Anda di halaman 1dari 66

ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

Abstract

We focus on the free and forced vibration characteristic of cantilever beam. All bodies
having mass and elasticity are capable of vibration. The structures designed to support the
heavy load carrying beams are subjected to vibration, so many failure are occurred due to
excess vibrations in machines are any other field like beams etc.

The repetitive motion is called as vibration. The material is in elastic nature, external
excitation and wind are those main reasons of occurring vibration and it is both useful and
harmful for engineering system. So that we measuring the vibration to reduce it or control it.
The objective of the study is to find natural frequency of free vibration and harmonic
frequency of forced vibration of cantilever beam with changing the material, length, cross
section area and load. All theoretical values are compared with ANSYS values, also finding
the % of error between them.

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 1
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1. Beams:

A beam is a structural member of machine used for carrying loads. It is typically used
for resisting vertical loads shear force and bending moment.

1.1.1. Types of beams:

1. Based on geometry
a) Straight beam
b) Curved beam
c) Tapered beam
2. Based on the shape of cross section
a) I-beam
b) T-beam
c) C-beam
3. Based on the types of support
a) Simply supported beam
b) Cantilever beam
c) Over hanging beam
d) Continuous beam
e) Fixed beam

1.1.2. Cantilever Beam:

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 2
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

Definition: A cantilever beam is fixed at one end and free at other end.

The cantilever beam is most common type of beam. It is widely used for different
field like construct truss, slab, cranes, machine tools and bridges etc. in cantilever beam one
end is fixed rigidly and other end is free. Cantilever beam carries point load or uniform
distributed load at any point on beam. It is carried the load to the support, where it is the force
against by a moment and shear stresses

Consider a cantilever beam one end is fixed another end is free. Having length of
beam ‘L’, width ‘W’ and thickness of beam is ‘T’.

Let,

Cross sectional area (A) = (bxd)….…m^2

Moment of inertia (I) = (bd^3/12)…..m^4

E= Young’s modulus of beam material

Y(x) = Deflection of beam

For a cantilever beam subjected to free vibration and system considered as continuous
system. In which the beam mass is considered as distributed along with the stiffness of the
shaft. The equation can be write as,

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 3
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

1.1.3 Euler’s Bernoulli beam theory:

Euler’s Bernoulli beam theory is also known as engineers beam theory. His
modified a equation for cantilever beam subjected to free vibration.

Following are the boundary condition for a cantilever beam

1.2. Vibration:

Any motion which repeats itself after a fixed interval of time is called as vibration OR
oscillation. The swinging of a pendulum and a motion of bulked strings are typical examples
of vibration. The theory of vibration deals with the study of oscillatory motion of bodies and
the forces associated with them.

1.2.1 Terminologies:

 Periodic motion: A motion which repeats itself after equal intervals of time.
 Time period: It is time taken to complete one cycle.
 Frequency: Number of cycles completed in unit time.
 Simple harmonic motion: A periodic motion of a particle whose acceleration is
always directed towards the mean position and is proportional to its distance from the
mean position.
 Amplitude: The maximum displacement of a vibrating body from its mean position.

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 4
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

 Natural Frequency: The frequency of the free vibration of the system. It is constant
for a given system.
 Resonance: The vibration of the system, when the frequency of the external force is
equal to the natural frequency of the system, the amplitude of the vibration at
resonance becomes excessive.
 Damping: Resistance to the motion of the vibrating body.
 Degree of Freedom: The number of independent coordinates required to specify
complete configuration of the system at any instant.
1.2.2 Classification of Vibration:

1. Free Vibration
2. Forced Vibration
3. Linear and Non-linear vibration
4. Damped and Un-damped vibration
5. Deterministic and random vibration
6. Longitudinal, Transverse and Torsional vibration
7. Transient vibration

Free vibration: After giving the initial excitation to the system, the external excitation is
removed, then the system vibrates on its own, this type of vibration is known as free
vibration. The simple pendulum is one of the examples of the free vibration of a system,
because of its own elastic property and no external exciting force acts in this case

Forced Vibration: If a system is subjected to an external force the resulting vibration is


known as forced vibration. The oscillations that arise in machines such as diesel engines is an
example of forced vibration.

