Building Code Requirements

and
Specification for
Masonry Structures

Containing

Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures

(TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11)

Specification for Masonry Structures

(TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11)

and Companion Commentaries

Developed by the Masonry Standards Joint Committee (MSJC)

Advancing the knowledge of masonry

American Concrete Institute Structural Engineering Institute

The Masonry Society
P.O. Box 9094 of the
3970 Broadway, Suite 201-D
Farmington Hills, MI 48333 American Society of Civil Engineers
Boulder, Co 80304
www.concrete.org 1801 Alexander Bell Drive
www.masonrysociety.org
Reston, VA 20191
www.seinstitute.org
ABSTRACT

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 About the MSJC and its Sponsors
Masonry Standards Joint Committee

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TMS Technical Activities Committee

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ACI Technical Activities Committee Review Group

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ASCE Codes and Standards Committee

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 Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures
(TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SYNOPSIS AND KEYWORDS, pg. C-vii

CHAPTER 1 — GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY, pg. C-1

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C-ii TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

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CHAPTER 2 — ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN OF MASONRY, pg. C-77

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BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES C-iii

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   7LIEV'

CHAPTER 3 —STRENGTH DESIGN OF MASONRY, pg. C-105

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CHAPTER 4 — PRESTRESSED MASONRY, pg. C-133

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C-iv TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

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CHAPTER 5 — EMPIRICAL DESIGN OF MASONRY, pg. C-143

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BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES C-v

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CHAPTER 6 — VENEER, pg. C-157

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CHAPTER 7 — GLASS UNIT MASONRY, pg. C-169

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C-vi TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CHAPTER 8 — STRENGTH DESIGN OF AUTOCLAVED AERATED CONCRETE (AAC) MASONRY, pg. C-175
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APPENDIX B — DESIGN OF MASONRY INFILL, pg. C-193

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 & (IWMKRSJJVEQIIPIQIRXW[MXLTEVXMGMTEXMRKMRJMPPWJSVMRTPERIPSEHW'

CONVERSION OF INCH-POUND UNITS TO SI UNITS, pg. C-201

REFERENCE FOR THE CODE COMMENTARY, pg. 213

BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES C-vii

Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures

(TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11)
SYNOPSIS

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Keywords %%' QEWSRV] EPPS[EFPI WXVIWW HIWMKR ERGLSVW JEWXIRIVW  ERGLSVEKI

WXVYGXYVEP EYXSGPEZIHEIVEXIHGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]FIEQWFYMPHMRKGSHIWGIQIRXWGPE]
FVMGO GPE] XMPI GSPYQRW GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL GSRGVIXI FPSGO GSRGVIXI FVMGO
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NSMRXWPSEHWJSVGIW QEWSRV]QEWSRV]GIQIRXWQEWSRV]PSEHFIEVMRK[EPPWQEWSRV]
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C-viii TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

8LMWTEKIMWMRXIRXMSREPP]PIJXFPERO
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY
CHAPTER 1
GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY
CODE
1.1 — Scope
1.1.1 Minimum requirements
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1.1.2 Governing building code
8LMW 'SHI WYTTPIQIRXW XLI PIKEPP] EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK
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1.1.3 Design procedures
1EWSRV] WXVYGXYVIW ERH XLIMV GSQTSRIRX QIQFIVW
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C-1
COMMENTARY
1.1 — Scope
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1.1.1 Minimum requirements
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1.1.2 Governing building code
1.1.3 Design procedures
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C-2 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

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JVSQETTPMGEXMSRSJGSQFMREXMSRWSJJEGXSVIHPSEHWEVIXLI
FEWMWJSVHIWMKR7YGLPSEHGSQFMREXMSRWEVI WTIGMJMIHMR
XLI PIKEPP] EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK GSHI 2SQMREP QIQFIV
WXVIRKXLWEVIX]TMGEPP]GSQTYXIHYWMRKQMRMQYQWTIGMJMIH
QEXIVMEP WXVIRKXLW 1EXIVMEPW EVI EWWYQIH XS FI
LSQSKIRSYW MWSXVSTMG ERH I\LMFMX RSRPMRIEV FILEZMSV
9RHIVPSEHWXLEXI\GIIHWIVZMGIPIZIPWRSRPMRIEVQEXIVMEP
FILEZMSVGVEGOMRKERHVIMRJSVGMRKFEVWPMTMRZEPMHEXIXLI
EWWYQTXMSR VIKEVHMRK XLI PMRIEVMX] SJ XLI WXVIWWWXVEMR
VIPEXMSR JSV QEWSRV] KVSYX ERH VIMRJSVGMRK WXIIP -J
RSRPMRIEVFILEZMSVMWQSHIPIHLS[IZIVRSQMREPWXVIRKXL
GERFIEGGYVEXIP]TVIHMGXIH7XVIRKXLVIHYGXMSR
JEGXSVW
EVI EWWMKRIH ZEPYIW FEWIH SR PMQMXMRK XLI TVSFEFMPMX] SJ
JEMPYVIXSEREGGITXEFP]WQEPPZEPYI[MXLWSQIEHNYWXQIRX
FEWIHSRNYHKQIRXERHI\TIVMIRGI
)QTMVMGEPHIWMKRTVSGIHYVIWSJ'LETXIVEVITIVQMXXIH
MR GIVXEMR MRWXERGIW )PIQIRXW RSX [SVOMRK MRXIKVEPP] [MXL
XLI WXVYGXYVI WYGL EW TEVXMXMSR SV TERIP [EPPW SV ER]
IPIQIRXRSXSVRSXTIVQERIRXP]
EFWSVFMRKSVXVERWQMXXMRK
JSVGIW VIWYPXMRK JVSQ XLI FILEZMSV SJ XLI WXVYGXYVI YRHIV
PSEHWQE]FIHIWMKRIHIQTMVMGEPP]%QEWSRV]WLIEV[EPP
[SYPH FI ER MRXIKVEP WXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRX [LMPI WSQI [EPP
TEVXMXMSRW FIGEYWI SJ XLIMV QIXLSH SJ GSRWXVYGXMSR SV
EXXEGLQIRX [SYPH RSX )QTMVMGEP HIWMKR MW TIVQMXXIH JSV
FYMPHMRKWSJPMQMXIHLIMKLXERHPS[WIMWQMGVMWO
1EWSRV]WXVYGXYVIWQE]FIVIUYMVIHXSLEZIIRLERGIH
WXVYGXYVEP MRXIKVMX] EW TEVX SJ E GSQTVILIRWMZI HIWMKR
EKEMRWX TVSKVIWWMZI GSPPETWI HYI XS EGGMHIRX QMWYWI
WEFSXEKI SV SXLIV GEYWIW +IRIVEP HIWMKR KYMHERGI
EHHVIWWMRK XLMW MWWYI MW EZEMPEFPI MR 'SQQIRXEV] 7IGXMSR
 SJ %7')  7YKKIWXMSRW JVSQ XLEX 'SQQIRXEV] SJ
WTIGMJMG ETTPMGEXMSR XS QER] QEWSRV] WXVYGXYVIW MRGPYHI
FYX EVI RSX PMQMXIH XS GSRWMHIVEXMSR SJ TPER PE]SYX XS
MRGSVTSVEXI VIXYVRW SR [EPPW FSXL MRXIVMSV ERH I\XIVMSV
YWISJPSEHFIEVMRKMRXIVMSVTEVXMXMSRWEHIUYEXIGSRXMRYMX]
SJ[EPPWXMIWERHNSMRXVMKMHMX]TVSZMHMRK[EPPWGETEFPISJ
FIEQ EGXMSR HYGXMPI HIXEMPMRK ERH XLI YWI SJ
GSQTEVXQIRXEPM^IHGSRWXVYGXMSR
1.1.4 SI information 1.1.4 SI information
7- ZEPYIW WLS[R MR TEVIRXLIWIW EVI RSX TEVX SJ XLMW
'SHI8LIIUYEXMSRWMRXLMWHSGYQIRXEVIJSVYWI[MXLXLI
WTIGMJMIHMRGLTSYRHYRMXWSRP]8LIIUYMZEPIRXIUYEXMSRW
JSVYWI[MXL7-YRMXWEVITVSZMHIHMR'SRZIVWMSRSJ9RMXW
SR4EKI'
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY
CODE
1.2 — Contract documents and calculations
1.2.1 4VSNIGX HVE[MRKW ERH TVSNIGX WTIGMJMGEXMSRW
JSV QEWSRV] WXVYGXYVIW WLEPP MHIRXMJ] XLI MRHMZMHYEP
VIWTSRWMFPIJSVXLIMVTVITEVEXMSR
C-3
COMMENTARY
1.2 — Contract documents and calculations
1.2.1 8LI TVSZMWMSRW JSV TVITEVEXMSR SJ TVSNIGX
HVE[MRKWTVSNIGXWTIGMJMGEXMSRWERHMWWYERGISJTIVQMXWEVIMR
KIRIVEPGSRWMWXIRX[MXLXLSWISJQSWXPIKEPP]EHSTXIHFYMPHMRK
GSHIWERHEVIMRXIRHIHEWWYTTPIQIRXWXSXLSWIGSHIW
8LMW 'SHI MW RSX MRXIRHIH XS FI QEHI E TEVX SJ XLI
GSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXW8LIGSRXVEGXSVWLSYPHRSXFIVIUYMVIH
XLVSYKL GSRXVEGX HSGYQIRXW XS EWWYQI VIWTSRWMFMPMX]
VIKEVHMRK HIWMKR 'SHI
 VIUYMVIQIRXW YRPIWW XLI
GSRWXVYGXMSRIRXMX]MWEGXMRKMREHIWMKRFYMPHGETEGMX]%
'SQQIRXEV]SR817%'-%7')JSPPS[WXLI
7TIGMJMGEXMSR
1.2.2 7LS[ EPP 'SHIVIUYMVIH HVE[MRK MXIQW SR 1.2.2 8LMW 'SHI PMWXW WSQI SJ XLI QSVI MQTSVXERX
XLITVSNIGXHVE[MRKWMRGPYHMRK MXIQW SJMRJSVQEXMSR XLEX QYWXFIMRGPYHIHMR XLITVSNIGX
HVE[MRKW SV TVSNIGX WTIGMJMGEXMSRW 8LMW MW RSX ER EPP
E
 2EQI ERH HEXI SJ MWWYI SJ GSHI ERH WYTTPIQIRX XS
MRGPYWMZIPMWXERHEHHMXMSREPMXIQWQE]FIVIUYMVIHF]XLI
[LMGLXLIHIWMKRGSRJSVQW
FYMPHMRKSJJMGMEP
F
 0SEHWYWIHMRXLIHIWMKRSJQEWSRV]
1EWSRV]HSIWRSXEP[E]WFILEZIMRXLIWEQIQERRIV
G
 7TIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ QEWSRV] EX WXEXIH EW MXW WXVYGXYVEP WYTTSVXW SV EHNEGIRX GSRWXVYGXMSR 8LI
EKIW SV WXEKIW SJ GSRWXVYGXMSR JSV [LMGL QEWSRV] MW HIWMKRIV WLSYPH GSRWMHIV HMJJIVIRXMEP QSZIQIRXW ERH XLI
HIWMKRIH I\GITX [LIVIWTIGMJMGEPP] I\IQTXIHF] 'SHI JSVGIW VIWYPXMRK JVSQ XLIMV VIWXVEMRX 8LI X]TI SJ
TVSZMWMSRW GSRRIGXMSRGLSWIRWLSYPHXVERWJIVSRP]XLIPSEHWTPERRIH
;LMPI WSQI GSRRIGXMSRW XVERWJIV PSEHW TIVTIRHMGYPEV XS
H
 7M^IERHPSGEXMSRSJWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXW XLI[EPP SXLIV HIZMGIW XVERWJIVPSEHW [MXLMR XLI TPERISJ
I
 (IXEMPW SJ ERGLSVEKI SJ QEWSRV] XS WXVYGXYVEP
QIQFIVW JVEQIW ERH SXLIV GSRWXVYGXMSR MRGPYHMRK
XLIX]TIWM^IERHPSGEXMSRSJGSRRIGXSVW
XLI [EPP *MKYVI '' WLS[W VITVIWIRXEXMZI [EPP
ERGLSVEKIHIXEMPWXLEXEPPS[QSZIQIRX[MXLMRXLITPERISJ
XLI [EPP ;LMPI PSEH XVERWJIV YWYEPP] MRZSPZIW QEWSRV]
EXXEGLIHXSWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWWYGLEWFIEQWSVGSPYQRW
J
 (IXEMPW SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX MRGPYHMRK XLI WM^I KVEHI XLI GSRRIGXMSR SJ RSRWXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRXW WYGL EW HSSV
X]TIERHPSGEXMSRSJVIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH[MRHS[JVEQIWWLSYPHEPWSFIEHHVIWWIH
K
 6IMRJSVGMRKFEVWXSFI[IPHIHERH[IPHMRKVIUYMVIQIRXW 'SRRIGXSVWEVISJEZEVMIX]SJWM^IWWLETIWERHYWIW
L
 4VSZMWMSR JSV HMQIRWMSREP GLERKIW VIWYPXMRK JVSQ -RSVHIVXSTIVJSVQTVSTIVP]XLI]WLSYPHFIMHIRXMJMIHSR
IPEWXMG HIJSVQEXMSR GVIIT WLVMROEKI XIQTIVEXYVI XLITVSNIGXHVE[MRKW
ERHQSMWXYVI
M
 7M^I ERH TIVQMXXIH PSGEXMSR SJ GSRHYMXW TMTIW ERH
WPIIZIW
1.2.3 8LI GSRXVEGX HSGYQIRXW WLEPP FI GSRWMWXIRX 1.2.3 8LI GSRXVEGX HSGYQIRXW QYWX EGGYVEXIP]
[MXLHIWMKREWWYQTXMSRW VIJPIGX HIWMKR VIUYMVIQIRXW *SV I\EQTPI NSMRX ERH
STIRMRK PSGEXMSRW EWWYQIH MR XLI HIWMKR WLSYPH FI
GSSVHMREXIH[MXLPSGEXMSRWWLS[RSRXLIHVE[MRKW
:IVMJMGEXMSR XLEX QEWSRV] GSRWXVYGXMSR GSRJSVQW XS
XLI GSRXVEGX HSGYQIRXW MW VIUYMVIH F] XLMW 'SHI %
TVSKVEQ SJ UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI QYWX FI MRGPYHIH MR XLI
GSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXWXSWEXMWJ]XLMW'SHIVIUYMVIQIRX
1.2.4 'SRXVEGX HSGYQIRXW WLEPP WTIGMJ] XLI
QMRMQYQ PIZIP SJ UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI EW HIJMRIH MR 7IGXMSR
SVWLEPPMRGPYHIERMXIQM^IHUYEPMX]EWWYVERGITVSKVEQ
XLEXIUYEPWSVI\GIIHWXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSR
C-4 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

