Submitted By:
Supervised By:
Supervised By:
ii
APPROVAL SHEET
It is recommended that the Thesis prepared by Muhammad Saleh Aman,
Entitled, and Analysis of role and importance of audio-visual aids in teaching
learning process at primary school level in district Chitral is accepted as fulfilling
this part of the requirements for the degree of M.Ed.
Supervisor:
MR. SARDAR AHMAD KHAN
External Examiner:
INTERNAL EXAMINER:
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DEDICATED
To my
Loving Parents
&
Respectable Teachers
iv
DECLARATION
I, Muhammad Saleh Aman, Roll No. 53, student of M.Ed. CHITRAL
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION CHITRAL, declare that during the period of this
study, I was not registered in any other course. The material used in this thesis
entitled ‘ANALYSIS OF ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF AUDIO-VISUAL
AIDS IN TEACHING-LEARNING PROCESS AT PRIMARY SCHOOL
LEVEL IN DISTRICT CHITRAL’ has not been submitted by me wholly or in
part for any other academic award or qualification and shall not be submitted
by me in future for obtaining any degree from this or any other university. I
confirm that this thesis is the original work of the researcher except where
otherwise acknowledged in the dissertation.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION......................................................................................................... V
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................... VI
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................ VII
LIST OF TABLE ...................................................................................................... IX
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. X
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................. XI
CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 1
1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: ............................................................................ 3
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: ........................................................................... 4
1.4 HYPOTHESIS: ...................................................................................................... 4
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION: ........................................................................................ 4
1.6 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:................................................................................ 4
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: ............................................................................ 5
CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................. 6
LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................... 6
2.1 HISTORY OF THE USE OF A.V AIDS: .................................................................... 6
2.2 MEANING OF AUDIO & VISUAL AIDS: ................................................................. 7
2.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS IN TEACHING:........................................ 8
2.4 PSYCHOLOGY OF USING THE A.V AIDS: ........................................................... 11
2.5 TYPES OF AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS: ....................................................................... 12
2.5.1 Graphic Aids ............................................................................................ 13
2.6 CLASSIFICATION OF AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS: ....................................................... 16
2.6.1 Projected Aids .......................................................................................... 16
2.6.2 Non-Projected Aids .................................................................................. 16
2.6.3 Activity Aids ............................................................................................. 17
2.7 PRINCIPLE OF USING A.V AIDS: ........................................................................ 17
2.7.1 Principle of Selecting the Proper A.V Aids: ............................................ 17
2.7.2 Principle of Preparation .......................................................................... 17
2.7.3 Principle of Physical Control .................................................................. 18
2.7.4 Principle of Proper Presentation ............................................................. 18
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2.7.5 Principle of Evaluation ............................................................................ 18
2.8 CHARACTERISTICS OF AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS: .................................................... 18
2.9 USES OF A.V AIDS IN EDUCATION .................................................................... 20
2.10 NEED AND IMPORTANT OF A.V AIDS ................................................................ 21
2.10 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF AUDIO VISUAL AIDS: ................................. 22
2.10.1 Strength of Audio Visual Aids: ................................................................. 23
2.10.2 Weaknesses: ............................................................................................. 23
CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................... 24
METHODOLOGIES ................................................................................................. 24
3.1 NATURE OF STUDY: .......................................................................................... 24
3.2 POPULATION: .................................................................................................... 24
3.3 SAMPLING AND SAMPLE: .................................................................................. 25
3.3 DATA COLLECTION TOOLS: .............................................................................. 25
3.3.1 Questionnaire ........................................................................................... 26
3.3.2 Interview .................................................................................................. 27
3.3.3 Observation .............................................................................................. 27
3.4 DATA COLLECTION TOOLS: .............................................................................. 28
3.5 RESEARCH ETHICS: ........................................................................................... 28
CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................... 29
DATA ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................... 29
CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................................... 38
FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................. 38
5.1 FINDINGS .......................................................................................................... 38
5.2 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................... 38
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................................... 40
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 41
APPENDIX ................................................................................................................. 45
QUESTIONNAIRE.................................................................................................... 45
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LIST OF TABLE & FIGURE
Table-4.8: Have you got any in-service training during last three year? 36
Table-4.9: If Yes, is there any discussion about the use of A.V Aids. 37
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ABSTRACT
The researcher selected the secondary schools of district Chitral as population. From
Five schools were selected from those schools, who taught with the help of Audio-
Visual aids and five schools from those who taught theoretically.
