A MINI PROJECT REPORT ON

AUTOMATIC STAIRCASE LIGHTS USING PIR SENSOR

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
Requirement for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Submitted By
K.SRINATH (154N1A0204)

P.ANKAMMA (154N1A0232)

Under the Guidance of

Mr. V. MASTHANAIAH, M.Tech
Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

VISVODAYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KAVALI

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi& Affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapur)

KAVALI-524201

S.P.S.R. NELLORE (DIST.), ANDHRA PRADESH (STATE)

Ph:08626-243930

2015-2019
 VISVODAYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KAVALI
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi& Affiliated to JNTU, ANANTAPUR)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the mini-project work titled “AUTOMATIC STAIRCASE LIGHTS USING PIR
SENSOR”, being submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Electrical & Electronics Engineering to Visvodaya Engineering College,
Kavali, affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapur, is a record of bonafide work carried out by K.SRINATH bearing
Roll Number 154N1A0204 and P.ANKAMMA bearing Roll Number 154N1A0232.

MINI-PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Mr. V. Masthanaiah, M.Tech Prof. V. Madhusudhan Reddy, M.Tech, Ph.D.,

Department of E.E.E Department of E.E.E
DEAN OF THE DEPARTMENT

Dr. K.V.R.B. Prasad, M.Tech, Ph.D.,

Professor and Dean
Department of E.E.E

Seminar conducted on
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our gratitude to our supervisor Mr. V. Masthaniah, Dept. of E.E.E.
for providing valuable advices and inspiration in carrying out our project studies. We thank Prof. V.
Madhusudhan Reddy, Head,Dept. of E.E.E. for his suggestions and continuous support extended to
us in completing our project. We also thank Dr. K.V.R.B. Prasad, Dean, Dept. of E.E.E. for his
stimulating suggestions and encouragement in completing our project.

We sincerely thank Dr. T. Suresh Babu, Principal for providing required facilities to complete
our project successfully at VISVODAYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, Kavali.

We sincerely thank Dr. S.V. Subba Rao, Director (R&D) for his inspiring suggestions and
guidance in completing our project.

We sincerely thank Sri. D. Vidyadhara Kumar Reddy, Chairman, Dr. D. PratyushaReddy,

Academic In-charge and Wg.Cdr. I.P.C. Reddy, Director, Visvodaya Technical Academy for providing
excellent infrastructure and laboratory facilities that helped us to complete our project effectively.

We would like to thank all the faculty members for their guidance and support in completing
our project. We would like to acknowledge with much gratitude the support extended by the
technical staff of E.E.E. laboratories for permitting us to use all the required equipment and
extending their support in completing our project successfully.

We would like to thank one and all who extended their support in completing our project
successfully.

Project Associates
K. SRINATH 154N140204
P. ANKAMMA 154N1A0232
Abstract:
The purpose of this project is to save the power used in places like libraries,
staircases, parking, gardens etc. where lots of power is wasted unnecessarily by keeping the fans and
lights ON even when there is no one present, and also at places where security is paramount and an
alarm needs to be generated when someone is passing by. Thus, using the same machine, it can be
used to save the power and also as a security alarm using a simple sensor called Passive Infrared
(PIR) Sensor. When a person enters the monitored area, the Infrared energy emitted from the living
body is focused by a Fresnel lens segment and the PIR sensor activates, and gives to the
microcontroller which acts as a security surveillance system or power saving device according to the
position of switch. If the switch is at position 1, the camera views the allotted area and generates an
alarm indicating that someone entered and a message is sent to the nearby station. And, when the
switch is at position 2, the lamp and fan may be ON or OFF. Thus, this article discusses the concept of
how PIR sensor works to save the energy and to generate security alarm. Moreover, as there is need
to save the energy as much as possible so as to meet the future generation and also in order to have
high security, this proposed model would be a great aid to the society.

Keywords: PIR Sensor, Alarm or Buzzer, Microcontroller, Fan, Light.

.
CONTENT

1. Introduction

2. Circuit description
2.1 Components list
2.2 Circuit diagram

3. Component analysis
3.1 PIR sensor
3.2 Relay
3.3 Voltage regulator
3.4 Transistor

4. Hardware implementation

 Basic concept and working of AUTOMATIC STAIRCASE LIGHTS USING PIR

SENSOR

 Purpose of the circuit

 How the circuit works
 Use of PIR sensor

5. Applications

6. Conclusion and future scope

7. References
 1. INTRODUCTION

Overview

Staircase lighting is needed only when walk through it otherwise we don’t need it. Traditionally we
use two way switch to control the staircase light so, we manually on off the light. Here is a simple and
best solution to solve automatic on and off light.

The passive infrared sensor (PIR) detects the motion of person and gives short duration
pulse output. With the help of this sensor we can make the staircase light as automatic one. The PIR
sensor is easy to use and comes with three standard terminals. It has onboard sensitivity adjustment
and time delay; hence we get desired output from PIR sensor.

