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A Thesis Submitted to
The University of Glasgow
By
for
September 1988
CONTAINS
PULLOUTS
- i -
..
- ii -
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
September 1988
- iv -
SUMMARY
CONTENTS
Page No.
Dedication i
Acknowledgements ii
Summary iv
Contents vi
Chapter 1: Introduction. 1
References 582
Appendices: 593
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.5 Objectives.
- 2 -
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
,
- 3 -
concrete structures leading to loss of serviceability or
in extreme cases to structural collapse. Amongst these,
the most common cause of deterioration is corrosion of
reinforcing steel. Over the past two decades there has
been an increasing number of reports from many parts of
the world of corrosion failure particularly associated
with de-icing salts, marine environment, calcium chloride
additives and contaminated aggregates and also sometimes
involving carbonation phenomena.
Recent Development.
Fatigue.
The Research.
Objectives.
Scope.
STATIC
FATIeUr
o
c
o
~
- TIME
Figure (1-1): Static and fatigue loading
conditions (Ref.17).
400
37!5
".-----
344 •
312
196!5
'" • ~ 200I-_,,;.;'9::.:;O::_ ---J
602
1948 19!54
~9~3~4~----~19~~~O~---------'9L'7-0-------
QI "CI
tIC III
C 0
co ~ QI
.c
III
.. ... ....,
I.. III
>. QI ='
.......,o
I
...., III III o
0 c
110
C ~ .s:: III
...., ....,
QI
~ =' +' QI > QI
.. 111-+1.. ,
QI '0 bO I.. I.. I..
o
.0
III
"CI
C
III
B
III
0
.-1
CIl
0- .-1
II! II!
C
QI
+'
III
QI
III ...
E QI
='
'0
+'
III
..
o o I..
...., .-1
I..
~ '0
..
QI I..
I--
.. ....
III o QI III .-1 QI QI III .-1
> .-1 0- lIO 1M III
::s110
... ='bO
.0 QI
C 0 "CI
>.
I.. '0
.-1 III § ....
...., >.
III
....,
QI
+'
''""''
'0 ....
QI
0
III
III III
..'"'
0 III
u.. 'M
CIl .s:: E >< 0. QI
.s::
o +'
QI QI
..... 110
0
'0
nl
E III
CIl
e-
. .s::
.. ....
!I:
'0 .s::
~0
QI
QI
s:: '"'
o
.....
QI
.... ....+'
III
III
....C .....
QI
C c::
.s::
III
'"' ;J
'0
QI ,...;
.
........
QI '0 'IIIIII"'
'"'
III
III
»
III
III
QI
'"'
0
+'
C
III
+'
110
C >.
III
to
CIl
III
CIl
....,
III
.
.....
I..
c QI
C
....+' +''"'
0
QI
QI
'C"'
U
..... c::QI
CIl C ='
"CI III E
.....
H 0
....~E H
~
<t'\
~I I
III
Q)
I..
::s '::s"'
....Cs.110 ....110
u..
0 0 0 0
r<"\ N 0 0 0 0
co \D -a N
(J\
1 I .....e C\J
I 001 .;
(\II
NI ....,>. c::
QI
':'1 ____~IJ QI
01 0 .....
to QI
.J 0
.... '"~ IJl U
....
....,
!! .....
0 U
til nl
II)
III
~ C '"'
0-
.....
eo bO .....
0
.....C 'e"'
nl
'0 III
..
0
0 ....,
0
tn
cQ)
.0
C
.....
CIl
'0
0
U
....s:
..
CIl
tn
C ~ .s::
cD
• ~ CIl 0
IJl
to III
E
!! QI
(\I III
+'
CIl
....,
s...
U Q) u .....
s... Q)
'"' '"'
..
0 u Cl cD
..... C
C 0
N
CIl
U
c:: ""I
" .0 ...
" 1'1
aI 0
..
0
C'I
oil!
..
0
>-
o~ N ?:
c,!
t2
QI
'"'
;:I
tl
~'3
~o
.....bO
u..
- 17 -
CHAPTER 2
FUNDAMENTALS OF FATIGUE
2.1 Fatigue.
2.1.1 Definition.
2.1. 2 Fatique Nomenclature.
2.1. 3 Presentation of Fatigue Data.
2.1.4 Testing Methods and Scatter.
2.1. 5 Mehanism of Fatigue Failure.
2.1. 6 Cumulative Fatigue Damage.
2.2.1 General.
2.2.2 Fatigue Limit and S-N Curve.
2.2.3 Type of Test.
2.2.4 Factor Affecting Fatigue of Reinforcement.
2.2.5 Mechanism of Fatigue of Reinforcing Bars.
2.3.1 General.
2.3.2 The Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Under
Fatigue Loading.
2.3.3 Prediction of Deflection and Crack Width
Under Cyclic Loading.
2.3.4 Effect of Frequency.
2.3.5 Fatigue Failure.
- 18 -
CHAPTER TWO
FUNDAMENTALS OF FATIGUE
2.1 Fatigue.
2.1.1 Definition.
S-N Curves:
--- Goodman
= x
--- Smith
= x
Testing Methods.
iii. Long life test - where the stress levels are situated
below or just above the fatigue limit and a
proportion of the specimens do not fail after a pre-
- 24 -
assigned number of cycles. This test is conducted to
determine the fatigue strength at a given number of
cycles.
Scatter.
c
M = L
i = 1
2.2.1 General.
experimentally.
include.
Embedment in Concrete.
Bar Geometry.
Bar Diameter.
Surface Condition.
Welding.
following
.
experimental studies on the fatigue process of metal.
summarises the current physical understanding of
The
this phenomenon.
Crack Initiation.
Propagation Stage.
2.3.1 General.
Failure in Bond.
Failure in Shear.
... SO
Q)
(/) "V;
'"u~
Q.
E
0
u
e
o
on
Sr=S
(/) ...
C
U 4
I Smin=O
S..., : S0
,.
I
Time
-,,---,--
I I
,
So
I I
s...
S ax
S in
,
"j
o Time
\d) FIUCTuotlng
Time
Smax
Sr
Cycles to failure,N
1.0
0.8
0.6
Smax
Ss 0.4
0.2
0.8
Smax
Sr 0.6
0.4
Smin
Sr
02 --~-.._ /
/
/
..-f
80 562
III
~
~
.. E
E
tI) <,
II>
tID
60 421 Z
~
..
~ tI)
al
~ II>
281 be
III ~
III ca
CI> ~
~
~ III
tI) 20 140 III
• ~
CI>
~
tI)
0
0.1 1.0 10.0
..... E
S
CI) BEAM SERIES 1
~
Cl>
.. 3.5
<,
Z
..
Cl>
eo 2'0 eo
c s::as
as
s.. s..
I!) I!)
en 30 en
CI)
Cl>
en
Cl>
s.. 200 s..
+oJ +oJ
tI)
en
25
160
20
lOS
, $
• 7 ., 10'
2 ~ s , 7
• •10'
e
e
.........300
z
Cl>
eo
c
cos,
o
CI)
en
Cl> 200
s,
+oJ
tIJ
._
40mm
Cycles to failure
Inl'Iation Propagation
peflod pnase
Time
~SC~~~--F,".I Iracture
surlace
Inlll.tlon zone
Direction 01 ~
criCk orowt"
Section A - A
, ,
B
s...
c0 r-I
'0
(1)
0 0 rtl ~
Ct-t (1) c rtl
III s... 0
(1) (1) 0
..c Ct-t ~ r-I
~ 0
.....s: III s...
s... s: ~ al
~ .0
.....0 0
(1)
m ~ s... al
~ Ct-t ~ rtl s... Ct-t
<: rtl '0 o 0
,..... ~
0 c
(1)
B
bD
(1)
Ul
,......•
al l!"'I
, , I .....c
C\J
Ct-t
•
-
III 0 (1) (1)
(1) .0 ~ ~ a::
'0 Ul 0
Ct-t (1) ~ .....
(1) 0 .c o ~ III
B ~ rtl :;1 ~
0 s: s, .0
..... 0
III 0 s... o rtl
..... al s... s...
s... ~ (1) ~ ~ 0
0 ~ Ul
.....0
(1)
..... e
~~
-+-l
Ct-t
<: ~
2 '0 ~
c c
'0 0
.....
'0 III
,..... c s:
--- .0 al
~
(1)
III
III 0
(1) ~
s... -+-l
~
Ul c
(1)
r-I Q)
(1) ~
r-I (1) -+-l
.....ro ~ (1)
Cf) .0
-+-l
..... ,.....
c
..... eo
c
s... .....
0
r
,
~
~
~
(1)
Ct-t
<:
,.....
'0
al
0
r-I
-C\J
(1)
s...
;s
--- ro be
.....
tz..
,.
q.s laa+S
ssa ...
61
J
-56-
15
-~------~~--------~
(a)
Fatigue fracture
of tensile rein-
forc ement (a,b) n2;::31-----r:::::::1..---r-~-C::::t..-- --_
(b)
Destruction of
4-12
the concrete
compression
zone (c)
(c)
Diagonal cracking
5-12
failure (d)
(d)
Shear failure
(e)
(e)
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 3
3.1.1 Definition.
General Corrosion.
Galvanic Corrosion.
Erosion Corrosion.
Cavitation Corrosion.
Corrosion Fatigue.
...3.2a
=
...3.2b
i.e. =
I · .. 3.3
R = mole sec-1
zF
or IM • • .3. 4
R = kg sec-1
zF
iM • •• 3. 6
R =
zF
- 64 -
The extent of an electrochemical reaction can be
expressed as a total charge Q in coulombs for a given
period of time t:
t
Q = f i (t) • •• 3. 7
o
t
Q 1
w = = f I (t) mole • •. 3. 8
zF zF
0
or
t
M
w = zF
f I (t) kg • .• 3. 9
0
w .•.3.10
15 =
A x D
where D = density
aA + bB + ne --> cC + dD •••3.11
is given by:
RT .••3.12a
= E
o 0 -
zF
•••3.12a
=
ia ...3.13a
= ba log 10'-,--
l.corr
ia ...3.13b
= bc log 10'-,__;:,;-
l.corr
RT i 0.059 i
T)c = --lin (1 - -) = log(l --)
zF iL z iL
...3.14
...3.15
3.1.9 Passivation.
i. Use of Coupons.
a. Extrapolation Method.
Background:
Thus:
1 B ... 3.17
= =
Where B =
... 3.18
Icorr =
2.3 Rp
••. 3.19
1 1 1 Z,F
1),-1 = + -- + ------- - __.._}
bal bc2 (Ecorr - Eo1) 2RT
••• 3.20
111 Z..,F
~-1 = + -- + ------- -___.._}
ba1 bc2 (Eo1 - Ecorr> 2RT
•••3.21
= ~E
app l' 1ed - (E
corrfinal - Ecorrinitial )
.•. 3.22
i. P.C. Technique.
•••3.27
z =
- 82 -
Carbonation.
d = A~ ...3.28
•..3.29
...3.31
•••3.33
= •..3.35
= •.•3.36
.•••3.37
i. Existing Structures.
Cathodic Protection.
The method
was first used in bridge decks and was
pioneered in 1974 by Stratful.165
In this method an external current is applied to
reduce the potential value below
open-circuit the
potential (Ecorr) of the reinforcement. Two methods120,164
are used to supply the external current. In one, the
sacrificial anodic system, the protected metal is made the
cathode by connecting it to a more active metal acting as
- 98 -
an anode (a metal with more negative corrosion potential) .
In the second, the impressed current system, an external
direct current power source supplies the current. The
latter is by far the most commonly used technique, mainly
because of the poor conductivity of concrete and other
practical problems evolving from the necessity to place
the anode on the concrete surface. The criteria for the
cathodic protection of steel in concrete are not clearly
established and potential values ranging from -0.5 to -0.9
V SCE have been indicated.164,166,167 It is generally
recognized, however, that the most negative value must be
limited to about -1.10 V SCE. This is believed necessary
to avoid loss of bond between steel and concrete as a
result of hydrogen evolution at the cathodic steel
surface.
The cathodic protection has the advantage that the
contaminated concrete does not have to be removed and is
especially promising, therefore, for damaged
corrosion.
Placement of Overlays.
Repair.
i. Non-Electrochemical Techniques.
Visual Inspection.
Electrical Resistivity.
Potential Mapping.
R A •.. 3.38
p =
L
1 • •• 3.39
o = siemens m-1
p
i. Physical Model.
2H20 + 2e - = H2 + 20H
- •.•3.40a
40H- = °2
+ 2H20 + 4e ...3.40b
Methods of Measurement.
i. D.C. Measurement.
... 3.41
I = =
- 111 -
where
Ep =
Ea1I2 - Ea2I1 ... 3.43
I2 - 11
1 1 •.. 3.45
z2 = x2
R = Resistance, ohms
1
X = 211'
fC
= Capacitative reactance, ohms
1 3.47
cos ¢> =
J 1 + (2rrfC)2
gives a sufficiently
accurate approximation. In this
case, however, the D.C. resistance approximates to the
A.C. impedance which implies that the capacitative
reactance, X, is much greater than the resistance and only
the latter is contributing to the impedance. In other
words current will only flow through the resistance.
From the above discussion it is apparent that the
frequency of the applied current can be very effective
unless counter balanced by the capacitance value.
Calleja192 investigated the effect of frequency on the
electrical resistance of the cement paste over a range of
40 to 20,000 Hz. He indicated that as the frequency
becomes higher, the measured resistance at a given time
will be lower. Considerable scatter in the values was
observed when working at lower frequencies therefore, a
lower frequency limit of 100 Hz was suggested. Little
difference between resistance values obtained with
- 114 -
frequencies ranging between 5 and 20 KHz.
Hammond and Robson187 studied the frequency effect on
both the resistance and the capacitance of concrete and
neat cement, they concluded:
Em = ~E = Ep + ED ... 3.49
= ED x I . •• 3.50
Emore
positive
E..c
--------------r--l----
eve'. I 'lCu,m ..
(·9) ..; s « 'l'ICU
" ev
j ;::R:,"
- _-
" 'm ..
~ ,..:0
~
Z
III
II:
II:
Q a
o
_ 0
i ...
•
N ~
q <? q
IS!1OA)~'39~!'OAij3AO
..
.,.-~
•
"'..r:.
Col
,, ~
.l:_
.>
- c:!
c"
in c
III o~
II:
C .,
/*' g! III
0
0:'::0.
._
-0.
,,"" II:
U
~ <!
'i:
.,~
! '0 =
//\i1 J
8'-:
_ !Z
c.c:!
c:
., E
o ..~:"- .
/ S ...a: '=d'=:" ; .
.I~ .J a:
;:)
!::¢-c
Q,)
.... ...,
'" ..""
u
,/ ~~ C > 0
U
Q c > ..
// ~ ~ 0°_!:
" I~"
0- ...
C{ ... ,,-
Z,l
IN / .. d
I- _ 0..
2
C{
~
0-
In
u
°
c '"
....u..,"~ ._c!It
~ 0
.
:I
' § ...0~
0
'/, 0
.J
0 C{ 0 III 4.J V v:
._ .....
Q I::..::c:!
~
1_"
..
~ 0
o
. .",.
- In IE: c
~ ...> ~
u.J
'""J
-.§~ -...
0.0
~.P~ N
§ -. "':-
., ~ -
,.-....
,0 Qj
~
s -;; ...
..
N 0
? ~ ? 9 '-'
IS!lOA)U'39~11OAY3AO
-122-
E. Ec E,
Eccrr -_
.....
_.
~
C
~
0
Q. Ecorr
EQ I' Eo Eo
E,
Ec
£,f---___ -'
£'
c
e,
c.: /'
'corr
(I)
Figure (3-6): Evans diagrams Illustrating (a) cathodic control. (b) anodic control. I C) mixed con-
trol. (d) resistance control. (e) how a reacuon wuh a higher. thermodynamic tendency iE, .• 011)
ma) .:sult In a smaller corrosion rate than one with a lower therrncdvnarmc tendency and (IJ
how E,.." gives no mdicauon of the corrosion rate
-123-
POTENTIOSTAT
ro-o-H» w. E.
r---+--+4 C.E • R.E •.00-4-....
o-----~V ~---_,.
Electrolyte
POLARI SATION-L..,I.-_-_.... ~--.-REFEREN(
CELL CELL
11 C
R.
WNM
9I
I
I 12 RT(Rp) I
I
I
I I
I I
I I
I E, Ez
('4 ~
I I
I I
L4
e .., I
Figure (3-8): Equivalent circuit for metal-electrolyte interphase. R, is the resistance of the
electrolyte and the layers on the electrode. C is the capacitance of the double layer and R.
(Rr) is the Faradaic resistance or the Transference Resistance. linked to the corrosior-
reaction.
-124-
-jZ"
(OHMS)
20
10
IO.mHz
•
10kH~~.··
~
I '0 +-> ~
~ ..-t ;j
I Q) ~ ~ CI)
+J 0 Q) 0
J! ctl r-1 +-> P-
i ~ ..c o
~ ><
."
ctl Q)
•
.........
- fi! .~ <t-I
e 0 c c <t-I 0
; +-> 0 0 0 ..;t
i o
CL
Q)
0
'M
..-t
+->
en
CI)
~
or-
<t-I
.
<t-I +-> ~ ctl Q)
<t-I ctl +-> Q) n:
~ ril s, Q) >, .......-
.........
1<"\
r
I
s 1<"\
<:»
Q)
~
;j
0
eo
0 II) -0 ... N
'M
c.x...
,- o· 0 o· o·
(% , .. ) ,u.,uo~.PpOI'iJ
~
+J Q) Q)
~ E
c '0 +J
Q) 'M <H
~... e E ~ ctl '+-i
~...
u
,. ,. u
.s:
Q.
•
(1)
o
0
rl s::
0
~ -
go
~'" ;;:;° ....l!
."
'+-i
.c
0
0 CI)
.c ...........
,. ,. 6
CI) Q. '..-l
u '" - fi! ~ 0
s::
+J +->
s::
Q)
~
0
U a.. ~ ;
ctl ..;t
CL
0
0:
fi! i 0()
C
+J 0 ~ 0 ~ r
'", N
" 0 +J E CI)
•
-I ....c .... ... .,.,• CL Q) Q.)
~
Q)
s::
0
p_
<t-I
c c C '+-i >< Q)
~ >, Q) • ..-l n:
>< .......-
E" E" E" E"
E ril +' p_ CI) Q)
" u" u" u" u•
u
~
0 • ... ... 0
...........
N
r
I
g 1<"\
-.._.;
Q)
~
;j
bD
..
o· 0
-0 ...o· ....
o·
0 'M
~
s::
or-
.
<t-I
() +' ~ ~ 0 Q.)
s:: Cfl () '"d .s:: () n:
0 ctl Q) >, +-> '--'
() ~ '0 .s:: • ..-l ~
~ I<"\+J
0
Q) s:: s:: ..c u Q)s::
CD '0 ..-t 0+J '0
(f)
•..-l •..-l • ..-l s:: bD E
<t <t ~ C +J ~ ttl s:: Q)
1ft ~ 0 0 ;:l •..-l ()
U '" U rl ..-t rl CI) Q) CI)
.........
0 or-
N
r
I
1<"\
.......-
0
Q)
-NOWTlOS 31S'1dNI .. ~
NOIl\1~lN3:JNOJ3al~lH:> '
;:l
bD
.......
~
2
~------------~~~------------~----~2
W
...... ... _ ...... ..... F~O,--"
1
:r: 1 ...... ...... ...... W
en ...... ...... o
......
.........
......_ 1/8
en
:> -' ..tI .....
Fe~3 I ......
:>
0 ...... 0
-..
C'C
o_
~
0 ....
F~··
....... .....
"- .. -
C'C
..
e ~
Q)
~
e
Q)
0 1 ~
Q. -1 0
Q.
Fe
I .
-2 0 2 -2
6 8 10 12 14 16
pH
Figure (3-14): Potential-PH equilibrium diagram
o
for the system Fe-H 0 at 25 C
2
(Ref.119).
CONCRETE CONTAINS
MICROCRACKS
I'
CONCRETE
<. __,/ .
I
c
1:1 I
Q ~I I
'"t
0 ~I I
0 .EI Acceptable degree I
.s
-
u
0
c
o
~ ~I
OJ
QJ
QJ
'-
~
- 01
'- \J I
OJ
c ~
'-
0 OJ 01
a.._
c~.cr
Time
Initiation Propagation
Lifetime
or t (me before repa ir
PASSIVE FILM
MORE NEGATiVE
POTENTIAL DUE
---TO PASSIVE FILM
BREAKDOWN
~
z
w
~
o
0..
LIMITI HG 02
Oxygen evolution
Passivity
Active corrosion
Reduction of
~.-
.w';
ii 1 passive film and
of dissolved oxygen
--
cao
U~
Hydrogen evolution
log
o
>
04 l·S·A, CII
NO STA8LE
HO ell
J S%CII PASSIVE ZONE
o - PASSIVATION S TABLE PASSIVE
ZONE
,.
\
CORROSION
-12L- _
--Log l -Log l - Log I
IQ I I b I I, I
T I ME, S
20 40 60 80 1(1)
0.15
E
...
« 0.1 I
~
~.
~
~ 0.07
0.03
Figure (3-21): The variation of Ihe I."" value JS a function of the polarizatron sweep rate
(potcntrodynamlc rest) (or steel bars embedded in mortar wuhout chlondes and held at
IIlJ'¥. R.H.
(Ref.1 04).
-130-
o
'~I'I.ctrOdt
:
~dl.turbotlon 0
/
oL
~.+RT /"
I a I 0/
...z
W L:----OO----¢O~I
Ill:
~
CL.
CL.
~i :"
I
~ , R> Rp
I
R:: Rp IR<
I
IxlO
1< leOfr I I~ Icorr II> Icorr
I 1
10-1
I I
I
2.5 5 10 25 50 100 250 SOD
POLARIZATION RATE K, mV I "'It,
Figure (3-22): The vananon of R; and I""" values as a function of the polanzanon sweep rate for
steel bars embedded In monar without chlondes. held at 100% R.H
(Ref.1 04) •
TIME, min
2 3 4 s 6
ECOH-fOmV
------------------------
-
z
w
.-
o
CL.
Ec:orr
~- j~ -=-~ ,___J~
I
I
10 20 30 40 so 60 70
T I ME. S
Figure (3-23): The recoverv of the corrosion potc:ntialafter application of a step 'Ji -10 mV during
I min to steel bars embedded in mortar: I A) wuhout chlcrrdes , I B) ....lth ~ lAo t"~ III C JCk
(Ref.1 04).
-131-
High impe<Unc::e
voltmeter Ptltinum wife
Mercury
I I ][
)
b) Cement paste a) Concrete
path II
R[ Rnr
Power
Suppl
.t::(
:~.:
Concrete
A) Embedded electrode
F\)wer
Supply
b~·
v:~.,
::~.~
'--'...-II
Concrete
I
Portion Portion
I ]I
-----
I I E
Pclarizaf on
Potential
( R
Oscillator
Varia ble
rCacacitor
:::..r_ - ..,
t---,----4
Concrete
S ecimen
--___. AreSanplpHold
Constant IC1
Current
Generator
-.
Differential
Amplifier
Sample
-- L----+ And Hold
IC2
-.
Figure (3-31): Electrolytic ohmeter circuit
(Ref.191).
-136-
,...;
.....til
-t-'
s:::
Q)
-t-'
o
6E
Ep
-o
P.
Q)
0.-...
~ en
_1 _ .;;:::...._...z----- Ecorr
-t-' +J
o ,...;
Q) 0
,..-t
tI.l
>
.........
0·0
Time (sec.)
CHAPTER 4
4.2.1 Definition.
4.2.2 Literature Review.
4.2.3 Concluding Remarks.
CHAPTER 4
4.2.1 Definition.
Sr
LogN = 6.5 - 2.3 ~ -0.002 Smin
y
Tl1l
165
= ym
0.33 Smin
and
Figure 4.3 compares the DNV rules with BSC (for 12 rom
diameter) and C.I.C. curves' which, for corrosive
- 162 -
environment, indicates that at high stress ranges BSC
gives approximately similar values to the DNV rules
whereas the C.I.O. curve is more optimistic. At low
stress ranges, however, both BSC and C.I.O. curves give
generally more conservative estimations than DNV. Figure
4.3 also indicates that the C.I.O. air curve gives
consistently more conservative estimates than the BSC air
curve.
1.0 - Smax
10.0 a.fK/ym
__
LogN =
Smin
1.0 -
a.fK/ym
1 - Smax
Ic
LogN = 12.5
Smin
1 -
Smax
- 163 -
1. 0 _ Vfmax
10.0 Vr _
LogN =
1. 0 _ Vfmin
Vr
1.0 _ Vcfmax
Vcr
LogN = 12.5
1.0 _ Vcfmin
Vcfmax
M
r ni/Ni < 0.2
i=l
- 165 -
M
r ni/Ni < 1.0
i=l
Table 4.1 Summary of the Technical Merits of the Experimental Rese~~ on COrrosion
Fatigue of Reinforced COncrete.
'---
Hetherlngton« 21 Air Effects of dl UHrent steel Endurance, crack
1981 end U 6.7, 0.17 One bar 12 mn0 2000 x 380 x 190 18 Seawater type and envl raIment on Width, deflection, fib
P.oper et al202 II :Jlb NaCI solution endurance. electrochemical
1982 measurernents.
- 10 Air
Relnforcment cage with 2 - Effects of frequency, Endurance, crack
J-bdgkless U 5, 0.17 10 nm (/)Torbl1rs 23 Seawater
1984 3000 x 250 x 150 1 v..ter eEpOsure and loading regime Width, deflection,
at aliSO
'*'
1 3. NaCI soln.
on endurance. electrode potentials.
- 4 PFA (seawater)
One bur of 32 mn dlllDeter Effect of cathcdlc Endurance, crack
1984
Paterson U 3, 0.1 or 13 am prestressed 3350 x 400 x 200 5CP " protection, rer,alr, PFA and Width, deflection,
3350 x 252 x 150 and 5~ "
et al203 strallh 8 Repair " prestresllng on endurance. electrode potentials.
-
-167-
Table <4.1 SlJmIlry of the Technical M!rlts of the Experimental Relearche5 on Corrosion
Fatigue of Reinforced Concrete (Continued).
Year of Authors
loading Test
-
He In;Orf!SI2nt tamer of Tests and Calrl2nts
Bean Dimensions (mn) CIljectIves
Publlcat Ion Regime Frequency (Hz) Oi:tails Env irOml!nt (measurSl2nu)
Effect of ca.hodtc .
24 Seawater protection. type of loading
1000 x 250 x 150 and cover on the electro- Electrode potential
8 Dynanlc
1985 Nilaen205 U 0.12 Two ba: 's of I:! mn 0 and 8 Static chsnical behaviour of sub and
1000 x 250 x 120 8 llnloaded merged reinforced concrete polarization curves
beaDs
Endurance, deflection,
Relnfor cmer.t cage wi th 2 - 6 Air Effects of loading regime crack width, electrode
I-bdgkless R 5, 0.17 10 mn lJ top and bottan 3000 x 250 x 150
1986 9 Seawater and envirorlllent. potential and polar-
et a1206 Ization measurSl2nts
Effect of cathodic
protection on the
Columns of circular electrochsrlcal Polarization of the
1986 Espelid U Layer» of ba-s of 16 mn 0 8 Partially sub-
cross section. 5 rrerged in sea- characteristics of
et al207 meter length, 0.6 rn water reinforced concrete coiumns reinforcing steel
dismeter
Strength - N/rnm2
Cerrenttype Test and retest ages (days)
3 7 28 90 180
I
Over the range of test ages enployed concretes madewith all the cerrents
show the expected gradual decrease in healing ability as the age at which
the concrete experiences damage increases. The low heat (Portland
blast furnace cement, however, showed no decrease.
-169-
Authority BS8110 (218) 855400 ( 219) ACI357 (220) [NY (221 ) rIP (222)
e e:
1~ 1~ i
Ii ~IIi
wo. wo.
Loc a t Ion ~2l ° w ~ ~2l ~~
a In .ae:
j~ I ~J j~ I ~tl1&,;: i~ I ~Ej
.... 0o!'
I e:
p.. I ~!! p..
In air 30 25· 50 75 40 80 - -
In air
and 50 55- 65 90 50 100 75 100
tide zone
FIP (222) < 0.3 mmunder extrerre load condition. For structures
required to contain oil, the membranestress should be less
than the tensile stresses'necessary for cracking.
.....
-
I
II Q)
...a:'"
lit
...... ..."" a: ...... a:
~ o
:I
+>
III
E
.J:J
:l
III
Ii' .....
~ z "!j
:.
c: '"
II>
~ ~ C
III
to
....'" .a:
0
-'
- 0 Q)
~ '" z
z
s~ ...~
a: C
....-e ....
III III
...a:'"
'" 0
....1-0
III III
Ii' ~ !C
Q. III .... ....tICC
Q)
co III
0
...
~
'"~
II>
...
...'"
VI
a:
0-
B
0
Q)
....'"III
'I::l
Q)
tIC
"Cl
C
Q)
Ii' u .J:J
l-
~
V>
;;i
'"
::> ~
21 .... ~
N
I
"" ~
.: ~I ~I
-
w _w ..)!I Q)
-'"
&,
r...
"!j
Q)
....
to
.....
:I
0
~ .....
III
~ 0
i :
0 III
! ~ III
s::
~
N
0
:: ....1-0 «l
...
0'\
..
HO'~ !!
•
1-0
0
..... .....
Gl
.
I • e a:
~ I .. III
'"
tIC s::
I .t .... co
I : .. '0
III
E
'"
.....
Q)
I ..s::
:% I
I ....• 0-
r...
:<:
I
....>
CI)
>.
I Cll .J:J
I 0
I ';
.-
I
.:r
~
n O'Z "l O'l "0 0'0 "0' 0'" ,",. g"Z' U' III
1-0
liNt .......... ., e!IOAI ~W)
::s
....tIC
r...
.-172-
- 173 -
CHAPTER 5
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
5.1 Introduction.
CHAPTER 5
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
5.1 Introduction.
Load Calculation.
Testing Machines.
Test Frequency.
Air Tests.
Solution-Metal Isolation.
Load Monitoring.
Deflection.
Cycle Counting.
Steel Strain.
- 188 -
5.1.2 Electrochemical Measurements.
Electrode Potential.
Solution Conductivity.
Dynamic Tests.
No. of Tests
(KN) Maximum Minimum Stress
Range
Max Min Steel I Concrete ($lee I)
2
(N/nm ) Air Water 3.5% NaCI
21 3 322 16 46 276 I I I
• One beam tested statically to failure in air with load Increments of 21.22.5 and 25.5
KN respectively.
10.5
14
8
10.5
161
212
9.6
12.7
-3.0
-3.8
164
216
-- 18
IC
-
-
21.0 16.0 322 19. I -5.7 328 - I + IC I
22.5 17.0 345 20.6 -6.0 351 - I I
25.5 19.5 391 23.2 -7.0 398 - I I
c • complementary tests.
- Two beams tested statically to failure In air With load Increments of 21.0/16.25.5/19.5
and 22.5/170.25.5/21.5 KN respectively.
-193-
...
(I)
c
If)
-- I I I
I I I
--
o
-... -
0
--
(I)
...
(1)
.... eo
...
(I)
...
.c
M
N
+ - I
- I I
0
.
~
"0
C
0 -
z
0 ...
(I)
(1)
-
E
- -- I- I I I 0 I I
(-
- - I
v
o
I- I I I I I I
(I) (1) N
-... -...o
o
-
(I) bO 0 00 (0 0 00
......
(1)
fJJ
C
eo
...
~.
Z
M
N
-
M
... ...
CIS
II)
CIS
(I)
0 r-
N
M
N
-
M
"0
--
C C
0 ..
(1)
"0
eN - (1)
....
... ...0-
(1)
(I)
II)
(1)
r-
•
N
. r-
. . N r-
. . N
- - -- m
- --
m m
...
Q)
c
~ o
c
E
M M 0 (0 M
Z 0
0
U U
E
~ (I)
E
-
II)
...
(1)
-- -
c
c
- ~
><
CIS ....
II) (1)
...
(1)
0
(I)
c
(1)
(0
r- oo
N
~
-
(0
r-
N
~
oo
-
0 N
N
M
(0
r-
N
~
-
eo
fJJ (-
"0
eo
-- 0
.-:2
c M M 0 0 M M M
"0
-- -
(1) ~
o
...
a.. <
0-
0-
><
eo
:2 -- --
00 N eo N 0
---
N
ao N
....
-
be
"0
c
-
(1)
E -
o
E
eo
o
-...
"0
eo
-
0 -
o
E
eo
(I)
(1)
....
eo be e CIS I e >.
.... >. ...eo
....
0
..J ...
(1) >.
0 fJJ
0
Z 0
....
eo e
u..
...c (1)
(1)
E
-
U
CIS ...
E
(1)
0-
• Z Q)
C
0 .... §
... "# eo
-
>
c
In
.
C"')
a: o
II
UJ o
-194-
v....
s= per ccnt
______ NImm' or no data N/mma
1.2 Standard deviation Fil3
C1
(k. , __ X = _~£
__ N/mm'
1.3 Marain
1.4 Tarpt mean strmIth C2 ..lf2_ +_5"
__ = 4~ N/mm'
Concrete Steel
Water Concentration
Constituent inwn
QUoride 6
Sodium 4
SUlJXlate 5
Magnesium 7
Calcium 4
Potassium 0.7
Silica 1
Aluminium 0.02
Nitrate 0.8
Fluoride 0.01
Iron 0.05
T.D.S. 50
pH =
8
Conductivity 45 M::G SIEMNS/an
-196-
.
-_J;
~ •
J.
• •
.
i. r-- 1170 • I
_,.
~- 2800
a) Uni-directional bending
1000 1000
1170 •
• 2800
-1 •
,c
-i
b) Reverse bending
/
i
e
roQ)
..c
...
---.-.--. .-- --v-+-
~ N IC"\
.,...."
Q> N
+oJ I
ro In
r-l
c, ---
r-l
Q)
Q)
+oJ Q)
Ul +oJ
ro
Ul r-I
Ul 0-
Q)
r-l s..
~
c ..c .4)
.....
Q>
a) Uni-directional bending
b) ~everse bending
Q) e
~ n1
o Q)
_._._._. Q)
. -_._-
.0
._---_._- - ...
Q)
c +oJ
~ Q)
.s:: s..
o o
n1 c
e o
o
..
Q)
+oJ
n1
r-I
0..
bO
r-i ~
Q) Q) s..
Q)
+oJ Q)
>
0 +oJ
Ul +oJ 0 Ul
n1 s.. Q)
Ul r-I bO +oJ
Ul 0-
Q) Q) ~
s.. r-I s.. 0- 0
Q) C Q) n1
rl ~ .0 .s:: Q) Q)
rl n1 .0 Ul :3 Ul
0 +oJ ::5 I rl n1
~ Ul ~ > ~ ~
,.- N rt"\ ..:t It"\ \D
- 200 -
a) Uni-directional bending
b) Reverse bending
6mm.m.s. links
"I
~__-J"l
. .
500
"
N
S
e
-
z 400
<,
Ul
Ul
Q) 300
s..
~
Cf)
200
100
0.0 0.01
0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008
Strain
Figure (5-8): Typical stress-strain curve,main
reinforcement (Torbar 10mm dia~.
Yi.m.d __
Stress .'0 /
. I
!I
!I
1.
II
I .
I ~
I I
I
" I /' .¥
Yield Strain
Strain
Figure (5-9): Definition of yield stress and
strain of steel reinforcement.
- 204 -
a) Reinforcement cage
50
/
/
~
'"ee
<,
40
/
Z
/
..
II 30
/
.,
C>
k
til
20
/
/
/
10 !.
Strain
CHAPTER 6
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 Endurance.
6.5 Discussion.
CHAPTER 6
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 Endurance.
Uni-Directional Series.
Beam MV75W,
Beam MU85W.
Beam MQ85N.
Beam MR70W.
Beam MU75W.
Beam MR70W.
6.5 Discussion.
Initiation Stage.
6.5.2 Endurance.
Crack Blocking.
Reverse-Bending Series.
Mlxlmm Intended
2
It ress (N/mn ) Stress Age at Position of I'D. of bars
Bemn Endurance
Env Irorrrent range fatigue test ITDin crack cut at
Designat ion Steel in Concre t e in Cycles
tension cCJT1lression (N/mn2) (days) (mn fran (,) failure
Stoppped after
Air MnQ.o\ 322 16 276 198 - - 2,216,700 cy.
wi thout fa IIure
Mlxinun intended
stress (N/mn2) Stress Age at Position of I'D. of bars
Bemn Endurance
Envl rorrrene range fatigue test rram crack cut at
Designation Steel in Concrete in Cycles
tension cCJT1lression (NImn2) (days) (mn fran E) failure
• shear failure
-234-
StressRange N/mn2
.
Beam Intended Average Effective
Environment
Designation
.
MJ70W 276 218 180
water MJ75W 299 310 368
MJ85W 345 396 435
600
I I I
N
6
500 I-
-
e
<,
.. .. .. -
z 400 I-
GI
toO
C
IU
r.. • cO
••
III
300 t- Oc -
III
GI A 00--.
r..
+'
III
~
~
GI
GI
-
..
+' 200 I-
III
0 Uni..water
~GI
~
C
GI
+'
c
..
0 Uni-3.S% NaCL
Rev-water
8:::
••
H
Rev-3S% Na:L
Unl-air
100 I I I
103 104 105 10° 107
Cycles to failure
F1gure (6-1): Endurance vs. stress range for un1d1rect1onal and
reverse test beams.
38
34
......
z
.:.:
30
't:I
IU
0
~ 26 Un1-d1rect1onal
'0
....
GI
~ 22
Co
Co
IU
18
a:s
....s><
1"11
:E:
10
a) MU75W,MU85W
b) MU85W (close-up)
a) Dynamic test
b) Static test
a) Dynamic test
b) Static test
- - -- - - ----_._----------
c) Beam MR70W
a) Pure tension
a) X 1k
b) X 5k
X 2k
a) X 500
b) X 2k
X 2k
b) X 1k flaky structure
X 1k
Figure (6-16): A SEM photographs of the fracture surface
of a Torbar from beam MU85W showing
honeycomb structure.
- 251 -
..•
......c0. III
..
.... ..
III
...,
III III
I:
s-
'"'o 0
III
11110
lie .... !9
" .... III
IIX
0
" ....~
E
..
1:111
0"
.... 0
Uti
II
III
"e
II
'0
II
E
11:3
...,
....
.,.,.,....... .... ....
III 110 0
CP
0.
0 .....
...
uo
......='
I:
...
U
tI
II)
III
0
.....
0.
II
e
II
So. II
I:-a o
.......
0 I '"''"'....
....... ...
II)
.. ell III '0
u.c
:3
'0" 0
I)e
... 0
tI)
'"'
'#. ......
...
(}\
I
~
..
s,
;!
....110
c..
0
0
1<"1
III
..
s-
:3
.,
C
0
I: +'
.
N
0 UII
N 1110 C
~'"' .......0 en
..
C " III
een
....
0
.... :3
'" .......
III ....e
..
....
III
....e
1-4
e
11111
....
c..
....
e
1-4
II!
..c
U
II
E
CP
N
........'"
;!
0-
II
CP
III
....
III
III
III tJ
III
........
....
II
U
........ "Q ....
"Q
III
III
III
0
Q.
......
-...
~
co
I
El
III
I)
~1i So.
0111
N,c
u
e,
....
e III c..
....+'c
oEl
., ..
.,0
110 ....
0.111
0 ....
._,.
"'''
Q. ...
III
-253-
Initiation Pronagation
stage stage
I TI ill
,1
_VI)
Fatigue life
(f)
Ul
o
s..
o
I initiation r-I
II propagation (striation) - 0% 5% (lj
+J
III propagation (ductile) o
+l(lj
Q)
os..
+l(lj
"Os::
Q)O
s.. ....
Q)+l
I >
Q)Q)
0
I ___l11+ I
~ 0%
CI)(f)
v:
I
Propagation time
b) Propagation stage
500
stress range
400
N
E
e
<,
300
z Average
Q) range curve Intended stress
bO
C
...
III
III
Ul 200
......
Q)
I/)
No. of cycles
Figure (6-21): Comparison between effective and average stress
range curves for uni-d1rect1onal tests 1n water.
500~----------~r------------.-------------r--------~--'
Lf'.
\ ~ Un1.-water
<c\ \
--.~.
~ .
Un1.-NaCL
.......
N
e
e
. ','
<,
z ·,\-.~BSC (air)
. .
~
~
-----~...._ -........_."f'C:CIO(air)
~.~
DNV rules (D 8.6)
100
(sea water)
50~ __ ~~~~~~~~~~~c-~~~~~~--~~~~~
104 105 106 107 108
No. cf cycles
Figure (6-22): Comparison of fatigue endurance with the current
design curves.
- 255 -
CHAPTER 1
1.1 Introduction
7.4.1 Introduction.
7.4.2 Instrumentation and Measurements.
7.4.3 Results
1.5 Discussion.
7.5.1 General.
7.5.2 Cracking During Dynamic Loading.
7.5.3 Deflection.
7.5.4 The Concept of Relative Deflection.
7.5.5 Range of Deflection.
7.5.6 Change in Steel Stress During Dynamic
Loading.
7.5.7 Comparison with Tests in Sea Water.
7.5.8 Hypothesis for the Change in Steel Stresses
Under Dynamic Loading in Aqueous
Environment.
- 256 -
CHAPTER 7
7.1 Introduction.
Beam Deflection.
Range of Deflection.
Crack Width.
I
MU70N. Another important aspect shown in this Figure is I
i
that the cracks appear to have a dormant period which I
covered approximation 20-30% of the fatigue life during !
which very small increases and in some cases slight
I
decreases occurred in the maximum width. the increase, I
nevertheless, resumed over the remaining period of test. "I I
In this respect, it should be pointed out that in both
cases ie. dormant
crack blocking
and active
on the range
periods,
of crack
the
width
influence
was
of
still
II
evident as shown in Figure 7.14 mentioned earlier.
Beam Deflection.
Crack Width.
7.4.1 Introduction.
7.4.3 Results.
7.5 Discussion.
7.5.1 General.
7.5.3 Deflection.
. •. 7.1
=
• •• 7.2
=
I
- 275 -
I~
should be dealt with more conservatively in describing the I
acute change in deflection occurring at the early stages ~
L
.
MT70A Air 14 167 5
'1'able 1.2: Crack Width and Umth for Beam W60SW and ML603N.
Table 7.3: Increase In NBximum Deflection During fatigue Life for Unl-dlrectional Testing Beams.
1 2 3 4
Table 7.4: Increase in Mlximm Crack Width ~rlng fatigue LI fe for Ben MJ7(N and MJ7~V.
life % failure %
1 2 3 4 5
wad
Deflection (rrm) Crack width (rrm) * .
(I<N)
.
37 Failure
(l<N)
Distance fran C (mn)
21 346 271
.
215
.
First 22.5 361 309 260
Zero 2.59
42.0 Failure
22.5 8.31
zero 3.10
28.S 12.20
zero 3.45
39 Failure
-286-
Distance fran
midspan in (mn) fran experirrental
(mn) ~retical
N.A. value
downwards
Table 7.8: Comparison of Deflections for Unl-dlrectlonal Static and Dvnamlc Tests.
Table 7.9: Ca!parison of Deflections for Reverse Static and Dynlll1lc Tests.
telts
NBCI (27,980 cycles) 9.81 -7.89 17.70 (0.75 fy)
tests
NBCI (4,jOO cycles) 14.8 -6.98 21.78 (0.85 fy)
85
65
6 7
(All dimensions in mm)
150
3 4 5 6
Submerged zone
Average crack length. 164 mm
HU6(6'w'
as
5 6 7 11
(All dimensions in mm)
Submerged zone
Average crack length 2 112 mm
ML603N
50
20 20
3 4 5 6
(All dimensions in mm)
15~---------r--------~r---------~---------'----------'
.....e
e
c
....o
~ 10~~~~~~~r--C~ __~~ __~~ ~------~
....
Q)
"0
C
• MIle,'"
!
11'1
... MlJ85N
I C MIl75V
....:E
"0
.. MIl75N
• MIl70A
o MU70N
.0 MU70W
• MU605N
IJ Mll405N
1~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~.
5 10 15 20 25
No. of cycles X105
Figure (7-4): Un1-d1rectional test series;maximum deflection vs.
No. of cycles.
-290-
10 I I
""'"
e
e
-
A
8
s:: ..... _.
- -
f
_.0
+'
U
II>
rot
6 - •
A
MU~II
MU6O,N _
40-< • MU6O,"
II>
'C
e
«J
4 .. A A
o
• MU~N
.... MUIt0'.5W
MUIt0'.5N
Q.
A. A. Ao..
A MUItO'N
,
-
Ul
~
'C
_.
:Ii:
2
~ - U
r. o MUltO'"
-
5 10 15 20 25
No. of cycles X105
Figure (7-5): Uni-directional bending series;stage II,maximum
deflection vs. No. of cycles.
150
~r
""'"
~
II 111605N
s:: ... MUIt05N
_.0 OMU7OW
+'
o • MU7011
II> 100
rot • MU70A
40-<
II> • MU85N
'C o MU85W
II AMU75N
> A1lU75'i
....
'"as
.,
r-4
a:
50
O~------'_------~------~------~
40
'20 60 80
L-
100
--J
120
" Fatigue life ~")
Nf
-
~6
e
0
...'" 5
u o MUe5w
CII
....
r-4
CII
•
A
Mtr"w
MUe51f
'C 4 • MU70A
....0 ... MU75N
• IIJ70N
«I 3 o MU10W
eo
C II MU605N
10
a: ... IlJIo05N
2
5 10 15 20 25
No. ot cycles X105
Figure (7-7): Uni-directional bending serles;range of detlec-
tion vs. No. of cycles.
4
0 MU605W
• MU603N
- e
e
3
•
..
MU605N
MU601N
0 MUIo03N
II MUIo05N
e • MUIo05W
0
...'"
u
A IlUIo01N
CII
....
r-4
CII
'C
2
\.4
0
«I
bO
C
10
a:
1
5 10 15 20 25
No. of cycles X105
Figure (7-8): Unl-dlrectlonal bending serles;stage II.range of
deflection vs. No. ot cycles.
-292-
16
,.., 15
e
e
~ _ _.. __.-.,_-+--- Max.
2 ~------~------~------~------~------~------~
200 400 SOO
100 300 600
No. of cycles X10'
.
Figure (7-9): Uni-directional serieslmaxlmum,mlnimum and range
of deflection for beams MU75W and MU8SW.
8 r---------~----------,-----------r---------~----------~~
7
_..o-----o----~ Max.
____---~-----.-----A------_. Min.
~ MU60SN
~ MU40SN
OL- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~
500 1000 1S00 2000 2500
No. of cycles X10'
Figure (7-10): Maximum,minimum and range of deflection for beams
MU605N and MU405N.
-293-
12
••• MU70N
ci zs e MU70W
...... 10
E
e
c
~0 8
+'
u
In.
Q)
r-4
'"''0
Q)
6
c
III
e.
III
I
....
'0
:E:
4
2
105
No. of cycles
Flgure (7-11): Beams MU70W,MU70N maximum,mlnlmum
and range of deflectlon vs. No.
of cycles.
13
......
e
E
Max.
c
0
~ 10
+'
U
Q)
r-4
'"'
Q)
'0
C
aI
e. Mln.
III
I
5 Range
....
'0
:E:
o ~~~~LU~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
103 104 105 106 107
No. of cycles
FIgure (7-12): UnI-dlrectlonal bending serIeslbeam
MU70A in alr,maxlmum,mlnlmum and
range of deflectlon.
-294-
____--.---4-----~---~------.---------41
,.... 0.2
e
e 1 MU70A
tI 2 MU70W
till
.: 3 MU70N
CIS
2 4 MU85N
""c
till
ooi
e 0.1
8-
0
)t.
o
011
U""
0.0
5 10 15 20 25
No. or cycles X10S
Figure (7-13): Uni-directional series;crack opening range vs. No.
ot cycles.
0.4
HU70W max. crack width
MU70W min. c~ack width
MU70W craCK width range
MU70N max. crack width
MU70N mln. crack width
. 0.3 MU70N crack width range x.
,....
e
e
.c 0.2
+>
't:I
ooi
:J
)t.
o
r.. 0.1
CIS
0.0
105 10
No. or cycles
F1gure (7-14): Beams MU70N,MU70N maximum,minimum
and range or crack w1dth vs. No.
or cycles.
-295-
_ 0.2
e
E
Max.
Mln.
Range
0.0
105
No. of cycles
Flgure (7-15): Unl-dlrect1onal bending !eries,maxlmum.
mlnlmum and crack opening range for
beam MU70A.
220r----.-----r----r----,---~~---~---~
/ Crack B
200
I
I
I
I
r Crack A
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
t
I
/
--,/./
20
16
o MR!5N
• MRS5'"
14 4MR7ON
,... • MR75W
e
e ...MR70V
12 , MR75N
c: II MR46W
....
0
t MR'5W
......+>~ 10 • MR7OW2
....
• II
'0 B
c:
III
c,
CIl
I 6
....
'0
:E
70
-
'#..
60
~Id
- 50
s::
....
0
+'
40
0
....
II
....
II
'0
30
.,
....+>> 20
.....,
III
a:
10
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
" Fatigue 11fe (~ )
t
Figure (7-18):Reverse bending series;relative deflection
vs. percentage fatigue I1fe.
-297-
24
• MR70W
Q ~7'}V
-s
E
20
.o.MR85W
• MR85"
• MR35V
AMRIo6w
s::
.......0 16 • MR70WZ
o • MR70f1
iii M1175"
tI
r-i
OM
tI 12
-e
OM
0
., 8
taO
C
III
a::
4
0
102 104
No. ot cycles
FIgure (7-19): Range detlection va. No. ot cycles
tor reverse bending tests.
---
Min.
0.8
o MR70N
c 1!R7OW
~MR7511
....... • 1!R'511
E 0.6 _ 1!R46W
E
.... 1!R7OW2
II
til)
C
III
'"c
til)
0.4
~
C
II
0-
0
..ill: 0.2
0
10
U '"
0.0
104
No. of cycles
F1gure (7-21): Crack opening vs. No. of cycles for
reverse bend1ng tests.
0.5
Range
0.4
Max.
0.3
~ Lower crack sensor
-
e 0.2
--- Upper crack sensor
e
til)
~c 0.1
c
II
Co
0
..ill:
0
10
140
0.0
u'"
0.1
0.2L- ~
No. ot cycles
Figure (7-22): Reverse bending series;max1mum.m1nimum and range
of cracks open1ng for beam MR70W2.
-299-
...as
0
~~
.........
...
0
In
t--
IG
.-4
110
s:: .
·- •
\
\ .... •
01:
1:1
,...
e
)(
III
.-4
r-4
u
>-
Z
In
CD
tt'" ........ •
,
... ... \ "0
Ei 1"'4
III U !f
"8
\
\
.. l. ..... §"
1- ..... II " .s::
as
..." ....0 't:!
e
»ii"'• i~ \ .....
A .. 0
Q"
,
III
:3
..... ....,
Q)
s:: III
III
....·.. ..-
on
:: 8 •
·
:Jo
I~
••
.. III
~•
\ \
\ 1:
NI'o
..: ~
-e
.-4
e
.s:
110 In
III CD
.1• ....
.. on 0
... ..,
...s.o .....
• _ !f
II ..,
0
In I~ ~ ,, t: It :c :c
.." 0
In
e
0
....0
...
III
III
•• • ~
4
...." ., s:: e Q) III
.1 ..... 0
6 1I ., " ~1"'4
o .... ....
.-4 Q)
Q)
I ....
\ I ...c ct .... ....r..
III
0
0
I IG
.. 't:!
I I
I
.-4
Q ,...
4
(\j
,
N..-
0
In
y-
~
".... N
i ..-
0
In
....
...,
t--
.,s..
:3
bO
.-4
c...
C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
N
e-
0
.... CD \0 ..:r N 8y-
CD \0 ...:t N
"c
110 M
. .
s::
.-4
CIII ::! :E
~
.-4
.... C
g
."
.-4
e ......
0
IG
e c
.-4III
M IG
aLI
8
0
e .lC
U
.... :.
In
CIII
r..
It'\ u
!f r..
It'I
0
y-
><
~
.. ...,"
e :.
CIII 0
1"'4
r.. 110
III
....0 s::
.-4
"
1"'4
U oa
s::
&
>-
U "r..
.-4 0
....0 Q)
IG
.lC
U
III
• 110 s..
0 s::
.-4
u
Z
't:! ....
.,
~ .,
C 0
., s::
IG
110·
III
">.," s..
't:!
C
ex: III
,...
N ,
It'I
t--
...,
"
r..
~
.-4
c...
..
In
It'I
0
0
It'I
0
•
0
0
.
(\j
0
y-
0
. 8•
0
0
y-
0,•
(WID) iUluado l{~8.z:>
- 300 -
a) Uni-directional bending
b) Reverse-bending
400' 400
I , I II I I II
!
I , I I
I
t
C-Col-C
.
1 204
.
11381
B-Col-E
•
204
..
A-Col-A
. I. .
I
A-Col-A
.
B-Col-B
• .
C-Col-C
• .
,
I 2800
. 3000
I
I 0@10
•• Demec pOints I
Strain gauges i
t--~~---1 100'
300 30
--t--..;.
400 400
C-Col-C
I II B-Col-B A-Col-A A-Col-A
II I I
B-Col-B C-Col-C
I II j I I II I I
204
3000
7010
Figure (7-27): StatIc tests-reverse bending test beams;detaI1s and distribution or Demec
point columna on concrete surrace.
-302-
l 400 ~ 400 I
I ! ~
!
I
j
T L 10mm Torbar T I T 1-
: t
6S0 300 ~ 300 fScbso 300 300 ~ 6S0
+ zIo T
j
_QQO
Dimansions in (mm) i
Figure (7-28): Static tests;locations of strain gauges on the tension
Torbars (strain at each location is determined from
the average of 4 gauge readings),
SOO
......
N
e
~ 400
z
III
..
:: 300
s..
III
..
~ 200
tI
rt.l
• . ---. 2...~o
..--.
L.oAl>
_5 So •
100
a} First loading cycle b) Second loading cycle
750 450 150 150 450 750 750 450 150 150 450 750
Distance from centre line (mm)
l 400 ~ 400 I
I ~
I
I
- i
I
L10mrnTorbar T I T T
:
650
f5cb50 ~ 300
650
+
300
+
300
zIo t 300 ~
j
_QQO
Dimansions in (mm)i
Figure (7-28): Static tests;locations ot strain gauges on the tension
Torbars (strain at each location is determined from
the average of 4 gauge readings).
500
.......
N
e
~ 400
z
...,
:: 300
s..
III
..
'i!., zoo
en
100
•
a) First loading cycle
-- __z..~o
• LOAl>
_5
-
b) Second loading cycle
•
750 450 150 150 450 750 750 450 150 150 450 750
Distance trom centre line (mm)
Z fi E
S Do
C 0 It'\
N
>-
r-4
. . ...,
E 0
"e
..
.t: .t:
..
aUH U·Pi.t.S O.tez
C
....III
Z
<
0 r-4
III
Z
.lC
""
.
c,
CU
'C
< .
...
NO\
It'\~
0 ~
'C
< .
01C"l
It'\~
Z
.l&:
..
I.
Il
CIl
I'-
c:: .t: :.
::E
III
+'
"
'0
0 \0
.....
.
Z Z
11'\
+' "
Q)
I.
E
III
e
0
'C
'C 'C
C
o II>
!Xl ....s.. C
aI
c::
IV
'0 '0 0
co II U ,....
......
0
r-4 ....0 IC"I ,Q
I
IIlZ .... 11'\
NN
IlZ \00\ •
It'\
0
'O.lC
1.. .......
IV
'E='
III
N
• ""'I
I'-
:.
C
:.
0
Q
:t
P-
~
'0
s
ili
0
.. .......
""":l
bO
....
r...
.
0
0
It'\ 8
or
0
11'\
or
11'\ '0
I
C
III .,
--....
C
0
....c
.... r-4
11'\ '0
C
co
III
"" +'., Cl
.
+'
III
0
, .t: C""
+'
It'\
N
N
0 U
" +'
III
"" <• Cl III
-
.c .tl '0
+'
P-
cu
'0 ....
CDNCD\O
It'\
:i~
....
C Z
III
"-
-
< .c
en +'
Cl
co
0
r-I
c(
Z
. 1t'\t--41t'\
~8
CDCD
N""
+'
+'
III
Cl
It'\
0\
It'\
t--
c::
B
0
....""
'0
....cu
r-4
P- Z
It'\ cu ::E P- .lC
Cl
u
c-- 0000
11'\011'\0
""
()
C
0
U
e e
III
cu
III ex>
B
0
0
co
....""
0 CD
N
.
11'\
III E
+'E ... ex> .... CD
....
Ill"" ,..
Q II
I
0
.....
'0-
coz
oS='
11'\
N
N
. 11'\
CD
N
•
0
... I'-
I
Cl
""bO
:l
.
0
0
0
It'\
0
0
....
0
....
11'\
0
0
N
0
11'\
N
....
r...
(mm) q.dap Glvag
-304-
16
• se • 10" CYCle~
14
• 10 • 10· Cycl.. "-- ••• 11.
•o , • 10· cycl ••
ta.,
.....I! .taU.
•
..,; 12
• Theo"Ucal •• l1ec'l"
_ lila. ~ • 10· c,.l ..
(1S8110)
..•
C .. atau. prelM41J1C .t t.u.........
...
0
10
A lila. , • 10· cycl ••
~
~
..
.-4
e
.,
c
•
Q,
I 6
000 ••
...
~
:IE:
4
0.85ty O.7~ty
550 .60
·50 o MU85N05")
..... [JMU75'i (26")
"#.
--
N
&
&
•
laO
C
• MUB5" (2~)
• MU75N(15")
<,
.....
;;:: •...
.,
laO
.,...
C ...,
c
...
0
u
.,., .-4
~
.......
•
•
"'c:"
...
..~
.."
r4
II '50 o.
III
u
•
.c Initial steel stress range
-10
,oo~
-20
0 100 200 '00 400 500 600
No. of eyeles X10'
Figure (7-,2) I Chang. 1n .teel .tress range and deneetion range vs, No. of eyeles
tor be ... MU75"1,MU75N,MUB5W and MU85N.
-305-
.30
350
.20
.....
----.,
"#..
.10
N 300
e 1>0
C
Ei
<,
Z •
r.. 0.0
.__ .__ ._. _. _._ ...!!:!.t.i~t!!L~tress. rang:e
II
1>0
c 250
III
......,
e
o
0
-10
r.. ........
II
II
.,
.. -20
."
..."r..
II
c:
a MU70A
.-4 200 II • MU70N
II 1>0
c -30
...
II
Ifl
III
.c
o MU70'"
U
-40
150
-50
0 500 1000 1500 2000
No. of Cycles X10'
Figur. (7-33): Chang. in st •• l stress range and deflection range vs. No.
ot eycles tor beam MU70N,MU70~ and MU70A.
0.6ty 0.4ty
·30~----------~----------~----------~----------'-------~
• MU405N (9'J')
280 .20 o MU405'" (4")
150
--
~ .10
C MU605N (11")
N
e
"-
240
140
II
toO
C
Initial steel stress range
z
._. f 0.0
II
1>0
C
as
.....
e
o
U
r.. 200 130 ........
II
.,
III
III
.,
...r...,
.-4 160 120
..
."
c:
II
-30
..
1>0
...""
Ifl
c
.c
u
110 -40
120
-50 2500
0 500 1000 1500 2000
No. ot cycles X103
Figur. (7-34) I Change in steel stress rang. and detlection range vs , ~!o. of
eyeles tor beams r.tJ405N,MU405'.and MU605N.
-306-
"
110
C
III
..
c
....o
U -10
.'", II
r"4
~
10
QI •
'0
+> .,'" ....C
-20
~ QI
II
+>
QI
.,
~ -30
U)
s:
u
0.61y
-I- nn·----· I
..
•
. •t
..
...••
+• >
CI)
m1n.n
Intcn<1o;JedOlo,....lO~1.Ao
stress
Sm1n ••
No. of cycles
F1gure (7-36): Change 1n 10ad1ng sequence as compared w1th the
1nit1al intended stress range as a result of
crack blocking.
- 307 -
CHAPTER 8
8.1 Introduction.
8.6 Discussion.
- 40 kV and 20 Mamp
- Tube; cu-K alpha radiation
- Filter; Ni
- Counter; Geiger counter
- cps; 1 x 103
- paper speed; 10 mm/min
- 313 -
8.6 Discussion.
= .•. 1
- 316 -
and
= • • •3
2
= aMg2+ (a(OH)-) ••.4
then if
and
= C02 (aq)
Direct Process.
Indirect Process.
outside
a)
b)
a)
bY
Figure (8-8): Blocking phenomenon;chloride test at the
lowest load level;beam MU405N
- 339 -
a) A concrete
piece after
5 months
exposure to
chloride
solution
b) Part of fig,
a under mic-
roscopic
examination
c) Concrete
piece before
exposure
11'\
til
II"
'" · ~
~II)
'0
.. .
0
0.
\0
0
~
....'"
II)
o
III
..
'0
~
0
r"-
0'1
· ~
.. '" ....
S.
... .. ..
U
'0
III
~
'" til
0
'" '"..e ~•
...
t>O <I.
0.
I I..
0 u .,...<t
a: .&J III
>< :s s.. f
II)
._
u c::
.. =-""~ ~ ..
c c
0 :..
....
\0
c II" \0
e ::::
'"·
11"\
'" til
.. .. .. 0
C
e e
:E C
II
.c
0.
tIC
til
a:I
til
a:I ..
s:
<I.
~C U '0
~ i:;'
U
til
....0 ....0
'" '"
·
til a:I
0
~ C\i
,.....
....I
C\i
ex:
..~
'"
'(!)
11'\
..:r ""
....
0
'0 C\i ·
-t>D
:..
C\I
U
'0
...~
II)
II)
..
0
0.
'0
.
....'"
II) II)
0 ~ ~
U U
til til
t>O
s..
e e
~
..
><
C
.&J
~ ~
II)
.&J
III
....
\0 .. ~ ~ 0
C
e
Z
0
r"-
Z
11'\
eo
11'\
C\i · .. .. ..0
C
.c
0-
II
til
E
co
al al
t>O
...
~
C
as
0"
.D
U S
C\i
....al0 ....
0
0
..:t"
11'\
,
C\i '"
C\i
C\i
....
I
CD
"~'"
II' .
..:t"
....
""
0 ,
...
t>O
to.
C\i
olD
,_ ,..... C\i
'tI
• .&J
-344-
C'\j
s:: ......
0
:x:
:x:
......
0
......
.
Co \0
'0
C
III
~
....
'0
C
0
C'\j
.
""- 0"" ......=C"
."
::l
~
."
"-
U
U
III ......
0
" ....
Co
E 0
....::l
0
CI> ell
~
....0 ...
WI
I..
~"
... ...:t
CI>
~
ell ....
... ."
<'0
U ,I:l
...." ....0ell
....
.."
::l 1/1
C
(oJ
..
......
""
....,
co
"
I...
be
....
~
NOll't~lN3JNOJ
~
.... .'
'"
C'\j
1/1
0
0-
..."
s: if
"
'0
I..
CI>
" it
U
.... ....
'0
0 ....s...<'0
I..
...ell ::l
::l
...... I
c:
0
- ......
ell
f- 0
......" 0
, '",
Co
..I<
U
CII
I.. ir 0
III
III o
::::l "- .; c CLo 1
l
ex:
><
u
>-
CII
..I<
U
0
U... f, .z::
t
C z r
'"
(1)
....
0
c
z
0
\0
n
C
0'" ~..." !
\0
- ......
CI> III
f- II' \0
'"
·
0
C
E
!@ 0
.... ~
+-'
....c: I
C\I Q.I
s:
Co
E
III ....::l E
CII ....c:
bO
"
al
0
ell al" .!C
III
... "
C
..I<
....
_. U e
....... C\I ....al ....0"-
0
- '" 0
·
f- ..:t C\I
C\I
....
N
I
(1)
Q.I
I..
...... ::l
.... ....bO
'"
.:r o
~
......
•(!)
C\I
'0 ·
C'\j
tr..
II ....
- 345 -
140
120
r<l
;:'100
,
><
Ul
QJ
rl
o (' ~.lioricX! tests
:>, 80
o
'+-<
0
0
. 60
z
40
~o .
. _./
0
20
CHAPTER 9
9.7 Discussion.
9.8 .Summary.
- 347 -
CHAPTER 9
voltage drop EP - Ei • •• 9. 1
= =
I I
Results.
Polarisation Effect.
Polarisation Effect.
Polarization Effect.
9.7 Discussion.
... 9.1
R =
RA - Rc ••.9.3
% e: =
RA
1"
Ea E a - Ep
--
I I
E
-_E_ x 100 ...9.4
thus % £: = = Ea
Ea
I
and t.Ea = Ea
9.8 Snmmary.
Electrode Resistance (m
Potential
c• cathodic nea..surere.nts.
A • anodic rreasurements.
Fesistance Hl)
Frequency
Hz
Sine Wave Square wave
10 30.8 33.3
50 14.4 13.8
100 13.8 -
500 13.3 -
1000 13.3 13.3
5000 13.3 -
10000 13.14 11.9
Applied % Error
•
Voltage
(YOllS'
Current
IMamp) Rl •
E
-1 R2 •
Ea - E P
I
R ._6E
~I
(RI - R2'
x 100
Ep
RI Ea
(I) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
50 Hz 2
1 kHz 6
10 kHz 15
20 kHz 11
(\) (\)
•
AWlied
Voltage
0Jrrent
R
1
-_E
R
2 - Ea - Ep
R--
t£. ~-~ Ep
I I AI R E
1 a
(volts) (manp)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (1)
F-p - 1.9'1
• !raft plot.ted gr3I:h.
-371-
0.47 3 -0.468
1.00 5.5 -0.476
3.00 88 -1.686
0.1 3.8 38
4.1 41 40.3
4.2 42
1.0 27.5 27.S
26.6 26,6 27.2
27.6 27.6
0.10 .± 0.5
1.00 .± 7
5.00 .± 18
10.00 .± 36
15.00 .± 50
20.00 .± 70
ScparewavelOHz 33.3
50 Hz 13.8
20 ICHz 11.6
D.C. U.8
COnstant Alternat,i.n9
CUrrent 0.1 manp 40.3
20.0 manp 25.3
16 volts 50 Hz 11.6
-373-
Power
supply
Sea water
:SPo
S T 1 18136137.4
C 197 0.38741 Vdc
U
CIs..
t C 199-0.24643 .Ad
o T 1 s..CI
S T 1 18130137.7
C 1'17 0.39741 V·"Jc .....
o+'
"'s::
CQ
C 199-0.24~91 .Ad
oT 1
S T I 18130138.0
C 197 0.38741 Vdc C 199-00.0003 .Ad
o T 1
S T 1 18136138.3
C 197 0.38841 Vdc C 199-0.000292 .Ad
oT 1
S T 1 18136138.6
C 197 0.389~3 Vdc C 199-0.0002q~ .Ad
oT 1
5 T 1 18.36.38.9
,
C 197 0.38863 Vdc
o T
C 199-0.000294 .Ad
Figure (9-2)1 3530 Orion data logger print out shoving the
electrode potential and the current betore
and after current interruption (beam MU605N
at 694.250 cycles).
-374-
_----1 Min.
5 10
o
Time after current interruption (minuts)
+'
....
Io-!
rUn.
.c 0.0
III -Ecorr 10 rUn.
ro4-
IIICJJ
....
u
+'CIl
C
~>
+'8
0-
p. 5
s..
~
'0
0
s..Cal
s..
0
o f
~
(')8
~o
ro4s..
Callo-! 10
0 5 10 15
Time after current interruption (minutes)
e
e
eo..
0.0 corr
+»
eo..
....
..c
(I)
r-4
....+»
ell
5
~
Q)-
+»c.l
ou
P-CI)
~ =e 10
o-
s..
+» s..
T
6.7
() s..
Q) 0
r-4 ()
c.l~
15 o 5 10 15
Time after current 1nterruption (m1nutes)
400
300
......
.:
e
+>
.,
c
--
'"'"
::l
0
200
...-10 HZ
,_ ....-
2 3 4 5
Applied voltage (volta)
Figure (9-6)1 A.C resistance measurement,applied voltage va. current
for dlfterent current treqenciea (sine-wave).
-376-
700 r---~--~--~--_r---r--~---,----~~
600
500
--..!
-e
....
c
400
t:
::s
300
u
200
100
9
Applied voltage (volts)
Figure (9-7): A.C resistance measurements;applied vol-
tage vs. current for different current
frequencies (square-wave).
35
"-1 Sine-wave
&--e Square-wave
..
......,,
u
~ 20
..
.-.- .._.
a:
10
10
Frequency (Hz)
F1gure (9-8): A.C measurements;!requency vs. resistance.
-377-
......
Cal
U
(I)
>
&
e
• ...
..• ...•... .........., ......,...
0
~ e
110" 0
CJ
~ e CJ
0
. ... • ...•
> '0
0
U 110 1Jo'O
4:
'0
C
...
'0
0..
I..
>
~ C,) CJ IQ
0
0. C
0.1-1 ~ c..
4: Cal
•
30 60
Time (sec.)
Figure (9-9): Schematic illustration of the !lactuation
ot the electrode potential upon the appl-
ication of 10Hz A.C voltage (sine and
square-wave forms).
600
700
600
-
4: 500
..
E
c
II
400
...::l
I..
U
300
200
100
13
11
--....
~
til
9
0
....>
C>
110 7
....~
III
0
> 5
"0
...
~"
Q.
Q. 3
cC
1
-1.0 -3.0 -5.0 -7'.0
Electrode potential volts (V SeE)
--
tal
U
U)
....> e -1.448
~ ........0
........• o
C>
C
....'"
...." "0
8. •
• ...........
>
"0
....e
()
0
g.
IQ
~~
M
"
tal
,60see.
-6.
Time (sec.)
Figure (9-12): Electrode potential immediate drop
upon the cut ott ot the applied
D.C voltage.
-379-
41
-•
~
u
C
35
III
.....,.,
+>
tI
a:
30
5 10 15 20 21
Applied constant current (mA)
Figure (9-13): Constant current techniqe;app11ed constant
current vs. resistance.
,... %80
c.l
u
(/)
!70
>
&
.... !60
.+>•...
C
tI
+> !50
8.
•
'0
0 !40
....s..u
.,
.... !30
"c:
....
tI
110
C
-.20
III
s:
u .10
5 10 15 20
0.0
Constant current (mA)
Figure (9-14): Constant current techniquel1mmed1ate change in
electrode potential upon cut off the applied
current at different levels.
-380-
...c
t!s..
:3C
UO
0.1 mA pk-pk
1 mA pk-pk
5 mA pk-pk
pk-pk
...c
es..
:3C
UO
15 mA pk-pk
20 mA pk-pk
Concrete
cover
1
Crack
~ 100 _--------------
...•.
c
011
..
011
s-
IlO
....Cs-
=' ......
..
~50
&
....C
o 50 100
Polarization potent1al(Eo) (%)
Applied potential (Ea\
10.1 Introduction.
10.2.1 General.
10.2.2 polarisation Measurements.
10.3.3 Instrumentation.
10.2.4 Test Procedure.
10.2.5 The Experimental Determination of Tafel
Slopes.
10.2.6 Factors Affecting Polarisation Measurements.
10.3 Results.
10.4 Discussion.
CHAPTER 10
10.1 Introduction.
10.2.1 General.
1
=
10.2.3 Instrumentation.
10.3 Results.
b. Uni-directional Tests.
Tafel Plots.
a. Dynamic Tests.
b. Static Tests.
Beam MU60NIY,
Beam MU60N8Y.
I zero 616,800
II 1% 45,600
III 2% 42,700
IV 3.5% 477,190
Total = ·1,182,290
Conductivity Measurements.
Polarisation Measurements.
Tapwater - Stage I.
Addition of Salt.
Beam 2TS: The beam was exposed to sea water for nearly
2 1/2 years without loading.
10.4 Discussion.
Accordingly:
= ...10.1
where •..10.2
t =
C = Capacitance
Re = Electrolyte resistance
•••10.3
i
E corr + ~E = •.•10.4
= 6Eimposed
= Eact corr
and
act •.•10.5
E corr
Accordingly
act i
E corr = E corr + 6E •.•10.6
act i
I corr > I corr
General.
- 434 -
influencing the corrosion rate. For specimens with low
moisture content, however, the measured Ecorr is also
sensitive to the location of
the reference electrode
during measurement. Grimaldi et al228 indicated that the
scatter in Ecorr for adjacent sections of one sample can
reach 233 mV. This characteristic is explainable in terms
of the properties of concrete which are not homogeneous
throughout the whole volume and which, therefore,
influence corrosion of steel heterogeneously. It is
evident, thus, that the measured potential of the
reinforcement relates to a rather narrow area of the steel
where localised corrosion occurs.
In fully immersed situations, the electrolyte has a
very much higher conductivity than the concrete and no
significant potential difference will be measurable at the
concrete surface, as the resistance path is short-
circuited by the electrolyte, although localised corrosion
is occurring.
Accordingly, in the present study, the measured Ecorr
at any given time was constant for the immersed portion of
the beam and independent on the location of the reference
electrode. This was the case for both kinds of solutions
(i.e. tapwater and chloride solution) despite the
considerable difference in their conductivities. Outside
the jacket, however, the Ecorr value showed dependency on
location as shown in Figures 10.26, 27 and 28 and this may
be attributed to differences in concrete resistivity as a
result of different degree of water saturation.
Tafel Plots.
Beam 2TS.·
Beam MU608N.
Fe =
Low pH I High pH
steel High CI- Low CI- steel
(anode) Low 02 High 02 (cathode)
Tests in Tapwater.
- -... --
0
c
0
II)
~
>.
~
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--
0
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0 --
I/')
M
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V)
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C'O
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0
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co
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c
z 0
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3:
~
z -=
0
II)
-
I.1.l
o•
- bO
-~
C ~ - - C.) bO
c
-.... -
C.)
be
c
- "0 -E
be
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~
C
"'0
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-464-
Taf'el constants
Bean nfl/decade Icorr Ecorr TInI!
Loading reg~ Envl rorment
(nfI)
NBCl ~
-
268- 176 46.2 1320 -501 4
Solution M.6OlN 244- 165 43 1190 -481 30
M.6OJ',j 268 174 46 920 -418 90
[)yananic M.6O~ 230 182 44 710 -362 150
Loading ~IY 198- 178 41 2500 -582 66
M.))(NN' 192 201 42.7 780 -433 108
I
M.6O"V 157 156 34 235 -279 150
MJ4O'JH 372 373 81 150 -006 150
Water MJ7o.'N 282 238 56 450 -415 4'1N
- 215 - 2600 -592 42.V + 1<N
- Not obtainable -572 4'1N + 4<N
~ ~
I I
&; ~
I I
~I
N
o
,..,
,..,
.. N
co
10
f"4
N
..
..
1"'4
..e--
0
1"'4
~ II')
o Q)
• .-4
• 0
:i rJ
..
••
o•
f"4
..
Q>
+J
o
Z
·
1"'4
I/)
o
o
.
10
1"'4
.
\0
co
\0
co · \0
co
. co
. .
\0
co
~
o
o
. ~
o · .... .
N
1"'4
\0
.... .. ..
M ..
••
I
M
i
~
-466-
NaCI
MJ60N70 4 56.61 15.2 71.81 0.212
solution
DynamiC MJ60lN 30 116.0 3.8 119.8 0.135
Loading "tJ603N 90 62.8 19.5 82.1 0.160
MJ605N 150 41.0 57.5 98.5 0.111
MJ60NIY 66 115.8 5.2 121.0 0.238
MJ60N8Y 108 51.6 7. 1 58.7 0.153
Tafel consunu
Beam Icorr Ecorr Time
mY/decade
Loading reslme
hlA) (mY SCE)
designation Ba Be B (yearl)
Current (llA)
Table 10.8: Sweep Rate and waiting Tine with respect to the E1ectroche:mical
Olara,cteristics of the Test Beams.
Beam i K Waiting
Environrrent
1), Re pplRe Time
Designation uA/an2 mv/min (min)
Potentiostat
A·E
~ ~R·E W.E "I-
Multi-
meter
l I - 1=1: 1
~Voltmeter
+
x-y RecOrder
c onnectlon to
r I/ r ebars
tlf A.E
I] II R.E .I
~
Concrete bealll
'= Solution jacket
~66r-------------------------------------------~
.....
U
1&1
~70
sweep
,
\ ®AnodiC step
en ~74
>
II .,- ..~ ..-.-
( i O)cathodie step
.<D:athodlc sweep
I I
~94u... __.j
-L___:; 8. _::i.-"
t)
~
\D
~
'tl
41
....r-4
0
0
.
I- -.-._..J __
.~-
--=2..
----t--
..
-=::.-----1"-- ~.:.:-=-- . ~--.-
~_
. 0. ~ __
.
~.~_\_~~
. \ .. _. .____:_ r.. _
_,
e
<0
41
o-r--
0-0
II)
\D
.
1----- ~.. --""" 0 .. ~'-'----~-'--'--+---"'-'-'--'-o ~~ J:l
~--- .. _'_n_' ~=--.=-s I--~---·~-:..--·--·----\:~-,-----.r------.:....·----~
0_--0_-11'1 III
(I)
'tl
II)
0
1.0
III
~- l.1l:'\ ..• --~.-.- - --.-. '" -- -- - •• - t· -~ --i > t:eo
~
r-4 +J
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eo
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<0
.J::-.-' """
~~.~'~--~"'~'~~~~~~~~~~"i"
~~~--~----~ IL.:..:..I.~ U rl
rT I .I.i.! ~.-.--.- U to >.
=
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>.
U
1.0
CI
>
r-4
...-f
.
~
<0
T T"-- -t-__ -_ __
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.__.\. +J bO
C
<0
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f--==~-===t-~ .-~__-
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-- - ~.-.-.-.-------.------ --~.--~\-_
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a.
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J:l
3
U
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f--......:..-"-----.-
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to
~---------+~---- '>E ---
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bO
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()
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tl~_-I
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s 0 8 48 8 8 8
.... 0 8
.... 8 8 8 8 8
+ '" N ....o
+ '" + • +
....
I
N
I I
4
I
In
I I
\D
+
ot'I
+ + '"• N
+ • 0 I
N
I '"I 4
I
In
I
\0
I
(.,n) .Ua.Lmj
II)
e
c
....+'o
III
....s...
N
III
~
e
20~ __ ~ ~ __ ~~ __ ~ ~ __ ~~ __ ~ ~ __ ~~ __ ~ __ ~
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Time (minute)
F1gure (10-7-a) : Beam MU605Nlettect ot load level (statically applied)
on the value ot R; obtained potent1ostat1cally after
2,168,700 cycle ••
...... 50
, Co
a: ....Max. load
., c.- -0 Min. load
,""
(.)
c ..._.Average load
III
+'
.....,
II)
.,s... 40
c R"p trom sweep sean IR-drop
....+'0 Max. load 31.42 4.36
III Min. load ·32.58 4-.49
....s...
N
Average load 32.51 4.59
~III
0
Q.,
30
26
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Time (minute)
n!W"e (10-7-b): Beam MU603N;etfeet ot load level (statically applied) on
the value ot R~ obtained potent1ostat1cally after
424,650 cycles.
-474-
+10
Ecorr- -255.6
+8
..... +4
>
E
+2
............
.c Ecorr
IQ
5 20 20 20
.,
.-4
........ -2
c
."
... -4
0
Cl.
-6 Time (minute).
-e
-10
-
-•
1a:.D.
u
c
80
....III 60
....•
;><: : :
Step
•f • • • scan
40
c
........
0
Sweep
.......•
N 20 • SQP.D
•
.-4
0
Cl.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
0 , 2 3
Scanning rate (mV/minute)
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
l'
Time (minute)
140
-
,0-
a: 120
•oc
...
til 100
....,
III
III
s.. eo
e
.......0
til
60
....s..
N
III
r-i
0
40
Q.,
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Scanning rate (mV/minute)
0 1 2 , 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Time (minute)
120
I-.....
a:
0-
100
"
o
C
....til eo
....
III
.,s..
III
60
e
........0
til 40
....s..
N
..
r-i
0 20
Q.,
o 2 I:) 8 10 12 14 1 16 20 22
Scanning rate (mV/minute)
o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 e 9 10 11
Time (minute)
.,
&:I-
~ ~
II
•
•.... .,.,s
.,.,
..., ..., ..
,...
.... ........"
&:l-
., ~ c:s
0
II
.,a ,g... •
0
....0 II
Q. II
....• ....u
II 'Pi
....
.,
0
~
0 u
• u '"Ei
'04 ~ >. .c >
8
.
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'g
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0
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0
0
u
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0
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.
CD
e
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0 '04 ~
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0
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c CD U"\ III C
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~. U
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u
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0
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bO
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s..
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0
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00. ....
u ,g III 0 M III -e
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0
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~ ~
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(vn> ~Ua.Lm:) UOlso.u0:l _.bO
fa.
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0.
c•
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'04
C. 0
c. .,a ,g...
....
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.... ....0.
0
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"t7
0
C
..
C
_.0
III
_.U
.c >
'04
:.
C.
S... '0•III
.+ ....0
<
... .
....a.--
0..,
c.S
.....
'Pi
'04
c
0
II
....0 .,
C
0
...
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'04
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~
GI
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.
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f::s
0
11"1
N
§ 8
11"1
bO
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fa.
~ ~
cvrl> ~Ua.Lm:) UOlSO.u0:l
-477-
8
...
1
I.
I...,
os::
....
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0
CD
CI
II
II
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..
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...
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II
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0
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CI
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...
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II
CI
s::
II
B
::t
~$
e
II
u
II
:J
s::
S
...
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.-4
B
0
..........
0-
-- II
>.
Il
z
o .t:t
U
It'I
0
II
II
II
II
II
B
...
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t::t .,0
.. ..
Po ........
II Po Po 0 :3
II
:.
U)
II
en
II
U)
.:t
...
.-4
II
II
::L
.,
B
u -e
.....
II
a .. 0
.c::
III
II II
III B
......
0
...
It'\
1
N 0
0-
f
..g,
r..
0
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1 i It'I
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Po
III
II
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.
-..
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0
as
" .,
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II)
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.-4 .. ..
Po
II
Po
II
II
.-4
II
0
0-
:s
s::
.-4
S
.... ... ....
II
E
.-4
.c:: >
... .,
0
II
100
II
.. ..
II
II) II U
>.
u
.-4
u c . .-4
:.
a C
U U II) >.
U
0
... 0- Il
... ......"
.-4 1+
..• '" u CD c
It'I
'8 8 +>
.:t
. .c:: CD
0
.
as 0
.....,...
....'0
.. ..
.:r It'\ U .-4 0
0 N .-4 +>
\0 C ~ .-4 e
N U < It'\ 0- \Q Po 0
-
.:t
U II - N
.t:t
.:t
.:t +>
.,
Po
Po
"
as
>
..... ...
"'.-4
II
U
0
Z
II
...
III
...
OPo.:r
U Po
CD
i!
N
0
II
...... ...
E -
.:r
I
...
0
0 0
0 8 8 0
~. 8r-- 8 8
... 8 8 8 .,...
0
... (]\ r--
'"
It'\
... (]\ r-- It'\
...r..g,
0-
,...
III -100
~ :y J!lCSOCIt
>
• '9 MU7OW1I
...• 0 MU6am
..•
~ • 1!I16aI7D
.a.
D MU601.
s:: -200 0 MU6O,.
• MU40,.
•. MU40",
• •• HL601.
..e•
'0
u
.....
-300
MU40N
ra:I
~60
2 6 B 10 12 14 16
Time (hours)
Fi!Ure (10-16)t Electrode potentia' variation with
time upon exposure to the solution
(before load appl1cation).
s'"
In
0
In
s 0 0 0 0 '"
0 0 '"
0 0 0
~ .:z .:z .:z \0 \0 \0
:3 \0
.....
III ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ::E:
...l
::E: J:
u -500
II) l1li Before loading
>
e c=J After 1 day of load ins
-400
... ,..
....
~III
s::
II
-300
r-
8. .
., -200
.....e
'tI
o
II
-100
III
0.0
J1 • 4 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 .:z
\0
I'- CD I'- I'- I'- I'- I'- CD
N .... N N N N N .....
Intended maximum ateel stress (N/mm2)
110
C
.
~
r-i
o
>.
()
.c
....
~
)
Q)
CII 10
II 10 III
r-i Q) .c
o r-i Co
>. u
() >.
o ~c
8
... 0 s..
s..
0\
.. 0
It"I 0
o
C\j .:r tz:I
0-
.:r 0\
~C
'"
II
+>
.... +> '"
Ql C
III
.... ~0
III +>
...
Z
0
Z
n
0
..
....
III
III
.:r \0 >
~ ~
e iii
.....
0\
III
II
III
Ql
....
I
III tIl
...
0
..,•c ~
• s
"eo~ i
...
.. >
.....
N
c
,....--,
0
":: ...
'"l"- ...
'"
N l"-
cD
c
..
••
S>
.....
;;
C
u
>.
..~
u
... ~ .t:
•
- .. + -r'
II
•
i
L...
+-.
+
-r
-; I-t-
...
C
.1'"
'r or
t
0
..
U
t-: ..t:. W
'''',-r' ~t=
I=- ~
':0 C
> ..
• .... , •
c0
.....u.. .. .. u
.. .....
.....
...
.....• .....
N
>.
II
...• ...u• 0 0
::"
u
~0
u
>.
U
>. ~ ~ ~ • • ~
u u u u u
...• ...• cD
,;
0
N 8 8
..... ~ 8 ... ...
Q Q
~
z
4
• .. ..
u
II) i
~
-480-
Figure (10-20): Variation in Eeorr in phase with cycling;beam MU70WN after 521,400 cycles.
00
,... o MR35W
r.:l.
t..l
(f)o o MR70W
> -100
e o MR75W
• MR46W
.c. MR75N
A MR70N
-600
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
No. of cycles X103
•
.
0.0
,...
r.:I
u -100 o IIJ405V
III
> • 'lI605V
B
• .us",
....., -200 • tlU'7OW
....
...
C
...
II
0
-300
~
II
"0
0
-400
..."
u
....
CL> -500
r.:I
-600
400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400
No. ot cycles X10 3
0.0
II II1II05K
-
r.:I
U
III
-100
C JIJ605K
• K170N
• IIU8,Jf
> -200 • tlU75Jf
B
....,
.......e -300
."..
0 -400
~
.,
"0
0
...
1-0
U
-500
....Cal" -600
-700
400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400
No. ot cycles X103
Figure (10-23): Un1-dreetional bending teats in chloride solution,
electrode potential vs. No. ot cycles.
-482-
-100
......
c.:I
u
-200
CI)
>
E
_,
....
ro4
....•
c
~
8. o MLIo03M
~ -500 ~MU405M
..'"
"CI
0
u
II
ro4
-600
o MlJ403M
o MlJ401M
c.:I
-700
0 200 600 1000 1400 1800 2200
No. of cycles X10'
Figure (10-24): Electrode potential vs. No. of cycles for 0.4fy_
chloride seri •••
-100
...... • ML603"
c.:I
U ~PIJ605"
CI)
• MU6Q3M
>a o "'6011f
....
ro4
.•...
c
"
0
Co
II
..'"
"CI
0
o -600
"
ro4
c.:I
-700
0 200 600 1000 1400 1800 2200
No. of cycles X10'
Figure (10-25)1 Electrode potential vs. No. Of cycles for O.6fy-
chloride seri •••
-483-
-250 i .__.
After 181,000 cycles
...... I o-~ After 426,500 cycles
Cal
u o
en -200
>
e
r-4
.......
II
e
.!! -300
8.
II
'0
o
."..
U ----
II
tj -400
I" Tank
..... -100
Cal
o
~ o
>
......
B
•
......
~ -200
e
....II
8.
e
'0
....eo -300
.,
r-4
Cal ..,_ Tank
-400~'_ ~ ~ ~ '_ ~ ~ __ ~
1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500
Distance from £ (rnm)
Figure (10-21): Beam MU403N;potential profIle alona the top of the beam
at the end of the test (1,280,000 cycles).
-484-
!! -300
e
o
.,
Q.
'0
e
.. -400
.,
CJ
rot
~
b.- --4--0.-
...---Tank
-500~~ ~ ~ +- ~ ~ ~ __~
1500 1000 500 500 1000 1500
Distance from t (mm)
Flgure (10-28): Beam MU603N;potentlal poflle along the top ot the beam
at ~ifferent No. of cycles.
-270
Ba • 208
-300
...... Bc • 144
Cal
u
CIl B • 37
>
Icorr • 510 fA
B
-350
.....,
r-4
....III
c
.
• I·" " •
•
0
•• •
Q.
.,
...,
'0
0
'-
CJ
r-4
Cal
10
Current (uA)
Figure (10-29)1 Tafel slopea,beam MU401N aiter 426,450 cycles.
-485-
-120
-150
.......
Cd
u Ba - 316
til
> Bc • 140
a
..... -200
B • 42
....... Icorr • 340 pi.
~ •
..." •• •
0 "
.,~~ • •
0
...r..
u
."..
Cd
-300
10
Current (pA)
-110
::l -150
u
til Ba • 261
>
a
Bc • 152
...! -200 B • 41,7
...~
... Icorr • 390 fA
. .. ...: .....•
4)
8-
"
...oe -250
"0
..."
Cd
-300
-330
10 102
Current <fA)
Figure (10-31): Tafel slopeslbeam MU405N after 2,132,150 cycles.
-486-
,...
0
0
co..
(1\
4
4
....,
~
\of
aa
Z
,...
0
,... \0
.. • !f
•
•
-- .,
<
:l.. ~
a
aa
0 ... .,
C
III
Q.
Qj 0
~ ~
10. III •
U
:s
~., ~., III
< , ,...
0
\of
II
e...
U
>.
u
4
4
C\I
In
,...
\0
'"'
4
0
,...
(1\
,...
-'"''"'
0
I
,...
•aa •u •
!:Q cr:l !:Q
10.
10. .,
10.
0
U
~~
H
ra.
,...
0
0
0
0
In
..:r
0
0
0
In a;
4 It\ In In
I I I I I
4
0
....
0
~
0
In
0
..
4
10.
...
Qj
'"'
II
~
z
'"'....
0 0
\0
•
2
..
a
-~
~
Qj
III
·0 ...c !.
•
Qj
~
10.
~., .,•
0
:s ~ Qj
u Qj ~
C\I o
1. 0
.... '"'e...
III >.
u
[8 \,()
N
e-
,...
C\I
0
\,()
..:r
0
C\I
'"',... -'"'
C\I
I
• •u • •~
=" cr:l IQ
H
10.
0
U
-.,
....
0
10.
~~
ra.
0 0
....
0
N In
..:r
8
In
0
In
In •
8
\0
0
In
\0
i I I I I I
·
'""
...
CO
N ·
....'"01
4H
III
Z
11"1
0
'""0 \C)
!f
-"
c(
~
e
CIS
,$l
I)
• ....e QI
P-
OI 0
s.. r-4
• • s..
:3
I)
•
I)
U ..... G
QI r-4
N 4H C,)
~ >-
0
1- .... III
C,)
0
'""
N
N
...
CO
N
4
4
. ...
0
t'-
-'""
11"1
I
• • •
III U s..
....
0
al al al s..
0 G
U s..
M ;::I
IX)
'"
c..
0 0
...
0
0
11"1
0
0
0
11"1 8 11"1 e-
N
I '""
I '"I" i i 4
I
4
0 0
.... 0
11"1
0
0-
·
N
....
s..
·
01
.........,
z
.....0 '""
0
.... \C)
!f
... -
c(
e
III
"
.••
,$l
~
..... III
QI
s:: P-
QI 0
•
U
'"
s..
;::I
r-4
I)
.....
I)
G
•
• N ...."III .....
C,)
~ >-
0
.... C,)
s ...
N
4
t'- \C)
4
1-
0
N
0-
-'""
4
0
I
....
•.. •u • •c.
al al ~ s..
0 "s.
M
U
....~
c..
0
s 0
0
0
It\ 8 0
11"1
0
0
N
I '""I '""I i "1 11"1
I
.,
"0
CII
.,
U
"0
<, 200
>
....
e
c
til
.,c
Be
0
u
~ 100
CI
'"'
CII
f-<
1 2 3 4 5
Time (months)
Figure (10-36): Chloride test~-0.4 iy series,
Tafel parameter vs. time.
300
"0
.,
CII
.,
U
200
"0
.........
> •
.... e;--- ·
EO
c
CII
•
.c,
0
u
100
~.,
'"'
CII
f-<
1 2 3
,. 5
T1me (months)
F1gure (10-37) : Chloride tests-0.6 £y series,
Tatel parameters vs. time.
-489-
+100
-
t&I
~
Ba - 372
>
Be • 373.5
a +50 B • 81
.....
r-4
+'
Icorr • 150 fA
C
"
+'
0
Ilo • • •
II
'Q
0
""
+'
U
"
r-4
t&I
-50
10
Current <pA}
Figure (10-38}a rafel slopes,beam MU405W after 2,188,100 cycles.
-170
-t&I
(,)
til
>
-200
Ba • 157
II B • 156
c
.....
r-4
B • 34
+'
+'
c
II
-250
Icorr • 235 JlA
8- •
•
'Q•
0 •
+'
U""
II
r-4
t&I
10
Current (pA)
.".
--
Figure (10-39}1 Tatel slopes,beam MU605W atter 2,182,750 cycles.
-490-
'"0,...
taO
....£:
.,
'C
0
rl
a.
...0 ....u
~.,
'0
I ~
a:
~ III
.
•
. ••• • ..;to
,...
:z:
r<'\
0
•
•
- .,
c(
~
~
B
Cl
~
C
...~
-
.Il
III
Cl
•
III
a. >.
r.. 0 «I
:3 rl '0
tJ III
0
rl 0\
Cl
r<'\ ~ r..
,...
0 «I 0
1. E-. \.4
-1,...
'0
Cl
+'
«I
r-.
....r-.
N
r-.
,... co ...
co
..••. III
c
~
a. •., •o
r<'\
'"
•r..
-....
0
..•
e
0 1%1 1%1 1%1 r..
u 0 Cl
r..
~u
C
;:, :3
....tIC
N
...
0 ""
0
8
C\I
0
.....I 8
...:t
8 0
0
0
0
r--
0
0
I I '"
I
\0
I I err
(l:)s AID) t'8nua.od ap0.l.oatl
..;t
,...
0
II
~
II
8.
"
Cl
III
>.
«I
'0
r<'\
'".
:z:
....
0 0
....
~
-~J B
•
taO
....
£:
+' II 'C .,
.• .
e II
er.. ., ....
a. 0
.• 0
rl
~
• .
•• •
:3
tJ ::s
.-4
~ os::
Cl
~
0
N
....
.
•
0
,... «I
E-4 :.
8 '"
...0
\0
•
0'1
'"
~
0
-1
0
•., •u • '"•...
C\I C\I
-......
0
1%1 1%1
1%1 ... 0 II
....u
....~
eo.
0
...
0
0
...
IX) 8
N '"
N
8
r<'\
0
'"
r<'\
0
0
I I I I
• 1
(3:)s AID) tVl.ua•od .po.:.oet3
-491-
-Cz:I
u
en
> Ba • 268
e
Be • 150
B • 42
•
Icorr • 362 pA
• • . • • •
• ••••
•
•• •
• •
10 10
Current (pA)
-170
-
:.:I
u
:J)
-200
B
a
• 199
>
e Be • 147
..
r-4
«I
....s:
-250
,. •
B • 31
Icorr • 320 pA
....II •
8.
II -300
'C
0
....s..
U
II
r-4
Cz:I
-350
-390
10
Current (pA)
800
-
-c
~
._
...
I: 600
II
r...
r...
;s
u
c:: • MU401N
....0.,
0
• MU405N
r.. 400
r.. o MU403N
0
o A MIA03N (static)
200~--'_------~--------,_------~--------~------~~
200 600 1000 1400 1800 2200
No. of cycles X10'
Figure (10-44): Chloride tests-0.4fY series.corrosion current vs.
No. of cycles (potentiodynamic measurement).
'~OO
o MU601N
o MU603N
• MU605N
-
....:
::1.
....,
A ML603N
. (static)
...
C
2000
41
r..
r...
::I
u
C
....0.,
0
r... 1000
r..
0
u
L-------4~00L-----~8~00~--------1~2~00=-------~1~6~00~------~200~0~---~2~4oo
NO. of cycles X10'
FIgure (10-45): Chloride teat-0.6fy aeries,corroalon current vs.
No. or cycles (potentiodynamic measurement).
-493-
700
...
C
GI
t 500
='
u
g 400
....
III
o
to 300
u
200
100~ __ ~ _. ._ ~ ~ ~ __ ~
200 600 1000 1400 1800 2200
No. ot cycles X103
Figure (10-46): Tapwater test-O;6ty ,corrosion current vs. No. of
cycles for beam MU605W (potentiodynamic measurt).
900
._. MU405N
800
......
<
0--0MU403N
....MU401N •
700 0-0 ML403N
~
...
C o •••
GI 600
r.. o
r..
='
u
[J
o
e 500 000
.....,
0 o
08
0
r..
r.. 400 o
0
o
300
•
200
150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Electrode potential (mV SeE)
3000
•
•
• •
....-
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..:
-=- 2000 o
~ o
s:: o
41 o 0
So.
So.
;:I
()
e
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es.-
III
1000
o ._. MU605N
u
0-0 MU603N
_ MU601N
0-0 ML603N
0.00 L- ~ ~ L_ ~ ~ ~ __ ~
-
<
-=-- 2000
....s::
fs.-
:l
CJ
e
....o.,
e
So.
1000
o
u
O.OO·L- ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ __ ~
-200 -250 -300 -350 _400 _450 _500
Electrode potential (mV SeE)
800
700
<
:;20,.
•
....c 600
tI
•
s..
s..
=' 500
o
e
...
0
•
0
II
400
• •
s..
s..
0
• • •
u
300
200
150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Electrode potentIal (mV SeE)
FI~re (10-50): Tapwater test;corrosion current vs. electrode pot-
entIal (beam MU605W).
12
o-.~ After 5 days exposure wIth no load
10 "-1 After 27,150 cycles
.....
t.:I
.-. After 372,600 cycles
U
CI) 8
>
e
6
...........
..c
II
4
.....,
...
+'
s:: 2
•
+'
tf
Ecorr
-2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Time (minute)
Figure (10-51): Ecorr recovery after anodIc potentiodynamic
sweep at different stages of test (beam
MU401N).
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ex:
Ecorr
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200 400 600 800 1000 1200
No. of cycles X10'
FIgure (10-65) : Beam MU70WNrthe variation ot electrode potentIal and
deflection range with No. ot cyclea.
...
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-750..
••
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Current (pA)
Figure (10-68): Tafel slopes,beam MU70WN after 1,182,290
cycles in '.5% NaCL solution.
-505-
\0
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C\J
\-4
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0
tI
til
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as
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900
1. 800
...,
c
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a
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u
__ - -- --- -- -- - Icorr from back extrapolation
400
300~--~----~--~~--~--~~--~--~~--~~--~--~~--~
2 4 6 (1 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Scanning rate (mV/min.)
Figure (10-72): Corrosion current variation with scanr.ing rate;
beam MU70WN after 595,500 cycles.
-507-
,-..
>
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Figure ( 0-88): Methods of measuring polarization resistance R'p from
over-voltage-current curves (Ref.105).
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FIgure (10-93): Tafel slopes.beam MU608N (usIng the new
potentiostat and higher-area auxIliary
electrode).
Possibly
Predictable
f Potential difference of
steel bars at macrocel
bD
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distance --- -
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o rate
H
s::
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Time
Figure (10-95): Schematic illustration of the possible
interplay between the corrosion rate
at crack site and the potential dif-
ference along the steel bars at mac-
rocell distance.
- 523 -
a) General view
CHAPTER 11
11.1 Introduction
11.3 Instrumentation
11.4 Results
11.5 Discussion
11.6 Conclusion
11.7 References
- 526 -
CHAPTER 11
11.1 Introduction.
11.3 Instrumentation.
11.4 Results.
11.5 Discussion.
11.6 Snmmary •.
---_...._-_._-----------------_._-- .._--
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Sampling time (second)
Figure (11-8): Change in S.D with sampling time.
-549-
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No. of cycles X10'
Figure (11-9): Corrosion current and standard deviation obtained
after difterent sampling time va. No. of cycles
(beam MU60N8Y).
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3000
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-400
-350
-300
9.5 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.3
(MU60N8Y)
6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0
Standard deviation ()lV) (MU60N7D)
Figure (11-14): Ecorr VS. standard deviation (after 2000 sec.) tor
beams MU60N8Y and MU60N7D.
- 552 -
CHAPTER 12
GENERAL DISCUSSION
12.1 Introduction.
CHAPTER 12
GENERAL DISCUSSION
12.1 Introduction.
1. Locations of
shear links, where concrete cover, is
clearly lower than that to the main bars, present a
potential sites for crack initiation at the concrete
surface.
A, AI J
Temporarily exposed Permanently exposed iermanently exposed
steel area under area under min load area under min load
IllaX load before the formation after the formation
of blocking of blocking
materials materials
e-
o 50-100;(10' 3oo-800X10'
No. of cycles
in air
8
....
formation of blocking
(seawater)
Late tormatio
of blocking Test in air
----
enviroment
o.o~-+------------------------------------~
No. ot cycles to failure
.........
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CHAPTER 13
13.1 General.
CHAPTER 13
13.1 General.
Concrete Resistance.
Corrosion Process.
- aggressive environment
- high potential difference between cracked and
uncracked area
- efficient cathodic supply and low cover
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
F = 0 leads to
· •• 1
x • •• 2
= fS• ----
220 - x
250 - x • •• 3
f'c = f" c
220 - x
- 595 -
where fn c = 1 N/mm2
fs'x 2 .b • •• 4
=
2(220 - x)
• •• 5
x (mm) M (KNm)
50 787 25.72
51 571 18.80
57 199 6.93
60 144 5.20
p = 2 M ... 6
Deflection Calculation.
• •• 7
1 • •• 8
a =
a2
K = 0.125
6
1
where a = -L = 0.357.
-598-
~. 150 -I
0
T T
0
N
N
ot\
N N ~------~----------------~------ A
Stress in c:oncre
•
.s:. • 1 N/mII12.f~
1 1
vAs
t'e
Strain Streu
32 600 ~'------------rT------------------------------------------'
28 700
24 600
20 (\4
..... 500
I
•.
...... <,
z:
....••
z 16
..•
.....
.lC
c:
.400
Lo
• ...
i 12
..
: 300
III
8 200
100
0.0 L-------------~--------------r_------------_r------------~
50 55 60
N.A depth
Figure (A-2)I Moment,steel stress relat10nship with N.A depth.
P !
100
• 4
1000 800 1000
.
100
~
APPENDIX B
= C02 (aq) · .. 1. B
= • •• 2. B
= • •• 3. B
• •• 4. B
= ie.
... 5. B
a(HC0 )- x aH+
3 = =
aH2C03
a(HC03)- =
A value for aH CO
2
*
3
can be obtained from a
consideration of the C02 dissolution equilibria from
Reactionl·B:
aC02 (aq)
=
aC02 (g)
hence, = =
and 10-11.3
= =
or
- log 10 [aHC03- ] = 11 .3 - pH • •• 6. B
10-10.3 x aHCO -
aCO 2-
3
= 3
10-10•3 10-11.3
= x
or
• •• 7. B
Dissolution of Ca(OH)2
= = 0.76
3 5.01 x 10-6
= = 1. 93 x 10-2
0.31 x 4 x 0.752
a(OH)- =
3/ 5.01 x 10-6
= 2.89 x 10-2
1.93 x 10-2 x 0.31
hence,
= = 34.6 x 10-4
2.89 x 10-2
and pH = 12.46
21.6 - 17 = 4.6
= 2.51 x 10-5
= 4.84 x 10-7