A Project Report On

SOLID STATE TRANSFORMER

Submitted by:
NIRAV JOSHI 140010109022
SHYAM MAKADIYA 140010109025
DURGESH PATEL 140010109034

In fulfillment for the award of the degree

of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
Electrical Engineering

A D PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,NEW VALLABH

VIDHYANAGAR
Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad.
 A D PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, NEW
VALLABH VIDHYANAGAR

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the final year project concept entitled “SOLID STATE
TRANSFORMER” has been carried out by NIRAV JOSHI (140010109022), SHYAM
MAKADIYA (140010109025) & DURGESH PATEL (140010109034) under my guidance
and supervision, on for award of the degree of bachelor of engineering in Electrical (Semester -
7) at A.D.PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, New V.V. Nagar during the academic year
2017-2018.

Date: / / 2017

Guide: Head of Department:

Prof. VISHAL SHETH Dr. N.G.CHOTHANI
(EE Department, ADIT) (EE Department, ADIT)

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Plagiarism report

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III
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are successive of “Electrical Engineering Department” of A.D. PATEL

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, at New v.v.nagar.

We are indebted to number of individuals who have contributed to this project.

Their contribution in so many ways that we find it difficult to acknowledge them in
any other manner but alphabetically.

We are greatly indebted to MR. VISHAL SHETH SIR, a professor of electrical

department for his constant inspiration in making this report. We wish to extend
your appreciation to our project.

We are thankful to professor MR. VISHAL SHETH SIR for his support and
guidance and for patiently listening and solving our problems we are thankful to
the complete staff of electrical department and our friends for their support.

At last we want to thank all those who have supported us directly or indirectly
making our path to make a successful project.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

1.1 PROBLEM SUMMARY AND INTRODUCTION: ------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT: -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4

1.3 BRIEF LITERATURE REVIEWS AND PRIORITY ART SEARCH (PAS): --------------------------------- 4

1.4 PROBLEM SPECIFICATIONS: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7

1.5 MATERIALS/COMPONENTS/TOOLS: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7

CHAPTER 2: ANALYSIS, DESIGN METHODOLOGY AND IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY ---------------- 11

2.1 IDEATION CANVAS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11

2.2 PRODUCT DEVLOPING CANVAS: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13

CHAPTER 3: IMPLEMENTATION -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16

CHAPTER 4: SUMMRY----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19

4.1 FEATURES OF DESIGN:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19

4.2 FUTURE PLANNING/IDEAS: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 19

APPENDICES --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i

PERIODIC PROGREE REPORTS:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i

PPR-1: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i

PPR-2: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ii

PPR-3: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii

PPR-4: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iv

PATENT SEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORT: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- v

PSAR 1: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- v

PSAR 2: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- viii

PSAR 3: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x

PSAR 4: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- xiii

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Table of figure

Figure 1 Rectifier .................................................................................................................................... 2

Figure 2 DC to DC converter .................................................................................................................. 2
Figure 3 inverter ...................................................................................................................................... 3
Figure 4 Block diagram of SST ............................................................................................................... 3
Figure 5 Topologie-1 ............................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 6 Topologie-2 ............................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 7 Topologie-3 ............................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 8 MOSFET ................................................................................................................................... 8
Figure 9 Arduino ..................................................................................................................................... 8
Figure 10 DSO ........................................................................................................................................ 9
Figure 11 CRO ...................................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 12 Ideation canvas ...................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 13 Product development canvas .................................................................................................. 13
Figure 14 Simulation diagram ................................................................................................................ 16
Figure 15 Buck converter output voltage................................................................................................ 17
Figure 16 R Load Output Voltage and Current ....................................................................................... 17
Figure 17 RL Load Output Voltage and Current.................................................................................... 18
Figure 18 AEIOU canvas ....................................................................................................................... xvi
Figure 19 Empthy canvas ..................................................................................................................... xvii
Figure 20 Ideation canvas .................................................................................................................... xviii
Figure 21 Product Development canvas ................................................................................................. xix

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 ABSTRACT

The objective of the project is to develop transformer which is totally based

on power electronics. Therefore, it known as solid state transformer. There are
mainly three parts AC to DC converter, DC to DC converter and DC to AC
converter. So it gives AC or DC output and we can feed both AC and DC power to
solid state transformer. Our design is portable, easily transportable, not having
heavy structure and require less space. The purpose of project is to convert
conventional distribution transformer system into smart solid state system.