PRINCIPLE
The PIR Sensor senses the motion of a human body by the change in surrounding ambient
temperature. Then it turns on the load to which it is connected. The load remains on until it senses
motion. The load may be any form of device, i.e. lamp, fan, alarm, etc. Once the motion is seized, it
switches off the load.

MOTIVATION
The PIR Motion Sensor Switch can detect the Infrared Rays released by human body.
The light or any other electrical appliance can be activated automatically by the active presence of a
human body within the detection range / coverage area & when there is no presence the light will be
deactivated automatically.

Using this project we can certainly minimize the consumption of electrical

energy.
 2. CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

2.1 COMPENENTS LIST

1. PIR sensor
2. Relay
3. 12v adapter
4. 7805 voltage regulator
5. BC 547 NPN transistor
6. 1N4007 Diode
7. Resistors
a. 1 KOHM
b. 680 OHM
8. LED
9. PCB(Printed circuit board)

2.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

 3. COMPONENT ANALYSIS

3.1 PIR Sensor

Whenever, human being (even a warm body or object with some temperature) passes through the
field of view of PIR sensor, then it detects the infrared radiation emitted by a hot body motion. Thus,
the infrared radiation detected by the sensor generates an electrical signal that can be used to
activate an alert system or buzzer or alarm sound.
The PIR sensor itself has two slots in it, each slot is made of a special material that is sensitive to
IR. The lens used here is not really doing much and so we see that the two slots can 'see' out
past some distance (basically the sensitivity of the sensor). When the sensor is idle, both slots
detect the same amount of IR, the ambient amount radiated from the room or walls or outdoors.
When a warm body like a human or animal passes by, it first intercepts one half of the PIR
sensor, which causes a positive differential change between the two halves. When the warm
body leaves the sensing area, the reverse happens, whereby the sensor generates a negative
differential change. These change pulses are what is detected.
3.2 RELAY

Relay is an electromagnetic switch, which is controlled by small current, and used to switch ON and
OFF relatively much larger current. Means by applying small current we can switch ON the relay
which allow much larger current to flow. Relay is the good example of controlling the AC (alternate
current) devices, using a much smaller DC current. Commonly used Relay is Single Pole Double
Throw (SPDT) Relay, it has five terminals as below:

General Purpose Relays are electromechanical switches, usually operated by a

magnetic coil. General purpose relays operate with AC or DC current, at common voltages such
as 12V, 24V, 48V, 120V and 230V, and they can control currents ranging from 2A-30A. ... Machine
Control Relays are also operated by a magnetic coil.
3.3 VOLTAGE REGULATOR (7805)

All voltage sources cannot able to give fixed output due to fluctuations in the
circuit. For getting constant and steady output, the voltage regulators are implemented.
The integrated circuits which are used for the regulation of voltage are termed as voltage regulator
ICs. Here, we can discuss about IC 7805.

IC 7805 is a DC regulated IC of 5V. This IC is very flexible and is widely employed in all types of circuit
like a voltage regulator. It is a three terminal device and mainly called input , output and ground.

INPUT : In this pin of the IC positive unregulated voltage is given in regulation.

The Input voltage range is 7–25 V.

GROUND :In this pin where the ground is given. This pin is neutral for equally the input and output.

OUTPUT : The output of the regulated 5V volt is taken out at this pin of the IC regulator. The output
voltage range is typ 5V+/- 4% and maximum output current is 1.5A.

The typical reference circuit for regulator IC :

If you want know more about the internal architecture of IC 7805 and its working you have to go
with its manufacturer datasheet.
3.4 TRANSISTOR

BC547 is an NPN bi-polar junction transistor. A transistor, stands for transfer of resistance, is
commonly used to amplify current. A small current at its base controls a larger current at collector &
emitter terminals.

BC547 is mainly used for amplification and switching purposes. It has a maximum current gain of
800. Its equivalent transistors are BC548 and BC549.

The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate in the desired region of its
characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing. For amplification applications, the transistor is
biased such that it is partly on for all input conditions. The input signal at base is amplified and taken
at the emitter. BC547 is used in common emitter configuration for amplifiers. The voltage divider is
the commonly used biasing mode. For switching applications, transistor is biased so that it remains
fully on if there is a signal at its base. In the absence of base signal, it gets completely off.

Pin Diagram:
 4. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

Basic concept and working of AUTOMATIC STAIRCASE LIGHTS USING PIR

SENSOR
Purpose of the circuit:
The PIR Sensor senses the motion of a human body by the change in surrounding ambient
temperature. Then it turns on the load to which it is connected. The load remains on until it senses
motion. The load may be any form of device, i.e. lamp, fan, alarm, etc. Once the motion is seized, it
switches off the load.

