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Detail Design Annex No.

13

CHAPTER 1 BASIC CONCEPT OF SABO WORKS OF


JENEBERANG RIVER

1.1 General
On 26th March, 2004, gigantic collapse occurred in northern caldera wall of Mt.
Bawakaraeng (Elev. 2,830m) in South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The collapsed area is
identified a ridge including Mt. Sarongan (Elev. 2,514 m).
The volume of collapsed mass is estimated at 200 to 300 million m 3. The caldera-wall
collapse with a height of 700-800m brought tremendous damage to the surrounding area,
accounting for 32 people death or missing, 635 cows losing, many houses, elementary
school and about 1,500 ha of agricultural land buried. Total damage was estimated at about
Rp. 22 billion.
Mt. Bawakaraeng within the mountain ranges of Mount Lompobatang (Elev.2,871 m). Mt.
Bawakaraeng has large caldera formation. Mt. Bawakaraeng volcanic activities were took
place 10 million years ago in Pliocene Tertiary period. The volcanic activity continued to
Pleistocene Quaternary period which is one million years ago. The activity finished end of
Pleistocene Quaternary period.

1.2 Summary of Sediment Control Works


To prevent or mitigate sediment disasters, the sediment control plans were formulated in
combination with structural measures and non-structural measures. Structural measures
are the measures to prevent sediment disasters, controlling proposed sediment discharge by
layout of sediment control facilities. The structural measures consist of basic
plan/measures are summarized as follows:
 Basic plan/measures: to prepare long-term facility plan such as surface erosion
control plan and mitigate gully failure/collapse in the caldera, and mitigation of
secondary erosion, regulate debris flow control, and reduce sediment inflow to Bili-
Bili reservoir.
 Emergency plan/measures: to prepare facility plan to mitigate further serious
sediment movement from upper reach to downstream reach by providing Sabo dam
and Consolidation dams series. In the caldera area, planting tree works and check
dam constructions are recommended to cope with caldera collapse or other
unexpected phenomena
Based on the above concepts and present riverbed condition, recommended facility
plan for sediment control works along Jeneberang river are shown in table below.
This report is described on design note for Consolidation dam of KD-3 and KD-4.

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Detail Design Annex No.13

Figure 1.1 Concept of Sabo Facility Plan


Bawakaraeng Design Scale
Proposed Sabo Facility Target of Sediment Control
Caldera
For Long Term Plantation, Hill side works,  Reduction of surface
Sediment Runoff Sabo dam/consolidation sediment loss,
Lengkese works  Debris flow occurrence
control work
 Long-term sediment
reduction plan
No.7 Sabo Dams Sabo dam series (No.7 dam  Debris Flow occurrence
series) Control Works,
For A Maximum  sediment production control
Sediment Runoff work
Discharge
Malino
KD-4 For Long Term  Sabo dam and  Control re-erosion
KD-3 Sediment Runoff consolidation dam series, development,
and  Crossing road with  Sediment trapping works
A Maximum consolidation dam
Sediment Runoff (Multi-purpose sabo
Discharge facilites)

No.5 For Long Term  Strengthening of Sand  Sediment Trapping work,


Sediment Runoff pocket dam and optional  Sediment flow direction
Sandpocket additional guide facilites control to protect present
 Irrigation intake facility paddy field
No.4 SP in sabo facilities  Sand mining
 Sediment removal work
Jeneberang River

of excess sediment
volume
No.3 SP  Sediment trapping facility
such as groundsill with
training dike at edge of
No.2 SP reservoir

No.1 SP

Reservoir

1.3 General Geological Condition


The Bawakaraeng Caldera is located about 35km upstream from Bili-Bili dam site.
Jeneberang River has many river terraces along the river, especially upstream from
confluence of Salo Malino. It is considered that these terraces make a landform that
expands from Bawakaraeng caldera. This means the formation of these terraces was
involved with the Bawakaraeng caldera formation.
(1) Geological Setting
The following figure shows tectonic distribution map surrounding Sulawesi Island.
According to the tectonic map, the location of the project area is slightly a part from active
sub-diction zone and the transform faults. The Volcanic activity of Mt. Lompobatang
including Mt. Bawakaraeng began in the period of Pliocene Tertiary, it is about 10 million
years ago. The volcanic activity continued to Pleistocene Quaternary and the activity
finished end of the Pleistocene. It is considered that Mt. Bawakaraeng caldera has been
formed at the end of the activity in Pleistocene.

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Detail Design Annex No.13

Date Source: A.Sudradjat 1987


Figure 1.2 Techtonic Map Surrounding Sulawesi Island

(2) Geological Distribution of Jeneberang Basin


The following figure shows geological distribution map between Bili-Bili Dam and the
Bawakaraeng Caldera. According to the literature, the volcanic activities of Mt.
Lompobatang including Mt. Bawakaraeng began in Pliocene Tertiary and continued the
end of the Pleistocene. It is considered that Mt. Bawakaraeng caldera has been formed in
Pleistocene.
These Quaternary volcanic rocks consist on lava, tuff, tuff-breccias, and partially consist
on sedimentary rocks. Around exit point of the Jeneberang from the caldera, thick and
continuous Lava layer can be seen along the mountain slope.
In general, tuff has weak solid state. On the other hand, lava is partly hard. Therefore, these
volcanic rocks and sediments have heterogeneous character of strength and permeability.
In addition, it is considered that these volcanic rocks and sediments build up dip slope
structure of strata. It is considered that these characters and variations of strata are
important to interpret the cause for occurrence of collapse.

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Detail Design Annex No.13

Data Source: The Geology of the Ujung Pandang, Benteng and Sinjai Quadrangles, Sulawesi

Figure 1.3 Geological Map

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Detail Design Annex No.13

1.4 Climate and Hydrology


Figure shows the average monthly rainfall records at four gauging stations, named Malino,
Bilibili, Kampili and Bonto Suggu in Jeneberang River Basin. According to the monthly
rainfall in a rainy season is far less than in the dry season. It is noticed that 80 % to 90 % of
the annual rainfall is received in a rainy season.

Figure 1.4 Monthly Rainfall

Annual average basin rainfall of 3,800 mm/year with a range from 2,400 mm/year in lower
reaches to 5,300 mm/year in upper mountainous area.
Other climatic indices in the Jeneberang River Basin are; temperature with a range from
21OC to 28 OC, relative humidity with a range from 79% to 88%, wind velocity with a
range from 0.9m/sec to 1.2 m/sec, sunshine hour with a range from 3 hours to 9 hours and
evaporation with a range from 4 mm to 5 mm per day.

1.5 Design Scale and Concept of Sediment Control plan


In a view point of condition of sediment transport, the following two (2) design scale
condition will set up to establish sustainable sediment control plan.

Table 1.1 Design Scale and Concept of Sediment Control plan


Description Design Scale
Long Term Sediment Runoff  50 years same as target of the reservoir sedimentation plan,
Discharge or
Period till reducing design sediment inflow discharge
Maximum Sediment Runoff  50 years probable discharge based on current sustainable
Discharge sediment condition, or
 Sediment discharge based on 100 year probable rainfall

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