ITS-Industrial Turbine Services Group Page 1 of 19

Turbine Control Software

Please Note:
This is a partial description of the control software.
You can find most of the important functions here.
Please accept, that we cannot provide the whole detailed turbine controls documentation in an
offer.

SPEED CONTROL AND PROTECTION

On Generator drives, speed control can be either droop or isochronous. With

droop control, the load demand is summed with the speed setpoint. The
speed/load setpoint (TNR) is then compared to the speed feedback (TNH) to
produce the speed control fuel flow demand (FSRN). With isochronous control,
used most commonly for island operation, the speed/fuel governor holds a
constant speed equivalent to the system frequency over the range of connected
load.

During start and acceleration, the acceleration fuel reference will limit the
rate of change of speed.

Overspeed protection is provided by two independent electronic circuits. The

software module L12H residing in control processors cuts off fuel when the
speed, as measured by the three primary speed pickups, exceeds the overspeed
limit.

TURBINE SPEED/LOAD CONTROL REFERENCE

The control signal TNR is the gas turbine speed/load reference in terms of
percent. During startup, this command varies from 0% to 100% speed. After
synchronization to an electrical power grid, TNR becomes a load reference and
typically varies between 100% and 104% to command the power output from 0% to
100% rated load.

DROOP CONTROL

Adjust as required. Full speed no load (FSKRN1), initially set as calculated.

Droop setting (FSKRN2), assumed = 4 % regulation.
This mode of governor control changes FSR in proportion to speed error
(droop).
With the non-linear droop option [OPT_NLD] selected, TNKRNG is calculated in
place of FSKRN.
ITS-Industrial Turbine Services Group Page 2 of 19

ISOCHRONOUS CONTROL

When isochronous is selected, L83ISOK picks up, switching the speed/load

setpoint from the droop reference (TNR) to the isochronous reference setpoint
(TNRI). An optional feature allows the isochronous speed reference to be
changed by external raise/lower signals. In this case, the rate of change of
the setpoint is limited by rate limit TNKRIR1.

CONSTANT SETTABLE DROOP SPEED/LOAD CONTROL

Constant Settable Droop Speed/Load control represents a method of formulating

the gas turbine droop response as a function of the unit power output. This
method of speed/load control is applied to units where the fuel stroke
reference (FSR) is not predictable as a function of the gas turbine output
power due to varying fuel heating values or where fuel is switched between
different combustion system injection nozzles.

Constant Settable Droop Control features an inner speed control loop and an
outer megawatt control loop. The inner speed loop is proportional plus
integral control whose mission is to make the turbine speed, TNH, match the
called for reference speed command TNRL. The outer megawatt loop formulates
the droop governor response by creating a speed bias as a function of unit
power output. When the turbine speed is held fixed by an electrical grid,
the turbine fuel consumption and megawatt output is modified (or 'Constantly
Set') such that the TNRL reference speed command is made to equal the turbine
speed,TNH. The scaling of the turbine power output, DWATT, to the speed bias
signal,DWDROOP, defines the droop governor response in terms of megawatt
output changes per percent grid speed changes.

Three watts transducers are used for reliability on the constant settable
droop design. Each transducer must be connected in the correct sense and
independently powered. If the transducers are miswired or unpowered, the
watts feedback signal can act in the sense to over fuel the turbine.
ITS-Industrial Turbine Services Group Page 3 of 19

ACCELERATION CONTROL

This algorithm limits the rate of the HP shaft speed acceleration by limiting
"FSR" at "FSRV1" algorithm. This function acts on the rate of speed increase
to prevent overspeed with load rejection.

PRESELECTED LOAD CONTROL

Load control: the speed/load setpoint is raised or lowered until the watts
feedback is within the deadband of constants LK90DB1 and LK90DB2.

Temperature control: when the unit reaches temperature control, speed control
continues to count up requiring more FSRN than the temperature limit, FSRT.
This is done to keep the unit steadily on temperature control with minimal
switch back to speed control. Count up is determined by deadband limit,
LK90DB3, where raise is inhibited. As the unit is subject to ambient
temperature change and FSRT drops, a greater deadband limit, LK90DB4, is
exceeded and the setpoint is lowered to keep speed control relatively close.