WORKING:
This circuit diagram constructed by using simple and easily available components. The PIR sensor HC-
SR501 connected with bias and output terminal is connected to the switching transistor.

This automatic staircase light circuit can be easily explained. Whenever PIR sensor detects
any body movement, its OUTPUT pin becomes HIGH, which applies the triggering voltage to the base
of the transistor, transistor get ON, and current started flowing through the coil. Coil in Relay gets
energies and create electromagnetic field, which attracts the lever and COM and NO get connected.
This allows a much larger current (220v AC) to flow, which turns ON the BULB. You can increase or
decrease the Bulb ON duration by setting up pir sensor.

PIR sensor takes some duration to become stabilize during that time output changes randomly for
about 10 to 50 seconds then becomes normal and starts sense motion.

Prototype
Here is the example prototype given, fix PIR sensor plastic cap faced towards the staircase steps, and
then check the output & change time delay depends on the requirement of light duration then fix it,
now your stair case light becomes automatic

5. APPLICATIONS

• Common restroom, for lights & exhaust fans

• Common staircases
• In parking area
• For garden lights
• For changing rooms in shops
• For corridors
• Library
• Halloween Props
• Robotics
• Safety locker room in banks
• Museum
• Prison
 6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

CONCLUSION

• By this experimental setup automatic staircase lighting is achieved .

• By implementing this setup, we can expect more power conservation and high security.
• This concept not only ensures that our work will be useful in the future but it will also provide
flexibility to adapt and extend as needs change.
• This device is compatible with our existing system used for providing comfort.

FUTURE SCOPE

Try to increase the number applications by this experimental setup in future.

REFERENCES

[1]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_infrared_sensor
[2]http://www.ladyada.net/learn/sensors/pir.html
[3]http://www.atmel.in/Images/doc1919.pdf
[4]http://electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/subcategory/subcategory.asp?id=136
[5] http://www.campuscomponent.com/media/download/GSM%20Module.pdf
 A MINI PROJECT REPORT ON

AUTOMATIC STAIRCASE LIGHTS USING PIR SENSOR

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
Requirement for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Submitted By
S. PRANEETHA (15731A0230)
U.CHANDRA SEKHAR (15731A0238)
C. BARGAV (15731A0249)
Under the Guidance of
Mr. V. MASTHANAIAH, M.Tech
Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, KAVALI

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi& Affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapur)

KAVALI-524201

S.P.S.R. NELLORE (DIST.), ANDHRA PRADESH (STATE)

Ph:08626-243930
 2015-2019

PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, KAVALI

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi& Affiliated to JNTU, ANANTAPUR)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the mini-project work titled “AUTOMATIC STAIRCASE LIGHTS USING PIR
SENSOR”, being submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Electrical & Electronics Engineering to PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, Kavali, affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapur, is a record of bonafide work carried
out by S.Praneetha bearing Roll Number15731A0230 and U.Chandra Sekhar bearing Roll Number
15731A0238 and C. Bargav bearing Roll Number 15731A0249. .

MINI-PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Mr. V. Masthanaiah, M.Tech Prof. Ch. Srinivasulu Reddy, M.Tech, Ph.D.,

Department of E.E.E Department of E.E.E
DEAN OF THE DEPARTMENT

Dr. K.V.R.B. Prasad, M.Tech, Ph.D.,

Professor and Dean
Department of E.E.E

Seminar conducted on
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our gratitude to our supervisor Mr. V. Masthanaiah, Dept. of E.E.E.
for providing valuable advices and inspiration in carrying out our project studies. We thank Prof. Ch.
Srinivasulu Reddy, Head,Dept. of E.E.E. for his suggestions and continuous support extended to us in
completing our project. We also thank Dr. K.V.R.B. Prasad, Dean, Dept. of E.E.E. for his stimulating
suggestions and encouragement in completing our project.

We sincerely thank Dr.N.Seshaih, Principal for providing required facilities to complete our
project successfully at PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, Kavali.

We sincerely thank Dr. S.V. Subba Rao, Director (R&D) for his inspiring suggestions and
guidance in completing our project.

We sincerely thank Sri. D. Vidyadhara Kumar Reddy, Chairman, Dr. D. PratyushaReddy,

Academic In-charge and Wg.Cdr. I.P.C. Reddy, Director, Visvodaya Technical Academy for providing
excellent infrastructure and laboratory facilities that helped us to complete our project effectively.

We would like to thank all the faculty members for their guidance and support in completing
our project. We would like to acknowledge with much gratitude the support extended by the
technical staff of E.E.E. laboratories for permitting us to use all the required equipment and
extending their support in completing our project successfully.

We would like to thank one and all who extended their support in completing our project
successfully.

Project Associates

S. PRANEETHA 15731A0230
U.CHANDRA SEKHAR 15731A0238
C. BARGAV 15731A0249