BE 6TH SEMESTER
AUTHORED BY
Name of Student:
Enrollment No:
DEPARTMENT
OF
Rancharda, Ahmedabad.
I
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LAB TITLE PAGE DATE SIGN
To study Block diagram and Working Principle T.V.
1 1
receiver.
2 To study Tuner Section. 6
II
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Keep this manual in good condition until the end of the term submission
3. Understand the operation of the equipment before using them, get help from lab asst if
required
5. Get your manual signed by the lab teacher at the end of each lab session
III
LABORATORY 1
AIM
To study working principle of T.V. receiver.
OBJECTIVE
To understand the operation of each block through block diagram of colour TV receiver.
PRE LAB
Read the chapter on TV Receiver from the text and learn the following
How does the tuner section work?
How does the VIF and SIF section works?
OVERALL OPERATION:
1. To select the signals of the channel and to amplify these and convert them into IF Signals.
2. To amplify the video and sound IF Signals, to demodulate the video IF Signals to obtain the composite
Video Signal, to mix the two IF signals to obtain the inter- carrier sound IF Signal and to preamplifier
these.
3. To separate the combined luminance (Y) and chroma signals from the video IF Signals and to amplify
these.
4. To separate the luminance (Y) and chroma i.e. U & V (R-Y and B-Y) Signals from the combined video
Signal.
5. To regenerate sub-carrier signal with phase locking with the sub-carrier burst.
6. To decode the chroma signal to obtain the modulated U and V signals and to demodulate them with the
help of regenerated reference carrier.
7. To combine the Y, U and V signals (Matrixing) to obtain the colour i.e. R, G and B signals.
8. To amplify them and to give them to the respective cathodes of the colour picture which reproduces these
as colour picture with the help of horizontal and vertical sweeps.
9. To produce horizontal and vertical sweeps synchronized with the respective sync signals and to give them
to the respective deflection coil for producing the sweep.
10. To separate the sound IF signal, to amplify, limit and demodulate them, and to give them to the
Loud speaker at sufficient amplitude.
1
11. To provide power at suitable D.C. voltages for operating various stages, providing supply to various
Electrodes of picture tube and for heating its cathode.
12. To provide infrared remote control operations.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE COLOUR T.V.
6B
2
6A
5
1
8
ANTENNA
2
Theory:
(1) Tuner: -
The signal received at the antenna are given to the tuner through the balun. The Tuner, which consists of
two stages -RF amplifier and converter, partly selects the signal of the desired channel, amplifies it and converts it
in to I.F. signals.
The R.F. Amplifier amplifies the signals with the addition of a little noise as possible and gives them to
the Mixer. The gain of this stage is controlled by A.G.C.
The Converter consists of two stages:
1. Local Oscillator.
2. Mixer.
The Converter changes the frequency of the incoming signals in to the I.F. The Local Oscillator produces
oscillations at a frequency, which is higher than the picture carrier frequency by 38.9 MHz. (Which is the video
I.F.). The mixer mixes the incoming signals and the oscillations. This results in the production of the video I.F.
(38.9 MHz) and sound I.F. (33.4 MHz). These IF Frequencies are selected and given to the V.I.F section.
The frequency of the local oscillator is controlled by an arrangement known as Automatic Fine Tuning
(A.F.T.). If the frequency of the local oscillator drifts resulting in shift in the IF’s this arrangement automatic
corrects the oscillator frequency thus automatically correcting the fine-tuning.
3
(4) Horizontal Oscillator and sync separator: -
This section is based on IC TDA 1940F. It consists of Horizontal Oscillator and sync Separator section.
The output voltage obtained from the oscillator is not sufficient to drive the horizontal output stage. A
driver is therefore, used between the oscillator and output stage. This stage is based on a transistor BF393 in
transformer-coupled circuit.
(B) Horizontal Output stage (EHT Stage): -
The EHT stage drives current of saw-tooth waveform through the horizontal deflection coil with the help
of the drive obtained from the driver stage. The following voltages are also obtained from the EHT stage.