CHAPTER 2: Literature Survey

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 5
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

An exact invention of the beam was first studied in terms of general elasticity
equations by Pochhammer (1876) and chree (1889). They deduced the equations that
described a vibration of a solid cylinder. However, it is impractical to solve the full problem
because it results in more information than actually needed in applications. Therefore,
approximates solutions for transverse displacements are adequate. The beam theories under
consideration all generate the transverse displacement equations as a solution.

It was documented by the early investigators that the bending effect is the single most
important factor in a transversely vibrating beam. The Euler Bernoulli model takes into
account the strain energy due to the bending effect and the kinetic energy due to the lateral
displacement. The Euler Bernoulli beam theory, sometimes called the classical beam theory,
Euler beam theory, Bernoulli beam theory or Bernoulli and Euler beam theory, is the most
commonly used because it is simple and provides realistic engineering approximations for
many problems. However Euler Bernoulli model slightly overestimate the natural frequency.

The finite element method devised from the need of solving complex elasticity and
structural analysis equations in engineering. Its improvement could be traced back to the
work by Alexander Hrennikoff (1941) and Richard Courant (1942). While the approach used
by these pioneers is different, they all stick to one essential characteristic: mesh discretization
of a continuous domain into a set of discrete subdomains, usual called elements. Starting in
1947, Olgierd Sienkiewicz from imperial college collected those methods together into what
is called finite element method, building the revolutionary mathematical formalism of the
method.

Vibration analysis of beam analyses the vibration characteristics of beam. All real
physical structures, when subjected to loads or displacements, behave dynamically. The
additional inertia forces from Newton second law, there are equal to the mass times the
acceleration. If the loads or displacements are applied very slowly then the inertia forces can
be neglected and a static load analysis can be justified. Hence, dynamic analysis is a simple
extension of static analysis. Many developments have been carried out in order to try to
quantify the effects produced by dynamic loading. Examples of structures where it is
particularly important to consider dynamic loading effects are the construction of machines,
long bridges under the wind loading etc

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 6
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

Typical situations where it is necessary to consider more precisely the response


produced by dynamic loading are vibrations due to equipment or machinery, impact load
produced by traffic, snatch loading of cranes, impulsive load produced by blasts, earthquakes
or explosions. So it is very important to study the dynamic nature of structure.

The natural frequencies of free theory in vibration analysis of beams by using a third
order shear deformation theory in this study, free vibrations of beams with a boundary
conditions is analysised within the framework of the third order shear deformation theory. To
apply the Lagrange’s equations, trial functions denoting the deflections and rotations of the
cross section of the beam are expressed in polynomial form. Using Lagrange’s equations, the
problem is reduced to the solution of a system of algebraic equations.

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 7
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

CHAPTER 3: ANSYS

ANSYS, Inc. is an engineering simulation software (computer aided engineering, or


CAE) developer that is headquartered south of Pittsburgh in the south point business park in
Cecil Township, Pennsylvania, United States.

ANSYS offers engineering simulation solution sets in engineering simulation that a


design process requires. Companies in a wide variety of industries used ANSYS software.
The tools put a virtual product through a rigorous testing procedure such as crashing car into
a brick wall, or running for several years on a tarmac road before it becomes a physical
object.

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 8
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

CHAPTER 4: OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this experiment is to determine the natural frequency and harmonic
frequency of cantilever beam.

Vibration is the periodic motion of a body or system of connected bodies displaced


from position of equilibrium in general there are two types of vibration free and forced
vibration. Free vibration is maintained by gravitational or elastic restoring force. Forced
vibration is caused by an external periodic or intermittent force applied to the system.
Basically is a system that is subjected to an initial disturbance and is left to vibrate on its own
the subsequent vibration is known as free vibration. Vibration without damping would result
in a continuous vibration of a particular oscillatory body, As a matter of fact it will produce
displacement time graph. This graph is commonly referred to as the simple harmonic motion.

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 9
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS OF FREE VIBRATION ON


CANTILEVER BEAM BY ANALYTICALLY AND ANSYS

CASE STATEMENT: Comparative vibration analysis of cantilever beam under free


vibration. The excitation frequency for different mode shapes will find out by analytically
and FEA analysis.