KEYWORDS:

- Solid state transformer

- Power electronic converters
- DC link
- SST Topology
- Smart Grid

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROBLEM SUMMARY AND INTRODUCTION:

Transformers are fundamental components of the power distribution system and are
relatively inexpensive, highly reliable, and fairly efficient. However, they possess some
undesirable properties including sensitivity to harmonics, voltage drop under load, (required)
protection from system disruptions and overload, protection of the system from problems arising
at or beyond the transformer, environmental concerns regarding mineral oil, and performance
under dc-offset load unbalances . These disadvantages are becoming increasingly important as
power quality becomes more of a concern. With the advancement of power electronics circuits
and devices, the all solid-state transformer becomes a viable option to replace the conventional
copper and-iron based transformer for a better power quality. The solid-state switching
technologies allow power conversion between different formats such as dc/dc, dc/ac, ac/dc, and
ac/ac with any desired frequencies.

During the past two decades, solid-state transformers (SSTs) have evolved quickly and have
been considered for replacing conventional low-frequency (LF) transformers in applications such
as traction, where weight and volume savings and substantial efficiency improvements can be
achieved, or in smart grids because of their controllability.

There are main three stages and brief about these stages are given below.

— Rectifier
— DC to DC convertor
— Inverter

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  RECTIFIER:

Rectifier is a power electronic converter which converts AC voltage to DC voltage. In

positive cycle diode D1 and D4 operates as forward bias, in negative cycle diode D2 and D3
operates as forward bias.

Figure 1 Rectifier

 DC to DC Converter:
A DC-to-DC converter is an electronic. device or electromechanical. device that converts
a source of direct current (DC) from one .voltage level to another.

Figure 2 DC to DC converter

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  INVERTER:
Inverter is a power electronic converter which converts DC voltage to AC voltage with
desired frequency.

Figure 3 inverter

 SST block diagram:

Figure 4 Block diagram of SST

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1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT:

Aim of our project is described by the topic of our project as to develop a solid state
transformer which is economical, durable, compact, light-weight and affordable.

Objective of our project is to eliminate limitations of conventional transformer like high inrush
current, high iron losses, core saturation, higher weight, harmonics and works only on AC supply.
Also solid state transformer gives batter power quality and good efficiency.

1.3 BRIEF LITERATURE REVIEWS AND PRIORITY ART SEARCH

(PAS):

Design of Solid State Transformer

B. Dheeraj Reddy1 , Dr. Sarat Kumar Sahoo2 UG Student [EEE], School of Electrical Engineering, VIT
University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India
Associate Professor, School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India

ABSTRACT: Transformers are designed so as to minimize weight and cost based on three
presumptions: the power supply is with a sine wave, the frequency is fixed, and the voltage
not to exceed a prescribed maximum limit. Fastidious approach in designing the transformer
based on these assumptions is not entailed, then again proper consideration is required if the
assumptions are amended. Given this as beginning, an efficient and cost-effective design has
to be resolved. In order to reduce the emission of greenhouse gas and replace the limited
energy sources like coal or oil, the number of renewable energy sources is constantly
growing. All these points led to have a best solution which was the reason for evolution of
Solid State Transformer. This paper presents the constructional details of a 100 VA, 100 Hz
and 200 VA, 50 Hz transformer and compares the results to claim the best design.

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KEYWORDS: Solid State Transformer (SST), Power Electronic Devices, SST Topology,
Smart Grid.

