Date * Item

Democrat, elected after 3 Republican presidents durring Great Depression. Voter

coalition included Southern Whites, Labor, Ethnics, intellectuals, Northern Blacks,
Farmers. Father of the New Deal, also authorized Manhattan Project and led the US
through most of WWII. Durring new deal, ensured every american the "right to
make a comfortable living." The first hundred days after FDR's innaguration, called
"the Hundred Days," when he took immediate action against the Depression.
Franklin D. Roosevelt worked with his "Brain Trust" (social workers, university professors,
** Roosevelt socially consious lawyers). The goal was to "distribute wealth more equitably."
England and France avoided war with Hitler in 1938 by agreeing to give the
1938 ** Munich German dictator the Czech Sudetenland at this Bavarian town which became, after
WW II, synonimous with appeasement
Communist leader of the Soviet Union durring WWII. Part of "The Big Three."
After end of WWII, engaged in a nuclear arms race with the US to build atomic
** Joseph Stalin weapons and became engaged in the Cold War. Came up with Five-Year plans to
make Soviet Union as productive as possible to rival/beat US. Paranoid over
national security.
Conference between FDR, Churchill, and Stalin. Agreed on the necesity and
priority of an unconditional surrender by Germany and the splitting of Germany
Feb- into four zones, one each controlled by US, Great Britain, Soviet Union, and
** Yalta
45 France. Stalin promised free elections in Poland but was very vague about when.
Stalin promised to enter the war against Japan. Germany was to undergo
denazification and demilitarization.
Gave returning veterans home loans, loans for business or farm start up, help with
1944 ** GI Bill of Rights
college tuition, stipend while attending college, hiring preferences
Increase in birth beginning mid-WWII with the prosperity that the war brought
** Baby Boom
after the decline in birth rates. Officially 1946-1964.
Replaced Henry Wallace as FDR's running mate for the 1944 election. Senator
from Missouri. Not well known, though he was respected politcally for being
honest and hardworking. One top nacy official exclaimed "Who the hell is Harry
** Harry S. Truman
Truman?" when Truman was nominated as vice president. Became president when
FDR died and remains (knock on wood) the only person to have made the decision
to deploy an atomic weapon (2, actually)
This 1944 US Supreme Court case decided that the order interning American
1944 ** Korematsu v. US
citizens of Japanese extraction was constitutional
Confinement or imprisonment of often large groups frequently without trial in
concentration camps or internment camps. The US practiced internment against
Japanese Americans and Japanese in the US in internment camps after the bombing
** Internment of Pearl Harbor, which was ruled constitutional in Korematsu v. US. Germany
interned Jews, homosexuals, mentally ill, physically handicapped, and gypsies in
conscentration camps (the Nazis also massacred these people; the Japanese and
Japanese Americans were not murdered
 Secretary of War to FDR (and later to Truman) after working in earlier
administrations. Had reservations about targeting civilians and generally opted for
cautious plans where war was concerned. As far after his term in office as the
Cuban Missile Crisis, people in charge were still asking each other, "what would
** Henry Stimson
Henry Stimpson do?" Knew about atomic bomb. Most well known in the Maret
community for living in Woodley, which would later become the central building
of Maret School. Stimpson was, in fact, the last private owner of Woodley, before
giving it to his alma mater, Andover.
Used to force Japan's unconditional surrender (ended up keeping emperor after all).
Aug- Hiroshima &
** Hirishima was bombed August 6, 1945 and Nagasaki August 9, 1945. As many as
45 Nagasaki
250,000 people killed in two cities combined.
Leading diplomat durring the Cold War. Said that "in the final analysis, the United
States [is]the locomotive at the head of mankind, and the rest of the world is the
** Dean Acheson caboose." He also made the rotten apple metaphore, saying that that if Grece turned
communist, it would infect the rest of the East and eventually the world would fall
to communism.
Secretary of State 1945--1947. Promised US "wholeharted cooperation" in UN
** James F. Byrnes matters. Tried to use the atomic weapon as leverage to influence Soviet actions in
Eastern Europe and elsewhhere but to no avail.
Split between Germany and Soviet Union by the Hitler-Stalin Non-agression pact.
Later, after WWII, Soviet Union set up a communist government. Though Stalin
** Polish Question promised at the Yalta conference to allow free elections, he never specified when
and kept putting it off. This angered Truman and was a source of tension him and
Stalin
Army Chief of Staff under Truman, urged patience when dealing with the Soviets.
George C. Father of the Marshall plan which, as he put it, was designed to prompt "the revival
**
Marshall of a working economy…to permit the emergence of political and social conditions
in which free institutions can exist."
Plan to stop the spread of communism in Europe. Echoed George Kennan's
Mar- Conainment theory. Truman said "it must be the policy of the United States to
** Truman Doctrine
47 support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or
by outside pressures."
Feb- Director of the State Department's policy-planning staff. Came up with the theory
** George Kennan of Containment of communism--not trying to kill it where it existed but meeting
46
each point of expansion with opposition so it couldn't expand its power.
Gave money to European countries to rebuild their economies. US wanted to make
Marshall Plan
Jun- sure no more countries were so weak as to be vulenerable to communism. The goal
** (European
47 was to strengthen and unify Europe, which could in turn ally itself with the US
Recovery Plan)
agains the Soviet Union.
Combined navy and army departments and the airforce into the cabinet-level
National Security Department of Defence. Unified the military onder Joint Chiefs of Staff. Created
1947 **
Act National Security Council to advise the president and the Central Intelligence
Agency to carry on the spy operations of the wartime Office of Strategic Services.
 US, Britain, and France, were planning to integrate Berlin into the West German
economy through currency reform, so the Soviets suddenly blocked all highways
6/24/4 into the city. Truman could either potentially start another war by smashing through
** Berlin Blockade
8 the baracades, or he could make a mockery of containment by abondoning Berlin.
He did neither. He airlifted supplies to Berlin for almost a year before the Soviets
accepted defeat and opened the city.
North Atlantic
Apr- Treaty Formed after the Berlin Blockade with the US, Canada, and 10 Western European
**
49 Organization nation. Declared that an attack on one was an attack on all. Ended US opposition to
(NATO) peacetime foreign alliances.
Mostly written by Paul Nitze. It was a 58-paged top secret policy paper issued by
the United States National Security Council on April 14, 1950, during the
presidency of Harry S. Truman. It was one of the most significant statements of
American policy in the Cold War. NSC-68 largely shaped U.S. foreign policy in
the Cold War for the next 20 years, and involved a decision to increase the pressure
Apr- of Containment against global Communist expansion a high priority. It rejected the
** NSC 68
50 alternative policies of friendly Détente or aggressive Rollback. NSC-68
recommended policies that emphasized military over diplomatic action. NSC-68
thought of containment as "a policy of calculated and gradual coercion." NSC-68
called for significant peacetime military spending, in which the U.S. possessed
"superior overall power" and "in dependable combination with other like-minded
nations."
Supported by both parties, , government promised a policy of "maximum
employment, production, and purchasing power." President had to submit annual
1946 ** Employment Act
economic report to congress with recommendations for promoting economic
growth. Created a presidential Council of Economic Advisers.
Passed by Congress over Truman's veto. Legalized open shop hiring (nonunion
workers hired to unionized plants, as opposed to plants having to hire through a
1946 ** Taft Hartley Act union hall). Allowed employers to sue unions and authorized federal interventions
against strikes that jeopardized public health or safety. Required union leaders to
swear they were not communists.
Set up by Truman after heavy Democratic losses in the midterm elections.
Presidential Dominated by liberal activists. The committee was instructed to investigate the
1946 ** Commission on status of civil rights in the country and propose measures to strengthen and protect
Civil Rights them. After the committee submitted a report of its findings to President Truman, it
disbanded in December 1947.
To Secure These In the presidential Committee on Civil Rights' 1947 report, To Secure These Rights,
1947 **
Rights it called for vigorous action against racism, including an end to school segregation.
Integrated major-league baseball in 1947 by playing for the Brooklyn Dodgers. In
** Jackie Robinson 1949, he led the National League in batting and was the league's most valuable
player.
 The Fair Deal was an ambitious set of proposals put forward by U.S. President
Harry S. Truman to Congress in his January 1949 State of the Union address. More
generally the term characterizes the entire domestic agenda of the Truman
Administration, from 1945 to 1953. It offered new proposals to continue New Deal
liberalism, but with the Conservative Coalition dominant in Congress, only a few
of its major initiatives became law and then only if they had considerable GOP
support. Truman outlined 21 points:
1. Major improvements in the coverage and adequacy of the unemployment
compensation system.
2. Substantial increases in the minimum wage, together with broader coverage.
Jan-49 ** Fair Deal 3. The maintenance and extension of price controls to keep down the cost of living
in the transition to a peacetime economy.
4. A pragmatic approach towards drafting legislation eliminating wartime agencies
and wartime controls, taking legal difficulties into account.5. Legislation to ensure
full employment.
