Halil Cimen

Impact of Distributed Generation on Short-circuit and Estimation of
Sequence Impedances with GA

Halil ÇİMEN
Department of Electrical-Electronics Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Selçuk University, Turkey
halilcimen@selcuk.edu.tr
Musa AYDIN
Department of Electrical-Electronics Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Selçuk University, Turkey
aydin@selcuk.edu.tr
ABSTRACT
Recently, the expectations of customers are to reduce the cost of electricity and to use quality and reliable
electric energy. In this regard, renewable energy resources are the center of attraction in many respects.
The integration of distributed generation (DG) plants which include some of the renewable energy
resources such as solar power and wind power increases day by day. If the coordination issue of DG plants
with distribution networks isn’t analysed correctly, these integrations can negatively affect the power
quality of electric energy. The short-circuit analysis is one of the integration and coordination analyses.
The short-circuit contribution of DG plants should be analysed and necessary protection measures should
be taken. Impedance values are important parameter for short-circuit. Therefore, impedances of network
equipments should be known to calculate correctly the shortcircuit current. In this paper, electrical system
of Selçuk University Medical Faculty was modeled by using the commercial software PSCAD/EMTDC. 1
MW Photovoltaic (PV) power plant was used as a DG plant. The symmetrical and asymmetrical short-
circuit analyses were mathematically calculated and simulated. The positive, negative and zero impedance
values of the network were estimated by using Genetic Algorithm (GA). Obtained results were compared
with each other. The impact of PV power plant on short circuit level was analyzed.
Keywords
Renewable energy, distributed generation, photovoltaic power plant, short-circuit, zero sequence, genetic
algorithm
This paper is presented in : International Conference on Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering Technologies (
ICEECET 2016 ) – Shanghai, China on April 25 – 26, 2016 , Organized By : IISRC Corporation
1. INTRODUCTION
The number of DG plants which are working synchronous with distribution network is increasing
all over the world. Most of the electricity markets expect that this sector will continue to develop in the
near future. The growth of DG can be an advantage for electricity markets to expand its business [1]. But
the most important point is integration of the DG plants to distribution network. If this issue isn’t considered
in detail, distribution network can be adversely affected by DG plants [2].
In many countries, there are different types of provisions of the regulations about the integration
of DG plants. The integration analyses to be made are determined in according with type of generation
plants, application area and distance of lines. For example, in case of energy is supplied by renewable
energy plants, analysis types and appreciations can change due to used interconnection technology and
variability of renewable resources. When interconnection of DG plants to distribution network isn’t
properly analysed and the plants aren’t correctly installed, serious problems can occur for distribution
network and customers. Interconnection problems should be handled carefully to ensure security of life
and system. The short-circuit analysis is one of the interconnection and coordination analyses. The main
purpose of short-circuit analysis is to investigate the fault current level that occurs on connecting point to
distribution network, generation plants’ buses and adjacent buses. Obtained results from the analysis are
compared with design fault current level of system. At the same time, endurance limit of cables and lines
can be calculated and important findings about the protection coordination can be obtained [3].
A network generally consists of alternator, synchronous and induction motor, transformers,