COMMENTARY

(SZIXEMP7PSX

*PI\MFPI(SZIXEMP
%RGLSV
4PER 7IGXMSR
E ;EPP%RGLSVEKIXS'SRGVIXI&IEQW

(SZIXEMP7PSX

*PI\MFPI(SZIXEMP
%RGLSV

4PER 7IGXMSR
F ;EPP%RGLSVEKIXS'SRGVIXI'SPYQRW

%RGLSV6SH;IPHIH
XS'SPYQR

*PI\MFPI%RGLSV

4PER 7IGXMSR
G ;EPP%RGLSVEKIXS7XIIP'SPYQR

%RGLSV6SH;IPHIH
XS&IEQ;IF

*PI\MFPI%RGLSV

4PER 7IGXMSR

Figure CC-1.2-1 — Wall anchorage details

CODE
1.3 — Approval of special systems of design or
construction
7TSRWSVW SJ ER] W]WXIQ SJ HIWMKR SV GSRWXVYGXMSR
[MXLMRXLIWGSTISJXLMW'SHIXLIEHIUYEG]SJ[LMGLLEW
FIIR WLS[R F] WYGGIWWJYP YWI SV F] EREP]WMW SV XIWX FYX
XLEX HSIWRSX GSRJSVQ XS SV MW RSX GSZIVIH F] XLMW 'SHI
WLEPP LEZI XLI VMKLX XS TVIWIRX XLI HEXE SR [LMGL XLIMV
HIWMKRMWFEWIHXSEFSEVHSJI\EQMRIVWETTSMRXIHF]XLI
FYMPHMRKSJJMGMEP8LIFSEVHWLEPPFIGSQTSWIHSJPMGIRWIH
HIWMKR TVSJIWWMSREPW ERH WLEPP LEZI EYXLSVMX] XS
MRZIWXMKEXIXLIWYFQMXXIHHEXEVIUYMVIXIWXWERHJSVQYPEXI
VYPIW KSZIVRMRK HIWMKR ERH GSRWXVYGXMSR SJ WYGL W]WXIQW
XSQIIXXLIMRXIRXSJXLMW'SHI8LIVYPIW[LIRETTVSZIH
ERH TVSQYPKEXIH F] XLI FYMPHMRK SJJMGMEP WLEPP FI SJ XLI
WEQIJSVGIERHIJJIGXEWXLITVSZMWMSRWSJXLMW'SHI
COMMENTARY
1.3 — Approval of special systems of design or
construction
2I[QIXLSHWSJHIWMKRRI[QEXIVMEPWERHRI[YWIW
SJQEXIVMEPWQYWXYRHIVKSETIVMSHSJHIZIPSTQIRXFIJSVI
FIMRKWTIGMJMGEPP]GSZIVIHMREGSHI,IRGIZEPMHW]WXIQW
SVGSQTSRIRXWQMKLXFII\GPYHIHJVSQYWIF]MQTPMGEXMSR
MJ QIERW [IVI RSX EZEMPEFPI XS SFXEMR EGGITXERGI 8LMW
WIGXMSR TIVQMXW TVSTSRIRXW XS WYFQMX HEXE WYFWXERXMEXMRK
XLIEHIUYEG]SJXLIMVW]WXIQSVGSQTSRIRXXSE&SEVHSJ
)\EQMRIVW7YGLEFSEVHWLSYPHFIGVIEXIHERHREQIHMR
EGGSVHERGI [MXL PSGEP PE[W ERH WLSYPH FI LIEHIH F] E
VIKMWXIVIH IRKMRIIV &SEVH QIQFIVW WLSYPH FI HMVIGXP]
EWWSGMEXIH[MXLERHGSQTIXIRXMRXLIJMIPHWSJWXVYGXYVEP
HIWMKRSVGSRWXVYGXMSRSJQEWSRV]
*SVWTIGMEPW]WXIQWGSRWMHIVIHYRHIVXLMWWIGXMSRWTIGMJMG
XIWXW PSEH JEGXSVW HIJPIGXMSR PMQMXW ERH SXLIV TIVXMRIRX
VIUYMVIQIRXW WLSYPH FI WIX F] XLI FSEVH SJ I\EQMRIVW ERH
WLSYPHFIGSRWMWXIRX[MXLXLIMRXIRXSJXLI'SHI
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-5

CODE COMMENTARY

1.4 — Standards cited in this Code 1.4 — Standards cited in this Code
7XERHEVHW SJ XLI %QIVMGER 'SRGVIXI -RWXMXYXI XLI  8LIWI WXERHEVHW EVI VIJIVIRGIH MR XLMW 'SHI 7TIGMJMG
%QIVMGER 7SGMIX] SJ 'MZMP )RKMRIIVW %781 HEXIW EVI PMWXIH LIVI WMRGI GLERKIW XS XLI WXERHEVH QE]
-RXIVREXMSREP XLI %QIVMGER ;IPHMRK 7SGMIX] ERH 8LI VIWYPXMRGLERKIWSJTVSTIVXMIWSVTVSGIHYVIW
1EWSRV]7SGMIX]GMXIHMRXLMW'SHIEVIPMWXIHFIPS[[MXL
'SRXEGXMRJSVQEXMSRJSVXLIWISVKERM^EXMSRWMWKMZIR
XLIMV WIVMEP HIWMKREXMSRW MRGPYHMRK ]IEV SJ EHSTXMSR SV
FIPS[
VIZMWMSRERHEVIHIGPEVIHXSFITEVXSJXLMW'SHIEWMJJYPP]
WIXJSVXLMRXLMWHSGYQIRX %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI
'SYRXV]'PYF(VMZI
817%'-%7'){7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV
*EVQMRKXSR,MPPW1-
1EWSRV]7XVYGXYVIW
[[[EGMMRXSVK
%7')  { 1MRMQYQ (IWMKR 0SEHW JSV &YMPHMRKW ERH
3XLIV7XVYGXYVIW %QIVMGER7SGMIX]SJ'MZMP)RKMRIIVW
%PI\ERHIV&IPP(VMZI
%781 %%1 { 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
6IWXSR:%
7XIIP 7XVERH 9RGSEXIH 7IZIR;MVI JSV 4VIWXVIWWIH
[[[EWGISVK
'SRGVIXI
%781 %%1 { 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV %781-RXIVREXMSREP
9RGSEXIH 7XVIWW6IPMIZIH 7XIIP ;MVI JSV 4VIWXVIWWIH &EVV,EVFSV(VMZI
'SRGVIXI ;IWX'SRWLSLSGOIR4%
[[[EWXQSVK
%781 %%1 { 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
9RGSEXIH ,MKL7XVIRKXL 7XIIP &EVW JSV 4VIWXVIWWMRK %QIVMGER;IPHMRK7SGMIX]
'SRGVIXI 2;0I.IYRI6SEH
%781 ' { 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV 7XVYGXYVEP 1MEQM*PSVMHE
'PE]0SEH&IEVMRK;EPP8MPI [[[E[WSVK
%781 ' { 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSH JSV 0MRIEV 8LI1EWSRV]7SGMIX]817 
(V]MRK7LVMROEKISJ'SRGVIXI1EWSRV]9RMXW &VSEH[E]7YMXI(
%781 ' { 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV +VSYX JSV &SYPHIV'3
1EWSRV] [[[QEWSRV]WSGMIX]SVK
%781 '   { 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSH JSV
&SRH 7XVIRKXL SJ 'IVEQMG 8MPI XS 4SVXPERH 'IQIRX
4EWXI
%781 ' { 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSH JSV 7TPMXXMRK
8IRWMPI7XVIRKXLSJ1EWSRV]9RMXW
%781 ' { 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV 4VIGEWX
%YXSGPEZIH %IVEXIH 'SRGVIXI %%'  ;EPP
'SRWXVYGXMSR9RMXW
%781 ''1 { 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSH JSV
7PYQT*PS[SJ7IPJ'SRWSPMHEXMRK'SRGVIXI
%781 ) { 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSH JSV =SYRKW
1SHYPYW8ERKIRX1SHYPYWERH'LSVH1SHYPYW
%781 )   { 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSHW JSV
7XVIRKXL SJ %RGLSVW MR 'SRGVIXI ERH 1EWSRV]
)PIQIRXW
%;7 (  { 7XVYGXYVEP ;IPHMRK 'SHI { 6IMRJSVGMRK
7XIIP
C-6 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

1.5 — Notation 1.5 — Notation

Ab ! GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ ER ERGLSV FSPX MR 
2SXEXMSRWYWIHMRXLMW'SHIEVIWYQQEVM^IHLIVI
QQ
8LI XLMGORIWW SJ XLI MRJMPP tinf MW XLI WTIGMJMIH
Abr ! FIEVMRKEVIEMRQQ
XLMGORIWWSJXLIMRJMPP8LIRIXXLMGORIWWSJXLIMRJMPPtnetinf
Ag ! KVSWWGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJEQIQFIVMRQQ MW XLI QMRMQYQ XSXEP XLMGORIWW SJ XLI RIX GVSWWWIGXMSREP
EVIE8LIWIZEPYIWEVIWLS[RMR*MKYVI''
An ! RIXGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJEQIQFIVMRQQ
Anv ! RIXWLIEVEVIEMRQQ
Aps = EVIESJTVIWXVIWWMRKWXIIPMR QQ
Apt ! TVSNIGXIH XIRWMSR EVIE SR QEWSRV] WYVJEGI SJ E
VMKLXGMVGYPEVGSRIMRQQ
Apv ! TVSNIGXIHWLIEVEVIESRQEWSRV]WYVJEGISJSRI tnet inf = t1 + t2
LEPJSJEVMKLXGMVGYPEVGSRIMRQQ
As ! EVIE SJ RSRTVIWXVIWWIH PSRKMXYHMREP XIRWMSR
VIMRJSVGIQIRXMRQQ t1 t2
Asc ! EVIESJVIMRJSVGIQIRXTPEGIH[MXLMRXLIPETRIEV tinf
IEGL IRH SJ XLI PETTIH VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW ERH
XVERWZIVWIXSXLIQMRQQ
:IVXMGEP'VSWW7IGXMSR8LVSYKL -RJMPP
Ast ! XSXEPEVIESJPEXIVEPP]XMIHPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGMRK
WXIIPMRQQ
Figure CC-1.5-1 — Thickness and net thickness of an
Av ! GVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJ WLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXMR infill
QQ
A1 ! PSEHIHEVIEMRQQ
A2 ! WYTTSVXMRKFIEVMRKEVIEMRQQ
a ! HITXLSJERIUYMZEPIRXGSQTVIWWMSRWXVIWWFPSGO
EXRSQMREPWXVIRKXLMRQQ 
Ba ! EPPS[EFPIE\MEPPSEHSRERERGLSVFSPXPF2 
Bab ! EPPS[EFPI E\MEP XIRWMPI PSEH SR ER ERGLSV FSPX
[LIRKSZIVRIHF]QEWSRV]FVIEOSYXPF2 
Ban ! RSQMREPE\MEPWXVIRKXLSJERERGLSVFSPXPF2 
Banb ! RSQMREPE\MEPXIRWMPIWXVIRKXLSJERERGLSVFSPX
[LIRKSZIVRIHF]QEWSRV]FVIEOSYXPF2 
Banp ! RSQMREPE\MEPXIRWMPIWXVIRKXLSJERERGLSVFSPX
[LIRKSZIVRIHF]ERGLSVTYPPSYXPF2 
Bans ! RSQMREPE\MEPXIRWMPIWXVIRKXLSJERERGLSVFSPX
[LIRKSZIVRIHF]WXIIP]MIPHMRKPF2 
Bap ! EPPS[EFPIE\MEPXIRWMPIPSEHSRERERGLSVFSPX
[LIRKSZIVRIHF]ERGLSVTYPPSYXPF2 
Bas ! EPPS[EFPIE\MEPXIRWMPIPSEHSRERERGLSVFSPX
[LIRKSZIVRIHF]WXIIP]MIPHMRKPF2 
Bv ! EPPS[EFPIWLIEVPSEHSRERERGLSVFSPXPF2 
Bvb ! EPPS[EFPIWLIEVPSEHSRERERGLSVFSPX[LIR
KSZIVRIHF]QEWSRV]FVIEOSYXPF2 
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-7