6. Legislation to make the Fair Employment Practice Committee permanent.
7. The maintenance of sound industrial relations.
8. The extension of the United States Employment Service to provide jobs for
demobilized military personnel.
9. Increased aid to farmers.

10. The removal of the restrictions on eligibility for voluntary enlistment and
allowing the armed forces to enlist a greater number of volunteers.
11. The enactment of broad and comprehensive housing legislation.
12. The establishment of a single Federal research agency.
13. A major revision of the taxation system.
14. The encouragement of surplus-property disposal.
15. Greater levels of assistance to small businesses.
16. Improvements in federal aid to war veterans.
17. A major expansion of public works, conserving and building up natural
resources.
18. The encouragement of post-war reconstruction and settling the obligations of
the Lend-Lease Act.
19. The introduction of a decent pay scale for all Federal Government employees—
executive, legislative, and judicial.
20. The promotion of the sale of ships to remove the uncertainty regarding the
disposal of America’s large surplus tonnage following the end of hostilities.
21. Legislation to bring about the acquisition and retention of stockpiles of
materials necessary for meeting the defense needs of the nation.
Denied charges leveled against him by Whittaker Chambers that Hiss, then a State
Department official, had sent Chambers 300 secret government documents for the
** Alger Hiss Soviets in the 1930s. A typewriter that had once belonged to him proved his guilt
and he was convicted of perjury. Since the statute of limitations had expired, Hiss
only served five years in prison.
Feb- On Lincoln Day, in West Virginia in February 1950, McCarthy gave a speech,
** Wheeling Speech
50 waving a piece of paper, claiming it to be a list of 205 communists in the State
 Department (eventually reduced to 1)

Wisconsin Senator, essentially a playground bully uprooted into a courtroom.

Accused people in the government of being communists, had them tried and went
crazy trying to convict them. Kind of scary to watch. Eventually, the public realized
** Joseph McCarthy he was crazy and stopped paying too much attention to him, at which point his
health declined and he died (how's that for a diva?). Before that, though, he ruined
lots of reputations, had many people imprisoned, and made the entire nation even
more terrified of the threat of Communism in the US than they already were.
"Five-star general in WWII, served as Supreme Commander for Allied Forces. Led
the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–43 and the successful
invasion of France and Germany in 1944–45 from the Western Front. Elected
president in 1952, no doubt he would win. Ran on K1C3 platform (Korea,
Communism, China, Corruption). Didn't want to run for president, but was afraid
that Taft would be nominated. NATO official. Went to Korea shortly after election
to begin negotiations. Had a cabinet full of corporates. As president, responsible
for:
May- Dwight D.
** • 1956 Interstate Highway Act
05 Eisenhower (Ike)
• St. Lawrence Seaway
• Gave control of offshore minerals to states
• Allowed competition in TVA area (but scotched a TVA-like proposal for Snake
River
• Civil Rights Act of 1957:
o Voting Rights
o Established justice department department
• Worked behind the scenes to desegregate much of DC
Voting Rights (Eisenhower tended to focus on voting rights because the more
blacks who could vote, the more responsive southern representatives had to be, the
more civil rights acts could be passed).
• Authorized the attorney general to seek court injunctions to stop electoral officials
Civil Rights Act of
1954 ** from interfering with any citizen's voting rights.
1957
• Created a civil rights division within the Justice Department to monitor racial
issues
• Created a new federal agency, the US Civil Rights Commission to monitor racial
issues
Ordered by Eisenhower, a system of locks, canals and channels that permits ocean-
May- St. Lawrence
** going vessels to travel from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes, as far inland as
05 Seaway
the western end of Lake Superior.
Eisenhower ordered 40,000 miles of highway built. Bigger program than all New
Deal programs combined. Eisenhower wanted to stimulate economic growth:
Federal Highway
** downhill economy = more contracts. Meant to help in transporting troops and mass
Act
evacuations, one per every 10 miles had to be straight, so a plane could land. In
Eisenhower's mind since 1916.
 Named by Defense Secretary Charles Wilson (previously CEO of General Motors).
The idea was to have enough nuclear weapons and threaten with them enough to
stop other countries from misbehaving. A single atomic bomb would be sufficient
to do the work of many normal ones if needed, so it would be cheaper. Similarly,
the fear alone would keep countries (Russia) in check. NSC document declared that
'More Bang for the
** in the event of war, "the United States will consider nuclear weapons to be as
Buck'
available for use as other munitions." Went by many names:
• More Bank for the Buck
• New Look Diplomacy
• Brinksmanship
• Massive retaliation
Eisenhower's secretary of state, very boring. Very black and white view of
communism, ideological. Very good negotiator in private, rejected containment,
** John Foster Dulles saying he was ready to go to "the brink of war" to defeat communism. Thought US
should push back communism on all fronts, promised US help to countries trying to
throw of communism (didn't help much in practice).

The idea was to have enough nuclear weapons and threaten with them enough to
stop other countries from misbehaving. A single atomic bomb would be sufficient
to do the work of many normal ones if needed, so it would be cheaper. Similarly,
the fear alone would keep countries (Russia) in check. NSC document declared that
Oct- New Look Defense in the event of war, "the United States will consider nuclear weapons to be as
**
56 Policy available for use as other munitions." Went by many names:
• More Bank for the Buck
• New Look Diplomacy
• Brinksmanship
• Massive retaliation
The Suez Canal was owned by private investors in Britain and France. However,
when Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser allied with Moscow in late 1955 and
stockpiled Soviet arms for the struggle against Israel, Dulles abruptly canceled
promised US aid for the construction of the Aswan Dam on the Nile, a large
May-
** Suez Crisis Egyptian development project. In retaliation, Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal.
05
Britain and France plotted with Israelis to get them to invade, landed paratroopers
around canal to protect/seize it. Nasser sunk ships to block it. Soviet threatened
nuclear weapons, Eisenhower blackmailed British prime minister to get troops out--
against colonization.
By 1951, Mohammed Mossadegh, a nationalist premier, dominated Iranian politics.
He nationalized the Anglo-Iranian oil Company, which controlled Iran's vast
quantities of oil resources. US rejected Mosadegh's aid requests, so he turned to
** Iran Coup
Russia. In response, the CIA planned, financed, and orchestrated a coup in 1953,
giving all power to Iran's monarch, Shah Reza Pahlavi, who would remain a fervent
US ally and harshly repress all dissident activity in Iran until his overthrow in 1979.
 Communist, converted in early 1920s. However, he was a nationalist first and
billed his campaign as such, saying the most important thing was to overthrow the
French. In WWII, Japan took over Indochina, and Minh broadened his Viet Minh
to throw out the Japanese, helping the allies. At end of the war, his was the only
1954 ** Ho Chi Minh
fighting army in Indochina (both French and Japanese had been defeated), so he
declared independence. When France recovered, they sent troops. Negotiations
failed, civil war broke out. When free elections were promised in Geneva accords,
Minh was sure he would win.
7/1/56 ** Dienbienphu French made a military error and locked themselves in a valley at Dienbienphu Viet
Minh defeated France, led to Geneva Accords.
US observed but didn't sign. Put in place after the French were defeated at
Dienbienphu. Provisions:
• Free elections in July 1956 (in 2 years)
Geneva Accords • Regroupment zones: divided along 17th parallel—not 2 governments, just to get
**
on Indochina troops away from each other
• Vietnam would reunite after elections
• People could cross line freely, no rules about where to live
• No alliances for regroupment zones
First rock-and-roll superstar, defied the bland pop music of the 1950s. Crafted his
style from black rhythm and blues singers. Blended country, gospel, and R&B. sold
millions of records and radio stations targeted towards youth programed hours of
1955 ** Elvis Presley
rock-and-roll. Males emulated his appearance. Aided the transition from crooning
to shouting, moaning, heavy beats, and "raw eroticism of rock-and-roll." dances
became raucous, unlike the calm, peaceful dances of a few years ago.
The Beat movement began when Allen Ginsberg read Howl, which was a
** Howl hallucinatory, drug-influenced poem that painted America to be a ravenous monster
sacrificing its youth on the altars of commerce and technology.
1950 ** Jack Kerouac College dropout from a working-class family. He wrote On the Road in 1957. He
and Allen Ginsberg began the Beat Movement.
Supreme Court outlawed segregated professional schools that were not just as good
1954 ** Sweatt v. Painter
as those only open to whites.
On May 17th, 1954, a unanimous Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Earl Warren,
ruled that segregated public schools violated the constitution principle of equal
treatment for all/ NAACT brief, presented by Thurgood Marshal had cited studies
showing the negative effects of segregation on children. Psychologist Kenneth
Brown v. Board of Clark had found that black children would pick white dolls, and said that "the fact
**
Education that young Negro children would prefer to be white reflects their knowledge that
society prefers white people." Supreme Court justices declared that segregated
public schools "deprive the children of the minority group of equal education
opportunities...[and] generates a feeling of inferiority...that may [never] be
undone".
12/01/ Chief Justice of the Supreme Court at the time of Brown v. Board of Education.
** Earl Warren Appointed by President Eisenhower, who later described his choice to appoint Earl
55
Warren as Chief Justice as "the biggest damnfool mistake I ever made."
 Sparked by Rosa Parks refusing to give up her seat on a bus to a white man and her
subsequent arrest on December 1, 1955. Led by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr.
Three goals:
1. Polite treatment of blacks
2. More black drivers
3. Seating on a first come, first served (before, blacks in back, whites in front,
middle was mixed, but blacks had to yield to whites).
For almost a year, blacks stayed off the busses by walking or carpooling. Choked
Montgomery Bus
** economic aspect of public transportation. This boycott succeeded where others had
Boycott
failed because of King; it was more organized and he was such an eloquent speaker
that he kept people engaged, and kept everyone engaged, so it wasn't only a few
people, but an entire population, a major population for public transportation.
Boycotters held firm, even as leaders were briefly jailed and King's house was
bombed. In November, 1956, federal court desegregated Alabama busses. But more
than legal victory, the successful boycott had energized the black community and
given them hope to fight injustices. Beginning of King's career as a symbol and
leader of civil rights activation.
Jailed on December 1, 1955 for refusing to give her bus seat to a white man, an
** Rosa Parks event that sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Secretary of the Alabama
NAACT, long-time activist, department-store seamstress.
Pastor of a middle-class black Baptist church, recruited to lead Montgomery Bus
Boycott. Fabulous public speaker, that and his organization skills are why boycott
Martin Luther succeeded. Boycott launched a career that would lead to world fame. Started
1957 **
King, Jr. Southern Christian Leadership Conference with other black ministers, huge, iconic
civil rights leader and symbol. Played a huge role in organizing the 1963 March on
Washington. Assassinated in 1968.
Southern Christian
10/04/
** Leadership Council Founded by MLK and other black ministers in 1957 to guide the growing civil
57
(SCLC) rights movement.
A 184-pound space satellite, launched by Russia on October 4, 1957. Sputnik and
other satellites that quickly followed jolted America's assumption that the US was
1958 ** Sputnik
scientifically superior to the USSR and got a lot of people discussing education in
America, trying to build a new generation that would be superior to the Russians.
Gave $800 million for loan to college and university students and to the states to
improve science and foreign language education. Example of Cold War shaping
National Defense
** domestic life in America. People believed that the reason the Soviets were able to
Education Act
launch a satellite first was because they were educating their children--the future
generation--better than the US, making better scientists.
Guerilla leader, overthrew pro-US dictator Fulgencio Batista. Allied with Soviet
Union, began a Marxist Revolution, imprisoned opponents, kicked US business out
01/01/
** Fidel Castro of Cuba, and seized US oil refineries in Cuba. Government stopped US imports of
59
Cuban Sugar, which was crucial to the Cuban economy. Eisenhower secretly
approved a CIA plan for an anti-Castro invasion of Cuba in 1961.
Fidel Castro and his guerilla troops overthrew. Castro looked good to the US until
** Cuban Revolution he took over US refineries, nationalized big industries (including US businesses)
and revealed himself to be Marxist and Communist. Eisenhower imposed an
 embargo on sugar.

Served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his
assassination in November 1963. Notable events that occurred during his
presidency included the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Space
** John F. Kennedy
Race—by initiating Project Apollo (which later culminated in the moon landings),
the building of the Berlin Wall, the African-American Civil Rights Movement, and
the increased US involvement in the Vietnam War.
Maxwell Taylor's idea. Kennedy administration didn't want an all or nothing
08/13/
** 'Flexible Response' (ignore or nuclear bomb) set of choices to respond to an issue, they wanted to be
61
able to select the appropriate magnitude for the situation.
Many East German refugees were fleeing to West Germany and Kennedy increased
military spending, tripled draft, activated reserves, and delivered a terrifying TV
address warning of a possible nuclear war, after leaving Vienna seeing danger
ahead. Declared that Berlin had become "the great testing place of Western courage
Oct-
** Berlin Wall and will." Nuclear fear had reawakened. Khrushchev's solution was to erect a wall
62
between East and West Berlin on August 13, 1961. The Berlin Wall blocked
movement between East and West Berlin, splitting up families and preventing East
Germans from seeking asylum in West Germany. Kennedy considered the wall
"not a very nice solution, but a wall is a hell of a lot better than war."
US spy planes saw USSR missiles in Cuba, which could easily hit US. US already
had missiles in Turkey, which could easily hit USSR. World came to the brink of
nuclear war. USSR publicly took missiles out of Cuba, US quietly took missiles out
of Turkey and publicly blockaded Cuba. Results:
• Khrushchev was out of power by 1965.
Cuban Missile
1963 ** • France left NATO and started its own nuclear program, scared US would
Crisis
prioritize itself over the alliance in a crisis.
• Hotline between White House and Kremlin installed.
• Crash Program to equalize number of ICBM.
• Cuba/Moscow rift.
• Atmospheric Test Ban Treaty.
After Cuban Missile Crisis, US, USSR, and Great Britain agreed to cease nuclear
11/01/
** Test Ban Treaty testing in the atmosphere and underwater. Underground testing was allowed, and
63
China and France continued atmospheric testing.
Diem became more and more unpopular, and lost support in Washington because
his rigid, family based rule didn't agree with Kennedy’s goal of promoting social
reform and democracy in countries threatened by communism. Kennedy eventually
1964 ** Diem Assassinated
gave the go ahead for an anti-Diem coup, and South Vietnamese military officers,
with help from the US embassy in Saigon, arrested Diem and his brother. Both
were murdered while in custody.
 Reminiscent of FDR’s New Deal (LBJ modeled himself in many ways after FDR).
In a speech, LBJ said that the US was great in many ways, but there was a sizeable
pool of people out of mainstream, and that the country could do better. LBJ
assumed that he could conquer poverty. Michael Harrington’s The Other America
1962 ** War on Poverty had opened many people’s eyes to the poverty in the US. Had roots in FDR and
Walter Heller. Also prompted by the black civil rights movement, which was
focusing more on economic issues and moving from the South to the inner-city
ghettos of the urban north. Similar unrest was growing in the Hispanic population
in the US.
The Other Michael Harrington's book opened the eyes of affluent America to the large pool of
Aug- Americans: elderly people, unskilled workers, migrant laborers, and minorities who still lived
**
64 Poverty in the in great poverty. Argued that poverty was not in isolated in distribution, but a vast
United States subculture.

Part of the War on Poverty. Consisted of many parts:

1. Head Start—Pre K
2. Upward bound—helped underprivileged kids afford college
3. Job skills corps—provided work, basic education, and training for young adults,
from ages sixteen to twenty-one
Economic 4. Volunteers in Service to Americas—VISTA, domestic version of the peace corps
** 5. Community Action Plan—communities could get a grant to spend on what the
Opportunity Act
community felt it needed most. CAP advocates hoped it would stimulate political
activism, collective effort, and local initiatives by the poor people themselves.
o Most controversial section, funds weren’t always used or controlled as
planned. In Chicago, it became part of Mayor Daley’s machine.
6. Manpower Development and Training Act—job training
7. Created the Office of Economic Opportunity to oversee the other programs,
headed by Sargent Shriver.
Senator from Arizona. His ghostwritten book, The Conscience of a Conservative,
summed up his platform: aggressive pursuit of the Cold War, unhindered free
enterprise, and a dismantling of character-sapping welfare programs. As a senator,
1965 ** Barry Goldwater
he had praised McCarthy, and in 1964 he again accused democrats of being "soft
on Communism." Ran as the Republican candidate against LBJ in 1964. LBJ won
by a landslide
 Even bigger a reform agenda than the War on Poverty. LBJ aimed for better health,
better schools, better sixties, safer highways, a more beautiful nation, and support
for the arts. LBJ strove to create a society "worthy of America." Programs
included:
• Health Care
o Medicare: 65 and older, federal
o Medicaid: poor people, state
• Cities
o House and Urban Development
o Model Cities
o City Beautification
o Slum Clearance/Urban Renewal
• Environment
o Clean Water
1964- o Clean Air
** Great Society
5 o EPA
• Education
o Programs covered all levels of education
• Transport
o DOT
o Transportation Reform
o Public Transportation
Highway Building
• Art
o National endowment art
o National endowment humanity
o Corporation for public broadcasting
• Immigration:
o Repealed restrictions imposed in the 1920s that favored some nationalities
over others
Provided fedearal health insurance for all Americans over age 65. Funding came
from increased social security payroll deductions. Covered most hospital expenses,
1962 ** Medicare diagnostic tests, home visits, and some nursing home costs. Congress also voted
funds for medical schools, nursing schools, and medical-student scholarships to
supply the additional personnel.
Supreme Court held that states must, "as nearly as practicable," maintain
1963 ** Baker v. Carr population balance in settling the bounds of congressional and state-legislature
electoral districts.
Gideon v.
1966 **
Wainwright Supreme Court ruled that people had a right to an attorney, and if one couldn’t
afford one, one would be appointed for them.
Supreme Court mandated that prisoners must be informed of their legal rights at the
** Miranda v. Arizona
time of their arrest.
Supreme Court between 1953 and 1969, when Earl Warren was chief justice. The
May-
** Warren Court court expanded civil rights, civil liberties, federal power, and judicial power
05
dramatically. Credited with ending legal racial segregation in the US.
1964 ** Engel v. Vitale Supreme Court banned organized classroom prayer in public schools as a violation
of the constitutional prohibition of the establishment of religion.
Apr- Griswold v. Supreme Court banned organized classroom prayer in public schools as a violation
**
60 Connecticut of the constitutional prohibition of the establishment of religion.
Founded by 300 student leaders from more than 50 black schools and colleges. Ella
Baker provided a modest grant, and James M. Lawson, Jr. drafted the statement of
Student Non-
purpose. He delivered an address that criticized the NAACP and all "middle class
Feb- Violent
** conventional halfway efforts to deal with radical social evil." after hesitation, both
60 Coordinating
the SCLC and NAACP supported SNCC. Led voter registration drives, sit ins, and
Committee
other projects. Won support from young African Americans and white backers of
the black cause.
A series of nonviolent protests in Greensboro, North Carolina in 1960[1] which led
to the Woolworth department store chain reversing its policy of racial segregation
1961 ** Greensboro Sit-Ins
in the Southern United States.Captured the imaginations of young blacks. Non-
violent way of making a very strong, very clear point. Led by college students.
SNCC, supported by MKL and SCLC, targeted Albany, Georgia, for a
desegregation campaign that organizers hoped would attract DC's attention. For
months, black residents marched for voting rights and to protest segregated schools,
lunch counters, parks, and libraries. Hundreds were jailed, but local white leaders
handled the protesters smartly, treating arrestees well, avoiding brutality that could
1963 ** Albany Campaign cause backlash. Organization conflicts weakened the action. SNCC's young leaders
accused NAACP for being boring and timid. Later, white leaders in Albany orally
accepted the demands, and MLK proclaimed victory and left. Things quickly went
back to how they had been before the campaign. The failure undermined the
credibility of the civil rights leadership and heightened blacks' frustration with the
Kennedy administration, which had made no effort to intervene.
Birmingham, Alabama was notoriously America's most segregated big city, though
it displayed many southern views on race. White elite deplored crude racism and
violent assaults, though most supported segregation and had opposed Brown v.
Board of Education. SCLC targeted Birmingham and recruited 250 local black
leaders to coordinate. The goal was to provoke encounters that would dramatize the
city's institutionalized racism and prod DC to act. The plan was summed up in
Aug- Birmingham Document C--confrontation. There was a lot of brutality that caught the nation's
**
63 Campaign attention. The KKK sprang into action, bombing the SCLC's Birmingham
headquarters. Some marches were led by children. Peaked on Tuesday, May 7
when white authority attacked demonstrators with fire hoses. National outrage
mounted. Dismayed by the violence, the bad publicity, the economic boycott, and
behind the scenes pressure from the Justice Department, Birmingham granted
SCLC's demands: equal opportunity hiring practices and a biracial council to
dismantle Birmingham's segregated facilities on an agreed-upon timetable.
August 28th, 1963. Kennedy initially opposed, but organizers held firm, and the
White House ended up working closely with planners. Marchers assembled at the
Jun- March on Lincoln Memorial. Joan Baez sang "We Shall Overcome," Bob Dylan performed a
**
64 Washington tribute to Medgar Evers, and Odetta and Mahalia Jackson sang. A. Philip Randolph
urged passage of a civil rights bill. MLK transformed the lobbying event into a
history occasion, using vivid images and biblical language to make his point in his
 "I Have a Dream" Speech.

LBJ used the nation's grief over Kennedy's assassination and his southern ties to
overcome opposition to Kennedy's bill.
• Outlawed public segregation (did it by outlawing segregation in places that might
cater to travelers from out of state, which is federal jurisdiction)
• Made it easier for the attorney general to participate in private civil rights cases
and to prosecute segregated school districts and election officials who denied
voting rights to blacks
• Forbade discrimination in hiring
Mar- Civil Rights Act of
** • Forbade discrimination in federally funded programs
65 1964
• Forbade discriminations in public facilities (restaurants, motels, theaters,
amusement parks, etc.)
• Authorized the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to enforce
compliance with laws against workplace discrimination
• Title VII: Prohibited employers discriminating against employees on the basis of
sex, gender, national origin, or religion. GENDER! RACE! (Two big things in the
era, one big now, one about to blow up)
*Didn't cover any private business that didn't open its doors to the public
MLK announced this march from Selma to Montgomery to present a protest
petition to Governor Wallace and demand action on voting rights. LBJ privately
pressured king into calling off the march, but other activist persisted. March 7
became "Bloody Sunday" when Reverent Hosea Williams with SNCC's John Lewis
and local supporters proceeded with the march. As 600 archers approached the
Edmund Petus Bridge, they met Sheriff Clark and 200 deputies and state troopers.
When the marchers refused to turn back, troopers and police, some on horseback
08/01/
** Selma March plowed into the throng, throwing tear gas, flailing nightsticks, a and jabbing with
65
electric cattle prods. The marchers retreated. 50 were hospitalized. The violent
images were brought to the world on TV, and demands for presidential action and a
federal voting-rights law poured into DC. King and other leaders arrived in Selma,
and pressure was high to complete the march. Federal judge banned the march, and
LBJ warned MLK that further violence would jeopardize the voting rights bill he
had now decided to introduce. King called off the march, confusing and angering
protesters and deepening the rift in the civil rights movement.
Race riot. Routine speeding arrest, driver black, LA police officer white. Crowds of
black people gathered and protested, false rumors swept through the uprising, and
1965 ** Voting Rights Act more than 15,000 police and national guardsmen were called in. Uprising lasted 36
hours, killed 34, wounded 900, $30 million property damage, left Watts business
district in chared ruins. One of a series of race riots.
 Founded in 1966 by black college students Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. Their
manifesto demanded decent housing, better education, an end to police brutality,
and full employment for the black commmunity. Also aimed for excemption from
military service for black males, all-black juries for blacks on trial, and "an end to
1966 ** Watts Riot the robbery by the capitalists of our Black Community." The Panthers won local
celebrity and national media attetion. Pulled stunts like bringing weapons into the
capitol building when lawmakers were debating a bill banning the carrying of laded
guns. Became the targets of FBI surveillance and raids by local police that
sometimes resulted in fatalities.
Founded in 1966 by black college students Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. Their
manifesto demanded decent housing, better education, an end to police brutality,
and full employment for the black commmunity. Also aimed for excemption from
military service for black males, all-black juries for blacks on trial, and "an end to
Black Panther
1962 ** the robbery by the capitalists of our Black Community." The Panthers won local
Party
celebrity and national media attetion. Pulled stunts like bringing weapons into the
capitol building when lawmakers were debating a bill banning the carrying of laded
guns. Became the targets of FBI surveillance and raids by local police that
sometimes resulted in fatalities.
The organizationw as roted in an earlier radical dtradition. The leaders were
children of leftists who had supported radical causes in the 1930s, and in the 1960s,
the children launched a fresh critical assault on capitalist America. The
Students for a
organization was a leader in harnessing the new mood among students politcally. It
1960 ** Democratic
was founded in 1960, when Micheal Harrington and others were trying to revive a
Society (SDS)
New York socialist group, the League for Industrial Democracy, and ended up
forming a youth branch, the Students' League for Industrial Democracy, which was
renamed Students for a Democratic Society.
As the counterculture youth was developing its style of dress, activities, and décor,
they were also engaging freely in premarital sex, and the new oral contraceptive
** The Pill
allowed the sex without risk (very small risk) of a baby. Later, the intrauterine
device would come along.
Previously used in Native American religious rites, then discovered by the Beats in
the 1950s before being synthesized in England and reaching the US in the early
** LSD
1960s. At first, marijuana and LSD appeared harmless paths to deeper levels of
consciousness.
Took place in the Haight-Ashbury district in San Francisco, epicenter of the hippie-
** Summer of Love
revolution. 1967.
** Haight-Ashbury District in San Fransisco, considered by Time to be the counterculture's "vibrant
epicenter". Home of the "summer of love"
General of North Vietnam worked with Ho Chi Minh to escalate the military effort
** Vo Nguyen Giap to unify North and South Vietnam under Hanoi rule led by the Vietnamese
Communist Party. Oversaw the expansion of the army during the war.