damper windings, cables and overhead lines. For a short-circuit calculation, impedance values of these
components are necessary. There are three types of impedances according to Symmetrical Components
Method. These impedances are called as positive, negative and zero sequence impedances. The short-
circuit current is calculated by using these impedances [4]. The zero sequence impedance is generally
determined with experiments [5].
Artificial intelligence techniques are used to estimate network parameters. In [6], parallel
impedance resonance was determined with real harmonic measurement in network which has 27 busbars.
Power line parameters were estimated by using Clonal Section Algorithm, Particle Swarm Optimization
(PSO) and GA according to parallel resonance impedance value. In [7], firstly parallel resonance is
calculated for plaster factory. Then parallel resonance power is estimated by using PSO and Inertia weight
PSO to prevent parallel resonance.
In this paper, electrical system of Selçuk University Medical Faculty was modeled by using the
commercial software package PSCAD/EMTDC. 1 MW PV power plant was used as a DG plant. The
symmetrical and asymmetrical shortcircuit analyses were simulated. At the same time, shortcircuit currents
were calculated as mathematical. According to obtained short-circuit results, impedance values of utility
network were estimated by using GA. Obtained impedance results were compared with each other. The
impact of solar power plant on short-circuit level was analysed.
2. SHORT CIRCUIT
Generally, the most important fault type in electric network is short-circuit fault because of many
faults end up with shortcircuit. In energy transmission systems, short-circuit occurs due to contacting of
phase conductors with each other, neutral conductor or ground. When there is short-circuit on line
supplying to the consumers, consumers are disconnected from the network. Remaining circuit consists of
internal impedance of current source and phase impedance. Because of total value of these impedances is
very small, short-circuit current is too high due to ohm’s law. This current can be defined as shortcircuit
current [8].
The electrical engineers who are interested in transmission and distribution of energy always work
on this fault type. Safely operating of the networks is possible with finding the short-circuit currents
correctly and limiting these currents with measures to be taken. The machines and network equipments are
exposed to thermic and mechanical stress resulting from the short-circuit. For this reason, knowing the
fault currents is so important to determine of lines, equipments, instrument transformers, power switching
and circuit breakers [4].
2.1 Calculation of Short-Circuit
There are different types of short-circuits which are presented below:
- Three phase fault
- Line to line fault
- Double line to ground fault
- Line to ground fault
When three phase fault occurs on network, consumers remain completely without power. When there is
double line fault or single line fault on network, consumers can be supplied partially using line or lines
without fault [8]. The short-circuit types are shown in Fig 1.
Fig 1: The short-circuit types
In situation of three phase fault (a), network is loaded as symmetric. In this case, the three
conductor of line conduct the same level of short-circuit current. Calculating of shortcircuit current for
only one phase is enough like all of symmetrical situations. In the case of three phase fault occurs, voltages
values of three phase on short-circuit point are equal and zero. The current values of three phase are equal
as absolute value. But there is 120° phase difference between them. For three phase fault, the subtransient
initial shortcircuit current is calculated by [4]:
where is called as nominal network voltage level on shortcircuit point, is called as positive sequence
impedance and it’s total positive impedance value for fault point.
In other short-circuit types which are shown in Fig 1 (b), (c), (d), asymmetric loading occurs. This affects
to calculation of short-circuit currents. In the calculation of short-circuit currents, asymmetric situations
are considered and “Symmetrical Components Method” is used [4].
When any two of three phase contact with each other, line to line fault which is shown in Fig 1(b) occurs.
For line to line fault, the subtransient initial short-circuit current is calculated by [4]:
In the calculation of line to line fault current, the value of (negative impedance) is total negative
impedance value for fault point.
When any of three phase contact with ground, line to ground fault which is shown in Fig 1(c) occurs. For
line to ground fault, the subtransient initial short-circuit current is calculated by [4]:
In the calculation of line to ground fault current, the value of (zero impedance) is total zero impedance
value for fault point.
2.2 Calculation of Impedances
The utility engineers need to know impedances value of generators, transformers, lines, consumers
and asynchronous motors which are located on the short-circuit path to calculate the short-circuit currents.
The impedances and ohmicinductive components are calculated considering characteristic values of these
equipments. If there are different kinds of voltage level in electric network, impedances values are
transformed according to voltage level of short-circuit point. Consequently, the subtransient initial short-
circuit current is calculated by using equivalent impedance value [9]. The impedance value of a transformer
is calculated by:
Where , and are respectively resistance, reactance and rated power of transformer, (ohmic) and
(inductive) are components of relative short-circuit voltage ( ) of a transformer. The relative short-
circuit impedance of a transformer is given by the manufacturers. and are calculated by:
where is load losses of a transformer and given by the manufacturers.
The resistance and reactance values of a line are calculated by:
where and are respectively ohmic resistance and reactance per unit length. These values are given by
the manufacturers.
The needed impedance values can be calculated using the above equations. These impedance values are
positive sequence ( ) values. The positive sequence values are used in three phase fault analysis.
Transformers, cables and network feeders have same positive and negative sequence ( ) short-circuit
impedance values [10]. Therefore positive and negative sequence values are accepted equal in shortcircuit
calculations.
The zero sequence ( ) component is determined by calculation or experiment. The real value can be
determined as experimental. In transformers, zero sequence value depends on structure of core and winding
connection types [5]. The zero sequence value of transformer which has star-delta connection is between
80-100% of positive sequence value. For overhead lines and cables, zero sequence value depends on type
of line and conducting of ground [4].
3. GENETIC ALGORITHM
3.1 The Working Principle of Genetic
Algorithm
The GA is a heuristic programming type based on chromosomes and genes. The main purpose of this
algorithm is to find the optimal solution expeditiously and properly for multiparameter problems. Flow
chart of the GA is shown in Fig 2.
Fig 2: Flow chart of the genetic algorithm
Working steps of this algorithm are indicated below:
1- The population of chromosomes is created randomly. The objective function is used as selection
criteria by reproduction operator. The fitness values of chromosomes are calculated. The
chromosomes which have optimum fitness value are sent to the pool in which chromosomes are
matched. Their features are transferred to next generations.
2- After selection process, crossover operator is implemented. Any two of chromosomes which are
in the pool are selected and genes of these chromosomes are crossed according to crossover rate (
). Chromosome selection and determination of crossover point are made randomly.
3- These two operators can find the local optimum only. The mutation operator is used to overcome
this difficulty. Global optimum can be found by using this operator which changes bit of randomly
selected chromosome according to mutation rate. Selected bit is changed from 1 to 0, or 0 to 1.
3.2 Problem Formulation
In GA, an objective function is used to find the optimum answer. In this paper, the impedance
values of positive, negative and zero sequences are estimated by using GA. The objective function is
determined as Equation (3). Because formula of the subtransient initial short-circuit current for line to
ground fault includes all of the sequence types. The fitness value of chromosomes is determined according
to objective function. Affinity value is sensitivity value of composed algorithm and it’s calculated by [11]:
where is the sequence impedance value calculating as mathematical, is the estimated sequence
impedance value. In this algorithm, the most important point is accuracy rate which is defined as
convergence rate, too. The accuracy rates of this algorithm are calculated by:
According to obtained results, total accuracy rate is calculated by [12]:
where , and are defined as respectively accuracy rate of positive, negative and zero
sequences.
The GA uses binary code system to identify chromosomes and genes. There are 3 genes which are ,
and in a chromosomes. The input parameters of algorithm are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. The input parameters of algorithm
Input Parameters of Algorithm