Load limit LK90MAX is set to prevent exceeding the most critical design limit
on the gas turbine application, i.e. shaft, load coupling, etc.

MANUAL SETPOINT PRESELECTED LOAD COMMAND

This optional function provides a rate controlled changer for the preselected
load setting by substituting L90PSEL for the constant LK90PSEL in L90L.
Operators can utilize this, within set limits, without changing constants.
ITS-Industrial Turbine Services Group Page 4 of 19

EXHAUST TEMPERATURE FEEDBACK & PROTECTION

The Exhaust Temperature Feedback and Protection algorithm averages the

exhaust temperature thermocouple readings to determine the value, TTXM. Any
temperature readings which fall below the value of TTXD2_2 by the constant,
TTKXCO, are excluded from the average calculation. The highest and lowest of
the remaining thermocouple readings are also excluded from the calculation of
TTXM. Standard thermocouples are Type K (Chromel-Alumel).
The constant TTKXCOEF is used to account for errors in the turbine exhaust
temperature control readings which are the result of individual thermocouple
bias error and positioning error of the exhaust thermocouple array. Type K
thermocouples are known to experience an aging phenomenon which tends to
raise the level of thermocouple output. In addition, thermocouple wire is
subject to manufacturing variations which can affect the level of the
thermocouple output.
Due to manufacturing tolerances and operating conditions of the gas turbine,
the exhaust thermocouple array position may vary slightly between turbines.
This variation can cause an error between the average measured exhaust gas
temperature and the true average exhaust gas temperature. For each gas
turbine, the proper functioning of MACH7 control using the as shipped
value of TTKXCOEF is routinely verified on site by ITS prior to the start of
unit operation. For new or upgraded designs where position error is not yet
defined, ITS will adjust the value of TTKXCOEF to provide unit operation at
design conditions. The value for TTKXCOEF is not to be adjusted without the
concurrence and assistance of ITS.

The algorithm generates an exhaust over-temperature alarm, L30TXA, an exhaust

over-temperature trip, L86TXT, and an exhaust thermocouples open trip,
L86TFB.
The algorithm also produces lists of the exhaust temperature thermocouple
indices sorted by temperature reading. On machines with combustion
monitoring,these lists are used to calculate the spread between exhaust
temperature thermocouples.

A thermocouple position is set to 0.0 CNTS when not used. This assures a
number outside the array of possible assignments.
ITS-Industrial Turbine Services Group Page 5 of 19

EXHAUST OVERTEMPERATURE PROTECTION CURVE

The exhaust overtemperature protection system protects the gas turbine

against possible damage caused by overfiring. This is a protective backup
system which operates only after failure of the speed and temperature
override loops.

Under normal operating conditions, the exhaust temperature control system

reacts to regulate fuel flow when the firing temperature limit is reached.
However,in certain failure modes, the exhaust temperature and fuel flow could
exceed the control limits. Therefore, the overtemperature protection system
provides an overtemperature alarm annunciation prior to tripping the gas
turbine. This allows the operator to unload the unit to avoid a trip
situation. If the exhaust temperature should continue to increase, the gas
turbine is tripped. The exhaust overtemperature protection curve is shown
below.

TEMPERATURE CONTROL SEQUENCING

When the turbine is at operating speed, L14HS, and the gas turbine compressor
discharge pressure, CPD, falls below the constant, CAKCPD, the logic signal,
L3TFLTX, is asserted. This signal latches the compressor discharge pressure
fault alarm, L3TFLT, until a master reset, L86MR1_CMD is asserted. L3TFLT,
is used to initiate backup temperature control in the TTRX algorithm and
alarm the operator. Failure of two CPD transducers on Dry Low NOx units will
cause a turbine trip, L4DLNT2.

