev. March 2004.
9. Fuchs, E.F., Roesler, D.J., and Masoum, M.A.S., Are harmonic recommendations
according to IEEE and to IEC too restrictive? IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, 19(4),
Oct. 2004.
10. Halpin, M., Harmonic modeling and simulation requirements for the revised IEEE
Standard 519-1992, 2003 IEEE Power Eng. Soc. General Meet. Conf. Proc., July
13–17, 203, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
11. Ward, J. and Ward, D., Single phase harmonics, PSER EMI, Power Quality, and
Safety Workshop, April 18–19, 2002.

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