The researcher used the questionnaire tool to get the data from these schools and also
observed the learning of children. Comparison was made between these schools and
the researcher reached to the conclusion that the learning of those children who learnt
with the help of audio-visual aids was better than those who learnt theoretically.
The researcher also found out the difficulties faced by the teachers. The major
difficulty was the non-provision of audio-visual aids. The government was considered
responsible for this difficulty. It was also noticed that the teachers were not provided
The researcher has made some recommendations for the proper use of audio-visual
audio-visual aids to different schools and to give refresher training for the proper use
x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
e.g. Example
A.V Audio-Visual
T.V Television
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
about studying and receiving good result but it means to discover new thing and
increase our knowledge. Education is necessary and important for every one and it
can bring positive impact in our life.so without Education we cannot make our life
easy and good. Two important factors are highly influential in the process of
education. And these are teaching and learning process. Teaching and learning are
such a factor upon which the entire educational process rest. Teaching is the sum of
all methods ways and contents through which any idea concept information
Both teaching and learning in term depend upon various factors. These factors are
command of teacher etc. While learning of an individual depend upon his intelligence,
Beside these both teaching and learning are interrelated and interdependent. The
relationship between teaching and learning can be well expressed that effective
In order to improve the quality of teaching and learning educationist has expounded
present that learning happens when the five senses are stimulated and effective
Theoretical frame work helps us to develop practices for effective learning. In order to
1
stimulate more than one sense in learning audio-visual method has been adopted.
The Audio-Visual Aids are important and useful in teaching and learning process. The
Audio-Visual Aids are those tools which are used in the teaching learning process to
encourage students and make learning easier and interesting. So with the help of these
Audio-Visual Aids we make the teaching more interesting. Researches indicate that
about 40% of learning is based upon visual experience and 25% by auditory
The Audio-Visual Aids is derived from three words Audio means to hear, Visual
means to see and Aids means the helping materials. The Audio-Visual Aid is used in
teaching process in which audio and video materials are used to increase the
their message to students in an effective way. These materials may be simple charts,
materials are even more advanced and both teachers and students are getting more
benefits from them. Different studies show that Audio-Visual Aid materials not only
help teachers to easily convey his message but also save time of both teachers and
students.
The Audio-Visual Aids or teaching Aids plays a pivotal role in enhancing the
way by managing the Audio-Visual Aids thus the role and importance of Audio-
Visual aids can’t be neglected in the teaching learning process. The Audio-Visual Aid
countries the Audio-Visual Aid materials are even more advanced and both teachers
2
and students are getting more benefits from them. Different studies show that Audio-
Visual Aid materials not only help teachers to easily convey his message but also save
Nowadays use of Audio-visual Aids has been notably increase. Different methods
have yet been used enhance the learning capacity of learner by appealing to the
The idea of use of Audio-Visual Aids in teaching learning process has got immense
and lack of resources the use of Audio-Visuals Aids has not been so common.
Through this paper we will try to study teaching and learning method and the use of
(Mehmood, 2011)
Due to its remoteness District Chitral inherit certain problems, and among these
problems the quality of teaching learning process at primary level needs immediate
education at primary level. And by the help of this paper, we would try to take a
3
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:
Our educational Institutions lack most of facilities within the classroom. One of them
is the lack of Audio-Visual Aids for teachers. As Audio-Visual Aids are a helping
hand for teacher during teaching learning process and the role can be thoroughly
observed. Thus in the present research the researcher will analysis the role and
1.4 HYPOTHESIS:
The Hypothesis’s of this thesis are as follow.
Chitral.
4. Teacher in District Chitral are not well acquainted with the usage of Audio-
Visual Aids.
level?
2. To find out the importance of Audio-Visual Aids for class room activities.
process.
