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EtilAVIOR CE A RECTANGULAR SANDWICH

PANEL UNDER A UNIFORM LATERAL LOAD


AND COMPRESSIVE EDGE LOADS
September 1952

INFORMATION REVIEWED
AND REAFFIRMED
1958

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Wood Engineering Research


Forest Products Laboratory
Madison, Wis. 53705

This Report is One of a Series


issued in Cooperation with the
AIR FORCE-NAVY-CIVIL SUBCOMMITTEE
on
AIRCRAFT !DESIGN CRITERIA
Under the Supervision of the
AIRCRAFT COMMITTEE
of the
MUNITIONS MARV

No. 1834

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE


FOREST SERVICE
FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY
Madison 5, Wisconsin
In Cooperation with the University of Wisconsin
BEHAVIOR OF A RECTANGULAR SANDWICH PANEL UNDER A UNIFORM LATERAL LOAD

AND COMPRESSIVE EDGE LOADS-

By

H. W. MARCH, Mathematician

Forest Products Laboratory ; -2 Forest Service


U. S. Department of Agriculture

Introduction

In this report, formulas are developed for the deflections, bending moments,
and:reactions of the supports of a rectangular sandwich panel with simply
•supported edges that is subjected to a combination of a uniform lateral load
and compressive edge loads. The facings and core of the panel are assumed to
be composed of isotropic materials. Formulas that include the effect of shear
deformation in the core are developed for a general rectangular panel whose
sides may have any prescribed ratio. The results of computations are presented
for square panels having certain stiffnesses in shear. For rectangular panels
that are not square, computations can be made by using the general formulas.

The basic differential equation for the deflection of the panel is derived by
using a small-deflection theory and a method suggested by Donnell (2)3 for.
taking into account the effects of transverse shear deformation. Because the
boundary conditions are those of simple support, this method leads to results,
for the problem under consideration, that would be obtained by the methods of
Reissner (6, 7, 8) and of Libove , and Batdorf (5).

The formulas that are obtained are applicable to panels with facings of either
equal or unequal thicknesses. Although the facings and core are assumed to be
isotropic, the results obtained should form the basis for useful estimates of
the behavior of a sandwich panel with isotropic facings and an orthotropic
core ; provided that the two transverse moduli of rigidity of the core do not
differ greatly.

-This progress report is one of a series prepared and distributed by the


Forest Products Laboratory under U. S. Navy, Bureau of Aeronautics Order
No. NAer 01319 and U. S. Air Force No. USAF-18(600)-70. Results here
reported are preliminary and may be revised as additional data become
available. --
-Maintained at Madison, Wis., in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin.
-Underlined numbers in parentheses refer to Literature Cited at end of report.


Rept. No. 1834 -1- Agriculture Madison

Derivation of the Differential Equation

In the derivation of the differential equation governing the deflection of a


i-octanfmlar sandwich panel under a uniform lateral load and compressive edge
loads, the following assumptions are made: (1) The facings are so thin that
their flexural rigidities can be neglected, and,.thuS, they can be treated as
membranes. (2) The components of transverse shear stress in the core are
uniform across its thickness, and all other components of stress in the core
can be neglected. (3). Deflections of the panel are such that a small-deflec-
tion theory can be employed.

The derivation of the differential equation is based on a method suggested by


Donnell (2). The methods of Reissner (6 7, 8) and of Libove and Batdorf (5)
are applicable to a wider range of boundary conditions than just simply
Supported edges, the conditions in the problem under consideration.

As shown in figure 1, the panel is acted upon by a uniform lateral load, q,


per unit area and by compressive edge forces, Px and P per unit length of
edge. According to Donnell t s method (2) the deflection w is the result of
superposing *6 1 the deflection due to shear, on wb , the deflection due to
bending. The bending moments Mx and 1,1 and the twisting moment Mxy, whose
positive senses are indicated by the vectors in figure 2, are connected with
the deflection wb by the usual relations:

Mx

2 2
My wb +cr wb (1)
By2 B x2

_ 2
wb
Mxzr = -D (1 —cr
.ax .3 y

where T denotes the Poisson's ratio of the facings and D the flexural rigidity
of the panel-

For a panel with facings of thicknesses fl and f2 and a core of thickness c,

fl f2 2)
Eff f1
(c 2
2 j (2)
D=
X (II + £ 2)

-The positive sense of Mxy is taken opposite to that chosen by Libove and
Batdorf (5).

Rept. No. 1834 -2-


where E f denotes the Young's modulus of the facings and

k= 1 cr2 (3)

In deriving expression (2) for D, it is assumed that the bending stresses in


the core can be neglected. For a panel with facings of equal thickness f,
equation (2) becomes:

Eff(c f) 2
D (4)
2N.

