Direct dan Indirect Speech

(Reported Speech)

Direct dan Indirect Speech

Ketika kita merubah kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, ada beberapa hal yang
mengalami perubahan diantaranya perubahan struktur kalimat, tensis, pronoun (kata ganti
orang), keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and place).

Sebelum melangkah jauh ke sub-pembahasan tersebut di atas, alangkah baiknya ada juga
mengerti tentang apa yang dimaksud Reporting Speech dan Reported Speech.

Reporting Speech adalah bagian dalam kalimat direct speech yang di tandai oleh tanda petik (")
dan di akhiri oleh tanda petik (").

He said, "I have a present for you in my bag."

He asked me, "why do you come late."

Sedangkan Reported Speech adalah baigan awal dari kalimat direct speech.

He said, "I have a present for you in my bag."

He asked me, "why do you come late."

Untuk itu, pada artikel ini penulis sengaja membagi beberpa sub-penjelasan mengenai direct
dan indirect speech berdasakan perubahan-perbuahan di atas.
1. Perubahan Stuktur kalimat

Jika kita lihat pada kalimat direct speech, terdapat ciri-ciri yang identik yaitu terdapat tanda
petik ("). Tada petik tersebut merupakan cara yang sering digunakan untuk membedakan mana
yang direct atau yang indirect.

Ketika klimat direct speech tersebut dirubah menjadi kalimat indirect speech, tanda petik
tersebut pun dihilangkan atau digantikan dengan kata "that" atau "to" (untuk kalimat perintah).
Misalnya:

No Direct Speech Indirect Speech

01 He said, "I have a present for you in He said that he had a present for me in
my bag." his bag.
02 He asked me, "why do you come He asked me why I came late.
late."
03 He orderd me, "don't bring a bag." He ordered me to didn't bring a bag.

Perubahan struktur kalimat juga terjadi jika pada direct speech menggunakan
kalimat tanya, maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif (berita).

Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan kalimat tanya "yes-no question"
maka akan dirubah menjadi if/whether. Contohnya:

No Direct Speech Indirect Speech

01 They asked me, "Do you want to They asked me if/whether I want to join
 join us to play football?" them to play football.
02 He asked me, "Does she want to He asked me if/whether she wants to
mary me?" mary her.

Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan 5W1H question (Why, Who, What,
When, WHere, How), maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif dengan cara
sebagai berikut:

No Direct Speech Indirect Speech

01 He asked me, "why do you come late?" He asked me why you came late.
02 He asked me, "what does she eat?" He asked me what she ate.
03 He asked me, "when did you come?" He asked me when I came.
04 He asked me, "who are you?" He asked me who I was.
05 He asked me, "who is she?" He asked me who she was.

2. Perubahan Tensis (Tenses)

Seperti yang dijelaskan dimuka, perbuahan dari direct ke indirect juga
mempengaruhi tensis yang digunakan. Kebanyakan siswa sulit memahami
perubahan yang satu ini. Untuk itu, penulis sengaja membuatkan tabel perubahan
tensis agar mudah dimengerti. Di bawah ini adalah tabel Perubahan Tenses dari
direct speech ke indirect speech.

No Direct Speech Indirect Speech

01 Simple Present Simple Past
02 Present Continuous Past Continuous
03 Present Future Past Future
04 Present Perfect Past Perfect
05 Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
06 Simple Past Past Perfect
07 Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
 Atau bisa lebih dipermudah dengan tabel berikut di bawah ini, yaitu:

No Direct Speech Indirect Speech

01 V1 (eat) V2 (ate)
02 V2 (ate) Had + V3 (had eaten)
03 Am/is/are Was/were
04 Do/does Did
05 Do/does not Did not
06 Did not Had not + V3
07 Was/were Had been
08 Am/is/are + V-ing Was/were + V-ing
09 Was/were +V-ing Had been + V-ing
10 Has/have + V3 Had + V3
11 Will/shall/can/may/must Would/should/could/might/had to
12 Could/might/should/would + Could/might/should/would + have+
V1/be V3/been

3. Perubahan Pronoun

Perubahan pronoun dan possessive tergantung kepada sabjek dan objek yang dipakai
di direct speech (kalimat langsung) yang tentunya mempengaruhi perubahan
pronoun pada indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung).

 Kata ganti orang pertama (I dan We) pada reporting speech (lihat penjelasan di
awal) berubah sesuai subjek yang ada di reproted speech.
No Direct Speech Indirect Speech
01 He said, ‘I am busy.’ He said that he was busy.
02 She said, ‘I am unwell.’ She said that she was unwell.
 03 I said, ‘I will be late.’ I said that I would be late.
04 They said, ‘We will not permit this.’ They said that they would not permit
that.
05 We said, ‘We need to buy some We said that we needed to buy some
clothes.’ clothes.

 Kata ganti orang kedua (You) di reporting speech pada direct speech berubah sesuai
objek pada reported speech.
No Direct Speech Indirect Speech
01 He said to me, ‘You have to come with He told me that I had to go with
me.’ him.
02 She said to me, ‘You can go.’ She told me that I could go.
03 She said to him, ‘You can go.’ She told him that he could go.

 Kata ganti orang ketiga (He, she, it dan they) pada direct speech tidak mengalami
perubahan ketika dirubah ke indirect speech.
No Direct Speech Indirect Speech
01 He said, ‘She is a good girl.’ He said that she was a good girl.
02 She said, ‘They have invited us.’ She said that they had invited them.
03 They said, ‘He does not have the They said that he did not have the
necessary qualifications.’ necessary qualifications.

4. Perubahan Keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and place)

Tidak cuma itu, dalam perubahan dari direct speech ke indirect speech juga
mempengaruhi adverbs khusunya adverb of time (keterangan waktu) dan adverb of
place (keterangan tempat). Untuk itu anda wajib memahami tabel di bawah ini.

No Direct Speech Indirect Speech

01 Now Then
02 To day That day
03 Tomorrow The next day
The day after
The following day
A day later
04 Next ... The ... after
The following ...
05 Last ... The ... before
The Previous ...
06 ... ago ... before
... earlier
07 Yesterday The day before
The previous day
The preceeding day
08 The day before yesterday Two day before
09 Here There
10 This That
11 These Those

Di bawah ini adalah contoh-contoh direct dan indirect speech untuk menambah
pemahaman mengenai penjelasan di atas.

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

(+) He said, “I have a present for you in my He said that he had a present for me
bag.here” in his bagthere.
(-)
He said, “I do not have a present for you He said that he did not have a present
in my bag” for me in his bag.
(?)
He asked, “Do I have a present for you He asked me if/whether he had a
in my bag?” present for me in his bag.
(?) He asked me why he had to have a
present for me in his bag.
He asked me, “ Why do I have to have a
present for you in my bag?

(!)
He ordered/commanded me, “Bring my He ordered/commanded me to bring
 bag herenow!” his bag there then.
(!) He ordered me, “Don’t bring your bag He ordered me not to bring my bag
here!” there.