Temperature control feedback permissive, L86TFINH, is used to allow exhaust

thermocouples open trip, L86TFB, in the TTXM algorithm when operating above
acceleration speed, L14HA.
ITS-Industrial Turbine Services Group Page 6 of 19

EXHAUST TEMPERATURE CONTROL AND PROTECTION

The purpose of the exhaust temperature control and protection system is to

control the fuel flow to the gas turbine thus maintaining operating
temperatures within the design thermal stress limitations of the turbine
parts.
This system measures and controls turbine exhaust temperature since it is
impractical to directly measure combustion chamber temperature. Temperature
control is designed to override any other control demand for increased fuel
flow.
The TTRX algorithm computes the gas turbine exhaust temperature control
reference. The exhaust temperature is controlled as a function of compressor
discharge pressure, CPD. This allows firing temperature to be limited by a
linearized function of exhaust temperature and CPD.
A "backup" curve (secondary curve), is also a linearized function of gas
turbine output,DWATT which limits firing temperature.
The secondary curve is offset above the primary curve by TTKRX2.
This ensures that the backup temperature control curve does not interfere
with the primary gas turbine exhaust temperature control based on CPD.
In the event of a compressor discharge pressure transducer failure as
detected by L3TFLT, the constant TTKRX2 is subtracted from the secondary
curve. This backup curve now becomes the control curve for gas turbine
exhaust temperature.

The gas turbine exhaust temperature control reference, TTRX, is computed as

the minimum select among TTRXP, TTRXS and TTKn_I and will not exceed the ramp
rates TTKRXR1 and TTKRXR2 during transients. The computed reference is fed
into the inlet guide vane algorithm, CSRGV, and used to control the gas
turbine IGV's.
TTRXB, which is used for fuel control, is then computed as the sum of TTRX
and IGV temperature bias, CSRGVTXB.

Primary Exhaust Temperature Control Reference:

----------------------------------------------

TTRXP = TTKn_I - TTKn_S * (CPD - TTKn_C) + TTRXDSP + CT_BIAS + WQJG

Secondary Exhaust Temperature Control Reference:

------------------------------------------------

* Gas Turbine MW Bias

TTRXS = TTKn_I - TTKn_LG * (DWATT - TTKn_LO) + TTRXDSP + CT_BIAS +

TNH_BIAS + WQJG

Curve selection is defined as follows:

n = 0, curve 0
n = 1, curve 1
n = 2, curve 2
n = 3, curve 3
ITS-Industrial Turbine Services Group Page 7 of 19

Bias Options
------------

* The gas turbine exhaust temperature may also be biased by compressor inlet
temperature.

CT_BIAS = (CTD - TTKTCDO) * TTKTCDG

* As mentioned above, TNH_BIAS provides an offset for the secondary exhaust

temperature control curve. Once a CPD transducer failure is detected, the
backup curve replaces the primary curve by subtracting off the offset,
TTKRX2.

TNH_BIAS = -1 * TTKRX2 when L3TFLT is TRUE,

else TNH_BIAS = 0

* A manual exhaust temperature bias, TTRXDSP, can be used by the operator to

manually lower the reference temperature by a desired amount.

TEMPERATURE CONTROL FUEL STROKE REFERENCE

The Temperature Control Fuel Stroke Reference algorithm is a proportional +

integral control. The exhaust temperature control reference, TTRXB, is
compared to the median exhaust temperature, TTXM. The resulting error is
multiplied by a proportional gain, FSKTG. The inner loop contains a positive
feedback, first order lag with time constant FSKTTC. The resultant output,
FSRT, is then passed to the Fuel Stroke Reference algorithm.
ITS-Industrial Turbine Services Group Page 8 of 19

COMBUSTION MONITORING

The primary function of the combustion monitor is to reduce the likelihood of

extended damage to the gas turbine if the combustion system deteriorates.
This function detects abnormal combustion temperature patterns reflected
downstream in exhaust spreads. The function is enabled when the turbine is
enabled with L4 above operating speed, 14HS. Turbulence during
startup/shutdown prevents use of the algorithm to detect abnormal combustion.
Combustion abnormalities can include ruptured transition pieces, loss of fuel
or flame in a combustor,or other combustion malfunctions.

In the event of a combustion alarm, it is most likely that a condition exists

within the turbine that, if left alone, could lead to serious combustor or
turbine damage.

The usefulness and reliability of the combustion monitor depends on the

condition of the exhaust thermocouples. It is important that each of the
thermocouples is in good working condition.