CODE COMMENTARY

Bvc ! EPPS[EFPIWLIEVPSEHSRERERGLSVFSPX[LIR

KSZIVRIHF]QEWSRV]GVYWLMRKPF2 
Bvn ! RSQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLSJERERGLSVFSPXPF2 
Bvnb ! RSQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLSJERERGLSVFSPX[LIR
KSZIVRIHF]QEWSRV]FVIEOSYXPF2 
Bvnc ! RSQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLSJERERGLSVFSPX[LIR
KSZIVRIHF]QEWSRV]GVYWLMRKPF2 
Bvnpry ! RSQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLSJERERGLSVFSPX[LIR
KSZIVRIHF]ERGLSVTV]SYXPF2 
Bvns ! RSQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLSJERERGLSVFSPX[LIR
KSZIVRIHF]WXIIP]MIPHMRKPF2 
Bvpry ! EPPS[EFPIWLIEVPSEHSRERERGLSVFSPX[LIR
KSZIVRIHF]ERGLSVTV]SYXPF2 
Bvs ! EPPS[EFPIWLIEVPSEHSRERERGLSVFSPX[LIR
KSZIVRIHF]WXIIP]MIPHMRKPF2 
b ! [MHXLSJWIGXMSRMRQQ 
ba ! XSXEP ETTPMIH HIWMKR E\MEP JSVGI SR ER ERGLSV
FSPXPF2 
baf ! JEGXSVIHE\MEPJSVGIMRERERGLSVFSPXPF2 
bv ! XSXEP ETTPMIH HIWMKR WLIEV JSVGI SR ER ERGLSV
FSPXPF2 
bvf ! JEGXSVIHWLIEVJSVGIMRERERGLSVFSPXPF2 
bw ! [MHXLSJ[EPPFIEQMRQQ 
Cd ! HIJPIGXMSREQTPMJMGEXMSRJEGXSV
c ! HMWXERGI JVSQ XLI JMFIV SJ QE\MQYQ
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVEMRXSXLIRIYXVEPE\MWMRQQ 
D ! HIEHPSEHSVVIPEXIHMRXIVREPQSQIRXWERHJSVGIW
d ! HMWXERGI JVSQ I\XVIQI GSQTVIWWMSR JMFIV XS
GIRXVSMHSJXIRWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRQQ 
db ! RSQMREP HMEQIXIV SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX SV ERGLSV
FSPXMRQQ 
dv ! EGXYEP HITXL SJ E QIQFIV MR HMVIGXMSR SJ WLIEV
GSRWMHIVIHMRQQ 
E ! PSEH IJJIGXW SJ IEVXLUYEOI SV VIPEXIH MRXIVREP
QSQIRXWERHJSVGIW
EAAC ! QSHYPYW SJ IPEWXMGMX] SJ %%' QEWSRV] MR
GSQTVIWWMSRTWM14E 
Ebb ! QSHYPYW SJ IPEWXMGMX] SJ FSYRHMRK FIEQW TWM
14E 
Ebc ! QSHYPYW SJIPEWXMGMX] SJ FSYRHMRK GSPYQRW TWM
14E 
C-8 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

Em ! QSHYPYW SJ IPEWXMGMX] SJ QEWSRV] MR

GSQTVIWWMSRTWM14E 
Eps ! QSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]SJTVIWXVIWWMRKWXIIPTWM14E 
Es ! QSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]SJWXIIPTWM14E 
Ev ! QSHYPYWSJVMKMHMX]WLIEVQSHYPYW SJQEWSRV]
TWM14E 
e ! IGGIRXVMGMX]SJE\MEPPSEHMRQQ 
eb ! TVSNIGXIH PIK I\XIRWMSR SJ FIRXFEV ERGLSV
QIEWYVIHJVSQMRWMHIIHKISJERGLSVEXFIRHXS
JEVXLIWXTSMRXSJERGLSVMRXLITPERISJXLILSSO
MRQQ 
eu ! IGGIRXVMGMX]SJPufMRQQ 
F ! PEXIVEP TVIWWYVI SJ PMUYMHW SV VIPEXIH MRXIVREP
QSQIRXWERHJSVGIW
Fa ! EPPS[EFPI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW EZEMPEFPI XS VIWMWX
E\MEPPSEHSRP]TWM14E 
Fb ! EPPS[EFPI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW EZEMPEFPI XS VIWMWX
JPI\YVISRP]TWM14E 
Fs ! EPPS[EFPI XIRWMPI SV GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW MR
VIMRJSVGIQIRXTWM14E 
Fv ! EPPS[EFPIWLIEVWXVIWWTWM14E 
Fvm ! EPPS[EFPI WLIEV WXVIWW VIWMWXIH F] XLI QEWSRV]
TWM14E 
Fvs  ! EPPS[EFPI WLIEV WXVIWW VIWMWXIH F] XLI WLIEV
VIMRJSVGIQIRXTWM14E 
fa ! GEPGYPEXIHGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWMRQEWSRV]HYIXS
E\MEPPSEHSRP]TWM14E 
fb ! GEPGYPEXIHGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWMRQEWSRV]HYIXS
JPI\YVISRP]TWM14E 
f AAC ! WTIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ %%'
QEWSRV]TWM14E 
f 'g ! WTIGMJMIHGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJKVSYXTWM14E 
f'm ! WTIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ QEWSRV] TWM
14E 
f 'mi ! WTIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ QEWSRV] EX
XLIXMQISJTVIWXVIWWXVERWJIVTWM14E 
fps ! WXVIWWMRTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSREXRSQMREPWXVIRKXL
TWM14E 
fpu ! WTIGMJMIHXIRWMPIWXVIRKXLSJTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSR
TWM14E 
fpy ! WTIGMJMIH ]MIPH WXVIRKXL SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR
TWM14E 
fr ! QSHYPYWSJVYTXYVITWM14E 
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-9

CODE COMMENTARY

frAAC ! QSHYPYWSJVYTXYVISJ%%'TWM14E 

fs ! GEPGYPEXIH XIRWMPI SV GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW MR
VIMRJSVGIQIRXTWM14E 
fse ! IJJIGXMZI WXVIWW MR TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR EJXIV EPP
TVIWXVIWWPSWWIWLEZISGGYVVIHTWM14E 
ft AAC ! WTPMXXMRKXIRWMPIWXVIRKXL SJ%%'EWHIXIVQMRIH
MREGGSVHERGI[MXL%781'TWM14E 
fv ! GEPGYPEXIHWLIEVWXVIWWMRQEWSRV]TWM14E 
fy ! WTIGMJMIH ]MIPH WXVIRKXL SJ WXIIP JSV
VIMRJSVGIQIRXERHERGLSVWTWM14E 
H ! PEXIVEP TVIWWYVI SJ WSMP SV VIPEXIH MRXIVREP
QSQIRXWERHJSVGIW
h ! IJJIGXMZILIMKLXSJGSPYQR[EPPSVTMPEWXIVMRQQ 
hinf ! ZIVXMGEPHMQIRWMSRSJMRJMPPMRQQ 
hw ! LIMKLX SJ IRXMVI [EPP SV SJ XLI WIKQIRX SJ [EPP
GSRWMHIVIHMRQQ 
Ibb ! QSQIRX SJ MRIVXME SJ FSYRHMRK FIEQ JSV
FIRHMRKMRXLITPERISJXLIMRJMPPMRQQ
Ibc ! QSQIRX SJ MRIVXME SJ FSYRHMRK GSPYQR JSV
FIRHMRKMRXLITPERISJXLIMRJMPPMRQQ
Icr ! QSQIRX SJ MRIVXME SJ GVEGOIH GVSWWWIGXMSREP
EVIESJEQIQFIVMRQQ
Ieff ! IJJIGXMZIQSQIRXSJMRIVXMEMRQQ
Ig ! QSQIRX SJ MRIVXME SJ KVSWW GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE
SJEQIQFIVMRQQ
In ! QSQIRXSJMRIVXMESJRIXGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJE
QIQFIVMRQQ
j ! VEXMS SJ HMWXERGI FIX[IIR GIRXVSMH SJ JPI\YVEP
GSQTVIWWMZI JSVGIW ERH GIRXVSMH SJ XIRWMPI
JSVGIWXSHITXLd
K ! (MQIRWMSR YWIH XS GEPGYPEXI VIMRJSVGIQIRX
HIZIPSTQIRXMRQQ 
KAAC ! (MQIRWMSR YWIH XS GEPGYPEXI VIMRJSVGIQIRX
HIZIPSTQIRXJSV%%'QEWSRV]MRQQ 
kc ! GSIJJMGMIRXSJGVIITSJQEWSRV]TIVTWM14E 
ke ! GSIJJMGMIRXSJMVVIZIVWMFPIQSMWXYVII\TERWMSRSJ
GPE]QEWSRV]
km ! GSIJJMGMIRXSJWLVMROEKISJGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]
kt ! GSIJJMGMIRXSJXLIVQEPI\TERWMSRSJQEWSRV]TIV
HIKVII*ELVIRLIMXHIKVII'IPWMYW 
L ! PMZIPSEHSVVIPEXIHMRXIVREPQSQIRXWERHJSVGIW
C-10 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

l ! GPIEVWTERFIX[IIRWYTTSVXWMRQQ 
lb ! IJJIGXMZI IQFIHQIRX PIRKXL SJ LIEHIH SV FIRX
ERGLSVFSPXWMRQQ 
lbe ! ERGLSVFSPXIHKIHMWXERGIMRQQ 
ld ! HIZIPSTQIRX PIRKXL SV PET PIRKXL SJ WXVEMKLX
VIMRJSVGIQIRXMRQQ 
le ! IUYMZEPIRX IQFIHQIRX PIRKXL TVSZMHIH F]
WXERHEVH LSSOW QIEWYVIH JVSQ XLI WXEVX SJ XLI
LSSOTSMRXSJXERKIRG] MRQQ 
leff ! IJJIGXMZIWTERPIRKXLJSVEHIITFIEQMRQQ 
linf ! TPERPIRKXLSJMRJMPPMRQQ 
lp ! GPIEV WTER SJ XLI TVIWXVIWWIH QIQFIV MR XLI
HMVIGXMSRSJXLITVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRMRQQ 
lw ! PIRKXL SJ IRXMVI [EPP SV SJ XLI WIKQIRX SJ [EPP
GSRWMHIVIHMRHMVIGXMSRSJWLIEVJSVGIMRQQ
M ! QE\MQYQ QSQIRX EX XLI WIGXMSR YRHIV
GSRWMHIVEXMSRMRPF2QQ 
Ma  ! QE\MQYQ QSQIRX MR QIQFIV HYI XS XLI
ETTPMIH PSEHMRK JSV [LMGL HIJPIGXMSR MW
GSQTYXIHMRPF2QQ 
Mc  ! JEGXSVIH QSQIRX QEKRMJMIH JSV XLI IJJIGXW SJ
QIQFIVGYVZEXYVIMRPF2QQ 
Mcr ! RSQMREPGVEGOMRKQSQIRXWXVIRKXLMRPF2QQ 
Mn  ! RSQMREPQSQIRXWXVIRKXLMRPF2QQ 
Mser ! WIVZMGI QSQIRX EX QMHLIMKLX SJ E QIQFIV
MRGPYHMRK4HIPXEIJJIGXWMRPF2QQ 
Mu  ! JEGXSVIHQSQIRXMRPF2QQ 
n ! QSHYPEVVEXMSEs/Em
Nu ! JEGXSVIHGSQTVIWWMZIJSVGIEGXMRKRSVQEPXSWLIEV
WYVJEGI XLEX MW EWWSGMEXIH [MXL XLI Vu PSEHMRK
GSQFMREXMSRGEWIYRHIVGSRWMHIVEXMSRPF2 
Nv ! GSQTVIWWMZI JSVGI EGXMRK RSVQEP XS WLIEV
WYVJEGIPF2 
P ! E\MEPPSEHPF2 
Pa ! EPPS[EFPI E\MEP GSQTVIWWMZI JSVGI MR E
VIMRJSVGIHQIQFIVPF2 
Pe ! )YPIVFYGOPMRKPSEHPF2 
Pn ! RSQMREPE\MEPWXVIRKXLPF2 
Pps ! TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR JSVGI EX XMQI ERH PSGEXMSR
VIPIZERXJSVHIWMKRPF2 
Pu ! JEGXSVIHE\MEPPSEH, PF2
Puf ! JEGXSVIHPSEHJVSQXVMFYXEV]JPSSVSVVSSJEVIEW
PF2 
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-11

CODE COMMENTARY

Puw ! JEGXSVIH [IMKLX SJ [EPP EVIE XVMFYXEV] XS [EPP

WIGXMSRYRHIVGSRWMHIVEXMSRPF2 
Q ! JMVWX QSQIRX EFSYX XLI RIYXVEP E\MW SJ ER EVIE
FIX[IIRXLII\XVIQIJMFIVERHXLITPERIEX[LMGL
XLIWLIEVWXVIWWMWFIMRKGEPGYPEXIHMRQQ
QE = XLI IJJIGX SJ LSVM^SRXEP WIMWQMG IEVXLUYEOI
MRHYGIH JSVGIW
qn inf ! RSQMREP SYXSJTPERI JPI\YVEP GETEGMX] SJ MRJMPP
TIVYRMXEVIETWJ4E 
R ! VIWTSRWIQSHMJMGEXMSRGSIJJMGMIRX
r ! VEHMYWSJK]VEXMSRMRQQ 
Sn ! WIGXMSR QSHYPYW SJ XLI RIX GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE
SJEQIQFIVMRQQ
s ! WTEGMRKSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRQQ 
sl ! XSXEP PMRIEVHV]MRK WLVMROEKISJ GSRGVIXIQEWSRV]
YRMXWHIXIVQMRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL%781'
T ! JSVGIW ERH QSQIRXW GEYWIH F] VIWXVEMRX SJ
XIQTIVEXYVI WLVMROEKI ERH GVIIT WXVEMRW SV
HMJJIVIRXMEPQSZIQIRXW
t ! RSQMREPXLMGORIWWSJQIQFIVMRQQ 
tinf ! WTIGMJMIHXLMGORIWWSJMRJMPPMRQQ 
tnet inf ! RIXXLMGORIWWSJMRJMPPMRQQ 
t sp = WTIGMJMIHXLMGORIWWSJQIQFIVMRQQ 
v ! WLIEVWXVIWWTWM14E 
V ! WLIEVJSVGIPF2 
VnAAC! RSQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLTVSZMHIHF]%%'QEWSRV]
PF2 
Vn ! RSQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLPF2 
Vn inf ! RSQMREP LSVM^SRXEP MRTPERI WLIEV WXVIRKXL SJ
MRJMPPPF2 
Vnm ! RSQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLTVSZMHIHF]QEWSRV]PF2 
Vns ! RSQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL TVSZMHIH F] WLIEV
VIMRJSVGIQIRXPF2 
Vu ! JEGXSVIHWLIEVJSVGIPF2 
W ! [MRHPSEHSVVIPEXIHMRXIVREPQSQIRXWERHJSVGIW
WS ! HMQIRWMSRSJXLIWXVYGXYVEP[EPPWXVMTHIJMRIHMR
7IGXMSRERHWLS[RMR*MKYVI
WT ! HMQIRWMSR SJ XLI XVMFYXEV] PIRKXL SJ [EPP
HIJMRIH MR 7IGXMSR  ERH WLS[R MR *MKYVI