5.1. TYPE OF CASE: Keeping all dimensions constant and varying length
of bar.

5.1.1. CASE 01:

Beam Dimensions

Width:-50mm

Depth:-40mm
Length:-500mm
Material used:-Mild steel
E=210GPa
Density=7860kg/
Poisson ratio=0.3
Theoretical calculation
Moment of Inertia = ==
Natural Frequency at Different Nodes.
At Node 01:

= 3.52*

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 10
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

= 840.42rad/sec
= 133.75Hz.
At Node 02:

=22*
= 5252.63Rad/sec.
= 835.98 Hz.
At Node 03:

=61.7*
= 14731.26 Rad/sec
= 2344.55 Hz.

FEA ANALYSIS:

Figure5.1.1.1. ANSYS software Result at different modes shapes

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 11
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

Natural frequencies and displacement at different mode shapes of case 1

Figure5.1.1.2 Displacement and natural frequency at mode shape 1

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 12
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

Figure5.1.1.3 Displacement and natural frequency at mode shape 2

Figure5.1.1.3 Displacement and natural frequency at mode shape 3

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 13
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

5.1.2. CASE 02:

Beam Dimensions
Width:-50mm

Depth:-40mm
Length:-700mm
Material used:-Mild steel
E=210GPa
Density=7860kg/
Poisson ratio=0.3
Theoretical calculation
Moment of Inertia = ==

Natural Frequency at Different Nodes.


At Node 01:

= 3.52*
= 428.78 rad/sec
=68.24Hz.
At Node 02:

=22*
= 2679.90 Rad/sec.
= 426.52 Hz.
At Node 03:

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 14
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

=61.7*
= 7515.94 Rad/sec
= 1196.20 Hz.

FEA ANALYSIS:-

Figure5.1.2.1. ANSYS software Result at different mode shapes

Figure5.1.2.2 Displacement and natural frequency at mode 1

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 15
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

Figure5.1.2.3 Displacement and natural frequency at mode 2

Figure 5.1.2.4 Displacement and natural frequency at mode 3

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 16
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

5.1.3. CASE 03

Beam Dimensions
Width:-50mm

Depth:-40mm
Length:-1000mm
Material used:-Mild steel
E=210GPa
Density=7860kg/
Poisson ratio=0.3
Theoretical calculation
Moment of Inertia = ==
Natural Frequency at Different Nodes.
At Node 01:

= 3.52*
= 210.07rad/sec
= 33.42 Hz.
At Node 02:

=22*0.
= 1313.08 Rad/sec.
= 208.98 Hz.
At Node 03:

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 17
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

=61.7*
= 3682.56 Rad/sec
= 586.09 Hz.
FEA ANALYSIS:-

Figure5.1.3.1. ANSYS software Result at different modes shapes

Figure5.1.3.2 Displacement and natural frequency at mode 1

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 18
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

Figure5.1.3.3 Displacement and natural frequency at mode 2

Figure5.1.3.4 Displacement and natural frequency at mode 3

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 19
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

RESULT OUT PUT:- Table no: 5.1

Problem Material used: Area Length in Hz in Hz in Hz %


no Mild steel in in m Error

01 Theoretical value 2* 500 133.75 835.98 2344.5 0.97


ANSYS value 133.43 830.20 5
2297.4

02 Theoretical value 2* 700 68.24 426.52 1196.20 0.50


ANSYS value 68.11 425.29 1183.70

03 Theoretical value 2* 1000 33.42 208.98 586.09 0.21


ANSYS value 33.38 208.87 583.23

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 20
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

5.2. CASE TYPE 02:-keeping all dimensions constant and varying cross section of bar.

5.2.1. CASE 01:

Beam Dimensions

Width:-50mm

Depth:-40mm
Length:-1000mm
Material used:-Mild steel
E=210GPa
Density=7860kg/
Poisson ratio=0.3
Theoretical calculation
Moment of Inertia = ==
Natural Frequency at Different Nodes.
At Node 01:

= 3.52*
= 210.10rad/sec
= 33.43 Hz.
At Node 02:

= 22*

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 21
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

= 1313.15 Rad/sec.
= 208.99 Hz.
At Node 03:

= 61.7*
= 3682.81Rad/sec
= 586.13 Hz.
FEA ANALYSIS:-

Figure5.2.1.1. ANSYS software Result at different modes shapes

Figure5.2.1.2 Displacement and natural frequency at mode 1


JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
BELGAUM Page 22
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

Figure5.2.1.3 Displacement and natural frequency at mode 2

Figure5.2.1.4 Displacement and natural frequency at mode 3

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 23
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

5.2.2. CASE 02:

Beam Dimensions
Width:-80mm

Depth:-60mm
Length:-1000mm
Material used:-Mild steel
E=210GPa
Density=7860kg/
Poisson ratio=0.3
Theoretical calculation
Moment of Inertia = ==

Natural Frequency at Different Nodes.


At Node 01:

= 3.52*
= 315.13 rad/sec
= 50.12 Hz.
At Node 02:

= 22*
= 1969.61 Rad/sec.
= 313.47 Hz.

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 24
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

At Node 03:

= 61.7*
= 5523.87 Rad/sec
= 879.15 Hz.
FEA ANALYSIS:-

Figure5.2.2.1 ANSYS software Result at different modes

Figure 5.2.2.2 Displacement and natural frequency at mode 1

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 25
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

Figure 5.2.2.3 Displacement and natural frequency at mode 2

Figure 5.2.2.4 Displacement and natural frequency at mode 3

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 26
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

5.2.3. CASE 03:

Beam Dimensions
Width:-100mm

Depth:-80mm
Length:-1000mm
Material used:-Mild steel
E=210GPa
Density=7860kg/
Poisson ratio=0.3
Theoretical calculation
Moment of Inertia = ==
Natural Frequency at Different Nodes.
At Node 01:

= 3.52*
= 420.20 rad/sec
=66.87 Hz.
At Node 02:

= 22*
= 2626.14 Rad/sec.
= 417.96 Hz.
At Node 03:

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 27
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

= 61.7*
= 7365.12 Rad/sec
= 1172.19 Hz.
FEA ANALYSIS:

Figure5.2.3.1 ANSYS software Result at different mode shapes

Figure 5.2.3.2 Displacement and natural frequency at mode 1

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 28
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

Figure 5.2.3.3 Displacement and natural frequency at mode 2

Figure 5.2.3.4 Displacement and natural frequency at mode 3

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 29
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

RESULT OUT PUT : Table no: 5.2

Problem Material used: Area Length in Hz in Hz in Hz Mean


no Mild steel in in m %
Error
01 Theoretical 2* 1 33.43 208.99 586.13 0.37
value 33.38 208.87 583.23
ANSYS value
02 Theoretical 2* 1 50.15 313.47 879.15 0.77
value 50.6 312.46 869.31
ANSYS value
03 Theoretical 2* 1 66.87 417.96 1172.19 0.96
value 66.71 415.06 1149.0
ANSYS value

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 30
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

5.3. CASE 03:-keeping all dimensions constant and Changing the material of bar.
5.3.1. CASE 01:

Beam Dimensions

Width:-50mm

Depth:-40mm
Length:-1000mm
Material used:-mild steel
E=210GPa
Density=7860 kg/
Poisson ratio=0.3
Theoretical calculation
Moment of Inertia = ==
Natural Frequency at Different Nodes.
At Node 01:

= 3.52*
= 210.10 rad/sec
= 33.43 Hz.
At Node 02:

= 22*
= 1313.19 Rad/sec.
= 208.99 Hz.

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 31
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

At Node 03:

= 61.7*
= 3682.811 Rad/sec
= 586.137 Hz.
FEA ANALYSIS :-

Figure5.3.1.1 ANSYS software Result at different modes

Figure 5.3.1.2 Displacement and natural frequency at mode 1

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 32
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

Figure 5.3.1.3 Displacement and natural frequency at mode 2

Figure5.3.1.4 Displacement and natural frequency at mode 3

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 33
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

5.3.2. CASE 02:

Beam Dimensions
Width:-50mm

Depth:-40mm
Length:-1000mm
Material used:-ALUMINIUM
E=70GPa
Density=2640kg/
Poisson ratio=0.3
Theoretical calculation
Moment of Inertia = ==
Natural Frequency at Different Nodes.
At Node 01:

= 3.52*
= 209.38 rad/sec
=33.31 Hz.
At Node 02:

= 22*
= 1308.17 Rad/sec.
= 208.20 Hz.