Let Qx and Qy represent the transverse shearing forces per unit length of edge
of the edges sly and dx, respectively, of an element of the panel (figure 2).
The conditions of equilibrium of the moments acting on the element require
that

Mx .111xY -
= x D x (2wb )
(5)
aM
- + = -D 7'211%)
6X y .3y

Under the assumptions that have been made, the shearing strains e zx and eyz
are uniform across the thickness of the core. These strains correspond to the
aw
additional slopes due to shear, and 5, of the deflection surface. They
Dx
will be proportional to the shear forces Qx and Consequently,

(6)

where K is a constant that will be 'called the stiffness of the sandwich panel
in shear.
aw s
For comparison with Libove and Batdorf (5), it is noted that 73.a and
2Y
correspond to their y x and yam , respectively, and K to their Dck andrhich are
'%y

Rept. No. 183/4 -3-


equal for the panel considered in this report because its facings and core are
aw, aw
_r
isotropic. The quantities --= and --Z, or 7x and 7 describe the inclination
"ax
to the normal of the deflected surface of lines that were initially normal to
the undeformed surface.

In an analysis made at the Forest Products Laboratory (3) by the "tilting"


method of Williams, Leggett, and Hoppins (L, 9), it was found that

- fl f2 2
(c
+
2 c
K= (7)

where ,Lic is the modulus of rigidity of the core. More precisely, it was found
that, for the compressive buckling of a sandwich panel with simply supported
edges and with the facings treated as membranes, the tilting method and the
method of Libove and Batdorf (5) lead to the same result if their DQ is de-
fined by equation (7). For panels with facings of equal thickness, equation
(7) reduces to a form obtained byBijaaard (1).

From equations (5) and (6),

aws - D
'6x (v2wb)
(8)
avir5
(72w
K ay IV

Because of the assumed conditions of simple support, w s = 0 on the edges and


q2 wb also vanishes on the edges. It follows that

w = - -DV2w (9)
s K b

The equation for equilibrium of vertical forces is

B 2mx a 21
v B 2w -32w)
+2
'a x2 By2 -B x2 - Py (10)

where

w ws

Rept. No. 18311


By using equations (1), (9), and (11), equation (10) becomes:

2 2
2 Z2wb a wb
D 2 Da (
x R (V wb) Py R y Wb)
Px —57 Py a2 w2 = -q

(12)

Let

Px Py

D = Px, D = k- = R, = g ( 13 )

With this notation and simple transformations, equation (12) becomes:

'- •
Ll_wb 2 2-9%
b + (14)
ci xL4. 2c3 —•ay,11. Px z-x2 Py z y2 = g
"ax2 e2

where

cl = 1 - pxR, c2 = 1 - pyR, 2c3 = 2 - pxR - pyR ( 5)

Solution of the Differential Equation

The solution of equation (14) is subject to the Conditions:

1411) = 0, x = 0, x = a, y = 0, y = b (16)

2 mb
2
= 0 x = 0, x = a (1 7)
Bx2

2b
= 0, y = 0, y = b ( 16 )
By2

A particular integral, wbl , of equation (14) is found by solving the equation:

wb1
(19)
ci '3x 4 -1- Px x2 - g

Rept. No. 1834 -5-

A - 4g
c l aat3 1-12 k12)

when m is odd, and


(28)
A =0
m

when m is even.

It is now necessary to find a solution, w„, of the homogeneous equation


obtained from (14) by setting g = 0, such that

(29)
wb wb1 wb2

satisfies all of the conditions of equations (16), (17), and (18).

The following series of equations is chosen as a solution of the homogeneous


equation:

Ym(y) sin amx (30)


wb2 = 2
m=1

The functions Ym are subject to the conditions (see equations (16) and (18))

Ym (0) = Ym (b) = -Am (31)

ymI I (0) = ymII (b) = 0 (32)

Substitution of equation (30) in the homogeneous equation corresponding to


equation (14) leads to the following differential equation for the function
Ym(Y):

c2 YM
IV (
-2C3am
2 1 II
Py) Ym e 4 a
1 m
ixta,
m
2)
m= (3 3)

Let

Y=e
"mY

(34)

Rept. No. 1834 -7-


or
4Q
(56)
M5n5rm

where

6S — (57)
m2

Equation (47), for wb at the center of the panel, can now be written:

(m 1)
2
(a, b\ _149_ \i> (-1) (58)
' w1D V. 7) + Sm)
m = 1 m5rm
m 1, 3, 5, ...

It may happen that rm = 0 for a given S and a certain pair of values of e and
m. In that case, it will be found that 1 + Sm = 0 also, and the indeterminate
term of equation (58) can be evaluated. Computationsfor the construction of
curves for w were found to be simpler if values of E .were chosen to avoid
those for which rm = 0.