(i) DC Voltage of about 25 KV for giving to the final anode of the picture tube (EHT).
(ii) DC Voltage of about 5 KV for giving to the focusing anode of the Picture tube (Vfc).
(iii) DC Voltages of about 500 volts for giving to the accelerating anode (screen) (Vacc).
(iv) DC voltage of about 150 V Volts for giving to the collectors of the R, G, B output transistors.
(vi) AC voltage of about 6.3 volts for giving to the heater of the picture tube.
The transistor BU208D is used in the EHT stage. An autotransformer known as EHT transformer having
several windings is used with this transistor to obtain the different d.c. Voltages as also to match the output
4
Impedance of the transistor with that of the horizontal deflection coil.
BD508A is used as a switching transistor. SMPS has high efficiency than the Linear Regulated power
Supply. Hence it is used in colour TV receiver.
EXPERIMENT
Observe the TV Trainer Kit and watch the components (ICs, Transistors, etc.) shown in various sections.
Verify each sections.
QUESTIONS
1. What difference you have observed between the given literature and actual kit?
SIGN OF FACULTY
5
LABORATORY 2
PRE LAB
Which intermediate frequencies should be kept for audio and video?
Which voltage is used for the automatic gain control purpose?
Where would one self check, if Intermediate Frequency (IF) voltage is not shown accurately in DCM?
APPARATUS:
THEORY
6
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
7
OBSERVATION TABLE
Sr NO Node where voltages are measured Desired Voltage(Volts) Measured Voltage
(Volts)
1 AFT
2 UB
3 LB
5 HB
7 IF OUT PUT
FAULT DIAGNOSIS
Sr Jumper removal Symptoms
NO
4 Remove TU jumper
CONCLUSION
AIM:
To study VIF Section.
OBJECTIVE:
(I ) To Understand operation (II) To Measure various test point voltages
(III) To observe the various waveforms (IV) To create fault and troubleshoot it.
PRE LAB:
At which test points do we measure voltages and waveforms?
What is the procedure for fault finding when only plane raster on the screen without any sound is
observed?
APPARATUS :
THEORY
9
BLOCK DIAGRAM
10
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
11
OBSERVATION TABLE
Sr NO Node where voltages are measured Desired Measured Voltage (Volts)
Voltage(Volts)
IC SL 1430 PIN
1. 1. +12V supply
2. 2. IF O/P
3. 3. IF O/P
4. 5. IF I/P
5 1. IF Input
6 2. Decoupling
8 4. Tuner AGC
9 5. AFT Output
FUALT DIAGNOSIS
6. IF jumper
12
WAVEFORM:
01
02
CONCLUSION:
13
LABORATORY 4
OBJECTIVE:
(I ) To Understand operation (II) To Measure various test point voltages
(III) To observe the various waveforms (IV) To create fault and troubleshoot it.
PRE LAB:
At which pin we can get audio out put signal?
Which pins are no contacts?
Which sound IC is used in this section?
THEORY: -
14
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF CA 1190
15
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
OBSERVATION TABLE
Sr NO Node where voltages are measured Desired Voltage(Volts) Measured Voltage
(Volts)
IC CA 1190 PIN
1 1. SIF Input
2 2. SIF Input
3 3.Decoupling
4 6. FM detection
5 7. FM detection
6 8. Volume control
7 9. Gain
11 16. De-emphasis
16
FAULT DIAGNOSIS
Sr Jumper removal/preset changed Symptoms
NO
1. SIF jumper
2. Detune L302.
3. Detune L302.
WAVEFORM:
Sr Desired Waveform Observed Waveform
No
CONCLUSION:
17
LABORATORY 5
OBJECTIVE:
(I ) To Understand operation (II) To Measure various test point voltages
PRE LAB:
What shall be the horizontal oscillator frequency be?