At Node 03:

= 61.7*
= 3668.83 Rad/sec

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 34
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

= 583.91 Hz.
FEA ANALYSIS :-

Figure5.3.2.1. ANSYS software Result at different modes shapes

Figure 5.3.2.2 Displacement and natural frequency at mode 1

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 35
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

Figure 5.3.2.3 Displacement and natural frequency at mode 2

Figure 5.3.2.4 Displacement and natural frequency at mode 3

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 36
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

5.3.3. CASE 03:

Beam Dimensions

Width:-50mm

Depth:-40mm
Length:-1000mm
Material used:-cast iron
E=110GPa
Density=7400 kg/
Poisson ratio=0.26
Theoretical calculation
Moment of Inertia = ==
Natural Frequency at Different Nodes.
At Node 01:

= 3.52*
= 156.71 rad/sec
= 24.94 Hz.
At Node 02:

= 22*
= 979.48 Rad/sec.
= 155.88 Hz.

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 37
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

At Node 03:

= 61.7*
= 2747.0 Rad/sec
= 437.19 Hz.
FEA ANALYSIS:-

Figure5.3.3.1 ANSYS software Result at different mode shapes

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 38
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

Figure5.3.3.2 Displacement and natural frequency at mode 1

Figure5.3.3.3 Displacement and natural frequency at mode 2

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 39
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

Figure 5.3.3.4 Displacement and natural frequency at mode 3

RESULT OUT PUT OF: Table no: 5.3

Problem Material Results Area Lengt in Hz in Hz in Hz


Mean
no used: in h in m %
Error
01 Aluminu Theoretical 2* 1 33.31 208.20 583.91 0.24
m value
ANSYS 33.26 208.07 580.87
value
02 Cast iron Theoretical 2* 1 24.94 155.88 437.19 0.23
value
ANSYS 24.90 155.79 434.92
value
03 Mild steel Theoretical 2* 1 33.43 208.99 586.13 0.18
value
ANSYS 33.48 208.86 583.86
value

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 40
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

CHAPTER 6: ANALYSIS OF FORCED VIBRATION ON


CANTILEVER BEAM BY ANSYS
CASE STATEMENT:- Vibration analysis of cantilever beam under forced
vibration. The excitation frequency will find out by FEA analysis only.

6.1. TYPE OF CASE 01:-keeping all dimensions constant and varying length of bar.

6.1.1. CASE 01:

Beam Dimensions

Width:-50mm, Load=1000N

Depth:-40mm
Length:-500mm
Material used:-Mild steel
E=210GPa
Density=7860 kg/
Poisson ratio=0.303

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 41
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

FEA Analysis result:

Figure6.1.1.1 ANSYS software Result at different mode shapes

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 42
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

6.1.2. CASE 02:

Beam Dimensions

Width:-50mm, Load=1000N

Depth:-40mm
Length:-700mm
Material used:-Mild steel
E=210GPa
Density=7860 kg/
Poisson ratio=0.3
FEA Analysis:-

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 43
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

Figure6.1.2.1 ANSYS software Result at different modes

6.1.3. CASE 03:

Beam Dimensions

Width:-50mm, Load=1000N

Depth:-40mm
Length:-1000mm
Material used:-Mild steel
E=210GPa
Density=7860 kg/
Poisson ratio=0.3

FEA Analysis:-

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 44
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

Figure6.1. 3.1 ANSYS software Result at different modes


RESULT OUT PUT:- Table no: 6.1

Problem Material Area Length in Hz in Hz in Hz


no used: in in mm
Mild steel

01 ANSYS value 500 20.69 132.10 -----

2x

02 ANSYS value 700 11.14 68.43 187.80

2x

03 ANSYS value 1000 4.77 33.42 92.30

2x

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 45
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

6.2. TYPE OF CASE 02:-keeping all dimensions constant and varying Cross section of
bar.

6.2.1. CASE 01:

Beam Dimensions

Width:-50mm, Load=1000N

Depth:-40mm

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 46
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