The quantities m and m , which are needed to calculate µ m and v_ in equations


(46) and (48), can be expressed in terms of S 5 Ll and P (equations (52) to
(54)).

In accordance with equations (15) and (36),

2 - pxR pyR - ,Z;7;


= (59)
2 (1 - pyR)

By simple transformations (see equations (13) and (51) to (54))

2 ." € 0 "' "12"


m2
Vm - (60)
2 0. - p0
In like manner, from equation (37),

1—€ S —7 (61)
Wm =
1 - Ps

Rept. No. 1834


In using formula (48) for Sm , if ,m„, and m are neither real numbers nor pure
—..
imaginaries, it is advantageous to express Sm in terms of 'Y n and 5 m (equations
(40)), Substitution of expressions (42) in equation (48) leads to the formula:

(y 2 + 81212 ) sinh Y O sinh a© + 2y 8 cosh y O cosh 5 0 (62)


m m m m mm m m mm
Sm =
ym 8m (cosh 2ym em + cosh 2.6mm)

For the calculation of the deflection due to shear, ws (equation (9)), and the
bending moments, Mx and 11 (equation (1)), at the center of the panel, expres-
__
7321% a2 wb
ax2 and a372 at this point. It is readily
sions are needed for the values of ----

found from equation (46) that

a)

6 2.013 0 i ;-))
(m - 1)
2
-1) 2 am Am + Sm)
ax2

(63)
(m - 1)
2
4Q > (-1)
+ Spa)
773 a2 m = 1 m3r
M 1, 3, 5, 0••
where S is defined by equations (48) and (62).
m

0 2 w1 44, 13)
4Q
co
(m - 1)
(-1) 2
Tm (64)
ZY2 mTra?
3
3 m rm
M 1, 3, 5, 000
There
2 2
mm 1 1
Tm
(2 um2) cosh 41119m cosh mom
m
(65)
2
(y 2 - 8 2
k m msinh
y 0 sinh m0m
m m

y8 (cosh 2y 0 + cosh 26 o
m m mm

Rept. No. 1834 -12-


For the :-substitution of equations (63) and (64) in equation (9), note that

D 4Q _ 1 n 2 D 4Q = P e 4Q . WS
(66)
K a2 71 5 K 775

Then
03 (m- —

4Q5 ) (
e,
( 2
f f = 7,7 (1 Sm TI:1) (67)
m3rm
m = 1, 3, 5 ) ...

In accordance with equation (11), the deflection at the center of the panel,
/. b
Iv 7), can now be found by adding equations (58) and (67).

Bending Moments
4-
The bending moments Mx and M at the center of-the panel are obtained by
substituting equations (63) and (64) in equations (1). Note that

D4qa 4qa 2
7T3 a3 7r 3.i? D 773

Then

13\ 14qa2
Mxl2' (68)
a 7) 773

m = 1, 3, 5
and
uc
(m 1)
2
m (a b) = 4qa2 (-a)
[Tm (69)
y 2 4:1
77 ) rm

m = 1, 3, 5, ...
Reactions of the Supports

The reactions of the supports P and Ry are found from the equations


RX 2-7 Qx (70)
-)y-

Rept. No. 1834 -13-


RY = 9Y 4.
(71)
'3:1
.1

From equations (1) and (5),

3,wr,
u 4. (2 )
a 3w
Rx -D (72)
3;0y2

3wb dr))
Ry M - (2 -cr ( 73 )
Y
3 ox2 ay

To determine Rx(a, ;) and Ry (;) h) Y the values of R x and a: at the midpoints

of the respective edges, the following quantities are needed for substitution
in equations (72) and (73). They are readily found from equation (46).

a3w
D
b
a, 7)- v2
4qa 1 (1 + Sm) (711)
m2
rm
m = 1, 3, 5, •••

63 "b( b) 4qa > 1 m


a, 7 = Tm (75)
"2 m = 1 m2 rm
Dx3y2
m = 1, 3, 5 ) ...
(m 7 1)

D 3 3 wb (a, b) Lqa (-1) 2


Um (76)
-3 x2 Dy 2 72 = 1 c
rm
m = 1, 3, 5, ...
(m - 1)
3
D .E.211.2 (') qa > (-1) 2 •
f 9 = V
m (77)
-,JY' m= 1 m2 rm
m = 1, 3, 5) ...
In these equations, S m is defined by equations (48) or (62) and Tm by equation
(65), and


Rept. No. 1831 -14-

1-2,
mm
tank
nh P-m &ra — tanh vm
Um - 2
- )
vm

(7m2 sm2) / (78)


yy m sinh 2S m 9m - Sm sinh 2)0m)

2),;11 8m (cosh 27 , 1-cosh 26u1,60

2 2
vm
V = 2 (p. tanh p. m em - tanh vmem)
m on 2
lin) m

(79)
2 8 92 (ym sinh 2 am t)m + sinh 2Y
m m mm

2)0m (cosh 2yi0m + cosh 2SmOni)

The substitution of equations(7L) to (77) in equations (72) and (73) yields:

b \ ), \
-cia / • 1

+ Sm - (2 - cr ) 'Pm]
(80)
772
m=l m2rm

m 1, 3, 5
and Lu
\-7--- (m - 1)
Fiy ( d s 1;'. 4qa /) -1) FV.
i 7
n

1
in - ( 2 - c ) U 1
in] (81)
, n2 m .1. 2
m rm L

m ::: 1, 3, 5 ) ...