w inf ! [MHXLSJIUYMZEPIRXWXVYXMRQQ 
C-12 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

wstrut ! LSVM^SRXEP TVSNIGXMSR SJ XLI [MHXL SJ XLI

HMEKSREPWXVYXMRQQ

wu ! SYXSJTPERIJEGXSVIHYRMJSVQP]HMWXVMFYXIHPSEH
PFMR2QQ

z ! MRXIVREP PIZIV EVQ FIX[IIR GSQTVIWWMZI ERH
XIRWMPIJSVGIWMREHIITFIEQMRQQ

arch ! LSVM^SRXEPEVGLMRKTEVEQIXIVJSVMRJMPPPF2

 ! JSVJYPP]KVSYXIHQEWSRV]SVJSVSXLIV
XLERJYPP]KVSYXIHQEWSRV]
arch ! ZIVXMGEPEVGLMRKTEVEQIXIVJSVMRJMPPPF2

b ! VEXMS SJ EVIE SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX GYX SJJ XS XSXEP
EVIESJXIRWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXEXEWIGXMSR
 ! VIMRJSVGIQIRXWM^IJEGXSV
 ! GEPGYPEXIHWXSV]HVMJXMRQQ

a ! EPPS[EFPIWXSV]HVMJXMRQQ

 ! QSQIRXQEKRMJMGEXMSRJEGXSV
ne ! HMWTPEGIQIRXWGSQTYXIHYWMRKGSHITVIWGVMFIH
WIMWQMG JSVGIW ERH EWWYQMRK IPEWXMG FILEZMSV
MRQQ

s ! LSVM^SRXEPHIJPIGXMSREXQMHLIMKLXYRHIVEPPS[EFPI
WXVIWWHIWMKRPSEHGSQFMREXMSRWMRQQ

u ! HIJPIGXMSRHYIXSJEGXSVIHPSEHWMRQQ

cs ! HV]MRKWLVMROEKISJ%%'
mu  ! QE\MQYQYWEFPIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVEMRSJQEWSRV]
 ! PETWTPMGIGSRJMRIQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXJEGXSV
strut ! ERKPI SJ MRJMPP HMEKSREP [MXL VIWTIGX XS XLI
LSVM^SRXEPHIKVIIW
strut ! GLEVEGXIVMWXMG WXMJJRIWW TEVEQIXIV JSV MRJMPP MR
QQ

AAC ! GSIJJMGMIRXSJJVMGXMSRSJ%%'
 ! VIMRJSVGIQIRXVEXMS
max !QE\MQYQJPI\YVEPXIRWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXVEXMS
 ! WXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSV
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY
CODE
1.6 — Definitions
Anchor{1IXEPVSH[MVISVWXVETXLEXWIGYVIWQEWSRV]
XSMXWWXVYGXYVEPWYTTSVX
Anchor pullout{%RGLSVJEMPYVIHIJMRIHF]XLIERGLSV
WPMHMRKSYXSJXLIQEXIVMEPMR[LMGLMXMWIQFIHHIH[MXLSYX
FVIEOMRK SYX E WYFWXERXMEP TSVXMSR SJ XLI WYVVSYRHMRK
C-13
COMMENTARY
1.6 — Definitions
*SV GSRWMWXIRX ETTPMGEXMSR SJ XLMW 'SHI XIVQW EVI
HIJMRIH XLEX LEZI TEVXMGYPEV QIERMRKW MR XLMW 'SHI 8LI
HIJMRMXMSRW KMZIR EVI JSV YWI MR ETTPMGEXMSR SJ XLMW 'SHI
SRP] ERH HS RSX EP[E]W GSVVIWTSRH XS SVHMREV] YWEKI
+PSWWEVMIW SJ QEWSRV] XIVQMRSPSK] EVI EZEMPEFPI JVSQ
WIZIVEP WSYVGIW [MXLMR XLI MRHYWXV]  ?&-% 

QEXIVMEP
2'1%
ERH-1-
A
Area, gross cross-sectional { 8LI EVIE HIPMRIEXIH
F] XLI SYXXSSYX HMQIRWMSRW SJ QEWSRV] MR XLI TPERI
YRHIVGSRWMHIVEXMSR
Area, net cross-sectional{8LIEVIESJQEWSRV]YRMXW
KVSYXERHQSVXEVGVSWWIHF]XLITPERIYRHIVGSRWMHIVEXMSR
FEWIHSRSYXXSSYXHMQIRWMSRW
Area, net shear { 8LI RIX EVIE SJ XLI [IF SJ E WLIEV
IPIQIRX
Autoclaved aerated concrete { 0S[HIRWMX]
GIQIRXMXMSYW TVSHYGX SJ GEPGMYQ WMPMGEXI L]HVEXIW [LSWI
QEXIVMEPWTIGMJMGEXMSRWEVIHIJMRIHMR%781'
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) masonry {
%YXSGPEZIH EIVEXIH GSRGVIXI YRMXW QERYJEGXYVIH [MXLSYX
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WIXSRE QSVXEVPIZIPMRKFIHFSRHIH[MXL
XLMRFIHQSVXEVTPEGIH[MXLSV[MXLSYXKVSYXERHTPEGIH
[MXLSV[MXLSYXVIMRJSVGIQIRX
Backing{;EPPSVWYVJEGIXS[LMGLZIRIIVMWEXXEGLIH
Bed joint { 8LI LSVM^SRXEP PE]IV SJ QSVXEV SR [LMGL E
QEWSRV]YRMXMWPEMH
Bond beam { % LSVM^SRXEP SV WPSTIH IPIQIRX XLEX MW
JYPP] KVSYXIH LEW PSRKMXYHMREP FEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH MW
GSRWXVYGXIH[MXLMREQEWSRV][EPP
8LI TIVQMXXIH XSPIVERGIW JSV YRMXW EVI KMZIR MR XLI
ETTVSTVMEXI QEXIVMEPW WXERHEVHW 4IVQMXXIH XSPIVERGIW JSV
NSMRXW ERH QEWSRV] GSRWXVYGXMSR EVI KMZIR MR XLI
7TIGMJMGEXMSR 2SQMREP HMQIRWMSRW EVI YWYEPP] YWIH XS
MHIRXMJ]XLIWM^ISJEQEWSRV]YRMX8LIXLMGORIWWSV[MHXL
MW KMZIR JMVWX JSPPS[IH F] LIMKLX ERH PIRKXL 2SQMREP
HMQIRWMSRWEVIRSVQEPP]KMZIRMR[LSPIRYQFIVWRIEVIWX
XS XLI WTIGMJMIH HMQIRWMSRW 7TIGMJMIH HMQIRWMSRW EVI
QSWXSJXIRYWIHJSVHIWMKRGEPGYPEXMSRW
8LI -RWTIGXMSR %KIRG] MW VIUYMVIH XS FI SR XLI
TVSNIGXWMXI[LIRIZIVQEWSRV]XEWOWVIUYMVMRKGSRXMRYSYW
MRWTIGXMSR EVI MR TVSKVIWW (YVMRK GSRWXVYGXMSR VIUYMVMRK
TIVMSHMG MRWTIGXMSR XLI -RWTIGXMSR %KIRG] MW SRP]
VIUYMVIH XS FI SR XLI TVSNIGX WMXI MRXIVQMXXIRXP] ERH MW
VIUYMVIH XS SFWIVZI GSQTPIXIH [SVO 8LI JVIUYIRG] SJ
TIVMSHMG MRWTIGXMSRW WLSYPH FI HIJMRIH F] XLI
%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV EW TEVX SJ XLI UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI TPER
ERHWLSYPHFIGSRWMWXIRX [MXLXLIGSQTPI\MX]ERH WM^ISJ
XLITVSNIGX
Area, net shear { 8LIRIX WLIEV EVIEJSV ETEVXMEPP]
KVSYXIHJPERKIHWLIEV[EPPMWWLS[RMR*MKYVI''
Direction of Applied
Shear Force
Net Shear Area
Figure CC-1.6-1 — Net shear area
Bond beam z 8LMW VIMRJSVGIH QIQFIV MW YWYEPP]
GSRWXVYGXIH LSVM^SRXEPP] FYX QE] FI WPSTIH XS QEXGL ER
EHNEGIRXVSSJJSVI\EQTPI
C-14 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

Bonded prestressing tendon { 4VIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR XLEX MW

IRGETWYPEXIHF]TVIWXVIWWMRKKVSYXMREGSVVYKEXIHHYGXXLEXMW
FSRHIHXSXLIWYVVSYRHMRKQEWSRV]XLVSYKLKVSYXMRK
Bounding frame { 8LI GSPYQRW ERH YTTIV ERH PS[IV
FIEQW SV WPEFW XLEX WYVVSYRH QEWSRV] MRJMPP ERH TVSZMHI
WXVYGXYVEPWYTTSVX
Building official { 8LI SJJMGIV SV SXLIV HIWMKREXIH
EYXLSVMX] GLEVKIH [MXL XLI EHQMRMWXVEXMSR ERH
IRJSVGIQIRXSJXLMW'SHISVXLIFYMPHMRKSJJMGMEPWHYP]
EYXLSVM^IHVITVIWIRXEXMZI
Cavity wall{%QEWSRV][EPPGSRWMWXMRKSJX[SSVQSVI
[]XLIW EX PIEWX X[S SJ [LMGL EVI WITEVEXIH F] E
GSRXMRYSYW EMV WTEGI EMV WTEGIW  FIX[IIR []XLIW QE]
GSRXEMR MRWYPEXMSR ERH WITEVEXIH []XLIW QYWX FI
GSRRIGXIHF][EPPXMIW
Collar joint { :IVXMGEP PSRKMXYHMREP WTEGI FIX[IIR
[]XLIWSJQEWSRV]SVFIX[IIRQEWSRV][]XLIERHFEGO
YT GSRWXVYGXMSR [LMGL MW TIVQMXXIH XS FI JMPPIH [MXL
QSVXEVSVKVSYX
Column { %R MWSPEXIH ZIVXMGEP QIQFIV [LSWI
LSVM^SRXEP HMQIRWMSR QIEWYVIH EX VMKLX ERKPIW XS MXW
XLMGORIWWHSIWRSXI\GIIHXMQIWMXWXLMGORIWWERH[LSWI
LIMKLXMWKVIEXIVXLERXMQIWMXWXLMGORIWW
Composite action { 8VERWJIV SJ WXVIWW FIX[IIR
GSQTSRIRXWSJEQIQFIVHIWMKRIHWSXLEXMRVIWMWXMRKPSEHW
XLIGSQFMRIHGSQTSRIRXWEGXXSKIXLIVEWEWMRKPIQIQFIV
Composite masonry { 1YPXM[]XLI QEWSRV] QIQFIVW
[MXL[]XLIWFSRHIHXSTVSHYGIGSQTSWMXIEGXMSR
Compressive strength of masonry{1E\MQYQGSQTVIWWMZI
JSVGIVIWMWXIHTIVYRMXSJRIXGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJQEWSRV]
HIXIVQMRIH F] XIWXMRK QEWSRV] TVMWQW SV E JYRGXMSR SJ
MRHMZMHYEP QEWSRV] YRMXW QSVXEV ERH KVSYX MR EGGSVHERGI
[MXLXLITVSZMWMSRWSJ817%'-%7')
Connector { % QIGLERMGEP HIZMGIJSV WIGYVMRK X[S SV
QSVI TMIGIW TEVXW SV QIQFIVW XSKIXLIV MRGPYHMRK
ERGLSVW[EPPXMIWERHJEWXIRIVW
Contract documents { (SGYQIRXW IWXEFPMWLMRK XLI
VIUYMVIH [SVO ERH MRGPYHMRK MR TEVXMGYPEV XLI TVSNIGX
HVE[MRKWERHTVSNIGXWTIGMJMGEXMSRW
Corbel { % TVSNIGXMSR SJ WYGGIWWMZI GSYVWIW JVSQ XLI
JEGISJQEWSRV]
Cover, grout — XLMGORIWWSJKVSYXWYVVSYRHMRKXLISYXIV
WYVJEGISJIQFIHHIHVIMRJSVGIQIRXERGLSVSVXMI
Cover, masonry — XLMGORIWW SJ QEWSRV] YRMXW QSVXEV
ERH KVSYX WYVVSYRHMRK XLI SYXIV WYVJEGI SJ IQFIHHIH
VIMRJSVGIQIRXERGLSVSVXMI
Cover, mortar — XLMGORIWW SJ QSVXEV WYVVSYRHMRK XLI
SYXIVWYVJEGISJIQFIHHIHVIMRJSVGIQIRXERGLSVSVXMI
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-15