Length:-1000mm
Material used:-mild steel
E=210GPa
Density=7860 kg/
Poisson ratio=0.303

FEA Analysis:-

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 47
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

Figure 6.2.1.1 ANSYS software Result at different modes

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 48
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

6.2.2 CASE 02:

Beam Dimensions

Width:-80mm, Load=1000N

Depth:-80mm
Length:-1000mm
Material used:-mild steel
E=210GPa
Density=7860 kg/
Poisson ratio=0.303

FEA Analysis:-

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 49
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

Figure6.2. 2.1 ANSYS software Result at different modes

6.2.3. CASE 03:

Beam Dimensions

Width:-100mm, Load=1000N

Depth:-80mm
Length:-1000mm
Material used:-mild steel
E=210GPa
Density=7860 kg/
Poisson ratio=0.303

FEA Analysis:-

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 50
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

Figure6.2. 3.1 ANSYS software Result at different modes

RESULT OUT PUT:- Table no: 6.2

Problem Material Area in Length in Hz in Hz in Hz


no used: in mm
Mild steel

01 ANSYS value 1000 4.77 33.42 92.30

2x

02 ANSYS value 1000 7.95 49.33 138.46

4.8x

03 ANSYS value 1000 11.14 66.84 183.02

8x

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 51
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

6.3. TYPE OF CASE 03:-keeping all dimensions constant and varying The load of bar.

6.3.1. CASE 01

Beam Dimensions

Width:-50mm, Load=800N

Depth:-40mm
Length:-1000mm

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 52
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

Material used:-Mild steel


E=210GPa
Density=7860 kg/
Poisson ratio=0.303

FEA Analysis:-

Figure 6.3.1.1 ANSYS software Result at different modes

6.3.2. CASE 02:

Beam Dimensions

Width:-50mm, Load=1000N

Depth:-40mm
Length:-1000mm
JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
BELGAUM Page 53
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

Material used:-Copper
E=210GPa
Density=7860 kg/
Poisson ratio=0.303
FEA Analysis:-

Figure6.3. 2.1 ANSYS software Result at different modes

6.3.3. CASE 03:

Beam Dimensions

Width:-50mm, Load=1200N

Depth:-40mm

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 54
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

Length:-1000mm
Material used:-Cast iron
E=210GPa
Density=7860 kg/
Poisson ratio=0.303
FEA Analysis:-

Figure 6.3.3.1 ANSYS software Result at different modes

RESULT OUT PUT:- Table no: 6.3

Problem Material Area Load Lengt in Hz in Hz in Hz


no used: in In h in
Mild steel N mm

01 ANSYS value 800 1000 4.77 19.09 92.30

2x

02 ANSYS value 1000 1000 4.77 19.09 92.30

2x

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 55
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

03 ANSYS value 1200 1000 4.77 19.09 92.30

2x

6.4. TYPE OF CASE 04:-keeping all dimensions constant and different materials of bar.

6.4.1. CASE 01:

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 56
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

Beam Dimensions

Width:-50mm, Load=1000N

Depth:-40mm
Length:-1000mm
Material used:-Mild steel
E=210GPa
Density=7860 kg/
Poisson ratio=0.303
FEA Analysis:-

Figure 6.4.1.1 ANSYS software result at modes

6.4.2. CASE 02:

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 57
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

Beam Dimensions

Width:-50mm, Load=1000N

Depth:-40mm
Length:-1000mm
Material used:-aluminum
E=70GPa
Density=2640 kg/
Poisson ratio=0.3
FEA Analysis:-

Figure06.4.2.1 ANSYS software result at modes

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 58
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

6.4.3. CASE 03:

Beam Dimensions

Width:-50mm, Load=1000N

Depth:-40mm
Length:-1000mm
Material used:-cast iron
E=110GPa
Density=7400 kg/
Poisson ratio=0.26
FEA Analysis:-

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 59
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

Figure 6.4.3.1 ANSYS software result at modes

RESULTS OUTPUT: Table no: 6.4

Problem Material Area Length in Hz in Hz in Hz


no used: in in mm
Mild steel

01 Aluminum 1000 4.77 33.42 92.30


ANSYS value
2x

02 Cast iron 1000 3.18 25.46 70.12


ANSYS value
2x

03 Mild steel 1000 4.77 33.42 92.30


ANSYS value
2x

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 60
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

CHAPTER NO: 7 Result and Discussion

7.1. Results of cantilever beam under free vibration:-

1) Results by Varying Length of Bar

Figure7. 1.1

By observing above graph we can conclude that to avoid the percentage Error or for
accurate values of frequencies at particular modes the length of bar should be increased, as
the length of bar increases accuracy of getting results will be more.