Solution of the Differential Equation by Means of

a Double Fourier's Series

Although it is not so well adapted to numerical calculation as the solution


in a single series, the solution of equation (1L) in terms of a double
Fourier's series is useful in a number of ways, In particular, it furnishes
a ready means of determining the critical combination of loads P x and Py at
which the panel becomes elastically unstable.

Rept. No.'1834 -15-


The right-hand member of equation (14) is represented by the series:

g sin amx sin qg (82)


m=1n=1
where
um, fin_ rru
a b ( 83 )

16g
(84)
mnr2

when m and n are both odd, and

=0

when either m or n is even.

The following series, subject to the conditions of equations-(16), (17), and


(18), is chosen as a solution of equation (14)1
co

B sin amx sin ,any (85)


wb = Z
m=1

Substitution of equations (85) and (82) in equation (14) and introduction of


the values of c i „ c 21 and c 3 from equations (15) yields:

Amn
[(1 - p x ., m
a (2 - px 2/3n2
M

(86)
pit) Px(Im2 n
1- -

In accordance with equation (84), B different from zero only when m and
n are both odd.

In the notation of equations (52), (53), and (54), the denominator of the
fraction in equation (86) can be written in the following form, after intro-
duction of the lengths of the edges of the panel, a and b, by using equations
(83);

Rept, No. 1834 -16-


4 2,2
(1 - 6 5)m4 + (2 --
n4 _ em2 p n2
6 5 - PS) =- m-9 n2 + (1 - PS) o--4
2 b4 b

Then -

The denominator of the fraction in equation (87) will vanish if e and 0 satisfy
the equation obtained by equating to zero the quantity in brackets; that is,
if E andP satisfy the equation;

1 +S + n2 a2 l e n2a2 1 +
n2a2)
+ b2_
b2 j b2 Im p.
)
= 1 (88)
2
(11.2 n2 a2 \ 2 (2 n2a2

b2 b2

where m and n are both odd numbers, This is the equation of a straight line
in the variables e and a. It represents a critical combination of
Px
E = and P = for which the panel buckles into m half waves in the
P e • Pe
x direction and n half waves in the y direction, Equation (88) can be used
to determine a broken line in the Dsplane, such that buckling will not
occur for values of E and p that are the coordinates of points below this
broken line.

Equation (88), for the critical combinations of compressive edge loads, can
viniab
also be found from equation (46) by requiring that-=--- or ---- shall be
2 2
equal to i la,
where n is an,odd integer and'i =:\Fa:
2 •

Rept. No. 1834 -1 7-


From equation (85),

Cm +n
•21,(
b 2
(-3.)
b)
2 am B m and n odd (89)
k
2c2 2 2

co
(n + n
d2 wb f a, =
> (-1) 2 P 2 B m and n odd (90)
ay2 V 2) n mn' - -
m=1n=1

It follows from equation (9) that

90 co
im +n ;\
w s a, b • D
= -K
m=1n=1
> ( -1)
J.)( 2 +
m n-

co
(91)
im +n
= 7r2D
(_ 2 n2 a2\.) B
_
b2 / 1
a2 K m = 1 n = 1

m and n odd

Then, in the notation of equations (51) and (52),

.s n 2 J.) ,
S 'mn (92)
2
b /
m and n odd

In accordance with equation (85),


0) 0)
m+n
a, b _ > (-1)(77-- - Bnin
Wb m an d n odd (93)
(2 2) -
m=1n=1

The central deflection, w fa ' 1


' (7 7
1, is the sum of :L (ILL
)
2
w ( a ' b)
s 7 7 •

By using equations (1), (89), and (90), the bending moments at the center are
found to be!

Rept. No. 1834 -18-


m n
772
(a, ) = (__ )
1 C 2
Mx 7 a2 'm=1 n= I
+ a n2a2,)
b2
Bonn (914)

m and n odd

(11: + n
1)
(a b 77-.2 n 2a2
M 7' ( -1) 2 ---- +am B
y rtm
n b2 2/) n (95)

m and n odd

the numerator
In equation (86), Rmn contains the factor g =Din (see
,4 a b
equation (84)), and the factor :11-- in the denominator. Hence, Mx (7' 2) and
a4
my (a, ) are proportional to qa7 .
7

The expressions in double series for the reactions of the supports at the mid-
-, points of the edges are found from equations (72) and (73) and the quantities:

(n - 1)
a3wb (a, ) 2 3 Bmn , m and n odd
- (-1) a
;- •
m
= 1

(n - 1)
(-1) a 2 B m and n odd
m n mn,

3 a, (m - 1)
wt b (.4) 2 am261Bmn, m and n odd
ax
2 ?,3r


a, OD

t) \i)
(-1)(m 1) f>3 B m and n odd
n mn
3 m -1 n= 1

Rept. No. 1834 -19-


Then
co

(n - 1)
( -1 ) 2 in m2 ÷ (2 _ 0_ )
Bmn (96)
a3 m = 1 n 1
m and n odd

orr

- 1)
n2 a
(-1) -7-- + (2 - a) m2 Bmn
b2 J (97)

m and n odd

From the discussion of Bmn following equations (94) and (95), it can be shown
that Rx and Ey are proportional to aa.

The Square Panel

Formulas (58), (67), (68), (69), and (72) were used to compute the deflection
and bending moments at the center of a square panel and the reactions of the
supports at the midpoint of an edge of the panel. The computations were made
for various combinations of compressive edge loads, P x and P 1 and for three
values, 0, '0,1, and 0.2, of the parameter S. This parameter has the limiting
value 0 as the modulus of rigidity of the core becomes infinite. The values
0.1 and 0.2 are associated with cores of relatively low moduli of rigidity,
as can be seen from the definition of S (equation (52)). It is believed that
S will lie between 0 and 0.2 for most panels that are likely to be of practical
interest.

The results of the computations are presented in tables 1, 2, and 3. The


quantities and e in the tables are proportional to the compressive edge
loads Px and P „ respectively, in accordance with equations (53) and (54).

The method of choosing the values of e and p) that is ) of 51 and for which
e Pe
computations were made can be explained in connection with figure 3. The
straight line below which a point with coordinates Eand p must lie if the
panel does not buckle is determined from equation (88). This equation is
satisfied by a critical combination of edge loads. For a square panel,
equation (88) becomes:

Rept. No. 1834 -20-


m2 7 .1 S (m2 + n )] E n 2
S (1112 n2)3 ' = 1 (98)
(m2 + a2)-12" (m2 n2)2
tA
rherc m and n are both odd numbers.

The interceptsof this line on the coordinate axes are:

(n2 t2) 2 (n2 + n2) 2


E .=
• o-
Po - (99)
o m2 + S (m2 + n2 )1 n2 + 3 (m2 + n2)1

If m = n = 1,
E 4 p - 4
0 1 + 23' (100)
01 2S

The line AB with these intercepts is shown in figure 3. No line determined by


equation (98) with other integral values of m and n will intersect line AB in

the first quadrant of:the 42.42. plane, provided that the value of the parameter

S is not greater than 0,3. This implies that, for such values of 8, the panel
will buckle in a single half wave in each direction. It also implies that the
term in which m = 1 and n = 1 in the Fourier's double series (equation (85))
is the term that will be most greatly amplified by the application of com-
pressive edge loads.

The combinations- of edge loads for which computations were made are shown
approximately by the crosses in figure 3. More points were chosen near the
line AB because the quantities to be computed change most rapidly in this
region. Because the computations are lengthy, points in the upper triangle
ACD of figure 3 were not chosen.

The maximum deflection, bending moments, and reactions of the supports can be
p
P,
obtained for any combination of edge loads, 6 = -= and p = -X, from the com-
Pe Pe

putations that were made, The maximum deflection tr(P 3) and the maximum

5. 2) and M (2:0 denoted


bending moments Mx (-) 2) will be by w, Mx, and
2 Y
2
respectively.

For a combination of edge loads represented by the point F2, figure 3, with
,
coordinates 62 and p2 , the central deflection w will be, from considerations

Rept. No. 1834 -21-


of symmetry, the same as that for the combination represented by the point F1,
withoPordinates E alicI A.1, provided that and P = 6 . Similarly,
1 2 = 1 2 '1
Mx and M7 for the combination F2 are equal to 31.1x and Mx , respectively, for the
combination F1.