The theory that, if one country (in this case, Vietnam, or, specifically, South
Vietnam) fell to Communism, other small southeast Asian countries such as Laos
Aug-
** Domino Theory and Cambodia would fall, and other small countries would start to fall and the
64
Communists would have a stronghold in Asia they could use to spread around the
world.
 Gave the president the authority to respond as he saw fit to any future aggression.
LBJ chose a Resolution over a formal declaration of war because he feared the
latter would draw the Soviets or China into the war. Suspicious background. US
destroyer Maddox was attacked by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on the night of
02/24/ Gulf of Tonkin August 1-2, 1964 as it conducted espionage in the Gulf of Tonkin of North
**
65 Resolution Vietnam. Maddox drove off the torpedo boats and, on LBJ orders, continued
spying, joined by destroyer Turner Joy. Two nights later, the two destroyers
reported another attack, but there was no evidence of this attack. But LBJ used this
incident as an opportunity to request the Resolution, which was the legal basis for
the war.
Large scale bombing campaign against North Vietnam. Johnson cited recent VC
Feb- Operation Rolling
** attacks on US military instillation, including the one at Pleiku that killed 9
65 Thunder
Americans.
** Pleiku Attack on a military installation that killed 9 Americans.
** Nguyen Van Thieu US support shifted from Nguyen Cao Ky to him and, in very fish election
circumstances, he was elected president.
An informal group of senior counselors to LBJ, led by Dean Acheson. In 1966,
** The Wise Men they warned Johnson about dissolving support for the war, but advised him to
continue on course with the war.
Senator from Arkansas, chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, early
J. William
Jan-68 ** critic of Vietnam War. Held special hearings on the war. The hearings helped
Fullbright
solidify antiwar feelings.
Normally there was an informal cease-fire during Tet, the Vietnamese New Year.
This year, however, North Vietnam attacked. Khe Sanh had been a diversion to
distract the US. Sympathizers in the cities joined the attack against the US. NLF
held Hué for almost a month, executing in cold blood as many as 3,000 officers
who identified with he Saigon regime. US officials used this as proof that a
Communist victory in Vietnam would mean a bloodbath. US bombed and shelled
Hué to ruins. Under the CIA's Phoenix Program and Provincial Reconnaissance
** Tet Offensive
Unit, US and South Vietnamese assassination teams killed some 60,000 South
Vietnam opponents of the Saigon regime, many of who had revealed their loyalty
during Tet. Militarily, it was a US victory, but the sheer brutality turned even more
people against the War. Shortly after, first Eugene McCarthy, then Robert
Kennedy and Herbert Humphrey announced their candidacy for the Democratic
Party nomination, challenging siting president LBJ, who soon withdrew from the
race.
After the Tet offensive, he announced his candidacy for Democratic nomination
against siting president LBJ. Won in the New Hampshire primary, unprecedented.
03/31/
** Eugene McCarthy Robert Kennedy and Herbert Humphrey then announced candidacy. He and RFK
68
competed through primaries while Humphrey worked through back room caucuses.
After RFK's assassination, McCarthy lost the nomination to Humphrey
After the Tet offensive, he announced his candidacy for Democratic nomination
LBJ Withdraws against siting president LBJ. Won in the New Hampshire primary, unprecedented.
** from Presidential Robert Kennedy and Herbert Humphrey then announced candidacy. He and RFK
Race competed through primaries while Humphrey worked through back room caucuses.
After RFK's assassination, McCarthy lost the nomination to Humphrey
 Alabama governor, announced candidacy n a third party ticket, the American
Independent Party. He had "stood in the schoolhouse door" in 1963 to oppose
** George Wallace integration, and he appealed to southern and working class whites resentful of black
activists, campus demonstrators, and hippies. Denounced antiwar protesters as
"pointy-headed intellectuals." His running mate was Curtis Lemay.
Nixon's national security adviser. Agreed with Nixon's plan that the cabinet would
handle domestic affairs to leave Nixon free to focus on global issues. In 1957 he
had advocated the deployment of intercontinental ballistic missiles and tactical
nuclear weapons to advance US strategic interests. A very different person from
** Henry Kissinger
Nixon, but they shared a tastes for strategic thinking and were similar in the way
that they were both secretive and both distrusted their staff. When the New York
Times reported the secret Cambodian bombing, Kissinger had the FBI wiretap his
own staff. The wiretaps quickly expanded to journalists and White House aides.
• US would keep all its treaty commitments
• US would shield any ally or nation whose survival the US deemed vital to US
security from a nuclear threat
• Us would give military and economic assistance when requested along the lines of
Nixon Doctrine
a treaty commitment. However, the threatened nation had to take the lead in
providing the soldiers for its defense
Nixon wanted to ease relations with the Soviet Union and China and wanted "peace
with honor" in Vietnam.
Before leaving office, Secretary of Defense McNamara had instructed his aides to
compile files from the Pentagon on the history of the planning and prosecution of
the war. In March 1971, one of those aides, Daniel Ellsberg, having become an
** Pentagon Papers antiwar activist gave the documents to the New York Times. Nixon tried to stop the
publication, but the Supreme Court upheld the Times's claim to First Amendment
protection. The publication intensified Nixon and Kissinger's obsession with press
leaks.
Nixon and Kissinger's overall goal in foreign policy. The easing of tension between
** Détente nations, in this case US and the USSR/China. Improved trade relations were a
major goal.
Strategic arms limitation treaty, US-Soviet talks began in Geneva in 1969. Nixon
and Kissinger secretly completed negotiations with Soviet ambassador Anatoly
1967 ** Salt I Dobrynin in DC. The treaty, signed by Nixon and Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev in
Moscow in 1972, fros US and USSR missile arsenals for five years, but SALT I
failed to address latest technological advance: MIRVs
Jewish Isreal defeated Arab foes nd occupied the Golan Heights on its norther
border with Syria, the Egyptian-held Sinai peninsula and Gaza Strip, and the West
Bank of the Jordan River and Jerusalem's historic Old City (previously controlled
1973 ** Six-Day War
by Jordan). But the volitile Middle East was a Cold War arena and US and USSR
were constantly cying for allies. US was Isreal's patron, so DC supplied the military
and economic aid to ensure its survival.
 In October 1973, Syria and Egypt, backed by Soviet weapons, launched a war
against Isreal to avenge their grievances. They attacked on Yom Kippur (the holiest
day fo the Jewish year). Isreal was aided by US weapons and fought off the
attackers and persued Egyptian troops across the Sinia. War strained détente,
1973 ** Yom Kippur War because Brezhnev threatened to send troops to Egypt and Pentagon went to a high
level of nuclear alert. US halted Isreal's counter attack by witholding military
supplies. Illustrated the links between foreign policy and domestic economy
because the Arab states, angered by US support for Isreal, impsoed the Arab Oil
Embargo.
Arab states were angered by US support for Isreal, so they halted oil shipments to
the US from October 1973 to March 1974. US only imported 12% of its oil from
** Arab Oil Embargo Arab states, but gasoline prices went from 40 cents per gallon to 55 cents per gallon
(37.5% increase). Inflation rose, stock prices plunged, and all sectors of the
economy were impacted, leading to the worst recession since the 1930s in 1974-74.
Nixon and Kissinger decided the US must mend relations with the Arabs for
strategis anc economic reasons. Kissinger spent two years going to the Middle East
so often his plane was named the "yo-yo express" to negotiate disputes, curry favor,
and counter Soviet moves. Underlying animosities remained, but Kissinger made
1973 ** Shuttle Diplomacy
progress. In November 1973, he negotiated a cease-fire between Isreal and Egypt
and persuaded Isreal to withdraw from Egyptian and Syrian land siezed in the 1973
war. In return, the Arab's oil boycott ended and Egyptian president Anwar el-Sadat,
having broken with the USSR, warmed to the US.
Supreme Court landmark decision which upheld a woman's constitutional right to
1973 ** Roe v. Wade
an abortion.
Endangered Supportd by Nixon, protected more than 900 plant and animal species whose
**
Species Act survival was in jeopardy.
After women got the vote, feminists concentrated on social justice and peace
concerns. In the 1970s, femminism went back to its 19th century self, when women
demanded not only the vote, but access to higher education and the professions,
married somen's property rights, fairer divorce laws, and other reforms. In the
** New Feminism 1970s, the new feminists called for gender equality. This phase was characterized
by cohesiveness and confidence, though the movement would go on to split into
radical and moderate wings. Movement attracted young activists from the civil-
rights and antiwar campaigns. Females in those movements had been margianalized
by men in the movements.
Complex tangle of events that stemmed from criminal activities by the Nixon
administration during the 1972 presdential campaign and later attempts to conceal
** Watergate
the crimes, but that also had larger sources and mplications. Revealed the limitless
style of politics Nison practived and exposed fundmental flaws in his character.
Power claimed by the President of the United States and other members of the
executive branch to resist certain subpoenas and other interventions by the
** Executive Privilege
legislative and judicial branches of government to access information and
personnel relating to the executive branch.
Committee to A fundraising committie to fund Nixon's reelection, but whose funds were secretly
** Reelect the and illegally used to break into the Watergaet Hotel and keep people quiet about the
President (CRP, scandal.
 pronounced Creep)

Halderman was the White House chief of Staff. He had known what was going on,
and information illegally obtained was funneled to him. Erlichman was the Chief
Bob Haldeman &
** Domestic Advisor for Nixon and had created the Plumbers after the Pentagon
John Erlichman
Papers were leaked. Halderman used a secret fund in the White House safe to give
$400,000 to Watergate defendants to keep their silence.
77-year-old Democratic senator from North Carolina, chaired the Select Committee
** Sam Ervin on Presidential Campaign Activities. Had a sharp mnd and incredible legal
expertse. His investigation circled closer to Nixon.
Harvard law professor, Chosen by new Attorney General Elliot Richardson as a
special prosecutor to investigate the Watergate matter. The Cox investigation could
** Archibald Cox
involve criminal prosecution, but the Ervin Committee's Senate hearings could lead
to impeachment.
Nixon's list of people against whom he carried out illegal and unethical activities to
** 'Enemies List'
undermine and discredit. The list included politicians, journalists, and others.
Nixon's new vice president after Agnew resigned, denounced CREEP as "an
arrogant elite guard of political adolescents." Became president after Nixon
07/24/
** Gerald Ford resigned and pardoned him. Ford unconditionally pardoned Nixon, which hurt
73
Nixon's reputation, but may have kept the scandal from draging on longer than it
had to.
Landmark United States Supreme Court decision. It resulted in a unanimous 8–0
ruling against President Richard Nixon and was important to the late stages of the
* US v. Nixon Watergate scandal. It is considered a crucial precedent limiting the power of any
US president. Said Nixon couldn't cite executive privelage as an excuse to not hand
over the tapes.
A combination of inflation, brough on by soaring oil prices (Yom Kippur War and
Inflation +
05/01/ Arab oil boycott) and a recession at the same time (lots of unemployment, so
* Recession =
74 people didn't have the money to pay for the rising costs) halted the economy. NYC
Stagflation
nearly went bankrupt.
In January of 1975, North Vietnamese forces captured areas around Saigon, and,
after President Thieu fled to Taiwan, Saigon fell on may 1 and was quickly
1975 * Fall of Saigon renamed Ho Chi Minh City. South Vietnamese who had worked of US officials
frantically scrambled aboard helicopters atop the US embassy roof as North
Vietnamese forces closed in.
Produced the foreign-policy high point of Ford's presidency. The nations of Europe,
icluding th eUSSR and its satellites, agreed to stabilize national boudaries and the
East-West power balance. They also adopted a set of accords on human rights and
* Helsinki Accords freedom of travel that strengthened the reform pressures behind the Iron Curtain.
Contributed to the collapse of the USSR years later, even though many Americans
of Eastern European origen and US Cold Warriors denounced the agreement for
conceding Russian power in Eastern Europe.
 Former governor of George, ran the family's peanut business at the time he entered
the race for 1976 Democratic presidential nomination. Benefited from post 1968
Democratic Party reforms that had increased the role of primaries and grassroots
activists in the choice of the candidates. Also helped by TV. Opponents initially
James Earl Carter, jeered "Jimmy who?" but he won the Iowa and New Hampshire primaries and soon
*
Jr. won the nomination His running mate was Minnesota Senator Walter Mondale, a
leading norhern liberal. Carter pledged simple honesty that appealed to people after
Watergate. Used his "born-again" Christianity to connect to American life. Won
50.1% of the popular vote and became president, helped by the stricken economy,
the Nixon pardon, and Watergate memories.
Carter applied his considerable analytic skills to the problem of energy. He wanted
to force Americans to conserve energy by raising the cost of energy. Wanted to
reduce America's oil imports, which were growing quickly. In an energy bill
presented to a joint session of Congresss, Carter proposed phasing out the price
controls that kept the cost of domestic oil and natural gas artificially low, while
taxing domestic oil production to prevent windfall profits by oil and gas companies.
Mar- Carter Energy He also wanted stiffer federal taxes on gasoline, tax penalties on cars that violated
*
79 Policy federal fuel-efficieny standards, tax credits for conservation measures, and other
measures. The bill met strong opposition from oil and gas companies, and political
ideology shaped the debate too. The energy law passed in October 1978 was a
compromise. It lifted price controls on natural gas in phased steps and penalized
gaspguzzling cars. Provided incentives for coal use by industry and energy-saving
measures for consumers, including solar heatin units. Step in direction Carter
wanted, though he wanted more.
A nuclear power plant accident at Pennsylvania's Three Mile Island nuclear power
plant that supported the warings of critics of nuclear power. Roughly 800,000
gallons of radioactive water burst from a cooling unit, threatening neary
* Three Mile Island Harrisburg. Tension mounted, and Carter toured the plant to reassure the public, but
the reassurances seemed forced. Three Mile Island and the movie China Sydrom
dealth the nuclear-energy industry a heavy blow. More than 30 planned plants were
cancled, and new orders ceaced.
Midwestern cities whose factories, which had made the US the world's industrial
* 'Rust Belt' leader between 1880 and WWII, closed due to foreign competition, aging
equipment, shifting consumer tastes, and rising labor costs.
These idustries exemlified the trend of declining industry in the US. Until the
1970s, the Big Three--General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler--supplied the vast
majority of cars bought in the US, but this changed in the 1970s. As gas prices
skyrocketed and inflation went up, car buyers welcomed affordable, more fuel-
Auto Industry
* efficient imports like the Japanese Toyota and Datson. All three of the Big Three
Declines
lost a lot financially, and only federal loans saved Chrysler from bankrupcy. The
bailout illustrated how quickly laissez-faire theory can fae when corporate survival
is at stake. The auto industry's issues worstened the recessions, as workers were
laid off and others faced long "temporary leaves."
 As late as 1950, the US produced 97 tons of steel, almost half the world's total. In
1959, a long strike forced steel imports to exceed exports for the first time in the
1900s. Many other countries were producing more steel than the US, and several
were also challenging. The auto industry's troubles contributed to steel's decline,
but the crisis also reflected management's failure to adapt to new technologies,
Steel Industry including the basic oxygen furnace, which replaced the old open-hearth system, and
*
Declines the production of steel in continuous sheets rather than in separate ingots. Foreign
steelmakers embraced these techniques, but the US, heavily invested in old mills,
resisted. Instead of investing in new technologies, steelmakers chose to maxise
short term profits. The US steel industry was also a largely non-competitive
oligopoly of big companies, each with its established market share, charging
uniform prices, discouraging inovation.
Personal PCs, sales took off at the end of the 1970s. New technology was making it possible
*
Computers to fit the power of the old computers--the size of a room--onto a personal desk.
Steven Jobs and Two college dropouts in Cupertino, CA who, in 1976, built a prototype in the Job's
1978 * family garage/ After selling early models to local hobbyists, they founded Apple
Stephen Wozniak
Computer in 1977, and by 1980, sales had eached $118 million.
Overwhelmingly passed by California voters in 1978. Slashed real-estate taxes,
* Proposition 13 crating havok for CA's education and welfare systems. Championed by Howard
Jarvis.
A businessman, lobbyist, and politician. He was an anti-tax activist responsible for
* Howard Jarvis
passage of California's Proposition 13
One of two catalysts of the racial tensions of the 1970s. Busing made many white
angry, and they protested. Critics denounced busing as federal meddling with a
1978 * Busing local issue to promote an abstract social ideal. The officials who mandated school
busing often lived in ffluent suburbs unaffected by these plans, and that added a
class dimension ot the resentment. Ford denouced, but that only fueled the protests.
A white, sued the medical school of the University of California at Davis, charging
that his rejected application was stronger than those who had been acccepted
because the school needed a certain number of students of different races. In 1978,
* Allan Bakke
the Supreme Court, by a 5-4 vote, sided with Bakke and ordered the school to
enroll him. The Court also forbade the setting of specific quotas for minorities.
Justice Thurgood Marshall angrily dissented, citing the history of discrimination.
An organization founded by Jerry Falwell in 1979 to spearhead US spiritual
* Moral Majority
regeneration at the ballot box, attracted lots of attention.
Mass mail specialisty, Louisiana-born Roman Catholic, marthaled computerized
lists of names to raise funds for conservative cuases and candidates by focusing on
* Richard Viguerie
such emotion-laden themes as gun control, abortion, gar rights, the death penatlty,
and schol parayer. Part of the new right wing political movements.
But they were more focused on social issues and national sovereignty. They formed
1972 * New Right a policy approach that brought Reagan into office. They countered liberal
establishment.