INTRODUCTION:
The conventional “behemoth” transformers, highly efficient and reliable, suffer certain
demerits: sensitive to harmonics, no power factor improvement, poor performance under dc-
offset load unbalances, voltage drop under load, no protection from system disruptions and
overloads. A transformer equipped with Power Electronic Devices can respond to control
signals and eliminate the problems linked to conventional transformer as mentioned. The
solid state transformer endeavors’ to replace the traditional 50 Hz transformer by means of
high frequency isolated AC/AC solid state conversion techniques. SST, because of the
power electronics circuit, can be operated at any frequency. Due to high-frequency
modulation; the volume and weight of SSTs can be much smaller than those of conventional
50 Hz transformers and also allows higher utilization of the magnetic core.

Solid state transformers possess lower physical contours than traditional 50 Hz

transformers and provide active control of power flow. However, they are not as simple as
traditional 50 Hz transformers because of the presence of power electronic converters. But
this is made up by the ancillary services provided by the power electronic devices like
allows two way power flow, actively change power characteristics such as voltage and
frequency levels, improves power quality (reactive power compensation and harmonic
filtering), provides efficient routing of electricity based on communication between utility
provider & end users and other transformers in the network. In this paper, it proposes to
review the available literature on Conventional transformer design and various models of
SSTs and selects the best one for optimum efficiency. Then by adopting suitable
methodology an efficient transformer is designed.

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 SST TOPOLOGIES:

i. Direct AC to AC Converter

Figure 5 Topologie-1

ii. SST without a DC link

Figure 6 Topologie-2

iii. SST with a DC link ( Three-stage SST)

Figure 7 Topologie-3

The three stage topology offers some advantages over the other two, such as; reduced
size due to a high frequency transformer, power factor improvement is possible, multi-level
converter topologies can be applied to get high voltage levels (e.g., 11 and 22 kV). It is the
three stage topology which is most prevalent now and various potentials of the power
electronic circuit involved, like reduced switch topology, are being studied and developed for
better proficiency.

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1.4 PROBLEM SPECIFICATIONS:

Problem associate with conventional transformer listed below and they are solved by solid state
transformer.

 Bulky size and heavy weight

 Transformer oil can be harmful when exposed to the environment
 Core saturation produces harmonics, which results in large inrush currents.
 Unwanted characteristics on the input side, such as voltage dips, are represented in
output waveform.
 Harmonics in the output current has an influence on the input. Depending on the
transformer connection, the harmonics can propagate to the network or lead to an
increase of primary winding losses.
 Relative high losses at their average operation load. Transformers are usually
designed with their maximum efficiency at near to full load, while transformers in a
distribution environment have an average operation load of 30%.
 All LFTs suffer from non-perfect voltage regulation. The voltage regulation
capability of a transformer is inversely proportional to its rating. At distribution
level, the transformers are generally small and voltage regulation is not very good.

1.5 MATERIALS/COMPONENTS/TOOLS:

 COMPONENTS:

— MOSFET(IRF740)

A power MOSFET is a specific type of metal oxide semiconductor field-effect

transistor (MOSFET) designed to handle significant power levels.Compared to the
other power semiconductor devices, for example an insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)
or a thyristor, its main advantages are high switching speed and good efficiency at low
voltages. It shares with the IGBT an isolated gate that makes it easy to drive. They can be

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subject to low gain, sometimes to degree that the gate voltage needs to be higher than the
voltage under control.

Figure 8 MOSFET

IRF740 MOSFET is used as power electronic switch, which on and off by gate pulse of
12 to 15 volt. We can give up to 400V between drain and source. It can operate on hundreds
of kilo hertz.

— Controller

We are use arduino as a controller for generate gate pulse of switches. We

programmed arduino using MATLAB simulink programming tool.

Figure 9 Arduino

— Capacitor
— Diode

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— Inductor
— Resistor

 TOOLS:

— MATLAB Software:

MATLAB means matrix laboratory. It provides platform to engineer to design

various system and to check their response. We make all the simulation in MATLAB. It
provide programming tool for arduino also.