CODE COMMENTARY
Deep beam { % FIEQ XLEX LEW ER IJJIGXMZI WTERXS
HITXL VEXMS leff/dv PIWW XLER  JSV E GSRXMRYSYW WTER ERH
PIWWXLERJSVEWMQTPIWTER
Depth { 8LIHMQIRWMSR SJ E QIQFIV QIEWYVIH MR XLI
TPERISJEGVSWWWIGXMSRTIVTIRHMGYPEVXSXLIRIYXVEPE\MW
Design story drift{8LIHMJJIVIRGISJHIJPIGXMSRWEXXLI
XST ERH FSXXSQ SJ XLI WXSV] YRHIV GSRWMHIVEXMSR
GEPGYPEXIHF]QYPXMTP]MRKXLIHIJPIGXMSRWHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ
ER IPEWXMG EREP]WMW F] XLI ETTVSTVMEXI HIJPIGXMSR
EQTPMJMGEXMSRJEGXSVCdJVSQ%7')
Design strength {8LIRSQMREPWXVIRKXLSJERIPIQIRX
QYPXMTPMIHF]XLIETTVSTVMEXIWXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSV
Diaphragm { % VSSJ SV JPSSV W]WXIQ HIWMKRIH XS
XVERWQMXPEXIVEPJSVGIWXSWLIEV[EPPWSVSXLIVPEXIVEPJSVGI
VIWMWXMRKIPIQIRXW
Dimension, nominal { 8LI WTIGMJMIH HMQIRWMSR TPYW ER
EPPS[ERGIJSVXLINSMRXW[MXL[LMGLXLIYRMXWEVIXSFIPEMH
2SQMREP HMQIRWMSRW EVI YWYEPP] WXEXIH MR [LSPI RYQFIVW
8LMGORIWWMWKMZIRJMVWXJSPPS[IHF]LIMKLXERHXLIRPIRKXL
Dimensions, specified { (MQIRWMSRW WTIGMJMIH JSV XLI
QERYJEGXYVISVGSRWXVYGXMSRSJEYRMXNSMRXSVIPIQIRX
Effective height { 'PIEV LIMKLX SJ E FVEGIH QIQFIV
FIX[IIR PEXIVEP WYTTSVXW ERH YWIH JSV GEPGYPEXMRK XLI
WPIRHIVRIWW VEXMS SJ E QIQFIV )JJIGXMZI LIMKLX JSV
YRFVEGIHQIQFIVWWLEPPFIGEPGYPEXIH
Effective prestress — 7XVIWWVIQEMRMRKMRTVIWXVIWWMRK
XIRHSRWEJXIVEPPPSWWIWLEZISGGYVVIH
Foundation pier — %RMWSPEXIHZIVXMGEPJSYRHEXMSRQIQFIV
[LSWI LSVM^SRXEP HMQIRWMSR QIEWYVIH EX VMKLX ERKPIW XS MXW
XLMGORIWW HSIW RSX I\GIIH  XMQIW MXW XLMGORIWW ERH [LSWI
LIMKLXMWIUYEPXSSVPIWWXLERXMQIWMXWXLMGORIWW
Glass unit masonry{1EWSRV]GSQTSWIHSJKPEWWYRMXW
FSRHIHF]QSVXEV
Grout{ %TPEWXMGQM\XYVISJGIQIRXMXMSYWQEXIVMEPW
EKKVIKEXIW ERH [EXIV [MXL SV [MXLSYX EHQM\XYVIW
MRMXMEPP] TVSHYGIH XS TSYVMRK GSRWMWXIRG] [MXLSYX
WIKVIKEXMSRSJXLIGSRWXMXYIRXWHYVMRKTPEGIQIRX 8LI
LEVHIRIHIUYMZEPIRXSJWYGLQM\XYVIW
Grout, Welf-consolidating { % LMKLP] JPYMH ERH WXEFPI
KVSYX X]TMGEPP] [MXL EHQM\XYVIW XLEX VIQEMRW
LSQSKIRISYW [LIR TPEGIH ERH HSIW RSX VIUYMVI
TYHHPMRKSVZMFVEXMSRJSVGSRWSPMHEXMSR
Head joint { :IVXMGEP QSVXEV NSMRX TPEGIH FIX[IIR
QEWSRV] YRMXW [MXLMR XLI []XLI EX XLI XMQI XLI QEWSRV]
YRMXWEVIPEMH
Header (bonder){%QEWSRV]YRMXXLEXGSRRIGXWX[SSV
QSVIEHNEGIRX[]XLIWSJQEWSRV]
Infill z 1EWSRV] GSRWXVYGXIH [MXLMR XLI TPERI SJ ERH
FSYRHIHF]EWXVYGXYVEPJVEQI
C-16 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

Infill, non-participating { -RJMPP HIWMKRIH WS XLEX MR

TPERI PSEHW EVI RSX MQTEVXIH XS MX JVSQ XLI FSYRHMRK
JVEQI
Infill, participating { -RJMPP HIWMKRIH XS VIWMWX MRTPERI
PSEHWMQTEVXIHXSMXF]XLIFSYRHMRKJVEQI
Inspection, continuous{8LI-RWTIGXMSR%KIRG]vWJYPP
XMQI SFWIVZEXMSR SJ [SVO F] FIMRK TVIWIRX MR XLI EVIE
[LIVIXLI[SVOMWFIMRKTIVJSVQIH
Inspection, periodic { 8LI -RWTIGXMSR %KIRG]vW TEVX
XMQI SV MRXIVQMXXIRX SFWIVZEXMSR SJ [SVO HYVMRK
GSRWXVYGXMSRF]FIMRKTVIWIRXMRXLI EVIE[LIVIXLI[SVO
LEW FIIR SV MW FIMRK TIVJSVQIH ERH SFWIVZEXMSR YTSR
GSQTPIXMSRSJXLI[SVO
Laterally restrained prestressing tendon — 4VIWXVIWWMRK
XIRHSR XLEX MW RSX JVII XS QSZI PEXIVEPP] [MXLMR XLI GVSWW
WIGXMSRSJXLIQIQFIV
Laterally unrestrained prestressing tendon {
4VIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR XLEX MW JVII XS QSZI PEXIVEPP] [MXLMR
XLIGVSWWWIGXMSRSJXLIQIQFIV
Licensed design professional { %R MRHMZMHYEP [LS MW Licensed design professional z *SV GSRZIRMIRGI XLI
PMGIRWIH XS TVEGXMGI HIWMKR EW HIJMRIH F] XLI WXEXYXSV] 'SQQIRXEV] YWIW XLI XIVQ wHIWMKRIVx [LIR VIJIVVMRK XS
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJXLITVSJIWWMSREPPMGIRWMRKPE[WSJXLIWXEXISV XLIPMGIRWIHHIWMKRTVSJIWWMSREP
NYVMWHMGXMSRMR[LMGLXLITVSNIGXMWXSFIGSRWXVYGXIHERH[LS
MW MR VIWTSRWMFPI GLEVKI SJ XLI HIWMKR MR SXLIV HSGYQIRXW
EPWSVIJIVVIHXSEWregistered design professional
Load, dead{(IEH[IMKLXWYTTSVXIHF]EQIQFIVEW
HIJMRIHF]XLIPIKEPP]EHSTXIHFYMPHMRKGSHI
Load, live{0MZIPSEHWTIGMJMIHF]XLIPIKEPP]EHSTXIH
FYMPHMRKGSHI
Load, service { 0SEH WTIGMJMIH F] XLI PIKEPP] EHSTXIH
FYMPHMRKGSHI
Longitudinal reinforcement { 6IMRJSVGIQIRX TPEGIH
TEVEPPIPXSXLIPSRKMXYHMREPE\MWSJXLIQIQFIV
Masonry breakout { %RGLSV JEMPYVI HIJMRIH F] XLI
WITEVEXMSRSJEZSPYQISJQEWSRV]ETTVS\MQEXIP]GSRMGEP
MRWLETIJVSQXLIQIQFIV
Masonry unit, hollow {%QEWSRV]YRMX[MXLRIXGVSWW
WIGXMSREP EVIE SJ PIWW XLER  TIVGIRX SJ MXW KVSWW GVSWW
WIGXMSREPEVIE[LIRQIEWYVIHMRER]TPERITEVEPPIPXSXLI
WYVJEGIGSRXEMRMRKZSMHW
Masonry unit, solid { % QEWSRV] YRMX [MXL RIX GVSWW
WIGXMSREP EVIE SJ  TIVGIRX SV QSVI SJ MXW KVSWW GVSWW
WIGXMSREP EVIE [LIR QIEWYVIH MR IZIV] TPERI TEVEPPIP XS
XLIWYVJEGIGSRXEMRMRKZSMHW
Modulus of elasticity{6EXMSSJRSVQEPWXVIWWXSGSVVIW
TSRHMRK WXVEMR JSV XIRWMPI SV GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWWIW FIPS[
TVSTSVXMSREPPMQMXSJQEXIVMEP
Modulus of rigidity{6EXMSSJYRMXWLIEVWXVIWWXSYRMX
WLIEV WXVEMR JSV YRMX WLIEV WXVIWW FIPS[ XLI TVSTSVXMSREP
PMQMXSJXLIQEXIVMEP
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-17

CODE COMMENTARY

Nominal strength{8LIWXVIRKXLSJERIPIQIRXSVGVSWW
WIGXMSRGEPGYPEXIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWERH
EWWYQTXMSRW SJ XLI WXVIRKXL HIWMKR QIXLSHW SJ XLIWI
TVSZMWMSRWFIJSVIETTPMGEXMSRSJWXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSVW
Pier { %R MWSPEXIH ZIVXMGEP QIQFIV [LSWI LSVM^SRXEP
HMQIRWMSRQIEWYVIHEXVMKLXERKPIWXSMXWXLMGORIWWMWRSX
PIWWXLERXMQIWMXWXLMGORIWWRSVKVIEXIVXLERXMQIWMXW
XLMGORIWWERH[LSWILIMKLXMWPIWWXLERXMQIWMXWPIRKXL
Post-tensioning — 1IXLSH SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK MR [LMGL E
TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR MW XIRWMSRIH EJXIV XLI QEWSRV] LEW
FIIRTPEGIH
Prestressed masonry — 1EWSRV] MR [LMGL MRXIVREP
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWIWLEZIFIIRMRXVSHYGIHF]TVIWXVIWWIH
XIRHSRW XS GSYRXIVEGX TSXIRXMEP XIRWMPI WXVIWWIW VIWYPXMRK
JVSQETTPMIHPSEHW
Prestressing grout — % GIQIRXMXMSYW QM\XYVI YWIH XS
IRGETWYPEXIFSRHIHTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRW
Prestressing tendon{7XIIPIPIQIRXWWYGLEW[MVIFEV
SVWXVERHYWIHXSMQTEVXTVIWXVIWWXSQEWSRV]
Pretensioning { 1IXLSH SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK MR [LMGL E
TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR MW XIRWMSRIH FIJSVI XLI XVERWJIV SJ
WXVIWWMRXSXLIQEWSRV]
Prism { %R EWWIQFPEKI SJ QEWSRV] YRMXW ERH QSVXEV
[MXL SV [MXLSYX KVSYX YWIH EW E XIWX WTIGMQIR JSV
HIXIVQMRMRKTVSTIVXMIWSJXLIQEWSRV]
Project drawings { 8LI HVE[MRKW XLEX EPSRK [MXL XLI
TVSNIGX WTIGMJMGEXMSRW GSQTPIXI XLI HIWGVMTXMZI MRJSVQEXMSR
JSVGSRWXVYGXMRKXLI[SVOVIUYMVIHF]XLIGSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXW
Project specifications { 8LI [VMXXIR HSGYQIRXW XLEX
WTIGMJ]VIUYMVIQIRXWJSVETVSNIGXMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLI
WIVZMGI TEVEQIXIVW ERH SXLIV WTIGMJMG GVMXIVME IWXEFPMWLIH
F]XLIS[RIVSVXLIS[RIVvWEKIRX
Quality assurance{8LIEHQMRMWXVEXMZIERHTVSGIHYVEP
VIUYMVIQIRXW IWXEFPMWLIH F] XLI GSRXVEGX HSGYQIRXW XS
EWWYVIXLEXGSRWXVYGXIHQEWSRV]MWMRGSQTPMERGI[MXLXLI
GSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXW
Reinforcement{2SRTVIWXVIWWIHWXIIPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
Required strength { 8LI WXVIRKXL RIIHIH XS VIWMWX
JEGXSVIHPSEHW
Running bond{8LITPEGIQIRXSJQEWSRV]YRMXWWSXLEX Running bond 8LMW'SHIGSRGIVRWMXWIPJSRP][MXLXLI
LIEHNSMRXW MR WYGGIWWMZIGSYVWIWEVI LSVM^SRXEPP] SJJWIX EX WXVYGXYVEPIJJIGXSJXLIQEWSRV]FSRHTEXXIVR8LIVIJSVIXLI
PIEWXSRIUYEVXIVXLIYRMXPIRKXL SRP]HMWXMRGXMSRQEHIF]XLMW'SHIMWFIX[IIRQEWSRV]PEMH
MR VYRRMRK FSRH ERH QEWSRV] XLEX MW RSX PEMH MR VYRRMRK
Shear wall {%[EPPFIEVMRKSVRSRFIEVMRKHIWMKRIHXS
FSRH*SVTYVTSWIWSJXLMW'SHIEVGLMXIGXYVEPFSRHTEXXIVRW
VIWMWX PEXIVEP JSVGIW EGXMRK MR XLI TPERI SJ XLI [EPP
XLEXHSRSXWEXMWJ]XLI'SHIHIJMRMXMSRSJVYRRMRKFSRHEVI
WSQIXMQIWVIJIVVIHXSEWEZIVXMGEPHMETLVEKQ 
GPEWWMJMIHEWRSXVYRRMRKFSRH
Shear wall, detailed plain (unreinforced) AAC masonry
{%R%%'QEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPHIWMKRIHXSVIWMWXPEXIVEP
JSVGIW[LMPIRIKPIGXMRKWXVIWWIWMRVIMRJSVGIQIRXEPXLSYKL
TVSZMHIH[MXLQMRMQYQVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHGSRRIGXMSRW
C-18 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

