Contents

 RAM
 ROM
 CACHE MEMORY
 REGISTERS
Meaning of RAM.
 RAM or Random Access Memory also
known as volatile memory is a form of
computer data storage device which
stores most commonly accessed data in
the computer.

 It is a semi conductive memory module

device made up of small memory chips
installed on the motherboard of the
computer.
Basic understanding on working
of RAM
 Whenever you run a program (e.g. operating system,
applications) or open a file (e.g. videos, images,
music, documents), it is loaded temporarily from the
hard drive into your RAM.

 Once loaded into RAM, you will be able to access it

smoothly with minimal delays.

 The data are stored randomly on the RAM and it can

be assessed directly.

 If you run out of RAM, your operating system will

begin dumping some of the open programs and files
to the paging file causing your computer to lag.
Basic understanding on how RAM
works.
CPU
Data/Result inflow
(less access time)

RAM
HARD (Random Access USER
Memory)
DRIVE
Command to computer
(less access time)
Typical RAM and its location in motherboard
Types Of RAM
DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
SRAM (Static RAM)
i. Dynamic RAM
 DRAM or dynamic random access memory is that type
of RAM which stores data using a transistor and
capacitor which are comprised together in a memory
cell.

 The capacitor holds a high or low charge (1 or 0,

respectively), and the transistor acts as a switch that
lets the control circuitry on the chip read the
capacitor's state of charge or change it.

 Since capacitors leak charge, the information stored in

it fades unless the capacitor charge is refreshed
periodically.

 It is smaller in size cheap but is slow compared to

Static Ram.
ii. Static RAM
 Static random-access memory (SRAM) is a type of
semiconductor memory that uses latching circuitry
(flip flops) to store each bit.

 It does not need to be refreshed like DRAM and the

data in it will only be deleted once the computer is
shut down.

 It is more expensive type of RAM but is faster than

DRAM.

 Because of its more parts it require more space than

DRAM.
Importance Of RAM
 Load and run operating systems.
 Enable faster access to data.
Limitation of RAM
 Limited amount of data storage.
 Temporary Memory
 Expensive
 Computer memory on
which data has been
prerecorded
 Data cannot be modified
or with difficulty
 Enables an electronic
device to regulate their
motion
 Retains its content
even when the
computer is turned off.
 Device mainly used for
storage
 Programmable Read-only Memory(PROM)
 Erasable Programmable Read-only
Memory(EPROM)
 Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-
only Memory (EEPROM)
 Flash Memory
 Data stored
permanently
 Retains the content
when the computer
is turned off
 Manufactured as
blank memory
 PROM programmer
or a Prom burner
 Enables a device to
erase the data in
ROM
 Exposed to ultra
violent stored data
deleted
 Enables to input
new programme.
 Data is erased
electrically
 Requires data to be
written or erased one
byte at a time
 Non –volatile
computer storage
medium
 Modified version of
EEPROM
 Data can be erased
& reprogrammed in
blocks
Contents
 A brief introduction to Cache memory
 Types of Cache memory
 Where is Cache located
 Advantages and Disadvantages
 Process Flow
 CACHE MEMORY
A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO CACHE
MEMORY
What is cache (pronounced as cash)memory ??

→high-speed access area (either a reserved section of main memory

or a storage device.)

→high speed buffer made up of SRAM (static RAM) that stores the
most frequently accessed data and instructions for quick retrieval.

→Intermediate between CPU and main memory(access time of cache

memory is very small than that of main memory

→much faster than RAM or main memory

→more expensive.
 TYPES OF CACHE
MEMORY
❶Memory
cache(portion on
memory of high-
speed SRAM)
❷Disk cache(used to
access commonly
accessed data)
❸Internet browser
cache(used to help
improve how fast
data is opened while
browsing the
Internet.)
WHERE IS CACHE
LOCATED ?
○Level 1 - in the processor
○Level 2 - dedicated for the processor but not
in the processing logic
○Level 3 - shared between processors
ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES
Advantages
 Reduce load on Web Services/ Database
 Increase Performance
 Reliability (Assuming db backed cache.
Server goes down and db is backed by
cache. There is no time wasted to
repopulate as in memory cache)
Disadvantages
 Could run into issues syncing caches
 Increased Maintenance
 Scalability Issues
PROCESS FLOW
-
Contents
 Introduction to registers
 Functioning of registers
 Registers perform
 Types of registers
 Working of a memory device
 REGISTERS
• Very small amount of very fast memory built into the
CPU to speed up its operations by providing quick
access to commonly used values,
• The fastest way for the system to manipulate data,
• Mostly implemented as an array of SRAM (Static
Random Access Memory),
• Normally measured by the number of bits they can
hold
 Functioning of REGISTERS
Used by the CPU for performing the operations.

Step1: User gives some input to the system.

Step2: Input is stored into the registers.
Step3: CPU processes the data.
Step4: Result is stored in the registers.
Step5: System gives the result to the users.
 Registers perform:
 Fetch

 Decode

 Execute
 Types of Registers
 Memory Address Registers
 Program Counter
 Accumulator Register
 Memory Data Register
 Index Register
 Memory Buffer Register
 Data Register
How do the memory devices work?
THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION.