Grinding
7ME6.1A (Part III)
• Centreless Grinding
• Slot Grinding
Conventional Grinding
Conventional Grinding
Micro Grinding and Ultra
Precision Process
• In order to achieve fully ductile mode grinding, material removal must take place
at the nanoscale.
• The nanogrinding process is a process that relies on using a nickel coated
ceramic material with microscale diamond particles bonded to it that are cubo-
octahedral in shape to machine nanoscale features in a variety of workpiece
materials.
• The diamonds are bonded to the piezoelectric material by gaseous deposition,
laser cladding or directly bonding a porous tool to the material via an adhesive
paste.
• The process is executed by applying a known sinusoidal frequency to the
piezoelectric crystal in order to achieve a desired oscillatory displacement.
• Rapid vibration of the crystal will allow material removal rates to be increased,
thus making it a nanomanufacturing process.
• The nanogrinding process is accompanied by wear of the diamond grains, and
the rate of this wear plays an important role in determining the efficiency of the
nanogrinding process and the quality of the nanomachined surface.
• Wear mechanisms in nanogrinding processes appear to be similar to that of
single-point cutting tools, the only difference being the size of swarf particles
generated.
Ultraprecision Grinding
• Using this machine coupled with
ductile mode theory, mirror finishes
can be achieved on the workpiece
without the intervention of
polishing.
• Dimensional accuracy in the range of
a few micrometers
• Surface form accuracy in the range
of lOO nm or better.
• Surface texture in the range of 5nm,
or better.
• Speed range of 10,000 -70,000 rpm.
• Grinding wheels from 3 mm - 15 mm
in diameter. Sometimes 30
mm(small aspheric components,
particularly lenses and lens molds).
Ultraprecision Grinding
• The machine is capable of generating arbitrary confocal shapes on
materials ranging from optical glass and infrared materials to non-
ferrous metals, crystals, polymers, and ceramics.
• The machine temperature is maintained stable to less than ±0.5 C.
Grinding is done in a flood-cooled environment.
• Machine has two vertical spindles with hydrostatic bearing of high
precision and rigidity.
• It can machine at extremely fine depth of cut (0.1 |Lim) and
capable of producing at submicron flatness and nanometer surface
Micro grinding roughness (5 nm Rmax) on optical glass (NbF), Mn-
Zn ferrite and electronic materials using diamond abrasive grinding
wheels.
Piezoelectric Nano grinding Process
Piezoelectric Nano grinding Process
• Piezoelectric Effect is the ability of certain materials to generate
an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress.
• The process relies on applying an electric current to the diamond
coated piezoelectric material that causes material to strain.
• When the diamond coated piezoelectric material is placed in
closed proximity to substrate, the diamond removes extremely
small fragments of substrate, when the electric current is applied
to the material.
• The magnitude of the applied current controls the material
removal rate.
• Used to process the biomedical materials especially in the
production of nanoscale ducts and channels in micro and
nanofluidic devices.
• A substrate is a solid substance or medium to which another
substance is applied and to which that second substance
adheres.
Nanogrinding apparatus
1. Holding a polished specimen between the jaws of a vise so that a
piezoelectric crystal oscillator traverses back-and-forth across the
specimen, thus machining the specimen by creating a cut depth
between the diamonds adhered on the piezoelectric crystal and
the workpiece material.
2. The work pieces are mounted in a vise that was attached to a x-y-
z linear slide in order to achieve accurate positioning of the
workpiece.
3. The piezoelectric crystal was mounted on a steel framework that
was orthogonal to the workpiece.
4. The whole unit was located within a tetrahedral space frame to
dampen excess vibrations.
Nanogrinding Tools
• Porous nanogrinding tools are composed of abrasive particles (sub
micron) embedded in vitrified bond.