4
5. To explore the role of teacher training program in context to promote to utilize
prospective which the role and Importance can be more effective by proper utilization
of the teaching aids available to the teachers. The train teachers know better how to
In order to improve the effective index and standard of education the education sector
in Chitral must be analyzed from different aspect. Studies show that lot of researches
have been carried on this sector but still a void can be seen when it comes to the
research on role of audio and visual aid in education sector. The significance of this
analysis is that we can get enough knowledge about the standard of audio and visual
aid materials being used in schools and colleges of Chitral and the role these materials
play in teaching process. The analysis will give us an idea whether these materials are
up to date or not, whether students get benefits from these materials or not, and how
5
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
review is a type of story, which asks questions like this, what has been done and what
need to be done. Who agrees with whom? And what are the explanations of the
differences (theoretical and methodological). These are the questions, which are
presented in a literature review so that through these question the crux can be find out.
The apex or the culmination of a literature review is a discussion of how the thesis fit
in to the past research. It is the procedure that through this discussion a researcher is
filling the gap, testing or applying a theory and then expanding empirical work related
criticized the old technique of learning through memorization and presented the use of
John Amos Comenius (1592-1670) wrote a book, name was orbit sensulium pictus
(The sense object of the world) it consists of 150 pictures of our daily routine. It was
the first children text book in the history. The book was famous over the entire world
J.J Rousseau (1712-1778) was famous British writer, philosopher and educationalist.
He was stressed the use of picture and different material in teaching, especially for
his age and he suggested the use of pictures in the teaching. He condemned the
6
traditional method of using the words by the teacher and he stressed the use of
pictures and things. He stressed that the teaching should be according the children
Pestalozzi (1756-1827) put the theory of Rousseau into practical form and used the
Nelson I Green was used the term of Visual education in 1926. Eric asliby (1967)
education, second book contain written words, third on is invention of printing book
and last one is the use of Audio visuals like Radio, Television, computer in teaching
solely upon reading to convey meaning. They may present information through the
1993).
The term audio-visual materials are commonly used to refer to those instructional
materials that may be used to convey meaning without complete dependence upon
reference material does not fall within this grouping of instructional materials but an
illustration in a book does. Some audio-visual components are in the nature of process
Some of the audio-visual materials like the motion pictures require the use of
equipment to release their latent value. Some do not need equipment at all like an
exhibit or a study print. This term designates in common usage both material things as
7
well as processes such as field trips (Anzako, 2011).
A resourceful learning classroom with audio visual aids is favorable for effective
language learning. Studies show that visual aids enhance the effectiveness of teaching
learning process in a classroom. They reported that these aids were not only a source
of help for the teacher but also provided stimulus variation that was indispensable to
sustain learners’ attention. The use of audio visual aids makes the task of learning a
second language easy and enjoyable for the learner by targeting the maximum skills
materials in his/her classroom. So, teachers need new technologies relate to the
teaching /learning process. Nowadays, it is true that audio-visual materials are a great
help in stimulating and facilitating the students in the process of learning. Audio-
visual materials can encourage students learning and they help in stimulating and
visual materials consist of two words, audio referring to those materials, which can be
heard, and visual referring to those materials that can be seen (Hemei, 1997).
Students like audio-visual materials because they are interesting, challenging, and
motivating to watch and listen. Motivation is the trait that moves humans to do or not
student’s motivation and language achievement used in the teaching and learning
Teaching and learning processes are very crucial at all levels of educational
development. If well planned and directed, they are the keys to success and progress
8
of an individual. Therefore, best methods have to be used in order to enhance
effective teaching and learning. Consequently, the need to employ the use of teaching
learning. Audiovisual resources accordingly do not only increase the motivation of the
teachers and learners; they add clarity to the topic taught and make learning more
Learners retain most of what they hear, see and feel than what they merely hear. This
concept bears credence to the old Chinese adage which says ‘what I hear I forget what
I see I remember and what I do, I know. A visual instruction encourages the use of
audiovisual resources to make abstract ideas more concrete to the learners. Therefore,
the teacher’s duty is to make learning live, not just something to remember but part of
living experience. This can be done effectively by employing the use of audiovisual
Educators have come to realize that the most effective teaching and learning take
place when an individual has direct experience with the subject under study, in order
wise, learners learn best by doing. It is only by the use of audiovisual resources that
learners can be offered the opportunity to learn by doing. This is because attention,
motivation, concentration and retention of facts are enhanced through the use of
presenting subject matter. That is to say, with audio-visual materials, the barrier of
communication and distance is broken. The culture and climatic conditions of other
countries can be brought into the classroom with the aid of slides, films, filmstrips and
projectors. This is important because, “once the phenomenon is visualized, the picture
and knowledge becomes very clear and permanent”. Agreeing to this assertion, a 20th
century Chinese philosopher stated, “One picture is worth a thousand words” (Gopal
p, 2010).