The values of w, Mx , and My for any combination of loads represented by a


point Fl , lying below the line, DC (figure 3), can be found by interpolation
from tables 1, 2, and 3. The tables show that, for a given S and any given
combination of e and p, the values of Mx and Mir are nearly equal. This is to
be expected from the preponderance of the first term of the Fourier's series
(equation (85)), when a is equal to b, The letter M will frequently be used
hereafter to denote the mean of the nearly equal values of M x and M

The reactions of the supports have their greatest values at the midpoints of
the edges. For the square panel, the reaction will be somewhat greater at the
midpoints of the pair of edges on which the greater compressive load acts than
at the midpoints of the pair of edges with the smaller compressive load. This
statement can be verified by considering the expressions for the absolute
values of Rx and at the points (a,
a), respectively. These
0 and 2'
' C2
values will be denoted by IRx1 and IRy l. It follows from equations (96), (97),

and (87) that, with a = 0.3,


co co (n - 1)
(-1) 2 m (n2 1.7 n2 ) A.
=.1,
I 7r (101)
in 1 = ( m2 1- n2,7 -(em + pri2 ) +s (m2 + n2 d

(M 1)
= Da (-1) 2 n ( n2 4. 1.7 m2) Amn
rr (102)
= 1 = 1 ( m2 + n2)2 - m2 p n2) + S ( M2 4. n2 )1

where Alm- = : A n as implied by equation (84). Both m and n are odd numbers.

It is readily shown that, for the range of values considered in this report
for the parameter S, 1Rxi›1Ryi for a combination of loads represented by any
point on the line p . = 0, except the point (0, 0), where IRx l = fRyl. For a
combination of loads represented by a point on the line p = 6 (line OC in
figure 3), IRYI . For combinations represented by points between the
113x1 ' :=
lines p. = 0 and p = e, it is concluded that Rx There is no apparent 1
1 > IRYI*

reason why the difference ( should vanish and change sign in


1Rkl)
1Rx1
this region, where E>p, that is, where Fx > Pr For points in this region, it

Rept. No. 1834 -22-


is necessary to calculate Rx only, since it is numerically greater than a.
For a combination of loads for which E < P , that is, Px < Pp it is only
necessary to interchange the x and z axes and calculate R x for the new axes.

Curves for Estimating wb, M, Qx

It is known from flat plate theory that the central deflection of a uniformly
a, b
loaded square plate associated with bending, w b (7 7), with 6 = 1)=-- 0 in the
present notation, can be obtained quite accurately from the first term of the
double- Fourier series representing this deflection. The first term of the
series is also dominant when either e or p is near its critical value. These
facts suggest that the parameters that enter the first term of the series can
be used for predicting the deflection w b for any combination of edge and
uniform loads. From equation (87), this term is written

An

( e + p) (1 + 25) (1 03)

which indicates the possibility of expressing iv, as a function of

(6 +P) (1 + 2S)
. In figure 4,
wb is plotted as a function of this parameter
from averages of computed values. It is found that, for any value of
(E + p) (1 + 2S)
used in the computations, no individual value of wb
— differs
4
from the corresponding average by as much as 1 percent.

With the value of wb determined from figure 4 the total deflection can be
obtained approximately from the formula


w = (1 + 2S) wb (104,)

which is suggested by the first terms of equations (92) and (93). For S = 0.1
arid S = 0.2, the, agreement between the results given in tables 2 and 3 and
those obtained from equation (104) is satisfactory. Estimates of w can also
be obtained from formula (11):

Rept. No. 1834 -23-


w = w w
b s
with wb determined from figure 4 and

QS (Mx +My) 2QSM


ws - (105)
'2 (1 4.,c;;:),‘qa2' 2 (1 , + c„.. ) qa2

where M is determined from figure 5 . and Q is defined by equation (50). Formula


(105) is obtained from formulas (1) and T9).

For practical purposes, formula (104), which is approximate, is sufficiently


accurate in the range 05S5:0.2. On the other hand, formula (11), with ws
obtained from formula (105), is exact on the basis of the present analysis.

The first term of the double Fourier series for Mx and indicates that these
two moments are very nearly equal. When these moments are considered as
(e + M ., is determined
(1 + 2S) and the average, --K
functions of the parameter
14
for various values of this parameter, it is found that no individual value of

MX
Or differs from the corresponding by more than 1-1/2 percent. The
qa
2 qa 2 qa
• • nn• • • 1 • I. I1. • • •imow.m.

average, ---, can therefore be used with sufficient accuracy for practical
qa2
purposes in place of individual values of Mx and. my A plot ,of q a2 as a
qa2 qa2
p) ( 1 + 2S)
function of ( is given in figure 5 .
4

As previously discussed, 1Rx] is greater than or less than IR,I, according as


e is greater than or less than p. The magnitude of these reactions also de-
pends upon S. Consequently, in figure 6, the quantity is plotted as a -2-
c + p) (1 + 2S)
Rx1
function of for various values of S. The computed values

used in plotting these curves were those for which p, = O. For a given (6+P)

the curves will therefore yield the largest possible estimates of 22E1
qa2

The magnitude of the reaction-also increases with S. Conservative results for


all values of S in the range 0.!LS :5-0.2 can therefo7e be obtained by using the
curve for S ="5.2.