The combustion monitor can indicate the following problems:

Combustor
1. Failed Liner (cracked or burned)
2. Failed Transition Piece (cracked or burned)
3. Collapsed Liner
4. Hot Crossfire Tubes

Fuel System
1. Break in Gas fuel line
2. Plugged or Stuck Check Valve

Fuel Nozzle
1. Plugged Fuel Nozzle
2. Unscrewed Fuel Nozzle
3. Fuel Nozzle Erosion

Pressure Vessel Integrity

1. Cracked Combustor Casing
2. Damaged Crossfire Tube Piping
3. Leakage at Flame Detector or Spark Plug

First Stage Nozzle (if applicable)

1. Burned out First Stage Nozzle
2. Plugged First Stage Nozzle
ITS-Industrial Turbine Services Group Page 9 of 19

COMBUSTION MONITOR TEMPERATURE SPREAD

This algorithm uses the max CTDA, and the system exhaust temperature TTXM, to
calculate allowable spread,

TTXSPL = (0.145 TTXC-0.08*CTDA + 30) deg F.

TTXSPL is a median selected value between 30 deg F MIN and 125 deg F MAX.

The three highest spreads (TTXSP1, 2, and 3) are calculated and compared to
allowables (constants TTKSP1, 2, 3, & 4). Logic signals L60SP1, 2, or 4,
are satisfied if the highest three spreads are greater than their allowables.
Two adjacency checks are also made to determine if the lowest and second
lowest(L60SP5) are adjacent, and/or if the second lowest and third lowest
(L60SP6)are adjacent. With L2SMP1 and 2, monitor spreads can be observed with
the monitor enabled but before alarms are enabled.

The allowable spread is increased by an appropriate bias at startup, fuel

transfer, load setpoint raise/lower and at high rate of FSR changes, as
enabled by L83SPMB. If there is one communication failure, only spread one,
TTXSP1 is checked. This is the highest minus the lowest valid thermocouple.

In the combustion monitor function:

s (allow): = the "allowable spread", based on the average exhaust

temperature and compressor discharge temperature.
the allowable spread must be between the limits
TTKSPL7 and TTKSPL6 in degrees F. (usually about
30 deg F and 125 deg F.)

TTXSP1 (s1) = the difference between the highest and the lowest
thermocouple reading. (spread1)

TTXSP2 (s2) = the difference between the highest and the second
lowest thermocouple reading. (spread2)

TTXSP3 (S3) = the difference between the highest and the third
lowest thermocouple reading. (spread3)
ITS-Industrial Turbine Services Group Page 10 of 19

COMBUSTION MONITOR SEQUENCE

Monitor trip is enabled when

the monitor is enabled at operating speed, 14HS
master protection is not tripped , L4
NORMAL shutdown is not selected , L94X

L30SPTA = if any thermocouple signal causes the largest spread to

exceed
the constant TTKSP2, (usually 5 times the allowable spread)
for time K30SPTA, an "Exhaust TC Trouble" alarm will
annunciate.

L30SPA = if a thermocouple value causes the largest spread to exceed

constant TTKSP1, for time K30SPA, a "Combustion Trouble"
alarm will annunciate.

L30SPT = a high exhaust temperature spread trip can occur if:

(1). Spread 1 exceeds allowable, spread 2 exceeds TTKSP3

times the allowable, and they are adjacent.

OR,

(2). Spread 1 exceeds TTKSP2 times the allowable, (5 times

allowable = bad thermocouple) and spread 2 exceeds
allowable times TTKSP3,and spread 2 and spread 3 are
adjacent.

OR,

(3). Spread 3 exceeds allowable times TTKSP4 (which

implies that spread 1 and 2 also exceed the allowable
times TTKSP4)

if (1), (2), or (3) exists for time K30SPT, the turbine

will trip through the master protective "4" circuit.
ITS-Industrial Turbine Services Group Page 11 of 19

WHEELSPACE OVERTEMPERATURE ALARMS

There are two dual element thermocouples (TC) in each measurement location to
monitor the wheelspace temperatures. The average temperature measured by the
two TC's is computed and compared to an alarm level for each location. If
this average temperature exceeds the alarm level, a common alarm, L30WSA2, is
generated. For the first hour of operation, WSKALM9 is added to each of the
alarm levels.

The two TC's at each location are also compared against each other. If they
differ by more than WSKALM8, an alarm L30WSA1 is given. All of the average
wheelspace temperature values are compared against each other and the highest
value is selected. This value is then compared to LK69TWW, to allow water
wash.

In the cooldown sequencing, there is a "max" select gate to take the warmest
wheelspace thermocouple and compare it to LK69WSMAX to provide a mandatory
cooldown time to insure adequate cooling of the turbine.

BEARING DRAIN OVER-TEMPERATURE ALARM

Normal bearing lube oil supply temperature is about 130 degrees F.

Temperature rise of the bearings usually ranges between 25 to 60 deg F.
Rising temperatures may indicate bearing problems or lube system
restrictions.

Refer to the appropriate 0416 schematic and the device summary for
thermocouple locations and description. Drain temperatures are normally about
150 deg f.
Rising temperatures may indicate bearing problems or lube system
restrictions.

BEARING METAL OVERTEMPERATURE ALARM

This function monitors the bearing metal thermocouples for excessive

temperatures due to bearing failure, insufficient lubrication, or other
causes.

These thermocouples are imbedded in the bearing babbit. Alarm is provided as

a special option for customer monitoring. Continual rise in bearing
temperature may require unit tear down.
ITS-Industrial Turbine Services Group Page 12 of 19

STARTUP/SHUTDOWN TIMERS

PURGE TIMER K2TVP

The design criterion for purging the exhaust path before firing, is to
exchange 4 (5 if NFPA requirements are used) times the exhaust heat recovery
volume, to ensure that the machine and exhaust are fully purged of combustion
gases. Purge timer K2TV is set to hold the turbine at the purge speed long
enough to produce these 4 (5 if NFPA requirements are used) volume exchanges.
After K2TVP times out, the Safety Shutoff Valve is opened and timer K2TV
allows the line to pressurize up to the Gas Turbine gas valves. Then firing
is initiated.

FIRING TIMER K2F

The firing timer is the maximum amount of time the control system will
attempt to fire the machine. If flame is not established before the firing
timer times out, fuel is shut off and the spark plugs are de-energized. A
restart can not be attempted until the machine completes another purge cycle.

WARMUP TIMER K2W

After flame is established and FSR is cut back to the warm up level, it is
maintained at this level for the duration of the warmup timer to reduce the
thermal stress on the rotor.
ITS-Industrial Turbine Services Group Page 13 of 19

STARTUP FUEL STROKE REFERENCE

The FSRSU algorithm sets a fuel stroke reference schedule capable of

accelerating the gas turbine while maintaining a moderate firing temperature
rise. It is intended that the acceleration schedule from FSRACC will modulate
a lower FSR schedule than permitted by FSR_SU.

Startup control passes the following levels of FSR to the FSR MIN select
gate.

FSKSU_FI

In order to ignite the combustion system and provide crossfiring around the
turbine's combustors, startup FSR is stepped to the firing value while the
spark plugs are firing.

FSRSU_WU

After flame is detected FSRSU is cut back to the level defined by FSRSU_WU.
This reduced level of FSR is intended to reduce the thermal stress on the
rotor.

During the transition from firing FSR to warmup FSR, a first order filter is
introduced which slows the transition from one FSR level to the next. The
filter uses the time constant FSKSU_TC.

The transition from firing to warmup occurs after one of two conditions is
met:

a) flame is detected by at least two flame detectors for greater

than the constant K28FDZ seconds.
b) flame is detected by all four flame detectors.

A typical startup FSR schedule is provided below:

Signal Value Units Scale Definition

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
FSKSU_AR 30.6 % PCT STARTUP FSR ACCELERATION LIMIT
FSKSU_FI 17.6 % PCT STARTUP FSR FIRING
FSKSU_IA 0.05 %/sec PCT_S STARTUP FSR ACCELERATION RAMP RATE
FSKSU_IM 5 %/sec PCT_S FSR RAMP RATE TO MAXIMUM
FSKSU_TC 1 sec SEC64 STARTUP FSR TIME CONST DURING LOWER
FSKSU_WU 11.3 % PCT WARMUP FSR
ITS-Industrial Turbine Services Group Page 14 of 19

STARTUP SEQUENCE

The starting means has the ability to apply different levels of torque to the
rotor which are appropriate for the various stages of startup.