9
The child is to think, but he must have the information to with. This audio-visual
resources serves, because, the information can be got from the good use of perceptual
instructional materials especially those provided from our locality. The audio-visual
materials are very useful teaching and instructional as well as promotional aids. He
materials are useful. They provide experiences not easily secured in other ways and
skill while actively engaged in solving meaningful problems. In other words, learners
certainly like it more and learn better if they are engaged in important and appealing
activities. For example, involving learners in bulletin board display may enhance their
choice of color and aid their understanding of the concept in question or when they
materials are important in the teaching and learning processes because “having seen
something, most people remember, for whatever that thing was, it conjures up an
image at a mere mention and can be talked about freely” (Natoli, 2011).
said is possible through programmed learning and tapes, which enable the learner to
learn at his pace and also to work on his own. Moreover, the machine frees the teacher
to work with individual students, since he or she is not now required to carry out
Learning takes place effectively when the teacher sets out to provide learning
situation in which a child will learn because of his natural reactions of the provided
materials”. During the process of learning, the teacher has to provide the learning
situation to satisfy the natural reaction of the learner and this is through the use of
10
instructional aids. The attention of the learner is caught and his interest is also won
situations, especially those materials that require students to reveal their ignorance
and confront their fellow students”. When there is a climate of acceptance for
Audio visual aids are an important technique in learning. The uses of this technique
help to improve the environment of learning in various ways. Through the use of this
method the interest of the students for learning is enhanced. It helps to explain the
idea precisely, which in turn save the time besides making the teaching
understandable for the student. Moreover this method also enlightened the burden of
the teachers. It enables the student to avail the diverse experience, which is must for
learning. The use of audio-visual aids helps in making the understanding of the
lessons easy. Because learning is process that is need of a particular environment and
it is the audio visual aids that create the required conducive environment (Daniel,
2013).
Educationalist reached in a conclusion that the A.V Aids are most important for the
learner. They can stimulate the entire behavior of the students. The A.V Aids
stimulate and increase the power of listening, speaking, thinking, and various senses
of the learner. Co Bun in 1968 has done research and proves that
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4. The learner learns 11% from learning.
Through observation and research Co Burn study the holding time of people
remember.
Popular Chinese Proverb about the use of A.V Aids is “I Hear I Forget”, “I See I
Audio Aids are records, tapes and cassettes, and radio broadcasts.
Visual Aids includes models, real objects, three dimensional displays, the chalkboard,
bulletin board, adhesives, graphs, diagram’s, charts, maps, cartons, posters and
pictures and projected forms like transparencies, slides, filmstrips and films.
Audio-visual Aids includes e.g. sound film and filmstrips, slides-tape decks,
And the other Aids are educational programs, games, programmed instructions,
12
demonstration and field trips. (Dike V. , Library resources in education, 1993)
Graphic aids are more important to increase the interest and attention of the students.
The graphic aids convey information efficiently, and make the abstract ideas real and
interesting.
and Diagrams. Charts are visual demonstration of things in the paper. Different things
are present in the chart differently, for example human body parts can also be drawing
in charts. The charts must be colorful a big in size to be seen by the whole class.
2.5.1.1.2 Pictures
Pictures like photographs, painting, illustration clipped are commonly used and
available graphic Aids in teaching. These Aids are used for the purpose of enhance
and sharpen the visual perception of children. Through these visual Aids the learner
easily learns the difficult terms. With the help of these visual Aids the teacher save
time and save his vice. (Oakley, P. & Garforth, C., 1985).