2) Comparing mode frequency at different Modes

Figure7. 1.2

The above figure 1.2 indicates that comparison of mode frequencies with frequencies
at different modes by observing above figure states that frequencies at mode one is always
smaller as compared to frequencies at other modes in other words frequencies will be less at
initial stage or modes and it goes on increasing along with the number of modes.

3) comparing frequency with the length of bar

Figure7. 1.3

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 61
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

The above figure shows the variation of the frequency with length of bar here
frequency at mode one, two means there will be certain distance between mode one and two
hence distance at mode two will be more than that of the mode one since in above figure
mode indicates length of bar we can observe that frequency at mode is less in all three cases
and it goes on increasing with mode that is distance in other words frequency increases with
the increases in the distance and vice-versa..

4) Frequencies comparison of different materials

Figure7. 1.4

The figure 1.4 shows the frequency behavior of the different materials with respect to
frequency at different modes it helps us to understand how much the material had
experienced the frequency excitation at various modes that can be explained with the help of
above figures taking mild steel, aluminum and cast iron in to account among these mild steel
experiences a more frequency at all the modes as compared to other two materials, cast iron
and aluminum materials experiences all most same frequencies as shown in figure 1.4 based
on the application and their properties the materials are selected for the application such as
construction environment, load to be with stand etc.

5) Comparison of different materials with their percentage error

Figure7. 1.5

The above graph indicates the percentage error obtained of different materials those
are mild steel, aluminum and cast iron this error may occur mainly due to human errors and
some variation in the values and it may also occur due to consideration of only two digits,
some time densities are available in range in that case we needed to assume the density value
in between in range this may cause error while doing calculations so according to above
figure our report have maximum error in cast iron as compared to other two materials those
are copper and mild steel, if average error is 0-15% it is acceptable if it is more than this the
care should be taken, in our report case the errors are below the 15% so it is acceptable.

7.2. Results of cantilever beam under forced vibration:


JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
BELGAUM Page 62
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

To obtain graphs only Wn1 is considered.

1) When length varies and other dimensions constant.

Figure 7.2.1

When length is varying and other dimensions are constant as length increases and
natural frequency decreases and vice versa.

2) When area varies and other dimensions constant

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 63
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

Figure 7.2.2

When area is varying and other dimensions are constant as area increases and natural
frequency also increases and as area decreases and natural frequency also decreases.

3) When load varies and other dimensions constant

Figure 7.2.3

When load is varying and all other dimensions are constant, as load increases natural
frequency will be same.

4) Forced vibration under brittle and ductile material

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 64
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

Figure 7.2.4

As comparison between brittle material is cast iron and ductile material is mild steel
with all the dimensions are same, from brittle material to ductile material natural
frequency increase

CHAPTER NO: 8 FUTURE WORKS

This report introduces analysis of cantilever beam under free vibration as


well as forced vibration and this analysis is done with ANSYS software then
cross verified with the theoretical calculations for confirmation of analysis as
well as answers while doing this analysis we concluded some important points,
under free vibration the by keeping all the dimensions constant and only varying
the length of bar we came to know that frequency goes on increasing with
mode numbers this means the frequency increases as the excitation place is
away from fixed end that is frequency of excitation depends on the place of
excitation on the beam, along with that percentage of error also increases in
other words nearer the place of excitation to fixed end more the accuracy.

The material mild steel experiences the more frequency of excitation as


compared to other two materials that is copper and cast iron in each modes
irrespective of modes and their place of frequency excitation.

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 65
ANALYSIS OF FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

References
 V.P.Sing Vibration reference book

 Guptha vibration text book

 General documents

 Grover Mechanical vibrations.

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


BELGAUM Page 66

Anda mungkin juga menyukai