Rept. No. 1834 -24-


The shear stress resultant at the center of an edge,like !Plc ', depends upon the
magnitude of the edge load and upon S. Plots of --qa were therefore made for the
Qx
three values of S used in the computations (figure 7). Again, the plots were
constructed from values computed with P. = 0, and, for each value of S, the
Qx
curve yields the largest estimate of -a 7 for a given ( e+p).

Conclusion

The formulas derived in this report permit. calculation of the deflection,


bending moments, and reactions of the supports of rectangular panels of sand-
wich construction under the combined action of lateral and compressive edge
loads. Calculations were made for a square panel, and the results are pre-
sented in tables and curves. For rectangular panels that are not square,
calculations can be made by using the general formulas. Without such calcula-
tions, useful estimates of the influence of shear deformation in the core can
probably be made for a given panel from the results for square panels.

Rept. No. 1831 -25-


Literature Cited

(1) BIJL.MRD, P. P.
1949. STABILITY OF SANDWICH PLATES.
Jour. Aero. Sci. Vol.16, p. 573.

(2) DONNELL, L. H.
1946. THE EFFECT OF TRANSVERSE SHEAR DEFORMATION ON THE BENDING OF
ELASTIC PLATES.
Jour. Appl. Mech. Vol. 13, p. A-249.

'ERICKSEN, W. S. and MARCH, H. W.


1950. :, QOMPRESSIVE BUCKLING OF SANDWICH PANELS HAVING FACINGS OF
UNEQUAL THICKNESS.
Forest Products Laboratory Report No. 1583-B.

(4) LEGGETT, D. M. A. and HOPKINS, H. G.


1942. SANDWICH` PANELS AND CYLINDERS, UNDER CCMPRESSIVE END LOADS.
Royal Aircraft Establishment . Report No. SME 3203. (Aeronautical
Research Council Reports and Memoranda. R and M 2262. 1949).

(5) LIBOVE, CHARLES and BATDORF, S. B.


1948. A GENERAL SMALL DEFLECTION THEORY FOR FLAT SANDWICH PLATES.
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics Technical Note
No. 1526.

(6) REISSNER, E.
1945. THE EktI LCT OF TRANSVERSE SHEAR DEFORMATION ON THE BENDING OF
ELASTIC PLATES.
Jour. Appl. Mech. Vol. 12, p. A-69.

(7)
1947. ON THE BENDING OF ELASTIC PLATES.
Quart. Appl. Math. Vol. V, p. 55.

(8)
1949. SMALL BENDING AND STRETCHING OF SANDWICH TYPE SHELLS.
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics Technical Note
No. 1832.

(9) WILLIAMS, D., LEGGETT, D. M. A., and HOPKINS, H. G.


1941. FLAT SANDWICH PANELS UNDER COMPRESSIVE LOADS.
Royal Aircraft Establishment Report No. A.D. 3174.

Rept. No. 1834 -26-


Notation

a length of an edge of the panel

A defined by equation (28)


m
Amn defined by equation (84)

b length of an edge of the panel

Bmn defined by equation (86)

thickness of the core

cl, c2 , c3 defined by equations (15)

D flexural rigidity of the panel, defined by equation (2)

el defined by equation (24)

Ef Young's modulus of the facings

fl , f2 thicknesses of the facings

k1 defined by equation (23),



K stiffness of the panel in . shear, defined by equation (7)

m, n summation indexes -- number of half waves into which the


panel buckles in the x and y directions, respectively

bending moments

twisting moment
Px
D

p y Py

Px, Py
compressive edge loads
2n
77.
Pe
a2

Rept. No. 1834 –27-


Table 1.--Computed values, for a square panel, of


w
w, Mx My
and
qa2 qa2
1 Rx1 for S = 0 1-
qa

: ( e + p)(1 + 2S): w wb: Mx : iRx1


E
14 qa • qa

: ,

O 0 : 0 0.0041 : 0.048 : 0.048 : 0.338 : 0.420

O : 2.00 : .500 : .0082 : .100 : .101 : .608 : .782


: : :
O : 2.60 : .650 t .0118 : .146: .147: .844 : 1.095
: : : : : : :
O : 3.20 : .800 : ,0207 : .260: .260 : 1.392 a 1.837
O : 3.60 : .900 : .0415: .526 : .527 : 2.687 : 3,583
: : : : : : :
1.0 : 0 a .250 : .0054 : .065 : .065 a .422 : .534
:
1.0 : 1.50 : .625 : .0109 : .136 a .136 : .775 : 1.008
1.0 : 1.95 : .738 : .0157 : .197 : .197 : 1.074 : 1409
: : : : :
1.0 : 2.40 : .850 : .0276 : .349 ; .349 : 1.814 : 2.408
I : : . : :
1.0 : 2.70 : .925 :.0554 : .704: ,705 : 3.537 : 4.733
2,0 : 0 : .500 : .0082 : .101 t .100 : .593 : .764
: : : a : . :
2,0 : .95 : .733 : 0 0157 : .197 : .197 : 1.065 : 1.391
t • : . t : :
2.0 : 1.30 : .825 : .0237 : .298 t .298 : 1.554 : 2.065
t : : : : . ..
2.0 t 1.60 : ,900 : .0415 : .527 2 ,527 : 2.666 : 3.560
! a : . a a :

2.0 : . 1.80 : .950 : .0831 : 1.061 : 1.061 t 5.248 : 7.045


: r :
-The last digit of the values given in this table may be somewhat
uncertain.