Shear wall, detailed plain (unreinforced) masonry { %

QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPP HIWMKRIH XS VIWMWX PEXIVEP JSVGIW [LMPI
RIKPIGXMRK WXVIWWIW MR VIMRJSVGIQIRX EPXLSYKL TVSZMHIH
[MXLQMRMQYQVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHGSRRIGXMSRW
Shear wall, intermediate reinforced masonry{%QEWSRV]
WLIEV[EPPHIWMKRIHXSVIWMWXPEXIVEPJSVGIW[LMPIGSRWMHIVMRK
WXVIWWIW MR VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH XS WEXMWJ] WTIGMJMG QMRMQYQ
VIMRJSVGIQIRXERHGSRRIGXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXW
Shear wall, intermediate reinforced prestressed masonry
{ % TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPP HIWMKRIH XS VIWMWX
PEXIVEP JSVGIW [LMPI GSRWMHIVMRK WXVIWWIW MR VIMRJSVGIQIRX
ERH XS WEXMWJ] WTIGMJMG QMRMQYQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH
GSRRIGXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXW
Shear wall, ordinary plain (unreinforced) AAC
masonry { %R %%' QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPP HIWMKRIH XS
VIWMWX PEXIVEP JSVGIW [LMPI RIKPIGXMRK WXVIWWIW MR
VIMRJSVGIQIRXMJTVIWIRX
Shear wall, ordinary plain (unreinforced) masonry{%
QEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPHIWMKRIHXSVIWMWXPEXIVEPJSVGIW[LMPI
RIKPIGXMRKWXVIWWIWMRVIMRJSVGIQIRXMJTVIWIRX
Shear wall, ordinary plain (unreinforced) prestressed
masonry{%TVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPHIWMKRIHXS
VIWMWX PEXIVEP JSVGIW [LMPI RIKPIGXMRK WXVIWWIW MR
VIMRJSVGIQIRXMJTVIWIRX
Shear wall, ordinary reinforced AAC masonry { %R
%%'QEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPHIWMKRIHXSVIWMWX PEXIVEPJSVGIW
[LMPIGSRWMHIVMRKWXVIWWIWMRVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHWEXMWJ]MRK
TVIWGVMTXMZIVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHGSRRIGXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXW
Shear wall, ordinary reinforced masonry{%QEWSRV]
WLIEV [EPP HIWMKRIH XS VIWMWX PEXIVEP JSVGIW [LMPI
GSRWMHIVMRK WXVIWWIW MR VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH WEXMWJ]MRK
TVIWGVMTXMZIVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHGSRRIGXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXW
Shear wall, special reinforced masonry { % QEWSRV]
WLIEV [EPP HIWMKRIH XS VIWMWX PEXIVEP JSVGIW [LMPI
GSRWMHIVMRKWXVIWWIWMRVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHXSWEXMWJ]WTIGMEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRXERHGSRRIGXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXW
Shear wall, special reinforced prestressed masonry{%
TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPP HIWMKRIH XS VIWMWX PEXIVEP
JSVGIW [LMPI GSRWMHIVMRK WXVIWWIW MR VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH XS
WEXMWJ]WTIGMEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHGSRRIGXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXW
Slump flow { 8LI GMVGYPEV WTVIEH SJ TPEWXMG WIPJ
GSRWSPMHEXMRKKVSYX[LMGLMWIZEPYEXIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL
%781''1
Special boundary elements { -R[EPPW XLEXEVI HIWMKRIH Special boundary elements z 6IUYMVIQIRXW JSV
XSVIWMWXMRTPERIPSEHIRHVIKMSRWXLEXEVIWXVIRKXLIRIHF] PSRKMXYHMREP ERH XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX LEZI RSX FIIR
VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH EVI HIXEMPIH XS QIIX WTIGMJMG IWXEFPMWLIH MR KIRIVEP ERH QYWX FI ZIVMJMIH F] XIWXMRK
VIUYMVIQIRXWERHQE]SVQE]RSXFIXLMGOIVXLERXLI[EPP 6IWIEVGLMRXLMWEVIEMWSRKSMRK
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-19

CODE COMMENTARY

Specified compressive strength of AAC masonry, f 'AAC {

1MRMQYQGSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXLI\TVIWWIHEWJSVGITIVYRMX
SJ RIX GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE VIUYMVIH SJ XLI %%' QEWSRV]
YWIH MR GSRWXVYGXMSR F] XLI GSRXVEGX HSGYQIRXW ERH YTSR
[LMGL XLI TVSNIGX HIWMKR MW FEWIH ;LIRIZIV XLI UYERXMX]
f AAC MW YRHIVXLI VEHMGEP WMKR XLI WUYEVI VSSX SJ RYQIVMGEP
ZEPYISRP]MWMRXIRHIHERHXLIVIWYPXLEWYRMXWSJTWM14E 
Specified compressive strength of masonry, f 'm {
1MRMQYQGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLI\TVIWWIHEWJSVGITIVYRMX
SJRIXGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIEVIUYMVIHSJXLIQEWSRV]YWIHMR
GSRWXVYGXMSRF]XLIGSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXWERHYTSR[LMGLXLI
TVSNIGXHIWMKRMWFEWIH;LIRIZIVXLIUYERXMX]f m MWYRHIV
XLIVEHMGEPWMKRXLIWUYEVIVSSXSJRYQIVMGEPZEPYISRP]MW
MRXIRHIHERHXLIVIWYPXLEWYRMXWSJTWM14E 
Stirrup { 6IMRJSVGIQIRX YWIH XS VIWMWX WLIEV MR E
JPI\YVEPQIQFIV
Stone masonry{1EWSRV]GSQTSWIHSJJMIPHUYEVVMIH
SVGEWXWXSRIYRMXWFSRHIHF]QSVXEV
Stone masonry, ashlar { 7XSRI QEWSRV] GSQTSWIH SJ
VIGXERKYPEV YRMXW LEZMRK WE[IH HVIWWIH SV WUYEVIH FIH
WYVJEGIWERHFSRHIHF]QSVXEV
Stone masonry, rubble { 7XSRI QEWSRV] GSQTSWIH SJ
MVVIKYPEVWLETIHYRMXWFSRHIHF]QSVXEV
Strength-reduction factor,  { 8LI JEGXSV F] [LMGL XLI
RSQMREPWXVIRKXLMWQYPXMTPMIHXSSFXEMRXLIHIWMKRWXVIRKXL
Tendon anchorage — -RTSWXXIRWMSRMRKEHIZMGIYWIHXS
ERGLSVXLITVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRXSXLIQEWSRV]SVGSRGVIXI
QIQFIV MR TVIXIRWMSRMRK E HIZMGI YWIH XS ERGLSV XLI
TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR HYVMRK LEVHIRMRK SJ QEWSRV] QSVXEV
KVSYXTVIWXVIWWMRKKVSYXSVGSRGVIXI
Tendon coupler { %HIZMGI JSV GSRRIGXMRK X[SXIRHSR
IRHWXLIVIF]XVERWJIVVMRKXLITVIWXVIWWMRKJSVGIJVSQIRH
XSIRH
Tendon jacking force — 8IQTSVEV] JSVGI I\IVXIH F] E
HIZMGIXLEXMRXVSHYGIWXIRWMSRMRXSTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRW
Thin-bed mortar — 1SVXEVJSVYWIMRGSRWXVYGXMSRSJ%%'
YRMXQEWSRV][LSWINSMRXWEVIMRQQ SVPIWW
Tie, lateral{0SSTSJVIMRJSVGMRKFEVSV[MVIIRGPSWMRK
PSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
Tie, wall { 1IXEP GSRRIGXSV XLEX GSRRIGXW []XLIW SJ
QEWSRV][EPPWXSKIXLIV
Transfer{%GXSJETTP]MRKXSXLIQEWSRV]QIQFIVXLI
JSVGIMRXLITVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRW
Transverse reinforcement { 6IMRJSVGIQIRX TPEGIH
TIVTIRHMGYPEVXSXLIPSRKMXYHMREPE\MWSJXLIQIQFIV
Unbonded prestressing tendon { 4VIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR
XLEXMWRSXFSRHIHXSQEWSRV]
C-20 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

Unreinforced (plain) masonry { 1EWSRV] MR [LMGL XLI

XIRWMPIVIWMWXERGISJQEWSRV]MWXEOIRMRXSGSRWMHIVEXMSRERH
XLIVIWMWXERGISJXLIVIMRJSVGMRKWXIIPMJTVIWIRXMWRIKPIGXIH
Veneer, adhered — 1EWSRV] ZIRIIV WIGYVIH XS ERH
WYTTSVXIHF]XLIFEGOMRKXLVSYKLEHLIWMSR
Veneer, anchored — 1EWSRV] ZIRIIV WIGYVIH XS ERH
WYTTSVXIHPEXIVEPP]F]XLIFEGOMRKXLVSYKLERGLSVWERH
WYTTSVXIH ZIVXMGEPP] F] XLI JSYRHEXMSR SV SXLIV
WXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXW
Veneer, masonry{%QEWSRV][]XLIXLEXTVSZMHIWXLI
I\XIVMSVJMRMWLSJE[EPPW]WXIQERHXVERWJIVWSYXSJTPERI
PSEH HMVIGXP]XSEFEGOMRKFYXMWRSX GSRWMHIVIHXSEHHz
WXVIRKXLSVWXMJJRIWWXSXLI[EPPW]WXIQ
Visual stability index (VSI) — %R MRHI\ HIJMRIH MR
%781 ''1 XLEX UYEPMXEXMZIP] MRHMGEXIW XLI
WXEFMPMX]SJWIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRKKVSYX
Wall { % ZIVXMGEP IPIQIRX [MXL E LSVM^SRXEP PIRKXL XS
XLMGORIWWVEXMSKVIEXIVXLERYWIHXSIRGPSWIWTEGI
Wall, load-bearing { ;EPP WYTTSVXMRK ZIVXMGEP PSEHW
KVIEXIVXLERPFPMRIEPJX2Q MREHHMXMSRXSMXWS[R
[IMKLX
Wall, masonry bonded hollow — % QYPXM[]XLI [EPP
FYMPX[MXLQEWSRV]YRMXWEVVERKIHXSTVSZMHIEREMVWTEGI
FIX[IIRXLI[]XLIWERH[MXLXLI[]XLIWFSRHIHXSKIXLIV
[MXLQEWSRV]YRMXW
Width { 8LI HMQIRWMSR SJ E QIQFIV QIEWYVIH MR XLI
TPERISJEGVSWWWIGXMSRTEVEPPIPXSXLIRIYXVEPE\MW
Wythe{)EGLGSRXMRYSYWZIVXMGEPWIGXMSRSJE[EPPSRI
QEWSRV]YRMXMRXLMGORIWW