2.5.1.1.3 Diagrams
Diagram is the simplified image of objects which show the relationship with the help
2.5.1.1.4 Graphs
Graphs are used to show students, any statistical data. Graph are constructed by using
curve, bar or pre graphs, which are used to explain the magnitude or intensity of
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2.5.1.1.5 Maps
Maps are the diagrammatic representation of any geographical area. Maps are used to
Maps are highly useful in study of social study especially the geography of any
2.5.1.1.7 Cartoons
Cartoons are the imaginative creation of any character in order to get the interest and
attention of student.
present any massage before the class. Flash are used for writing a word, with the help
of flash card the student write the name of object, animal, family members name,
name of object transport, fruits, vegetables, birds, animals, etc. The teachers teach the
students with the help of flash cards and remove it. (Chandler, A.C., & Cypher, I.F.,
1948)
2.5.1.1.10 Film
Films are the moving pictures with sound played through projector or multimedia.
Films are highly efficient in teaching any concept or idea or any events. Films
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2.5.1.1.11 Language Laboratory
Language laboratory is the installation of technological Aids in school for the proper
all the four basic skills of language learning, there are listening skills, speaking skill,
2.5.1.1.12 Radio
Radio is more important audio aid, which is used to teach a new language for the
children. Different programmes for the children are broadcasted in the radio in a
particular time. The most important advantage of the radio is to correct the
pronunciation of the new language, and also correct the expression. Radio is most
2.5.1.1.13 Television
Television is also best Audio-visual Aid for teaching-learning help. Television helps
the listening and watching and communication skills of students. It is the combination
of radio and tape-recorder because we can hear and see at a time. Television is most
important for the current programs especially the current news which is broadcast in
the television without delay. The different subjects are also taught in the T.V like
physics, Biology and other subject. So in this way it can minimize the coast of
education and distant education are also facilitate in the T.V. (Moss, 1982)
2.5.1.1.14 Internet
Internet is the network of computer connected for the transfer of idea and information
Internet provides a large number of Websites and opens the vast storage of
information. Proper use of internet helps lot in proper teaching and learning process.
It is an important source of information for any topic, a person choose a topic and find
15
it on World Wide Web and find many information about the topic. So the in internet
2.5.1.1.15 Chalkboard/Blackboard/Whiteboard
Chalkboard is very important A.V Aid in teaching and learning process. It is used
almost all kind of subject for teaching and writing main points of the topic. Teacher
used black board for the words, meaning, sentences, summaries, antonyms, synonyms
and the definitions of the most of the topics. The writing in the black board should be
bold, so all the student seen in all position of the class room.
Blackboard has great advantage; it can make the lesson interesting and help the
1) Projected Aids
3) Activity Aids
The projected A.V Aids consist of Film, Film strips, Slides, Slides Projector, opaque
Non projected Aids includes Chalkboard, Bulletin board, Picture , Flannel Boards,
Magnetic Boards, Pig Boards, Roll up Boards, Marker Boards, photograph, Flannel
graph, flip chart, flash card, Tran- slide, Poster, Specimen, model, diorama Diagram,
map, graph, Line Graphs, Pie Graph, Pictorial Graph, Charts, Radio, Television.
(Aggarwal, 2009)
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2.6.3 Activity Aids
makes the teaching and learning more effective. There are some principles for using
The most important thing to keep in mind while using A.V Aids is that they should be
selected according to the need, purpose and aims of teaching. The A.V Aids should be
selected according to the interest and age level of learners. The A.V Aids should
represent the real thing. For proper using of the A.V aids we should consider the
The next principle is the principle of presentation. According to this principle they
should be kept in mind that the A.V Aids should be low-Cost no Cost material. The
teacher should be export in making the Aids from locally available and cheap
resources. The students also should be given the opportunity to help the teacher in
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2.7.3 Principle of Physical Control
The third principle of A.V Aids is that the teaching Aids should be keep in safe after
their use and also keep safe for their future use. (Dipu, 2011)
The fourth principle of teaching Aids is that they should be used properly according to
the situations. The aids should not be used unnecessary. The teacher should keep in
mind that the teaching Aids are used according to their need and ends. (Katozai, 2016)
The last principle which is very necessary to know what the students gets from the
teaching aids. The teacher should evaluate the student in the last continuously. (Dipu,
2011)
BEST MOTIVATION: The A.V Aids are the best motivator and the students
work interest. The different Aids motivate the student to work hardly.
CLEAR IMAGE: The teaching should be clear and attractive when the teacher
VARIETY: The traditional material like chalk and black board are not enough
for teaching, but the teacher used different A.V Aids and provides them to the
student.
FREEDOM: The use of A.V Aids motivates the children to talk, laugh,
and handle different Aids. The students also have opportunity to know about
18
uses of different Aids.
attract the attention of the students. The students listened the lesson carefully
Save the time and energy: When the teacher uses the A.V Aids in the
presentation, It can save the time and energy of both the teacher and students.
REALISM: The A.V Aids give the real image to the students.
The uses of A.V Aids give encourage to the students and therefore the students
rational and scientific way than it develop, motivate and attract the attention of
students and make his creativity and give energy for studying and also involve
ACCURACY: Accuracy is very important for using the A.V Aids, but it is
difficult to make it accurate as desired. The charts and the diagrams are
different from the real one. The teacher uses a model of flower in his
classroom, but the student does not recognize it. (Rehman, 2008)
teacher use a chart of the sodium structure and the chart is clear and also
19
consists of other structure. This chart loses the teaching value because of the
teacher use different aids. The purpose of A.V Aids is to make the teaching more
The employing of A.V Aids should always keep in view the educational aims.
The A.V Aids make the students more attentive and ready for ask different
The teacher should keep in view that the A.V Aids only use for educational
purpose.
The A. V Aids should be purposeful and save time of students and teachers.
The teachers only use the available and low coast A. V Aids.
When the teacher used the A.V Aids like Film show or radio in the classroom,
The class times are fix and limited, so the A. V Aids selected according to the
class time.
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2.10 NEED AND IMPORTANT OF A.V AIDS
The use of Audio-Visual Aid started after the technological advancement. Technology
helps the teacher to use the A.V Aids and make the teaching effective. Nowadays
many teacher clam that using the A.V Aids make of teaching more effective and also
students show more interest than the old ways. So these are all about to the
technology. Due to technology many teaching materials are invented, teachers use
these Aids and make the presentation interested and more effective. The student also
show interest in the classroom and student positive attitude developed like regularity,
show more interest to their studies and participate in the classroom activities.so we
cannot deny the role and importance of A. V Aids in the teaching learning process.
(Farooq, 2014)The importance and needs of A.V Aids in teaching and learning
The students can learn bitterly through the use of teaching aids because they
The A.V Aids give motivation to the learner and reduces the stress which
The teaching Aids help the students in learning process and concept becomes
clearer and remembers all the time because all senses are involved in learning
The student takes interest in learning through the use of A.V Aids because the
The A.V Aids clear the concept of students, because the students associated
21
The teaching Aids make the learning process more simple and easy, because
the student take interest and motivate for learning and make the learning
permanent behavior.
The teaching Aids help student to direct experience of the learning because the
The teaching Aid gives interest to the student in the learning, when the teacher
Teaching Aids also facilitate the use of A.V Aids to discourage the act of
cramming.
The development and changes take place in a human body like from birth to
maturation and development of plant and also animal for the purpose to
Teachers also used charts, film, documentary, etc. to show the interior parts of
human being, the interior part of palms and the different part and interior parts
The A.V Aids are also important to show the historical event, places and
essential educational Aids, They are an important component of the many Educational
project. In education these Aids should be carefully selected. Their relevancies are
also important in order to make the teaching and learning process more interesting.
Video recording are most favored audio visual aid in education, it required more
22
2.10.1 Strength of Audio Visual Aids:
Audiovisual Aids are save time of both the teachers and students.
With the help of A.V Aids the teachers communicate with students through
2.10.2 Weaknesses:
The Video Aids are more expensive and Government cannot effort it.
23
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGIES
3.2 POPULATION:
The population of the study includes all the primary public and private schools
District Chitral. In public Sector District Chitral has 6000 School and in private
24
3.3 SAMPLING AND SAMPLE:
Sampling means the act, process or technique of selection of a small proportion of
people for the purpose of observation and analysis from the whole population. In
some research there are only a small number of people involve in the research work.
But most of the researcher focuses on a large number of population and it is not
possible and practicable to interview, test or observe the whole population.so for
practical reason, we apply sampling method to solve this problem, and a sample has
been selected from the total population. In This process the representative sample is
selected which consist of all the important characteristics of this population, which are
In order to study the whole population, the Researcher used Stratified Random
Sampling. The whole Population has divided into two major Status Upper Chitral
Due to lake of time 20 schools has been selected as Sample for study. Each Stratum
receives 25 Sample which has been selected by Lottery method, 25% of each sample
which are used to gathering information relating to the research or the problem.
The researcher used these tools or methods for the collection of data related to the
problem. These techniques are used to gathering the primary data. Some of the Tools
1) Interviews
2) Questionnaire
3) Observation
25
3.3.1 Questionnaire
that is widely used in the educational purpose. It consists of a series of Questions for
the purpose of obtain facts and gathering information about the problems. According
to the Goode & Hatt, the Questionnaire is a device in which the respondent fills the
gathering information from a large and scattered group of people (Khan, 2011).
Questionnaire can be sent by mail along with full information. The Questionnaire is
most important to explore factual data, opinion and experiences of the people.
3) The researcher must include relevant questions in the Questionnaire and avoid
2016).
1) Open-form Questionnaire
2) Closed-form Questionnaire
1) Open-form Questionnaire
In this type of Questionnaire the respondent is allowed to react or answer the
questions in his own words freely. It is very difficult and slow process, and the
26
2) Closed –form Questionnaire
In this type the Researcher ask questions with possible options or answers from which
the researcher must choose. It is easier method to choose the answer and the analysis
is also easier.
3.3.2 Interview
It is an oral and face to face Conversation between the interviewer and interviewee. It
is most important technique to collect information. The interview is the face to face
interaction in which the Researcher gets some information, in order to reach in the
According to the P.V young’ “it is the shared views of each individual” (Khan,
2011).
According to the oxford dictionary, “it is the face to face meeting between the persons
in order to reach in the facts” (Khan, 2011). The Interviews are important and mostly
conduct for the purpose of sharing information, ideas, opinions and feelings. In
interviews the researcher recorded the answers through writing and recording their
voice.
3.3.3 Observation
Observation is the systematic study of a situation through their five senses or through
eyes. It is very helpful to the study of behavior of the individuals. Through the
observation the researcher or the investigator easily observe the inside and outside
data. The observational accuracy depends upon knowledge and experiences, as well
27
3.4 DATA COLLECTION TOOLS:
Data Collection during the study is carried out through Close ended questioners.
Interviews and Observations as a Secondary Tools are also being used for accessible
Schools.
Data collection and Analysis is carried out under the supervision of Research
supervisor.
Social and religious values during the study are strictly observed.
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CHAPTER 4
DATA ANALYSIS
The researcher collected the data through questionnaire which is analyzed in tabular
and forum.
1 Yes 21 84%
2 No 4 16%
90% 84%
80%
70%
60%
50% Yes
40% No
30%
20% 16%
10%
0%
Analysis:
The table and figure 4.1 clearly shows that 84% Yes and 16% No, use A.V Aids
during Teaching.
29
Table-4.2: Do you have your lesson plan?
1 Yes 5 20%
2 No 20 80%
90%
80%
80%
70%
60%
50% Yes
40% No
30%
20%
20%
10%
0%
Analysis:
The table and figure 4.2 clearly shows that 80% Yes and 20% No in lesson plan.
30
Table-4.3: Which A.V Aids do you use frequently?
1. Blackboard 20 80%
3. Audio Aids 0 0%
4. Video Aids 0 0%
5. Audio-Video Aids 0 0%
90%
80%
80%
70%
60% Blackboard
Picture Charts
50%
Audio Aids
40%
Video Aids
30% Audio-Video Aids
20%
20%
10%
0% 0% 0%
0%
Analysis:
The table & figure 4.3 clearly shows that 100% of schools have blackboards only,
80% have pictures and 20% have charts availability of visual aids in the school.
31
Table-4.4: How many Charts/ Pictures stories are available?
1. Not available 0 0%
2. 0-5 20 80%
3. 5-10 5 20%
4. 10-n 0 %
90%
80%
80%
70%
60%
Not available
50% 0-5
40% 5-10
10-N
30%
20%
20%
10%
0% 0%
0%
Analysis:
The table and figure 4.4 indicate that 80% 0-5 and 20% 5-10 charts/ pictures stories
are available.
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Table-4.5: Is there are Multi-Media or Projector Present in school?