Rept. No. 1834


w Mx M
Table 2.--Computed values, for a square panel, of 7, qaY2,
qa

and JRxi for S = 0.1 1


qa

• a • : + p) (1 + 2S) w mx : Rxl Qx
E
4 : q qa qa
• : :
- ------- :___----: :-------:
O : 0 : 0 :0.0048 :0.0041 : 0.048 : 0.048 : 0.420 : 0.338
: : :
0 : 1.667 : .500 : .0098 : .0082 : .099 : .100 : .802 : .628

O , : 2.167:: .650 : .0140 : .0118.: .144: .146 : 1.116 : .865


:
O : 2.667 : .800 1 .0247 : .0207 : .257 : .260 : 1.884 : 1.437
: : : : : :
: 3.000 : :900 : .0493 : .0411 : .520: .522 : 3.614 : 2.720
. : : : : : :
. 833 1 0 : .250 : .0064 : .0054: .065: .065 : : .533 : .421
.833 : 1.250 : .625 -: .0131 : .0110: .135: .135 1 1.018 : .786
': : : . : :
.833 : 1.625 : .783 : .0188 : .0158 : .196: .196 : 1.424 : 1.089
: : % : • . • •

.833 : 2.000 : .850 .0330 : .0276 2 .347 1 .348 1 2.433 : 1.839


: t : : • • :
.833 : 2.250 : .925 4 .0663 : .0553 : .703 : .704 : 4.765 : 3.569

: . • • :
1.667 : 0 : .500 1 .0098 : .0082: .100 : ,099 : .759: .590

1.667 : .833 : .750 : .0197 : .0165 : .206 : .206 : 1.470 :' 1.120
: 3 • . : . :
.

1.667 : 1.083 : .825 : .0283 : .0237 : .297 : .297 : 2.072 : 1.567


: : ,
1.667 : 1.333 :. .900 : .0497 : .0415 : .526 : .526 :-3.570 • 2.679
1.667 : 1.500 :: .950 .0996 : .0831 : 1.059 : 1.059 : 7.058 : 5.263

1 .
-The last digit of the values given in this table may be somewhat uncertain.

Rept. No. 1834


Table 3.--Computed values, for a square panel, of w


w, Mx
qa2 2'

and IR
qa for S = 0.2 1
:( e p)(1 + 2S): w wb : Mx : • Rx • Qx
I

4 ; Q•: q -qa2 : qa : qa

0 : 0 • :0.0056 :0.0041 t 0.048 0.048 : 0.420 : 0.338


. : : : : .
: 1.429 : .500 : .0113 : .0082 : .099: .100: .823 : .649
: : :
0 3 1.857 : .650 : .0162 : .0117: .143 : .145 : 1.152 : .899
3 . : :

0 : 2.286 : .800 : .0286 : .0206 : .254 : .258 : 1.946 : 1.498


0 : 2.571 : .900 : .0576 : .0414 : .518 : .525 : 3.737 : 2.836
. : : : : :
.7114.: 0 .250 : .0075 :.0054 : .065. : .065 : .531 : .421
. : 3 : . :

.714 : 1.071 : .625 : .0152 : .0110 : .134 : .135 : 1.031 : .800


• : : :
: - : :
.714 : 1.393 : .738 : .0218 : .0157 : .195 : .196 : 1.446 : 1.111
: : : s : :

.714 : 1.714 : .850 : .0384 : .0276 : .346 : .348 : 2.463 : 1.869


.: : : : : :
.714 : 1.929 g .925 : .0773 : .0553 : .701 .703 : 4.814 : 3.618
1.429 : 0 • .500 .0113 : .0082: .100 : .099 : .754: .587
1.429 : .714 .750 : .0229 : .0165 : .206 .205 : 1.471 : 1.124
1.429 : .929 : :825 .0329 : .0236: .297 : .296 . : 2.077 ; 1.574
3
1.429 : 1.143 : .900 .0578 : .0414 : .525 : .524 : 3.579 : 2.690
1.429 : 1.286 : .950 .1161 : .0830 : 1.060 : 1.058 : 7.070: 5.277

-The last digit of the values given in this table may be somewhat uncertain.

kept. No. 1834

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