 A private organization started in 1972 by david Rockefeller, head of Chase
Manhattan Bank and Zbigniew Brzezinski, professor of international relations at
Columbia University. Jimmy Carter was a member of this organization, which
brought together political, economic, and strategic leaders of the US, Western
Trilateral
* Europe, and Japan to address issues of global concern. Carter drew on his contacts
Commission
from this organization in assembling his foreign policy team, pulling Cyrus Vance,
a NY lawyer and pillar of foreign-policy establishment as his secretary of state, and
Brzezinski as his national security adviser. US foreign policy in the late 1970s
reflects the personalities nd ideology of Carter, Vance, and Brzezinski.
Carter believed that morality had an important role in foreign policy and was
committed to expanding human rights around the world. He rejected Kissinger's
realpolitic, which largely ignored the internal polcies of nations friendly to US
Carter's Human interests. Vance liked Carter's ide of morality and used US influence, along with
1978 *
Rights Policy threats to cut off foreign aid to prodd Chile, Argentina, Ethiopia, South Africa, and
other nations to improve their human-rights records. Carter and Vance fcued more
on Africa and Latin America than Nixon and Kissinger, who had viewered these
regions simply as arenas for pursuing the powergame, had.
US restored Panamanion sorereignty to the Canal Zone and pledged to transfer
canal opperations to Panama by 1999. Nixon had begun renegotiations amidst anti-
Jun- Panama Canal
* US demonstrations in Panama. Although the agreements safeguarded US security
79 Treaty
interests, the New Right seized upon them as another symbol of the failure of
American will.
Initialed by Carter and Brazhnev, limited each nation to 2,250 missile launchers.
Conservatives in Senate denounced it for accpting the principle of nuclear parity
isnstead of US superiority. To reassure critics and in response to hard-line pressure
from Brzezinski, Carter approved a new nuclear missile system, the MX to replace
the older Minutement ICBMs. Also sanctioned a new missile-launching submarine,
* Salt II
the Trident, racheting up the arms race even as he tried to push SALT II through
the Senate. Prospects for ratification collapsed in December 1979 when the Soviets
invaded Afghanistan. For Americans convinced of Moscow's desire to rule the
world, the action confirmed their worst fears. Amid rising anti-Soviet sentiment,
Carter withdrew SALT II from the Senate.
1980 * Neo-Conservatives Hawkish, neo-conservative Democrats in the Senate formed a lobbying group, the
Committee on the Present Danger to fight the SALT II.
Any "attempt by an outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf" would be
deemed a grave threat to the US. This was in response to USSR invading
Sep-
* Carter Doctrine Afghanistan, getting within 300 miles of the Persian Gulf and threatenng oil flow to
78
US. Détente lay in shambles. The harshly anti-Soviet tone of the early Reagan
years was set by Jimmy Carter.
Among tumult in the Middle East, Carter invited Egyptian leader Anwar el-Sadat
and Isreali prime minister Menachem Begin to Camp David and anounced that a
Camp David framework of peace had been agreed on after 13 days of negotiations. The
*
Accords following March, Sadat and Begin signed a peace treaty at the White House. Egypt
reognized Isreal and Isreal agreed to return the Sinai peninsula to Egypt. Carter had
facilitated an important first step to peace in the Middle East.
Nov- * Ayatollah Ruholla Led a revolutionary uprising against the US-friendly and US supported Shah Reza
 79 Khomeini Pahlavi. Fundamentalist.
After Carter admitted Shah Reza Pahlavi to the US for cancer treatment, Iran's
Shiits exploded. With the blessings of Khomeini, who regularly denounced the US
Students Seize US as "The Great Satan," Shiite militants occupied the US embassy in Tehran and
*
Embassy in Tehran siezed 76 American hostages. 6 escaped and kidnappers sooon released 13 black
and female embasst employees. The Carter administration expelled Iranian students
and froze Iranian assets in the US but seemed powerless to break the impasse.
Set around enacting the political agenda of the New Right. His policies won broad
support, but his trms saw grave economic problems ignored or worsened. Federal
deficit and trae gap widened, and te indusitrial infastructure crumbled even further.
As corporate profits soared, inner cities decayed. Accelerated military spending
increases and rhetorical assaults on Moscow, persuing Cold War. Mobilized the
* Ronald Reagan conservative mood that had gripped the Middle America in the troubled 1970s.
THe individualistic and acquistive outlook that Reagan personified had cultural as
well as political manifestations, and the decade of the 1980s remains the Reagan
era. Previously a film actor and president of SAG, he turned to the right amid post
WWII investigation o fcommunist influence i Hollywood. Said that "government is
not the solution to our problem. Government is the problem."
Vice president under Reagan, elected president in 1988. His one term seemed pale
Aug- George H. W. after 8 years of Reagan, though his term saw the end of the Cold war. His
*
81 Bush leadership in the Persian Gulf War improved his aproval ratings, but even that
conflict would later seem a less clear-cut triumph than it did at the time.
An early defining moment in Reagan's presidency, the 11,600 member organization
called a strike. Reagan declared the PATCO strike a "peril to national safety" and
Professional Air ordered them back to work under the terms of the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947. He
Traffic Controllers then fired strikers when they defied a back-to-work order. Some found his actions
1980 *
Organization callous, but many Americans, judging PATCO workers arrogant and overpaid,
(PATCO) Strike applauded his tough stance. The failed PATCO strike symbolized the weakening
clout of organized labor. By 1987 only 17% of American workers belonged to
unions, down from 23% in 1980.
George Bush's label for Reagan's economic policy durring the 1980 primaries (he
quickly changed his stance when on the ticket). Reagan claimed reduced taxes
would jump-start the economy by encouraging consumer spending and business
'Voodoo
* investment in plants and equipment. The resulting boom would increase tax
Economics'
revenues at even lower rates. This theory, suppy-side conomics, was endorced by
the Wall Street Journal and some corporate leaders, but most economists viewed it
as wishful thinking.
School of macroeconomics that argues that economic growth can be most
effectively created by lowering barriers for people to produce (supply) goods and
services as well as invest in capital. According to supply-side economics,
consumers will then benefit from a greater supply of goods and services at lower
May- 'Supply-Side
* prices; furthermore, the investment and expansion of businesses will increase the
81 Economics'
demand for employees. Typical policy recommendations of supply-side economists
are lower marginal tax rates and less regulation. Practiced by Reagan, endorced by
the Wall Street Journal and some corporate leaders, but most economists viewed it
as wishful thinking.
 Congress approved a 25% tax cut, only slightly modifying Nixon's administration's
* Reagan Tax Cut
proposed 30% cut: 5% in 1981 and 10% in 1982 and 1983.
Conservative southern Democrats who joined Republicans in supporting the call
for spending cuts. The list of slashed social programs included child nutrition, Aid
* 'Boll Weevils' to Families with Dependent Children, food stamps, and job training. Ironicallly,
despite the cuts for specific programs, total federal welfare spending rose by 70%
from 1980 to 1988.
Implementing another New Right goal, Nixon wanted to deregulate the economy.
1989 * Deregulation Carer moved in this direction, but Reagan went much further. Many Reagan
appointees scorned the entire concept of federal regulation.
A laxity similar to the one that led to the Sagebrush Rebellion occurred at the
federal agancy responsible for overseeing the savings and loan industry and led to a
Savings & Loan wave of risky speculation and oughtright fraud that left many S&Ls in ruins. A
*
Crisis multibillion dollar federal program set up in 189 to salvage failed S&Ls and to
reumburse depositors (who were federally insured up to $100,000) became part of
the price of derregulation mania.
Acting on the Republican platform pledge to beef up the military, Reagan and his
allies in Congress launched the largest military expension in peacetime history,
presided over by Secretary of Defense Casper Weinberger. Weinberger warned of a
"dangerous slide" in military preparedness and persuaded COngress to open the tap
wide. In 1901-1986 US military spending increased more than 70%. The
Reagan Military administration's enthusiasm for reactiviating battleships illustrated the symbolic
1983 *
Build Up component of the military buildup. These dinosaurs had little utility and wer sitting
ducks in an era of missiles, nuclear submerines, and communications satellines, but
Reaganites' nostalgia for the glory days of WWII, when battleships had symbolized
US power, ignored such realities. Buildup benefited defense contractors and
buttressed their political clout, and it generated thousands of jobs, but ballooning
defense budgets also worsened the federal deficit, worrying even conservatives.
A space-based missile-defense system proposed by Reagan that involved lasers, a
computerized command system, and other high-tech weapont. The proposal, a
surprise to the Pentagon, was the brain-child of physicist Edward Teller, "The
father of the H-bomb," whom Reagan much admired and it was in response to
panic over nuclear war that began after several movies and TV episodes portrayed
the devastating effects of nuclear war. SDI drew criticism from scientists skeptical
Strategic Defense
of its futuristic technology, including computer programs that could never be fully
* Initiative (SDI or
tested before an actual attack. Others waned it would violate the 1972 Anti-Ballistic
'Star Wars')
Missile Treaty. Legislators fearfull of challenging Reagan on a defense issue still
voted billions of dollars for SDI research. In 1993, the New York Times revealed
that key SDI tests had been riggged, not only to deceive the Soviets, but also to
ensure continuted fundng, but the dream survived. and George W. Bush continued
reseach. SDI served REagan's imediate politcal purpose: as people debated the
practicality of missile defense, the nuclear-freeze movement faded.