APPARATUS:
THEORY:
18
19
20
C IRCUIT D IAGRAM
21
O BSERVATION T ABLE
Sr NO Node where voltages are measured Desired Measured Voltage (Volts)
Voltage(Volts)
2 2. H.O/P
3 4. SCP
4 5. VCR SW
5 7. Mute
6 8. -
7 9. V.Sync
8 10. -
9 11. CCS
10 12. -
11 13. -
14 16. -
15 17. H.position
16 18. V.BLK
Mute Transistor
Base
Emitter
Base
Emitter
22
FAULT DIAGNOSIS
Sr Jumper removal/preset Symptoms
NO changed
1. HFB jumper
4. Rotate Pr602
WAVEFORM
Sr Desired Waveform Observed Waveform
No
23
4
CONCLUSION
OBJECTIVE
(I ) To Understand operation (II) To Measure various test point voltages
PRE LAB:
Why this section is required?
Have you ever got the horizontal single straight line in your TV set? If yes, Can you imagine why?
APPARATUS:
THEORY: -
25
26
BLOCK DIAGRAM
27
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
OBSERVATION TABLE
Sr NO Node where voltages are measured Desired Measured Voltage (Volts)
Voltage(Volts)
TDA 1675A
1. 1. V1
2. 2. -
3. 3. V.osc. Freq.
4. 4. V.osc. Fre.
5. 5. V.Sync
6. 6. V.osc. Fre.
7. 7. Height
8. 8. Ground
28
9. 9. V.Stab
11. 11. -
12. 12. -
15. 15. -
FAULT DIAGNOSIS
Sr Jumper removal/preset changed Symptoms
NO
1. V1 jumper
2. +25 V jumper
3. V2 jumper
5. Rotate Pr402
6. . V.Lin. Jumper
7. V.Sync jumper
9. V.BLK jumper
29
WAVEFORM
Sr
Desired Waveform Observed Waveform
No
CONCLUSION
OBJECTIVE:
(I ) To Understand operation (II) To Measure various test point voltages
PRE LAB:
What do you understand by crominance and luminance?
APPARATUS:
THEORY:
This section is based on the IC TDA 3561A.
This IC consists of following sections: -
1. Chroma amplifier
2. Automatic colour control (ACC)
3. Colour killer
4. Gated burst amplifier
5. Burst phase discriminator
6. Subcarrier reference oscillator
7. PAL Switch
8. Burst phase identification
9. Phase shift
10. Pulse shaper
11. U & V demodulator
12. RGB matrix
13. Luminance signal processing (external to IC)
14. PAL delay line (external to IC)
15. Beam current limiting (external)
16. Chorma band pass amplifier (external to IC)
17. Video buffer (external to IC)
18. External data insertion.
31
19. Output signal clamping and blanking.
The composite video signal (CVD) from the IC TDA 3541A (VIF section) is given to the video buffer transistor
Q860 (BC 147B). The output signal is available at the emitter of Q860. From the emitter this composite colour
signal (CCS) is given to three paths.
1. Directly to horizontal osc. and sync separator section for separating H.sync, V.sync and colour burst.
2. To separate chroma signal from CCS and to give it to IC pin 3 after passing it to suitable band pass
traps.
3. To obtain luminance signal (Y) to give it to IC pin 10 after passing it through colour
Sub carrier trap and luma delay line.
(A) Chroma Signal Path:
The CCS signal available at the emitter of Q860 is given to the chroma band-pass trap consisting of R852
(4K7), C851 (15pf), R853 (2K2), C853 (22pf) and L853. After proper chroma band shaping it is given to the pin
3 of IC-TDA3561 through coupling capacitor-C857 (22nDC).
The CCS signal available at the emitter of Q860 is given to the RC network consisting of R860 (270E),
C861 (220pf), R862 (330E) and R863 (270E) for proper attenuation and band shaping to provide only Y signal.
C860 (27pf) and L860 provides trap for 4.43 MHz chroma subcarrier signal to prevent it to reaching Luminance
signal input-pin 10 of IC. The Luminance signal delay is required as chroma signal passes through complex
circuit and reaches later than Y signal, hence Y signal is delayed so as to reach both luminance and chroma
signals at the same instance at the modulating electrodes of the picture tube. Thus Y delay is necessary to avoid
blurring of colours at the edges of various objects in the reproduced picture. Hence Y delay line DL1 is used to
provide delay of @330ns to Y signal.