— DGITAL STORAGE OSCILLOSCOPE (DSO)

Figure 10 DSO

A digital storage oscilloscope (often abbreviated DSO) is an oscilloscope which

stores and analyses the signal digitally rather than using analog techniques. It is now the
most common type of oscilloscope in use because of the advanced trigger, storage, display
and measurement features which it typically provides.

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 The input analogue signal is sampled and then converted into a digital record of the
amplitude of the signal at each sample time. The sampling frequency should be not less than
the Nyquist rate to avoid aliasing. These digital values are then turned back into an analogue
signal for display on a cathode ray tube (CRT), or transformed as needed for the various
possible types of output—liquid crystal display,chart recorder, plotter or network interface.

— CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE (CRO)

Figure 11 CRO

The Cathode Ray Oscilloscope is an instrument which we use in laboratory to

display measure and analyze various waveforms of various electrical circuit and
electronic circuits. Actually cathode ray oscilloscope is very fast X-Y plotters that can
display an input signal versus time or other signal. Cathode ray oscilloscope uses
luminous spot which is produced by striking the beam of electrons and this luminous spot
moves in response variation in the input quantity. At this moment one question must be
arise in our mind that why we are using only an electron beam? The reason behind this is
low effects of beam of electrons that can be used for following the changes in the
instantaneous values of rapidly changing input quantity. The general forms of cathode ray
oscilloscope operate on voltages.

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CHAPTER 2: ANALYSIS, DESIGN METHODOLOGY
AND IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY

2.1 IDEATION CANVAS:

Figure 12 Ideation canvas

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 PEOPLE:

— Industries
— Distribution
— Institution
— Traction
— Hospitals

 ACTIVITIES:

— High frequency
— Better power Quality
— AC to DC converter
— DC to AC converter
— Multi type Output

 SITUATION/CONTEXT/LOCATION:

— Traction
— PV system
— Distribution Station
— Colony

 PROPS:

— No winding
— No Core
— No Saturation
— Less Bulky
— Natural cooling

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2.2 PRODUCT DEVLOPING CANVAS:

Figure 13 Product development canvas

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 PURPOSE:

— Multi type supply

— Better Power Quality
— Distribution Power
— Traction

 PEOPLE:

— Distribution
— Industries
— Traction
— PV System

 PRODUCT EXPERIENCE:

— Better Power Quality

— Smooth control

 PRODUCT FUNCTION:

— AC/DC Hybrid
— High Power Factor
— Distribution
— Traction

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 PRODUCT FEATURE:

— Feed Multi type Supply to Grid

— Light Weight
— Less Maintenance

 COMPONENTS:

— MosFET
— Controller
— Capacitor
— Diode
— Inductor
— Resistor
 CUSTOMER REVALIDATION:

— Reliability
— Better Power Quality
— Less Running Cost
— Flexible

 REJECT,REDESIGN,RETAIN:

— Fragile Design
— High Sensitive to Distribution Fault
— Protection Against Fault

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CHAPTER 3: IMPLEMENTATION

 Simulation :

Figure 14 Simulation diagram

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  Results:
— BUCK Converter output voltage

Figure 15 Buck converter output voltage

— R Load Output Voltage and Current

Figure 16 R Load Output Voltage and Current

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 — RL Load Output Voltage and Current

Figure 17 RL Load Output Voltage and Current

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CHAPTER 4: SUMMRY

4.1 FEATURES OF DESIGN:

— Protects load from power supply disturbances

— Voltage Harmonics and sag compensations
— Outage compensation
— Protects power systems from the load disturbances
— Load transients and harmonic regulations
— Unity input power factor under reactive load
— Sinusoidal input current for non linear loads
— Protection against output short circuit
— Operates on distributed voltage level
— Integrates energy storage
— Medium frequency isolation

4.2 FUTURE PLANNING/IDEAS:

— In future we want to design closed loop system.

— In rectifier we will use thyristor instead of diode to improve input side power quality.
— At output side of inverter we will design low pass filter.

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REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] J.W. Kolar, G.I. Ortiz, “Solid State Transformer Concepts in Traction and Smart Grid
Applications”, Power Electronics System Laboratory.