Parameter Value Genes Bit
Population Size 200 16 bit
Iteration Number 200 16 bit
Crossover rate 0.7 17 bit
Mutation rate 0.01
4. THE SHORT-CIRCUIT CONTRIBUTION OF PV POWER PLANT
The integration of DG plants to distribution network increases the fault current level due to
supplying of the DG plants to fault point as well. The total fault current of distribution network and DG
plants shouldn’t exceed the network design fault current level. The design fault current capacity of a
distribution network determines mechanical and thermal endurance limit of equipments and selection of
switchgears [13]. If this increase causes to exceed of the design fault current level, lack of coordination can
occur between the protection equipments, which affects reliability of the distribution network [2].
Determining the short-circuit capacity is vital for utility engineers. Especially, in case of a new generation
unit is interconnected to utility network, it’s getting more important. The generalized short-circuit
contributions of different types of distributed generators are shown in Table 2 [2].
Table 2. Generalized fault current levels of distributed generators.
Type of Generator Fault current as percent of rated output current
Inverter 100-400% (duration will depend on controller

settings)
Separately Excited Synchronous Starting at 500-1000% for the first few cycles and decaying
Generator to 200-400%
Induction Generator or Self 500-1000% for first few cycles and decaying to a
Excited Synchronous Generator negligible amount within 10 cycles
Every single DG unit has its own short-circuit contribution. For example, fault current contribution of
inverters is slightly more than the maximum current level of inverter. It can be between 100% and 400%
of rated output current. For some inverters, fault current may be less than rated output current. For
synchronous and induction generators, the current is determined by prefault voltage, reactances
(subtransienttransient) of the generator and exciter type. For this machines, the current may be 5-10 times
more than rated output current [2].
But there is inadequate information about fault contribution of inverter based DG units (especially
wind and solar PV plants).
The increasing of DG plants interconnecting to utility network complicates the issue. PV power
plants form important parts of DG plants [14].
According to [14], current contribution of inverters is above (20%) the rated inverter current for
most inverter models.
For several inverter models, short-circuit current is same with pre-fault current during faults. At
the same time this study shows that several PV inverters continue to supply the fault point ranging 4-10
cycles for most fault conditions, while one inverter model is disconnected in less than 0.5 cycles. PV
inverter and network short-circuit contribution are shown in Fig 3.
Fig 3: Fault current contribution comparison (per-unit)
5. CASE STUDY
Single line diagram of Selçuk University Medical Faculty’s electric system was modeled by using
the commercial software package PSCAD/EMTDC. The modeled system is shown in Fig 4.
Selçuk University is supplied by 3 utility main source feeders whose voltage levels are 31,5 kV.
The Medical Faculty is supplied by one of these feeders. Firstly, this feeder connects to buses of Campus
Distribution Center (CDC). Then system is connected to Point Common Coupling (PCC) via 3(1x50+16
mm²) XLPE cable whose length is 0,55 km. PCC is a point (bus) where utility network and DG unit are
connected together. In this paper, 1 MW PV power plant is used as DG plant. This PV power plant is
designed based on an installed 1 MW PV power plant which is located in Konya Organized Industrial
Zone. Thus, design parameters and equipments of PV power plant are choosen according to a real
interconnected 1MW PV power plant.
The PV power plant is connected to 1MVA step-up transformer. After the step-up transformer,
plant connects to PCC via 3(1x50+16 mm²) XLPE cable whose length is 0,1km. After PCC bus, the
Medical Faculty is supplied by PCC via 4 pieces of 1,6 MVA step-down transformer.
Firstly, the positive, negative and zero sequence impedances of transformers and lines were calculated as
mathematical. The impedances of utility feeder are obtained by local utility company. The impedance
values of used feeder, transformers and cables are shown in Table 3. Then the subtransient initial short-
circuit currents ( ) were calculated for 4 different points which are shown in Fig 4. Three phase fault, line
to line fault and line to ground fault analyses were made as mathematical via equations (1), (2) and (3). At
the same time, these short-circuit analyses were simulated by using PSCAD/EMTDC.
Fig 4: Single line diagram of Selçuk University Medical Faculty
Table 3. Impedances value of network components
The short-circuit contribution of PV power plant is determined by used inverters characteristic. For 1MW
PV power plant, the short-circuit contribution was calculated by using rated current of inverters. 50 pieces
of inverters are used for plant. Power output of each inverter is 17kVA. The rated current for one inverter
is 24,6 A at rated voltage (0,4kV) according to label information. For 50 pieces of inverters, total current
value is calculated as 1230 A. According to [14], the short-circuit contribution of PV inverter is %20 more
than inverter’s rated current. So total short-circuit contribution of PV power plant can be supposed as 18,74
A at PCC (31,5 kV). Because of contribution value is too small, it can be neglected.
According to impedances value in Table 3, necessary shortcircuit situations which are three phase, line
to line and line to ground faults were calculated with equations (1), (2), (3). These three types of faults
must be investigated before PV power plant is interconnected. The protection equipments must be
choosen according to these short-circuit current values. At the same time, these short-circuit analyses
are simulated with PSCAD/EMTDC. Obtained short-circuit currents for 4 different points are shown
in Table 4.
Table 4. Short-circuit currents for different points.
Point 1 (CDC) Point 2 (PCC)