32
BLOCK DIAGRAM
The colour, brightness and contrast voltages are given from OPU/RR section to potential dividers across the
common +12V supply with each supplying an adjustable voltage to its associated pins 6,11 and 7 respectively.
Also nominal black level preset Pr802 is connected at pin 11. The output from the chroma amplifier appears on
pin 28 from where it is connected to the externally mounted PAL delay line and its associated components. Pr601
is colour amplitude control. L880 is chroma phase alignment coil. The U & V signals (R-Y and B-Y) that become
available at the output of delay line, adder and subtractor circuitry are fed back into the IC via pins 21 and 22 and
from there to the B-Y and R-Y demodulators in the IC. The Chroma delay line seperates B-Y and R-Y modulated
signals from combined chroma signal. The 4.43 MHz reference oscillator signal required by the two modulators is
derived by an external crystal (Xtal X875-8.86 MHz) connected across pins 25 and 26. The 8.86 MHz signal is
inverted to obtain another 8.86MHz source 180 degree out of phase with it. Both the signals are then divided by a
factor of two to obtain two independent outputs at 4.43 MHz at 90 degree phase shift with each other.
33
The IC pin details are as under.
34
Pin 9 - Video - Data switching:
In normal operation this pin is connected to ground via R892 (1K). During ON Screen display signal the
insertion circuit is activated through this pin by an input pulse of magnitude between 1 and 2V of OSD. In this
condition, the internal RGB signals are switched off and the inserted signals (OSD) are applied to the output
amplifier.
Suitable time constant for adequate catching. R876 (1K) and C 876 (22/16) provide this time constant.
35
Pin 25 & 26 - Reference subcarrier Oscillator:
The frequency of the reference subcarrier oscillator is adjusted by variable capacitor C875 that is in series with
8.86 MHz crystal connected between pins 25 and 26 of the oscillator circuit.
Emitter bias
The transistor Q930 (BC147B) is a constant current source, which develops emitter bias (E.Bias) at R931
(68E) to provide it to VDA section. R932 (1K), R933 (330E) are its biasing resistors. R930 (180E) is the
collector load resistor
36
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
OBSERVATION TABLE
Sr Node where voltages are measured Desired Measured Voltage (Volts)
NO Voltage(Volts)
4 8. SCP 1.7
37
5 14. Green output 4.0
FAULT DIAGNOSIS
Sr Jumper removal/preset changed Symptoms
NO
1. Rotate C875
2. Rotate Pr901.
3. Rotate Pr802
4. E.Bias jumper
5. Rotate L853
6. Rotate L860
7. Rotate L880
WAVEFORM
Sr Desired Waveform Observed Waveform
No
38
2
CONCLUSION:
AIM: To study the troubleshooting from the symptoms for colour TV Receiver.
TROUBLESHOOTING:
Sr
Symptoms The probable problem.
No
40
6 Colour Sync loss/ Rainbow pattern
9 Colour snow
OBJECTIVE: To understand the different sound sources with the frequency response.
APPARATUS: Function Generator 1-30 KHz, Audio Amplifier, Microphone speaker, CRO
Figure a
Figure b
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connection as shown in block diagram.
CONCLUSION:
42
LABORATORY 10
APPARATUS: Function Generator 1-30 KHz, Audio Amplifier, speaker, SPL meter, test materials.
Figure a.
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connection as shown in block diagram.
2. Set function generator frequency 4K Hz and check the sound level using dB meter.
3. Cover the speaker with wooden resistance and check sound level.
4. Try it with different material and calculated how much dB loss in different mediums.
S2 dB dB loss
Material
(SPL in dB when fully cover the speaker) (S=S1-S2)
Wooden
Plastic sheet
Iron sheet
Glass
43
CONCLUSION:
Q.2 Give one or two example where you observed this kind of material to absorb sound.