1.7 — Loading 1.7 — Loading

8LITVSZMWMSRWIWXEFPMWLHIWMKRPSEHVIUYMVIQIRXW-J
XLIHIWMKRPSEHWWTIGMJMIHF]XLIPIKEPP]EHSTXIHFYMPHMRK
GSHI HMJJIV JVSQ XLSWI SJ %7')  XLI PIKEPP] EHSTXIH
FYMPHMRKGSHIKSZIVRW8LIHIWMKRIVQE]HIGMHIXSYWIXLI
QSVIWXVMRKIRXVIUYMVIQIRXW
1.7.1 General 1.7.1 General
1EWSRV]WLEPPFIHIWMKRIHXSVIWMWXETTPMGEFPIPSEHW
% GSRXMRYSYW PSEH TEXL SV TEXLW [MXL EHIUYEXI WXVIRKXL
ERHWXMJJRIWWWLEPPFITVSZMHIHXSXVERWJIVJSVGIWJVSQXLI
TSMRXSJETTPMGEXMSRXSXLIJMREPTSMRXSJVIWMWXERGI
1.7.2 Load provisions 1.7.2 Load provisions
(IWMKR PSEHW WLEPP FI MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI PIKEPP]
EHSTXIHFYMPHMRKGSHISJ[LMGLXLMW'SHIJSVQWETEVX[MXL
WYGL PMZI PSEH VIHYGXMSRW EW EVI TIVQMXXIH MR XLI PIKEPP]
EHSTXIHFYMPHMRKGSHI-RXLIEFWIRGISJHIWMKRPSEHWMRXLI
PIKEPP] EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK GSHI XLI PSEH TVSZMWMSRW SJ
%7')WLEPPFIYWIHI\GITXEWRSXIHMRXLMW'SHI
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY
CODE
1.7.3 Lateral load resistance
&YMPHMRKW WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH [MXL E WXVYGXYVEP W]WXIQ
HIWMKRIH XS VIWMWX [MRH ERH IEVXLUYEOI PSEHW ERH XS
EGGSQQSHEXIXLIIJJIGXSJXLIVIWYPXMRKHIJSVQEXMSRW
1.7.4 Load transfer at horizontal connections
1.7.4.1 ;EPPW GSPYQRW ERH TMPEWXIVW WLEPP FI
HIWMKRIH XS VIWMWX PSEHW QSQIRXW ERH WLIEVW ETTPMIH EX
MRXIVWIGXMSRW[MXLLSVM^SRXEPQIQFIVW
1.7.4.2 )JJIGXSJPEXIVEPHIJPIGXMSRERHXVERWPEXMSR
SJQIQFIVWTVSZMHMRKPEXIVEPWYTTSVXWLEPPFIGSRWMHIVIH
1.7.4.3 (IZMGIW YWIH JSV XVERWJIVVMRK PEXIVEP
WYTTSVX JVSQ QIQFIVW XLEX MRXIVWIGX [EPPW GSPYQRW SV
TMPEWXIVWWLEPPFIHIWMKRIHXSVIWMWXXLIJSVGIWMRZSPZIH
C-21
COMMENTARY
1.7.3 Lateral load resistance
0EXIVEP PSEH VIWMWXERGI QYWX FI TVSZMHIH F] E FVEGIH
WXVYGXYVEP W]WXIQ 4EVXMXMSRW MRJMPP TERIPW ERH WMQMPEV
IPIQIRXW QE] RSX FI E TEVX SJ XLI PEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK
W]WXIQMJMWSPEXIH,S[IZIV[LIRXLI]VIWMWXPEXIVEPJSVGIW
HYIXSXLIMVVMKMHMX]XLI]WLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIHMREREP]WMW
1.7.4 Load transfer at horizontal connections
1EWSRV] [EPPW TMPEWXIVW ERH GSPYQRW QE] FI
GSRRIGXIHXSLSVM^SRXEPIPIQIRXWSJXLIWXVYGXYVIERHQE]
VIP] SR XLI PEXXIV JSV PEXIVEP WYTTSVX ERH WXEFMPMX] 8LI
QIGLERMWQ XLVSYKL [LMGL XLI MRXIVGSRRIGXMRK JSVGIW EVI
XVERWQMXXIH QE] MRZSPZI FSRH QIGLERMGEP ERGLSVEKI
JVMGXMSR FIEVMRK SV E GSQFMREXMSR XLIVISJ 8LI HIWMKRIV
QYWXEWWYVIXLEXVIKEVHPIWWSJXLIX]TISJGSRRIGXMSRXLI
MRXIVEGXMRKJSVGIWEVIWEJIP]VIWMWXIH
-RJPI\MFPIJVEQIGSRWXVYGXMSRXLIVIPEXMZIQSZIQIRX
 FIX[IIR JPSSVW QE] KIRIVEXI JSVGIW [MXLMR XLI
1.7.5 Other effects
'SRWMHIVEXMSR WLEPP FIKMZIRXS IJJIGXW SJJSVGIWERH
HIJSVQEXMSRW HYI XS TVIWXVIWWMRK ZMFVEXMSRW MQTEGX
WLVMROEKII\TERWMSRXIQTIVEXYVIGLERKIWGVIITYRIUYEP
WIXXPIQIRXSJWYTTSVXWERHHMJJIVIRXMEPQSZIQIRX
1.7.6 Lateral load distribution
0EXIVEP PSEHW WLEPP FI HMWXVMFYXIH XS XLI WXVYGXYVEP
W]WXIQ MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL QIQFIV WXMJJRIWWIW ERH WLEPP
GSQTP][MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJXLMWWIGXMSR
1.7.6.1 *PERKIWSJMRXIVWIGXMRK[EPPWHIWMKRIHMR
EGGSVHERGI [MXL 7IGXMSR  WLEPP FI MRGPYHIH MR
WXMJJRIWWHIXIVQMREXMSR
1.7.6.2 (MWXVMFYXMSR SJ PSEH WLEPP FI GSRWMWXIRX
[MXLXLIJSVGIWVIWMWXIHF]JSYRHEXMSRW
1.7.6.3 (MWXVMFYXMSR SJ PSEH WLEPP MRGPYHI XLI
IJJIGX SJ LSVM^SRXEP XSVWMSR SJ XLI WXVYGXYVI HYI XS
IGGIRXVMGMX] SJ [MRH SV WIMWQMG PSEHW VIWYPXMRK JVSQ XLI
RSRYRMJSVQHMWXVMFYXMSRSJQEWW
HVMJX
QIQFIVW ERH XLI GSRRIGXMSRW 8LMW 'SHI VIUYMVIW XLI
IJJIGXWSJXLIWIQSZIQIRXWXSFIGSRWMHIVIHMRHIWMKR
1.7.5 Other effects
7IVZMGIPSEHWEVIRSXXLIWSPIWSYVGISJWXVIWWIW8LI
WXVYGXYVI QYWX EPWS VIWMWX JSVGIW JVSQ XLI WSYVGIW PMWXIH
8LI REXYVI ERH I\XIRX SJ WSQI SJ XLIWI JSVGIW QE] FI
KVIEXP] MRJPYIRGIH F] XLI GLSMGI SJ QEXIVMEPW WXVYGXYVEP
GSRRIGXMSRWERHKISQIXVMGGSRJMKYVEXMSR
1.7.6 Lateral load distribution
8LI HIWMKR EWWYQTXMSRW JSV QEWSRV] FYMPHMRKW MRGPYHI
XLIYWISJEPEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRKW]WXIQ8LIHMWXVMFYXMSRSJ
PEXIVEP PSEHW XS XLI QIQFIVW SJ XLI PEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK
W]WXIQMWEJYRGXMSRSJXLIVMKMHMXMIWSJXLIWXVYGXYVEPW]WXIQ
ERHSJXLILSVM^SRXEPHMETLVEKQW8LIQIXLSHSJGSRRIGXMSR
EX MRXIVWIGXMRK [EPPW ERH FIX[IIR [EPPW ERH JPSSV ERH VSSJ
HMETLVEKQWHIXIVQMRIWMJXLI[EPPTEVXMGMTEXIWMRXLIPEXIVEP
JSVGIVIWMWXMRKW]WXIQ0EXIVEPPSEHWJVSQ [MRHERHWIMWQMG
JSVGIWEVIRSVQEPP]GSRWMHIVIHXSEGXMRXLIHMVIGXMSRSJXLI
TVMRGMTEPE\IWSJXLIWXVYGXYVI0EXIVEPPSEHWQE]GEYWIJSVGIW
MR[EPPWFSXLTIVTIRHMGYPEVERHTEVEPPIPXSXLIHMVIGXMSRSJXLI
PSEH,SVM^SRXEPXSVWMSRGERFIHIZIPSTIHHYIXSIGGIRXVMGMX]
SJXLIETTPMIHPSEH[MXLVIWTIGXXSXLIGIRXIVSJVMKMHMX]
8LI EREP]WMW SJ PEXIVEP PSEH HMWXVMFYXMSR WLSYPH FI MR
EGGSVHERGI [MXL EGGITXIH IRKMRIIVMRK TVSGIHYVIW 8LI
EREP]WMWWLSYPHVEXMSREPP]GSRWMHIVXLIIJJIGXWSJSTIRMRKWMR
WLIEV [EPPW ERH [LIXLIV XLI QEWSRV] EFSZI XLI STIRMRKW
EPPS[W XLIQ XS EGX EW GSYTPIH WLIEV [EPPW 7II *MKYVI ''
8LIMRXIVEGXMSRSJGSYTPIHWLIEV[EPPWMWGSQTPI\ERH
JYVXLIVMRJSVQEXMSRQE]FISFXEMRIHJVSQ6IJIVIRGI
'SQTYXEXMSR SJ XLI WXMJJRIWW SJ WLIEV [EPPW WLSYPH
GSRWMHIV WLIEVMRK ERH JPI\YVEP HIJSVQEXMSRW % KYMHI JSV
WSPMHWLIEV[EPPWXLEXMW[MXLRSSTIRMRKW
MWKMZIRMR*MKYVI
''*SVRSRKVSYXIHLSPPS[YRMXWLIEV[EPPWXLIYWISJ
IUYMZEPIRXWSPMHXLMGORIWWSJ[EPPMRGSQTYXMRK[IFWXMJJRIWW
MWEGGITXEFPI
C-22 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

COMMENTARY

)PIZEXMSRSJ'SYTPIH7LIEV;EPP )PIZEXMSRS J2SRGSYTPIH 7LIEV;EPP

Figure CC-1.7-1 — Coupled and noncoupled shear walls

h
d h

hd   h/d  hd "

E 7L IEV7XMJJR IWW F &S XL7LIEV7XMJJRIWW G &IR HMRK7XMJJRIWW

4VIH SQMREXIW ERH &IR HMRK7XMJJRIWW 4VIH SQMREXIW
EVI-QTSVXER X

Figure CC-1.7-2 — Shear wall stiffness

CODE COMMENTARY

1.8 — Material properties 1.8 — Material properties

1.8.1 General
9RPIWW SXLIV[MWI HIXIVQMRIH F] XIWX XLI JSPPS[MRK
QSHYPM ERH GSIJJMGMIRXW WLEPP FI YWIH MR HIXIVQMRMRK XLI
IJJIGXW SJ IPEWXMGMX] XIQTIVEXYVI QSMWXYVI I\TERWMSR
WLVMROEKIERHGVIIT
1.8.1 General
4VSTIVIZEPYEXMSRSJXLIFYMPHMRKQEXIVMEPQSZIQIRX
JVSQ EPP WSYVGIW MW ER MQTSVXERX IPIQIRX SJ QEWSRV]
HIWMKR 'PE] QEWSRV] ERH GSRGVIXIQEWSRV]QE] FILEZI
UYMXI HMJJIVIRXP] YRHIV RSVQEP PSEHMRK ERH [IEXLIV
GSRHMXMSRW 8LI GSQQMXXII LEW I\XIRWMZIP] WXYHMIH
EZEMPEFPIVIWIEVGLMRJSVQEXMSRMRXLIHIZIPSTQIRXSJXLIWI
QEXIVMEP TVSTIVXMIW ,S[IZIV XLI 'SQQMXXII VIGSKRM^IW
XLIRIIHJSVJYVXLIVVIWIEVGLSRXLMWWYFNIGX8LIHIWMKRIV
MW IRGSYVEKIH XS VIZMI[ MRHYWXV] WXERHEVHW JSV JYVXLIV
HIWMKRMRJSVQEXMSRERHQSZIQIRXNSMRXPSGEXMSRW1EXIVMEP
TVSTIVXMIW GER FI HIXIVQMRIH F] ETTVSTVMEXI XIWXW SJ XLI
QEXIVMEPWXSFIYWIH
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-23

CODE COMMENTARY

1.8.2 Elastic moduli 1.8.2 Elastic moduli

1.8.2.1 Steel reinforcement — 1SHYPYW SJ 1SHYPYW SJ IPEWXMGMX] JSV GPE] ERH GSRGVIXI QEWSRV]
IPEWXMGMX]SJWXIIPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPFIXEOIREW LEW XVEHMXMSREPP] FIIR XEOIR EW  f 'm MR TVIZMSYW
QEWSRV]GSHIW6IWIEVGL LEWMRHMGEXIHLS[IZIVXLEX
Es !TWM14E

XLIVI MW E PEVKI ZEVMEXMSR MR XLI VIPEXMSRWLMT SJ IPEWXMG
1.8.2.2 Clay and concrete masonry QSHYPYWZIVWYWGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]ERHXLEX
1.8.2.2.1 8LI HIWMKR SJ GPE] ERH GSRGVIXI PS[IVZEPYIWQE]FIQSVIX]TMGEP,S[IZIVHMJJIVIRGIWMR
QEWSRV] WLEPP FI FEWIH SR XLI JSPPS[MRK QSHYPYW SJ TVSGIHYVIWFIX[IIRSRIVIWIEVGLMRZIWXMKEXMSRERHERSXLIV
IPEWXMGMX]ZEPYIW QE] EGGSYRX JSV QYGL SJ XLI MRHMGEXIH ZEVMEXMSR
Em!f 'mJSVGPE]QEWSRV]
Em!f 'mJSVGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]
 MWRSX EP[E]W MHIRXMJMIH 8LIGSQQMXXII HIGMHIH
SVXLIGLSVHQSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]XEOIRFIX[IIRERH
SJXLIQE\MQYQGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJIEGLTVMWQ
HIXIVQMRIH F] XIWX MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI TVMWQ XIWX
QIXLSH%VXMGPI&SJ817%'-%7')
ERH%781)
1.8.2.2.2 1SHYPYW SJ VMKMHMX] SJ GPE]
QEWSRV]ERHGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]WLEPPFIXEOIREW
Ev!Em
1.8.2.3 AAC masonry
1.8.2.3.1 1SHYPYW SJ IPEWXMGMX] SJ %%'
QEWSRV]WLEPPFIXEOIREW
*YVXLIVQSVIXLIX]TISJIPEWXMGQSHYPMFIMRKVITSVXIHJSV
I\EQTPI WIGERX QSHYPYW XERKIRX QSHYPYW SV GLSVH
QSHYPYW
XLI QSWX ETTVSTVMEXI IPEWXMG QSHYPYW JSV EPPS[EFPIWXVIWW
HIWMKRTYVTSWIWMWXLIWPSTISJXLIWXVIWWWXVEMRGYVZIFIPS[
E WXVIWW ZEPYI SJ f m  8LI ZEPYI SJ f m [EW
SVMKMREPP]GLSWIRFIGEYWIMX[EWXLIEPPS[EFPIGSQTVIWWMZI
WXVIWWTVMSVXSXLI'SHI8LIGSQQMXXIIHMHRSXWIIXLI
RIIHXSGLERKIXLIQSHYPYW[MXLXLIMRGVIEWIMREPPS[EFPI
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW XS f m MR XLI  'SHI FIGEYWI
TVIZMSYW GSHI IHMXMSRW EPWS EPPS[IH XLI EPPS[EFPI
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW XS FI MRGVIEWIH F] SRIXLMVH JSV PSEH
GSQFMREXMSRW MRGPYHMRK [MRH SV WIMWQMG PSEHW ERH XLI
EPPS[EFPIQSQIRXGETEGMX]YWMRKEPPS[EFPIWXVIWWHIWMKRMW
RSX WMKRMJMGERXP] EJJIGXIH F] XLI ZEPYI SJ XLI QEWSRV]
QSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX](EXEEXXLIFSXXSQSJXLIWXVIWWWXVEMR
GYVZIQE]FI UYIWXMSREFPIHYIXSXLIWIEXMRKIJJIGXSJ XLI
EAAC!f 'AAC
 WTIGMQIR HYVMRK XLI MRMXMEPPSEHMRKTLEWI MJ QIEWYVIQIRXW
EVI QEHI SR XLI XIWXMRK QEGLMRI TPEXIRW 8LI GSQQMXXII
1.8.2.3.2 1SHYPYW SJ VMKMHMX] SJ %%'
XLIVIJSVIHIGMHIHXLEXXLIQSWXETTVSTVMEXIIPEWXMGQSHYPYW
QEWSRV]WLEPPFIXEOIREW
JSV HIWMKR TYVTSWIW MW XLI GLSVH QSHYPYW JVSQ E WXVIWW
Ev!EAAC ZEPYI SJ  XS  TIVGIRX SJ XLI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ
QEWSRV] WII *MKYVI''
 8LI XIVQW GLSVH QSHYPYW
1.8.2.4 Grout{1SHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]SJKVSYX ERHWIGERXQSHYPYWLEZIFIIRYWIHMRXIVGLERKIEFP]MRXLI
WLEPPFIXEOIREWf 'g.
TEWX 8LI GLSVH QSHYPYW EW YWIH LIVI MW HIJMRIH EW XLI
WPSTI SJ E PMRI MRXIVWIGXMRK XLI WXVIWWWXVEMR GYVZI EX X[S
TSMRXWRIMXLIVSJ[LMGLMWXLISVMKMRSJXLIGYVZI
*SVGPE]ERHGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]XLIIPEWXMGQSHYPYW MW
HIXIVQMRIH EW EJYRGXMSR SJQEWSRV]GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL
YWMRK XLI VIPEXMSRW HIZIPSTIH JVSQ ER I\XIRWMZI WYVZI]SJ
QSHYPYWHEXEF];SPHI8MRWEIIXEPERHVIWYPXWSJEXIWX
TVSKVEQF]'SPZMPPIIXEP'SHIZEPYIWJSVEmEVILMKLIV
XLER MRHMGEXIH F] E FIWX JMX SJ HEXE VIPEXMRK Em XS XLI
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXLSJ QEWSRV] 8LILMKLIV 'SHI ZEPYIW
EVI FEWIH SR XLI JEGX XLEX EGXYEP GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL
WMKRMJMGERXP]I\GIIHWXLIWTIGMJMIHGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJ
QEWSRV]f m TEVXMGYPEVP]JSVGPE]QEWSRV]
&] YWMRK XLI 'SHI ZEPYIW XLI GSRXVMFYXMSR SJ IEGL
[]XLI XS GSQTSWMXI EGXMSR MW QSVI EGGYVEXIP] EGGSYRXIH
JSV MR HIWMKR GEPGYPEXMSRW XLER [SYPH FI XLI GEWI MJ XLI
IPEWXMG QSHYPYW SJ IEGL TEVX SJ E GSQTSWMXI [EPP [IVI
FEWIHSRSRIWTIGMJMIHGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]
C-24 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