Calc. (kA) Simul. (kA) Calc. (kA) Simul. (kA)
Three Phase 2,6314 2,5774 2,5503 2,4981
Line to line 2,2788 2,2295 2,2086 2,1609
Line to ground 0,544 0,5328 0,5367 0,5293
Point 3 (Bus2) Point 4 (Bus PV)
Calc. (kA) Simul. (kA) Calc. (kA) Simul. (kA)
Three Phase 34,5155 35,9168 34,5155 35,9168
Line to line 29,8905 30,8631 29,8905 30,8631
Line to ground 21,3355 20,7409 21,3355 20,7409
For line to ground short-circuit on PCC, fault current is shown in Fig 5. Fault signal is applied at 0.2
sec. Duration of fault is determined as 0,1 sec.
Fig 5. Line to ground fault current
For line to line short-circuit on PCC, fault current is shown in Fig 6. Fault signal is applied at 0.2 sec.
Duration of fault is determined as 0,1 sec.
Fig 6. Line to line fault current
For three phase short-circuit on PCC, fault current is shown in Fig 7. Fault signal is applied at 0.2 sec.
Duration of fault is determined as 0,1 sec.
Fig 7. Three phase fault current
The GA is implemented to point 2 (PCC) because of the PCC is the most important point for
interconnection of PV power plant. The sequence impedance values are estimated by using GA according
to short-circuit current of line to ground fault for PCC. Obtained GA values are compared with simulation
and calculation values. Comparison of sequence impedances are shown in Table 5.
Table 5. Comparison of sequence impedance values
Calculation (Ω) Simulation (Ω) GA (Ω)

7,8442 8,0082 7,8354
7,8444 8,0268 7,8354
96,1346 97,3517 96,2474
The results of calculation, simulation and GA are compared with each other. The total accuracy rate of GA
reached up to %99,89. This rate is pretty good for an artificial intelligence technique. The graphic of total
accuracy rate is shown in Fig 8.
100.2
100
99.8
99.6
99.4
99.2
99
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Iteratıon Number
Fig 8. The total accuracy rate of GA
6. CONCLUSION
Recently, the number of interconnected DG plants increases all over the world, which makes the
interconnecting analyses more complex. The one of the integration analyses is shortcircuit analysis. It’s
important analysis to ensure life safety. Obtainment of the sequence impedances is necessary to make this
analysis.
In this paper, firstly, the short-circuit analyses which are three phase, line to line and line to ground
faults for Selçuk University Medical Faculty were calculated for 4 different points. At the same time, this
system was modeled by using PSCAD/EMTDC and short-circuit analyses were simulated. The short-
circuit contribution of 1 MW PV power plant is investigated. Secondly, the GA is implemented to estimate
the sequence impedances according to short-circuit currents. Obtained results are compared with each
other.
The short-circuit contribution of 1 MW PV power plant is calculated as 18,74 A which is too