The controller has been configured with an automatic refire capability. This
function will repurge and refire the turbine if flame is not established on
the first firing attempt. Timer, K62TT2, sets the number of firing attempts
allowed per operator start selection.

Signal Value Units Scale Definition

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
K1XY 1.500 sec SEC64 SHUTDOWN CANCEL
K62TT 5.0000 sec SEC64 MULTIPLE START
K62TT2 2 CNT15 CNT15 MULTIPLE START COUNT
SK43_MASK 042D HEX HEX COMMAND STATE MASK CONTROL

ACCELERATION REFERENCE, DURING STARTUP

The FSRACC algorithm computes the appropriate fuel stroke reference for
correct control of the turbine shaft acceleration. The algorithm computes an
acceleration reference, TNHAR, and a corresponding fuel stroke to maintain
this acceleration rate. The controller derives actual turbine shaft speed
with respect to time, calculating the shaft acceleration TNHA. TNHAR is
compared with TNHA and FSRACC is adjusted to drive the error between the two
to zero.
However, FSR and FSRACC are limited by startup fuel stroke reference FSRSU on
the high side, and minimum blow out fuel FSRMIN on the low side. Thus beyond
these limits FSRACC will not be in control of the shaft acceleration. (e.g.
the starting means may be controlling the acceleration even though the fuel
to the turbine has been cut back to FSRMIN).

During startup, TNHAR is calculated from a 5 POINT look up table as a

function of turbine speed TNH. Once the turbine reaches full speed, the
acceleration reference, TNHAR, is set to a constant value, TAKR1. The
reference then prevents overspeed during a load rejection or other
disturbance. The fixed reference is also selected during firing and warmup to
prevent acceleration control from limiting fuel during these phases of
startup.

TNHAR should produce a moderately increasing firing temperature, slowly

increasing at low speed, more rapidly after the turbine approaches design
speed ( > 60 %). TNHAR is reduced near full speed to help transition to full
speed no-load without overshoot.

FIRED SHUTDOWN

The FSRSD algorithm controls the gas turbine fuel during a fired shutdown by
initiating FSR ramp down at appropriate events until FSRMIN is intercepted.
ITS-Industrial Turbine Services Group Page 15 of 19

SHUTDOWN FUEL STROKE REFERENCE

When the generator breaker opens, the shutdown FSR, FSRSD, ramps from
existing FSR to FSRMIN at set rate FSKSD3. FSRSD latches onto FSRMIN and
decreases with corrected speed. When speed drops below a defined threshold,
K60RB, FSRSD ramps to a blowout at one flame detector.

The sequencing logic remembers which flame detectors are functional at

breaker open. When any of the functional flame detectors loses flame, FSRSD,
then ramps down at fast rate, FSKSD5, until fuel is shutoff with flameout.

Timers limit the duration of the ramp to blowout. One timer trips after a
fixed time from rampdown. A second timer limits fuel after any functional
flame detector drops out.

MINIMUM FSR

Minimum FSR is the least amount of fuel that will continue to maintain flame
in the combustor. It is required to insure that other forms of FSR control
can not call for a fuel level that will cause the flame to blow out.

Minimum FSR is calculated by performing a linear interpolation as a function

of corrected speed TNHCOR.

During startup, FSRMIN is generated from a two point linear interpolator

using constants FSKMINU2 FSKMIND4 and corresponding speed constants FSKMINN2
AND FSKMINN4.

During shutdown, FSRMIN is generated from a four position linear interpolator

using constants FSKMIND1 ,FSKMIND2, FSKMIND3, FSKMIND4 and corresponding
speed constants FSKMINN1, FSKMINN2, FSKMINN3, FSKMINN4.

If FSKMIND4 is set too low the unit may blow out during load rejection or
synchronizing. If FSKMIND4 is set too high the unit will continue to increase
its speed after 100% speed is reached, as speed control is unable to reduce
FSR below the level defined by FSKMIND4.

During shutdown, FSRMIN settings at open and closed IGV corrected speed allow
correction for airflow as IGV`s close. Two other points are set at lower
speeds to allow for airflow to decrease in a quadratic manner. Values for
shutdown should be set to provide a continuously decreasing combustion
reference temperature, not too close to blowout.
ITS-Industrial Turbine Services Group Page 16 of 19

COOLDOWN SEQUENCE

The lube oil pumps work in conjunction with the hydraulic ratchet mechanism
to rotate the rotor approximately 47 degrees every three (3) minutes. This
provides a uniform cooling of the rotor. In the normal cooldown mode, the
Auxiliary lube oil pumps are operating continuously with the intermittent
operation of the ratchet. When AC power is unavailable, the DC lube oil pumps
are cycled on for 15 seconds at the onset of each 3 minute cooling cycle.

Upon coastdown from a running condition, the cooldown cycle will immediately
take effect, and continue indefinitely until "Cooldown Off" is manually
selected.

Cooldown may also be initiated manually by selecting "Cooldown On" and will
continue indefinitely until "Cooldown Off" is selected.

FUEL STROKE REFERENCE

The FSR algorithm compares all of the previously calculated fuel stroke
references with the exception of FSRMIN and selects the minimum value as the
controlling FSR. The value of FSR is limited to anything greater than or
equal to FSRMIN. FSRMIN in control generates a logic change in the software.

MANUAL FUEL STROKE REFERENCE

FSR manual control is an open loop fuel control used to suppress the fuel
stroke reference in the FSR minimum select gate algorithm. The FSR setpoint
is preset at 128% out of the way. The FSRMAN below 128% alarms indicating
that the FSRMAN is not at the maximum value. The setpoint may be adjusted
with the following three methods; raise and lower commands, analog setpoint,
or the preset button which sets FSRMAN equal to FSR.

FSR RATE OF CHANGE LIMITS

The rate of change of FSR algorithm logic identifies when an excessive FSR
rate of change has been detected. Logic signals change state if the
increasing or decreasing rates have exceeded the alarm settings for three
scans. The change must have exceeded a magnitude for the duration of three
successive scans.
ITS-Industrial Turbine Services Group Page 17 of 19

FUEL SPLITTER (DUAL FUEL)

The FSR Splitter algorithm controls the percentage and the rate of change of
the Gas/Liquid Fuel split. The fuel selection sequence permits and sends the
commands to the fuel splitter to change the fuel split. FSR1 is used to
represent the percentage of liquid fuel and FSR2 is used to represent the
percentage of gas fuel. The L84TL, L84TG, and L84MIXT signals are used in the
fuel sequencing as an indication that the gas turbine is operating on 100%
liquid, 100% gas, liquid/gas mixture respectively. Prefill is initiated at
the beginning of the transfer of fuels.

Transfer should be done above 25% Load (about 10 MW) on this unit. Mixed
fuel operation window is 60%-90% gas and 60% gas at 25% load to 30% Gas at
Base Load. The Mixed window is to prevent combustion chamber pulsation due to
low nozzle pressure ratio. Liquid fuel mixture should be greater than 10% to
prevent excessive liquid fuel recirculation resulting in fuel overheating and
possibly causing fuel pump damage.

Permissives to operate in the mix fuel state are load, (DW_MIN_MIX), minimum
percent gas fuel, (GAS_MIN_MIX), and minimum percent liquid fuel,
(LIQ_MIN_MIX).These are only the minimum requirements and it is up to the
operator to follow the guidelines given in the previous paragraph.

From the operator interface, a mixed percentage of liquid fuel may be

entered,(PCT_OILX). This value must fall within the operating range of
liquid fuel operation, (MIN_OIL and MAX_OIL). The operator must then
initiate a transfer to the desired mix fuel, and after transfer is initiated,
the "MIXED FUEL" selection button must be then selected. Different mixed
percentages can be entered while operating within the mixed fuel range.
ITS-Industrial Turbine Services Group Page 18 of 19

GAS FUEL CONTROL

Gas control valve:

From the time L2TVP is picked up until firing fuel is commanded, the GCV is
checked to verify that it is being closed by saturation current, and held
closed within a small stroke. If there are failures which would cause the
valve to open, it should be detected in this interval before firing. If the
servo valve is failed or not acting in the right sense, the position test
would detect it. During the checking interval, the valve is commanded closed
driving all three coils into saturation. The current saturation test then
gives assurance the servo is working before firing.