44
LABORATORY 11
OBJECTIVE: To understand the different loudspeakers directive pattern and also change of directivity with
reflection material.
APPARATUS: Audio Amplifier for L.S, loud speaker, SPL meter, test materials.
Figure 11.1
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the arrangement as shown in Figure 11.1.
3. Then start reading from 0-360º in increment of 30º with SPL meter.
OBSERVATIONS:
Angle 0º 30 º 60 º 90 º 120 º 150 º
Power
Power
45
CONCLUSION:
Q.1 How can we change the directive pattern of loudspeaker without change of position?
46
LABORATORY 12
OBJECTIVE: Study of cross over Networks and Frequency response of cross over Networks
APPARATUS: Frequency Generator 1-30KHz, Amplifier, Cross over Network (3-port or 2-port), SPL meter,
Woofer, Tweeter
Figure a
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the arrangement as shown in block diagram.
3. Change the frequency from 15 Hz to 20 KHz and keep on noting the output in watts at port of woofer.
4. Similarly change the frequency again and note the response at the port of tweeter.
5. Draw the plot on graph paper for both Networks on the same graph.
OBSERVATIONS:
Woofer Tweeter
Frequency(Hz) Power Power
Output(dB) Output(dB)
15
100
500
1k
47
3k
5k
7k
10k
13k
15k
17k
19k
20k
23k
CONCLUSION:
48
History of TV
The etymology of the word has a mixed Latin and Greek origin, meaning "far sight": Greek tele, far,
and Latin visio.
Commercially available since the late 1920s.
The concept of electrically powered transmission of television images in motion was first sketched in
1878 as the telephonoscope, shortly after the invention of the telephone.
In 1884 Paul Gottlieb Nipkow, a 23-year-old university student in Germany, patented the first
electromechanical television system which employed a scanning disk, a spinning disk with a series of
holes spiraling toward the center, for rasterization.
In 1907 Russian scientist Boris Rosing became the first inventor to use a CRT in the receiver of an
experimental television system.
Using a Nipkow disk, Scottish inventor John Logie Baird succeeded in demonstrating the
transmission of moving silhouette images in London in 1925,[4] and of moving, monochromatic
images in 1926.
In 1926, Hungarian engineer Kálmán Tihanyi designed a television system utilizing fully electronic
scanning and display elements, and employing the principle of "charge storage" within the scanning
(or "camera") tube.
Also in 1927, Herbert E. Ives of Bell Labs transmitted moving images from a 50-aperture disk
producing 16 frames per minute over a cable from Washington, DC to New York City, and via radio
from Whippany, New Jersey.[citation needed] Ives used viewing screens as large as 24 by 30 inches
(60 by 75 cm).
In 1927, Philo Farnsworth made the world's first working television system with electronic
scanning of both the pickup and display devices, which he first demonstrated to the press on 1
September 1928.
In 1936 the Olympic Games in Berlin were carried by cable to television stations in Berlin and Leipzig
where the public could view the games live.
On 2 November 1936 the BBC began transmitting the world's first public regular high-definition
service from the Victorian Alexandra Palace in north London.[17] It therefore claims to be the
birthplace of television broadcasting as we know it today.
Terrestrial television in India started with the experimental telecast starting in Delhi on 15
September 1959 with a small transmitter and a makeshift studio. The regular daily transmission
started in 1965 as a part of All India Radio.
National telecasts were introduced in 1982. In the same year, colour TV was introduced in the Indian
market.
The Ramayana and Mahabharata (both Indian mythological stories) were the first major television
series produced. This serial notched up the world record in viewership numbers for a single program.
PAS-1 and PAS-4 are satellites whose transponders help in the telecasting of DD programmes in half the regions of the
world. An international channel called DD International was started in 1995 and it telecasts programmes for 19 hours a
day to foreign countries-via PAS-4 to Europe,Asia and Africa, and via PAS-1 to North America.