smaller than subtransient initial short-circuit currents. Thus, it was seen that the shortcircuit contribution
of PV power plant can be neglected in calculation of short-circuit.
In the second study, the sequence impedances which are positive, negative and zero sequences are
estimated by using GA. The GA estimated the impedances with 99,89% accuracy rate. It’s an impressive
result for an artificial intelligent technique. At the end of the study, it was seen that GA is an adequate
artificial intelligent technique to solve estimation problems of the sequence impedances.
7. REFERENCES
[1] van Werven, M. J. N. and Scheepers, M. J. J. 2005 The Changing Role of Energy Suppliers and
Distribution System Operators in the Deployment of Distributed Generation in Liberalised Electricity
Markets. Technical Report. Energy research Centre of the Netherlands.
[2] Barker, P. P. and de Mello, R. W. 2000 Determining the Impact of Distributed Generation on Power
Systems: Part 1 - Radial Distribution Systems. Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting. 1645-
1656.
[3] Dondi, P., Bayoumi, D., Haederli, C., Julian, D., Suter, M. 2002 Network integration of distributed
power generation. Journal of Power Sources. 1-9
[4] Faulkenberry, L.M. and Coffer, W. 1996 Electrical Power Distribution and Transmission, Prentice-
Hall, Inc.
[5] Anderson, P.M. 1995 Analysis of Faulted Power Systems. IEEE Press.
[6] Akbal, B. and Ürkmez, A. 2013 The parallel resonance impedance detection method for parameter
estimation of power line and transformer by using CSA, GA, and PSO. Turkish Journal of Electrical
Engineering & Computer Sciences.
[7] Akbal, B. and Ürkmez, A. 2013 PSO and Inertia Weight to Determine Parallel Resonance Power in
Electrical Networks. International Conference on Electronics, Computers and Artificial Intelligence. 1
– 6.
[8] Elgerd, O.I. 1982 Electric Energy Systems Theory : An Introduction. 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill Book
Company.
[9] Stevenson, W.D. 1982 Elements of Power System Analysis. 4th ed. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
[10] IEC 60909-0. 2001 Short-circuit Currents in Three-phase A.C. systems - Part 0: Calculation of
Currents.
[11] Akbal, B. and Ürkmez, A. 2013 Genetic Algorithm to Solve Electrical Network Problems.
International Conference on Electronics, Computer and Computation. 235-238.
[12] Akbal, B. and Aydın, M. 2015 Multilevel Thresholding and Artificial Intelligence Methods to Detect
the Thickness of Iced Conductor in Ambient Conditions.
DOI: 10.3906/elk-1410-96
[13] Boutsika, T. N. and Papathanassiou, S. A. 2007 Shortcircuit calculations in networks with distributed
generation. Electric Power Systems Research 78 (2008) 1181–1191
[14] Katiraei, F., Holbach, J., Chang, T., Johnson, W., Wills, D., Young, B., Marti, L., Yan, A., Baroutis,
P., Thompson, G. and Rajda, J. 2012 Investigation of Solar PV Inverters Current Contributions during
Faults on Distribution and Transmission Systems Interruption Capacity. Western Protective Relay
Conference.

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Impact of Distributed Generation on Short-circuit and Estimation of

Sequence Impedances with GA

A network generally consists of alternator, synchronous and induction motor, transformers,

2.1 Calculation of Short-Circuit

There are different types of short-circuits which are presented below:

- Three phase fault

- Line to line fault

- Double line to ground fault

- Line to ground fault

2.2 Calculation of Impedances

where is load losses of a transformer and given by the manufacturers.

The resistance and reactance values of a line are calculated by:

3.1 The Working Principle of Genetic

Fig 2: Flow chart of the genetic algorithm

Working steps of this algorithm are indicated below:

3.2 Problem Formulation

According to obtained results, total accuracy rate is calculated by [12]:

Table 1. The input parameters of algorithm

Input Parameters of Algorithm

4. THE SHORT-CIRCUIT CONTRIBUTION OF PV POWER PLANT

Table 2. Generalized fault current levels of distributed generators.

Type of Generator Fault current as percent of rated output current

Inverter 100-400% (duration will depend on controller

Fig 3: Fault current contribution comparison (per-unit)

Table 3. Impedances value of network components

Table 4. Short-circuit currents for different points.

Point 1 (CDC) Point 2 (PCC)

Fig 6. Line to line fault current

Table 5. Comparison of sequence impedance values

Calculation (Ω) Simulation (Ω) GA (Ω)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

The short-circuit contribution of 1 MW PV power plant is calculated as 18,74 A which is too

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