[2] J.W. Kolar, G.I. Ortiz, “Solid State Transformer Key Components for future
Transportation and Smart GridApplications”, Power Electronics System Laboratory.

[3] J.W. Kolar, G.I. Ortiz, “Intelligent Solid State Transformers A key building block for
future smart grid systems”, Power Electronics System Laboratory.

[4] J.W. Kolar, G.I. Ortiz, “Solid State Transformer Concepts in future Traction and Smart
Grid”, Power Electronics System Laboratory.

[5] A. Abedini and T. Lipo, “A Novel Topology of Solid State Transformer”, in Proc. of
Power Electronic &
Drive Systems & Technologies Conference (PEDSTC), pp: 101-105, 2010.

[6] Tiefu Zhao, Jie Zeng, Subhashish Bhattacharya, Mesut E. Baran, Alex Q. Huang, “An
Average Model of Solid State Transformer for Dynamic System Simulation”, in Proc.
of Power & Energy Society General Meeting, pp:1-8, 2009.

[7] Aniel Shri, “A Solid State Transformer for Interconnection between Medium and Low
voltage Grid”, Master of Science thesis, Delft University of Technology, October 2013.

[8] Johnny Posada C., Juan M. Ramirez, and Rosa E. Correa, “Modeling and
simulation of a solid state
transformer for distribution systems”, Proc. of Power & Energy Society General
Meeting, pp:1-6, 2012.

[9] Hengsi Qin and Jonathan W. Kimball, “Ac-Ac Dual Active Bridge Converter for Solid
State Transformer”, in Proc. of Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, pp: 3039-
3044, 2009

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APPENDICES

PERIODIC PROGREE REPORTS:

PPR-1:

1. What Progress you have made in the Project ?

first we start basic analysis of our project .we refer data from internet, reference book and research papers
about basic design, issues in design, basic topologies. we start simulation of circuit in MATLAB software.

2. What challenge you have faced ?

Research on solid state transformer is very less, so we get only basic information.we have to do circuit
design by ourselves with reference of our guide. we start designing circuit and face problems to find values
of different elements.

3. What support you need ?

we require detail design for solid state transformer from faculty guide and internet to design circuit.

4. Which literature you have referred ?

we refer IEEE literature " review of solid state transformer technologies and their application".

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PPR-2:

1. What Progress you have made in the Project ?

We roughly made circuit design and start simulation of circuit in MATLAB software.

2. What challenge you have faced ?

Because of less content about this project we face problem in design of circuit.

3. What support you need ?

We require detail design for our project from faculty guide to design circuit.

4. Which literature you have referred ?

We refer literature and reference book

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PPR-3:

1. What Progress you have made in the Project ?

We are very nearer to complete simulation of solid state transformer, we start making rectifier circuit on PCB.

2. What challenge you have faced ?

In simulated circuit , We dont get perfect output when there is motor as load on SST.

3. What support you need ?

We required information about how the motor are affect the output of SST? and how we can make it stable?

4. Which literature you have referred ?

We read many concept and information from research papers.

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PPR-4:

1. What Progress you have made in the Project ?

We completed the circuit of rectifier on PCB.

2. What challenge you have faced ?

When we test rectifier circuit, there is blast and diode is burnout. So we have to correct it.

3. What support you need ?

Theoretical part we completed, now we required practical or actual circuit guidelines from our guide.

4. Which literature you have referred ?

We show the circuit design of rectifier on internet to make perfect circuit.

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PATENT SEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORT:

PSAR 1:

v
vi
vii
PSAR 2:

viii
ix
PSAR 3:

x
xi
xii
PSAR 4:

xiii
xiv
xv
DESIGN ENGINEERING CANVASES:

AEIOU Summary:

Figure 18 AEIOU canvas

xvi
Empathy Summary:

Figure 19 Empthy canvas

xvii
Ideation Canvas:

Figure 20 Ideation canvas

xviii
Product Developing Canvas:

Figure 21 Product Development canvas

xix