The gas control valve FSROUT command to the position regulator is controlled
as a function of the FSR2 signal. Sequencing internal to FSROUT drives FSROUT
negative to close the gas control valve whenever the turbine is tripped or a
gas valve fault occurs.

Stop ratio valve:

The FPRG algorithm outputs a negative pressure command, FPKGSD, to hold the
valve closed and saturate the servo before firing. Until the end of any purge
time when L3GRV enables fuel, the SRV is checked for saturation current. At
L3GRV, FPRG outputs the pressure control reference. If there is failure of
the pressure transducer or feedback, the LK3GRVSC excess fuel setting will
trip startup within seconds as the valve goes wide open (the amount of fuel
admitted will be less than that NORMAL to the firing time interval). The
LK3GRVSC setting can be reset to close the actual firing stroke.

Fuel gas supply limitations:

The fuel gas supply pressure range specified in this control specification is
selected to assure satisfactory control. If the supply pressure is allowed
to go below the minimum specified, the control valves may operate wide open
and the gas turbine could be subjected to adverse temperature rise when the
pressure is suddenly increased.

The fuel gas supply temperature range specified in this control specification
has been used to calculate fuel flows based on the fuel analysis supplied.
The minimum gas temperature has been reviewed with respect to the hydrocarbon
dewpoint of the gas, to avoid precipitation of hydrocarbons. The fuel gas
supply temperature should be maintained to insure a minimum of 50 deg F
superheat above the hydrocarbon dewpoint. The fuel gas supply must be free of
liquid hydrocarbons and water at all times.
ITS-Industrial Turbine Services Group Page 19 of 19

GAS RATIO VALVE INTERVOLUME PRESSURE REF

The pressure ahead of the GCV is controlled by the speed ratio valve (SRV) at
a ratio of TNH plus a preset.

P2 pressure = FPKGNG * TNH + FPKGNO

When the fuel gas supply is shut off, the ratio valve acts as a stop valve,
and is given a negative anti-dribble reference to force it closed.

GAS FUEL CONTROL FAULTS

When L4 picks up on gas fuel startup, L20FG picks up trip oil pressure, and
the speed ratio valve is verified closed by L3GRVO. At the end of the purge
time(L2TVX), L3GRV enables FPRG. If the SRV position exceeds LK3GRVSC,
startup is tripped.

Reset LK3GRVSC just above expected firing position with normal supply
pressure.This will also trip if the GCV stroke is abnormal, up until flame is
detected.

When L4 picks up on gas fuel start-up, the GCV position is compared to preset
limit LK3GCVO to verify the GCV is closed.

Continuous monitoring of the control valve position feedback signal then

comparing this signal to the reference allows the control system to monitor
the error in the actual valve position. If this error becomes greater than
the allowed deviation, an alarm will annunciate. If this error continues
over an additional time period, the unit will trip. Failure to control valve
position properly will cause inaccurate load control and inaccurate flow
split control.Inaccurate flow split control can cause combustor to operate in
regions of high dynamics, high temperatures, and high emissions.

INLET GUIDE VANE FAULT DETECTION

The actual LVDT position of the IGV's (CSGV) and the IGV servo driver output
(CAGV) are compared to preset limits to annunciate IGV fault conditions.

MASTER PROTECTIVE SEQUENCE

A check on the function of the trip oil dump valves is performed

automatically every shutdown or trip by confirming that the trip oil pressure
drops as fast as expected. A "Hydraulic protective trouble" alarm on shut
down or trip indicates a defective trip oil system which should be resolved
before restarting the turbine. Hydraulic trip oil pressure should decay below
63HG or 63HL setting within K4Y time (normally 1 sec). It is important not to
alter this setting as the emergency shutdown system design of the unit may be
compromised.