distributions
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Master title style and
are called approximately normally
distributed variables.
• The theoretical
Click curve,
to edit Master called
subtitle the
style
normal distribution curve, can be used
to study many variables that are not
normally distributed but are
approximately normal.
1
• The mathematical equation for a
binomial
Click distribution:
to edit Master title style
2
e ( x )2 2
y
where: subtitle
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e 2.71828…
3.14159…
population mean
population standard deviation 2
• The shape and position of the
normal
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edit Mastercurve depend
title style
on two parameters:
1. the mean and
Click to edit Master subtitle style
2. the standard deviation.
7
The standard normal distribution
is a normal
Click distribution
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style
mean of 0 and a standard
deviation of 1.
Click to edit Master subtitle style
8
All normally distributed variables can be
transformed intoMaster
Click to edit the standard normally
title style
distributed variable by using the formula
for the standard score:
Click to edit Master subtitlemean
value style
X
z
standard deviation 9
1. Find the area under the
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standard Master
normal curvetitlebetween
style z
= 0 and z = 2.34
P to
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(0edit 2.34).
subtitle style
0.4904
10
Using z-table to find the area:
Click to edit Master title style
11
2. Find the area under the
standard normal
Click to edit curve
Master titlebetween
style z
= 0 and z = –1.75
P(–1.75
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Master 0) style
0.4599
12
Using z-table to find the area:
Click to edit Master title style
13
3. Find the area to the right of
Click to
z = 1.11 edit Master title style
P(z 1.11).
Click to edit Master subtitle style
0.1335
14
Using z-table to find the area:
Click to edit Master title style
15
4. Find the area to the left of
Click to
z = -1.93 edit Master title style
0.0268
16
5. Find the area between
Click to edit Master
z = 2 and z = 2.47 title style
P(2 z 2.47).
Click to edit Master subtitle style
0.0160
17
6. Find the area between
Click to edit Master title style
z = 1.68 and z = –1.37
P(–1.37 z 1.68).
Click to edit Master subtitle style
0.8682
18
7. Find the area to the left of
Click to edit Master title style
z = 1.99 P(z < 1.99)
0.9767
19
Recall: Standard Z score
Click to edit Master title style
X
z
Click to edit Master subtitle style
NOTE:
To solve for X, use the following formula:
X = z + . 20
1. Each month, a household generates an
average of 28 pounds of newspaper for
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garbage edit Master
or recycling. title
Assume thestyle
standard
deviation is 2 pounds. Assume the amount
generated is normally distributed.
Click to edit Master subtitle style
If a household is selected at random,
find the probability that it’s
generating:
a. more than 30.2 pounds per month. 13.57%
b. between 27 and 31 pounds /month 62.47%
21
2. The American Automobile Association
reports that the average time it takes to
Click to
respond toanedit Mastercalltitle
emergency is 25style
minutes.
Assume the variable is approximately
normally distributed and
the standard deviation
Click to edit Masterissubtitle style
4.5 minutes. If 80 calls
are randomly selected,
approximately how many
will be responded to in
less than 15 minutes? 22
1 call
3. An exclusive college desires to accept only
the top 10% of all graduating seniors based
on the results of a national placement test.
26
Next we will consider all samples of size 2
taken with replacement.
Click to edit Master title style
27
The frequency distribution is
X-bar 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Click to edit Master title style
(mean)
f 1 2 3 4 3 2 1
With Click
graphto edit Master subtitle style
D IS T R IB U T IO N O F S AM P LE M E AN S
(AP P R O XIM AT E LY N O R M AL)
3
Frequency
0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 28
S AM P LE M E AN S
Solving for the mean of sample means
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2 3Master
... 8 title
80 style
X 5
16 16
X
29
Solving for the standard deviation of the sample
mean
Click( 2to 5edit Master
)2 ( 3 title
5 ) 2 ... ( 8 5style
)2
X 1.581
16
Recall that
Click population standard
to edit Master deviation
subtitle style is 2.236
The standard deviation of the sample means
will be smaller than the standard deviation of
the population.
standard error X
30
of the mean n
The Central Limit Theorem:
Click to edit Master title style
As the sample size n increases, the shape of
the distribution of the sample means taken
from a population with mean and standard
deviation
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will subtitle
approachstylea normal
distribution.
X
z=
/ n
32
A.C. Neilsen reported
that children between
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the ages 2 and 5
watch an average of
25 hours of TV per
week. Assume the variable is normally
Click to and
distributed edit Master subtitledeviation
the standard style is 3
hours. If 20 children between the ages of 2
and 5 are randomly selected, find the
probability that the mean of the number of
hours they watch TV is greater than 26.3
hours. 0.0262
33
The average age of a vehicle registered
inClick
the United
to editStates
Master is title
8 years,
styleor 96
months. Assume the standard deviation
is 16 months. If a random sample of 36
cars is selected, find the probability
Click to edit Master subtitle style
that the mean of their age is between
90 and 100 months.
0.921
34
The normal distribution is often used to solve
problems that involve the binomial distribution
Click
since to editnMaster
when is largetitle
(say,style
100), the
calculations are too difficult to do by hand
using the binomial distribution.
The normal approximation to the binomial is
Click to edit Master subtitle style
appropriate when np 5 and nq 5.
In addition, a correction for continuity may be
used in the normal approximation.
35
A correction for continuity is a correction
employed when a continuous distribution is
Click toapproximate
used to edit Master titledistribution.
a discrete style
The continuity correction means that for any
specific value
Click to editof X, saysubtitle
Master 8, the boundaries
style of X
in the binomial distribution (in this case 7.5
and 8.5) must be used.
36
Prevention magazine reported that 6%
of American drivers read the newspaper
Click to edit
while driving.
Master title style
If 300 drivers are
selected at random, find the probability
that exactly 25
say they read
Click to edit Master subtitle style
the newspaper
while driving.
0.0227
37