1 Yes 0 0%
2 No 25 100%
120%
100%
100%
80%
Yes
60%
No
40%
20%
0%
0%
Analysis:
The table and figure 4.5 clearly shows that 100% No are multi-media or projector
present in school.
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Table-4.6: Students show interest in class due to use of A.V Aids.
1. Agree 0 0%
3. Disagree 0 0%
4. Strongly Disagree 0 0%
120%
100%
100%
80%
Agree
Strongly Agree
60%
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
40%
20%
0% 0% 0%
0%
Analysis:
The table and figure 4.6 indicate that 100% strongly agree students interest in class
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Table-4.7: Does A.V Aids make teaching learning process effective?
1 Yes 25 100%
2 No 0 0%
120%
100%
100%
80%
Yes
60%
No
40%
20%
0%
0%
Analysis:
The table and figure 4.7 clearly shows that 100% agree in A.V Aids make teaching
35
Table-4.8: Have you got any in-service training during last three year?
1 Yes 25 100%
2 No 0 0%
Figure-4.8: Have you got any in-service training during last three year?
120%
100%
100%
80%
Yes
60%
No
40%
20%
0%
0%
Analysis:
The table and figure 4.8 indicate that 100% Yes got any in-service training during last
three year.
36
Table-4.9: If Yes, is there any discussion about the use of A.V Aids.
1 Yes 21 84%
2 No 4 16%
Figure-4.9: If Yes, is there any discussion about the use of A.V Aids.
120%
100%
100%
80%
Yes
60%
No
40%
20%
0%
0%
Analysis:
The table and figure 4.9 clearly shows that 100% Yes discussion about the use of A.V
Aids.
37
CHAPTER 5
FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 FINDINGS
The following are the summarized major findings of the study.
84% Yes and 16% No, use A.V Aids during Teaching.
100% of schools have blackboards only, 80% have pictures and 20% have
80% 0-5 and 20% 5-10 charts/ pictures stories are available.
100% strongly agree students interest in class due to use of A.V Aids.
100% Yes got any in-service training during last three year.
5.2 CONCLUSIONS
The researcher made the following conclusion on the basis of data analysis.
A majority of schools have black boards and charts while minority of schools
38
A majority of schools have models, maps and microscopes while no school
Minority of schools have radio and cassettes while no school has gramophone
Majority of schools have computers while no school has television, VCR and
VTR.
Majority of teachers use black boards while no teacher uses filmstrip and
slides.
Minority of schools uses Radio and Cassette players while no school use
Minority of schools use computers while no school uses the television, VCR
and VTR.
Saving of time is much more by the usage of Audio Visual Aids in subjects of
Maths, English, Physics and Chemistry, Urdu and Biology, Pakistan Study
There is high time consuming of the use of Audio Visual Aids in Maths,
English, physics and chemistry while there is least time consuming in Urdu.
The use of Audio Video Aids is highly effective in Maths, English, physics,
39
A majority of Teachers use direct method of teaching while the least use the
structured method.
There is very low contribution of audio visual aids from student side.
All the teachers have not attended any refresher course about AV Aids use in
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
Following are some recommendations based on the results and conclusion of
the study.
1. The Government should provide the Audio Visual Aids to all schools. And
also should allocate funds to schools for the purchase of AV aids by the
schools.
2. The teacher should given refresher trainings for proper use of AV aids.
5. It should made mandatory for the teachers to use available AV Aids in their
teaching to make the learning teaching process effective and interesting.
40
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Chandler, A.C., & Cypher, I.F. (1948). Audio-visual techniques for enrichment of the
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Dike, H. (1989). strategies producing instructional materials. owerr: government
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selvi.D, T. ( 2007, October 23). Audio visual aids in education. Retrieved october 28,
visual-aids-in-education.html
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APPENDIX
QUESTIONNAIRE
Teacher’s Questionnaire
Dear teachers
For the preparation of a master dissertation, this questionnaire serves as a data
process at primary school level district Chitral, your answering this questionnaire will
be of an immense help to this research study in attaining its objectives. Please tick the
choices in the boxes or write your information when necessary. Thank You
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
45
(10) Have you got any in-service training during last three year?
Yes ______ No _____
(11) If yes, Is there any discussion about the use of A.V Aids.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
46