 In Latin America, a region seeing rapid population growth,, dispparities of wealth
and poverty, military coups, and guerilla violence, the Regan administration fought
radical insurgencies. Regan, a Cold Warrior, saw in all these issues the hand of
Moscow. In Nicaragua, Regan not only reversed Carter's policy of recognizing the
Marxist-led Sandinistas, but also committed the US to the Sandinists' overthrow.
He argued that Moscow wanted to turn Nicaragua into another communist enclave
* Nicaragua
like Cuba. The CIA organized, trained, and financed an anti-Sandinista guerilla
army called the contras in Nicaragua. Infiltrating Nicaragua from Honduras and
Costa Rica, the contras conducted raids, carried out sabotage, and used a CIA
manual that explained hot to "nuetralize" local Sandinista officials. Civilians
suffered heavily in this CIA-founded gurrilla war, but Reagan praised the contras as
"the moral equivalent of our Founding Fahters."
The CIA organized, trained, and financed an anti-Sandinista guerilla army called
the contras in Nicaragua. Infiltrating Nicaragua from Honduras and Costa Rica, the
contras conducted raids, carried out sabotage, and used a CIA manual that
explained hot to "nuetralize" local Sandinista officials. Civilians suffered heavily in
this CIA-founded gurrilla war, but Reagan praised the contras as "the moral
1986 * Contras equivalent of our Founding Fahters." In December, 1982, Congress banned military
aid to the contras for one year, because people feared a repeat of the Vietnam
disaster, and others accused the administration of perpetuating the old practice of
backing corrupt Latn American elites. There was a two year ban introduced later,
and in '88 the Sandinistas and the contras reached a truce, though Reagan never
abandoned hope for a contra victory.
Tax Reform Act of Plugged some of the loopholes and exempted millions of poor Americans from
1987 * paying taxes, a goal that had eluded Carter. But it also extended the regressive
1986
feature of Reaganomics, cutting tax rates for the wealthiest Americans.
Towo Reagan administration goals--the release of US hostages in Beirut and
support for the US funded contras in Nicaragua--led to the web of misdeeds known
as the Iran-contra affair. The political scandal saw senior administration officials
secretly facilitating the sale of weapans to Iran, which was subject to an arms
embargo in the hope of securing the release of several US hostages and money to
* Iran-Contra Affair
fund the Contras, even though funding the Contras was forbidden by Congress.
Later, administrators tried to hide evidence of this, but, like Watergate, that only
caused a bigger problem. Oliver North admitted lying under oath, destroying
documents, and falcifying records to conceal the White House role in the arms-for-
hostages and contra-diversion schemes.
Became president of USSR in 1985, changed the Soviet Union greatly. Decades of
Communist Party control had stifled the economy and led to massive shortages in
food and consumer goods. Unrest simmered in Eastern Europe and in the Soviet
* Mikhail Gorbachev
republics swallowed by Moscow in 1940. Two main goals, openness and
restructuring prompted Gorbachev to ungently seekk improved relations with the
West.
Glasnost and Glasnot means openess and perestroika means restructuring. Gorbachev's two main
1987 *
Perestroika goals for the USSR, prompted him to strive for improved relations with the West.
Intermediate Agreed upon by Reagan and Gorbachev at the Reykjavic Summit. Agreed to
1988 *
Nuclear Force withdraw some 25 hundred missils from Europe and, for the first time, eliminate an
 (INF) Treaty entire category of nuclear weapons.

US and USSR talked about reducing nuclear weapons. The eveuntual treaty, signed
Strategic Arms
in 1991, barred the US and USSR from deploying more than 6,000 nuclear
* Reduction Talks
warheads atop a total of 1,600 ICBMs, inter-continental ballistic missiles, and
(START)
bombers.
'Read My Lips. A promise made by George H. W. Bush in his acceptance speech for the 1988
1990 *
No New Taxes.' Republican nomination. Also called for "a kinder, and gentler nation."

Americans with Prevents discrimination against physically or mentally disabled people in:
* Disabilities Act 1. Employment
(ADA) 2. Public places and transportation
3. Public accommodations and commercial facilities
4. Telecommunications (ex: services must be provided for the hearing impared)
11/19/
* Solidarity Poland's independent labor movement, founded by Lech Walesa.
89
When Erich Honecker, ruler of East Germany, retired, his sucessor ordered the
openng of the Belin Wall. As the world watched on TV, Berliners flocked to the
Oct- barrier thathad long been the Cold War's most visible and hated symbol. Young
* Berlin Wall Falls
90 people danced atop the wall. Others hammered off chunks as souveneiers. The next
day, 11/10/89, East Berliners poured through once heavily guarded checkpoints for
theri first view of life beyond the wall.
After the resignation of har-line communist Erich Honecker as ruler of East
Germany and the fall of the Berlin Wall, East Germany's communist regime soon
1981 * Germany United
collapsed, and in October 1990, the division of Germany ended as the Bonn
government assumed power over all Germany.
Baltic Republics
As the communist party's grip over Russia's sattelites weakened, the Baltic
1991 * Declare
republics of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania regained their independence.
Independence
Dec- Warsaw Pact When the Soviet Union fell appart, so did this military pact among 8 of Russia's
*
91 Dissolved sattelites.
Late 1991, the USSR formally disbanded, its fifteen republics joined only in an
Aug- Soviet Union amorphous Commonwealth of Independent States. Last great empire of Europe had
*
91 Disbands dissoved into a jumble of new nations torn by ethic turmoil, border disputes, and
economic problems and united only in their repudiation of communism.
The Cold War's end accelerated the arm's control process. In August 1990, Bush
08/02/ START Treaty
* signed the START Treaty, which cut the US and Russia's nuclear arsenals by a
92 Signed
quarter.
 Iraq invaded the tiny but oil-rich Kuwait, with which Iraq had had a long-running
dispute over control of the vast Rumaila oilfie.d Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein,
eager to gain access to the Persian Gulf, claimed that Iraq had historically ruled
Kuwait. Formerly, the US had been supplying Hussein with weapons to use in its
war against Iran, but this changed after Iraq invaded Kuwait. Bush compared
Saddam to Htler and denounced the attack as a threat to regional stability and a
violation of international law. Saddam's action jeopardized two major oil producers
May- Iraq Invades
* with close ties to the West, Kuwait and enighboring Saudi Arabia. US slapped
89 Kuwait
traide sactions on Iraq, ordered its withdrawal from Kuwait by January 15, 1991,
and authorized member states to use "all means necessary" to achieve this end. The
Pentagon Rushed US air and sea power to the Persian Gulf and deployed four
hundred thousand round forces in Suadi Arabia.Bush assembed a coalition of
nations led by the Saudis, Great Britain, France, and Egypt. Carevul to avoid LBJ's
mistake in Vietnam, Bush cultivated home-front backing b defining the issues
starkly: resisting aggression and protecting US strategic interests.
Four days after both houses of Congress overrode Democratic calls for more time
to allow the sanctions to take effect to authorize military action, the Allies launched
Operation Desert Storm under US general H. Norman Schwarzkopf. For a week,
2,000 Allied warplanes bombed Iriqi forces in Kuwait, military targets in Iraq, and
Operation Desert strategic sites in Baghdad. On February 23, after US marines faked an asult,
*
Storm 200,000 ground forces crossed the desert into Kuwait. While Saddam called it "the
mother of all battled," it was very one sided, with US forces destroying 3,700 Iraqi
tanks while only losing 3. US suffered 148 casualties and 467 wounded (35 killed
by US fire)/ Heavy but unknown number of Iraqi military and civilian deaths are
estimated between 25,000 and 85,000.
When Chinese students callling for democracy occupied Beijing's Tiananmen
Square, the aging communist oligarch government clinging to power ordered a tank
assault that left hundreds dead. A supsequent crackdown on dissidents included
* Tiananmen Square
arrests and public executions. Bush condemned the brutality and proposed
economic sanctions, but resisted congressional demands to sever trade and
diplomatic relations with Beijing.
As Yugoslavia was falling appart, troops loyal to the Serbian president murdered,
1990 * Ethnic Cleansing raped, imprisoned, and deported Muslim and other non-serbs in their "ethnic
cleansing." Reminiscent of the Nazis in WWII.
Bush and Congress were rarely in agreement, but one such occasion ocured when
Bush-Congress they agreed upon a 5-year deficit-reuction package. It broke Bush's "read my lips"
Tax Deal promise and increased a variety of taxes. Didn't stop the deficit and interest
payments on the national debt from increasing.