'SQTVIWWMZI7XVIR KXL

\ 'SQTVIWWMZI
7XVIR KXL

7XVIWW
Em
7XVEMR

\ 'SQTVIWWMZI
7XVEMR 7XVIR KXL
7XVEMR
Figure CC-1.8-1 — Chord modulus of elasticity
8LIQSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]SJEYXSGPEZIHEIVEXIHGSRGVIXI
%%' QEWSRV]HITIRHWEPQSWXIRXMVIP]SRXLIQSHYPYWSJ
IPEWXMGMX] SJ XLI %%' QEXIVMEP MXWIPJ 8LI VIPEXMSRWLMT
FIX[IIR QSHYPYW SJ IPEWXMGMX] ERH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL MW
KMZIRMR6IJIVIRGIWERH
8LIQSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]SJEKVSYXIHEWWIQFPEKISJ
GPE]SVGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]GERYWYEPP]FIXEOIREWEJEGXSV
QYPXMTPMIH F] XLI WTIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL
VIKEVHPIWWSJXLII\XIRXSJKVSYXMRKFIGEYWIXLIQSHYPYW
SJIPEWXMGMX]SJXLIKVSYXMWYWYEPP]GPSWIXSXLEXSJXLIGPE]
SV GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] ,S[IZIV KVSYX MW YWYEPP] QYGL
WXMJJIVXLERXLI%%'QEXIVMEP;LMPIMXMWTIVQMWWMFPIERH
GSRWIVZEXMZI XS GSQTYXI XLI QSHYPYW SJ IPEWXMGMX] SJ E
KVSYXIH EWWIQFPEKI SJ %%' QEWSRV] EWWYQMRK XLEX XLI
QSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]SJXLIKVSYXMWXLIWEQIEWXLEXSJXLI
%%'QEXIVMEPMXMWEPWS TSWWMFPIXSVIGSKRM^IXLIKVIEXIV
QSHYPYW SJ IPEWXMGMX] SJ XLI KVSYX F] XVERWJSVQMRK XLI
GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ KVSYX MRXS ER IUYMZEPIRX GVSWW
WIGXMSREP EVIE SJ %%' YWMRK XLI QSHYPEV VEXMS FIX[IIR
XLIX[SQEXIVMEPW
&IGEYWIXLIMRIPEWXMGWXVIWWWXVEMRFILEZMSVSJKVSYXMW
KIRIVEPP] WMQMPEV XS XLEX SJ GPE] SV GSRGVIXI QEWSRV]
GEPGYPEXMSRW SJ IPIQIRX VIWMWXERGI [LIXLIV FEWIH SR
EPPS[EFPIWXVIWW SV WXVIRKXL HIWMKR  YWYEPP] RIKPIGX
TSWWMFPI HMJJIVIRGIW MR WXVIRKXL FIX[IIR KVSYX ERH XLI
WYVVSYRHMRKQEWSRV] *SVXLIWEQIVIEWSRW RSXIHEFSZI
XLI WXVIWWWXVEMR FILEZMSV SJ KVSYX YWYEPP] HMJJIVW
GSRWMHIVEFP]JVSQ XLEXSJXLIWYVVSYRHMRK %%' QEXIVMEP
-X MW TSWWMFPI XLEX XLIWI HMJJIVIRGIW MR WXVIWWWXVEMR
FILEZMSV GSYPH EPWS FI GSRWMHIVIH MR GSQTYXMRK IPIQIRX
VIWMWXERGIW6IWIEVGLMWSRKSMRKXSVIWSPZIXLMWMWWYI
8LIVIPEXMSRWLMTFIX[IIRXLIQSHYPYWSJVMKMHMX]ERHXLI
QSHYPYW SJ IPEWXMGMX] LEW LMWXSVMGEPP] FIIR KMZIR EWEm .
2SI\TIVMQIRXEPIZMHIRGII\MWXWXSWYTTSVXXLMWVIPEXMSRWLMT
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-25

CODE COMMENTARY

1.8.3 Coefficients of thermal expansion 1.8.3 Coefficients of thermal expansion

1.8.3.1 Clay masonry 8IQTIVEXYVI GLERKIW GEYWI QEXIVMEP I\TERWMSR ERH
kt!\MRMR”*\QQQQ”'
 GSRXVEGXMSR 8LMW QEXIVMEP QSZIQIRX MW XLISVIXMGEPP]
VIZIVWMFPI 8LIWI XLIVQEP I\TERWMSR GSIJJMGMIRXW EVI
1.8.3.2 Concrete masonry
WPMKLXP] LMKLIV XLER QIER ZEPYIW JSV XLI
kt!\MRMR”*\QQQQ”'

EWWIQFPEKI
1.8.3.3 AAC masonry
8LIVQEP I\TERWMSR JSV GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] ZEVMIW [MXL
kt!\MRMR”*\QQQQ”'

EKKVIKEXIX]TI
8LIVQEP I\TERWMSR GSIJJMGMIRXW EVI KMZIR JSV %%'
QEWSRV]MR6IJIVIRGI
1.8.4 Coefficient of moisture expansion for clay masonry 1.8.4 Coefficient of moisture expansion for clay masonry
ke!\MRMR\QQQQ
 *MVIHGPE]TVSHYGXWI\TERHYTSRGSRXEGX[MXLQSMWXYVI
1.8.5 Coefficients of shrinkage
1.8.5.1 Concrete masonry
km!sl
ERH XLI QEXIVMEP HSIW RSX VIXYVR XS MXW SVMKMREP WM^I YTSR
HV]MRK8LMWMWEPSRKXIVQI\TERWMSREWGPE]TEVXMGPIW
VIEGX [MXL EXQSWTLIVMG QSMWXYVI 'SRXMRYIH QSMWXYVI
I\TERWMSRSJ GPE]QEWSRV]YRMXW LEWFIIRVITSVXIH JSV¡
]IEVW 1SMWXYVI I\TERWMSRMW RSXE HIWMKRGSRWMHIVEXMSR
JSVGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]
1.8.5 Coefficients of shrinkage
1.8.5.1 Concrete masonry { 'SRGVIXI QEWSRV]
MWEGIQIRXFEWIHQEXIVMEPXLEXWLVMROWHYIXSQSMWXYVIPSWW
ERH GEVFSREXMSR 8LI XSXEP PMRIEV HV]MRK WLVMROEKI MW
HIXIVQMRIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL %781 ' 8LI
QE\MQYQ WLVMROEKI EPPS[IH F] %781 WTIGMJMGEXMSRW JSV
GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] YRMXW JSV I\EQTPI %781 '
 SXLIV
XLER GEPGMYQ WMPMGEXI YRMXW MW   *YVXLIV HIWMKR
KYMHERGIJSVIWXMQEXMRKXLIWLVMROEKIHYIXSQSMWXYVI PSWW
ERH GEVFSREXMSR MW EZEMPEFPI   8LI WLVMROEKI SJ
GPE]QEWSRV]MWRIKPMKMFPI

1.8.5.2 AAC masonry 1.8.5.2 AAC masonry{%XXMQISJTVSHYGXMSR

km! cs %%' QEWSRV] X]TMGEPP] LEW E QSMWXYVI GSRXIRX SJ EFSYX
 8LEXZEPYIX]TMGEPP]HIGVIEWIWXS SVPIWW[MXLMR
 [LIVI cs MW HIXIVQMRIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL X[S XS XLVII QSRXLW VIKEVHPIWW SJ EQFMIRX VIPEXMZI
%781' LYQMHMX]8LMWTVSGIWWGERXEOITPEGIHYVMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR
SV TVMSV XS HIPMZIV] %781 ' IZEPYEXIW %%'
QEXIVMEP GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW EX QSMWXYVI GSRXIRXW FIX[IIR  
ERH   E VERKI XLEX X]TMJMIW %%' MR WIVZMGI 8LI
WLVMROEKIGSIJJMGMIRXSJXLMWWIGXMSRVIJPIGXWXLIGLERKIMR
WXVEMR PMOIP] XS FI IRGSYRXIVIH [MXLMR XLI I\XVIQIW SJ
QSMWXYVIGSRXIRXX]TMGEPP]IRGSYRXIVIHMRWIVZMGI

1.8.6 Coefficients of creep 1.8.6 Coefficients of creep

1.8.6.1 Clay masonry ;LIR GSRXMRYSYWP] WXVIWWIH XLIWI QEXIVMEPW KVEHYEPP]
kc!\TIVTWM\TIV14E
 HIJSVQMRXLIHMVIGXMSRSJWXVIWWETTPMGEXMSR8LMWQSZIQIRX
MW VIJIVVIH XS EW GVIIT ERH MW PSEH ERH XMQI
1.8.6.2 Concrete masonry
HITIRHIRX8LIZEPYIWKMZIREVIQE\MQYQZEPYIW
kc!\TIVTWM\TIV14E

1.8.6.3 AAC masonry
kc!\TIVTWM\TIV14E

C-26
CODE
1.8.7 Prestressing steel
1SHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]WLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHF]XIWXW*SV
TVIWXVIWWMRK WXIIPW RSX WTIGMJMGEPP] PMWXIH MR %781
%%1 %%1 SV %%1 XIRWMPI
WXVIRKXLERHVIPE\EXMSRPSWWIWWLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHF]XIWXW
TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
COMMENTARY
1.8.7 Prestressing steel
8LI QEXIVMEP ERH WIGXMSR TVSTIVXMIW SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK
WXIIPW QE] ZEV] [MXL IEGL QERYJEGXYVIV 1SWX WMKRMJMGERX
JSV HIWMKR EVI XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRvW GVSWW WIGXMSR
QSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]XIRWMPIWXVIRKXLERHWXVIWWVIPE\EXMSR
TVSTIVXMIW :EPYIW JSV XLIWI TVSTIVXMIW JSV ZEVMSYW
QERYJEGXYVIVWv [MVI WXVERH ERH FEV W]WXIQW EVI KMZIR
IPWI[LIVI8LIQSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]SJTVIWXVIWWMRKWXIIP
MWSJXIRXEOIRIUYEPXSOWM14E
JSVHIWMKR
FYX GER ZEV] ERH WLSYPH FI ZIVMJMIH F] XLI QERYJEGXYVIV
7XVIWWWXVEMR GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW ERH WXVIWWVIPE\EXMSR TVSTIVXMIW
SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK WXIIPW QYWX FI HIXIVQMRIH F] XIWX FIGEYWI
XLIWI TVSTIVXMIW QE] ZEV] FIX[IIR HMJJIVIRX WXIIP JSVQW
FEV [MVI SV WXVERH
 ERH X]TIW QMPH LMKL WXVIRKXL SV

1.9 — Section properties
1.9.1 Stress computations
1.9.1.1 1IQFIVW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH YWMRK
WIGXMSR TVSTIVXMIW FEWIH SR XLI QMRMQYQ RIX GVSWW
WIGXMSREPEVIESJXLIQIQFIVYRHIVGSRWMHIVEXMSR7IGXMSR
TVSTIVXMIWWLEPPFIFEWIHSRWTIGMJMIHHMQIRWMSRW
1.9.1.2 -R QIQFIVW HIWMKRIH JSV GSQTSWMXI
EGXMSRWXVIWWIWWLEPPFIGSQTYXIHYWMRKWIGXMSRTVSTIVXMIW
FEWIH SR XLI QMRMQYQ XVERWJSVQIH RIX GVSWWWIGXMSREP
EVIE SJ XLI GSQTSWMXI QIQFIV 8LI XVERWJSVQIH EVIE
GSRGITX JSV IPEWXMG EREP]WMW MR [LMGL EVIEW SJ HMWWMQMPEV
QEXIVMEPW EVI XVERWJSVQIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL VIPEXMZI
IPEWXMGQSHYPMVEXMSWWLEPPETTP]
WXEMRPIWW
1.9 — Section properties
1.9.1 Stress computations
1MRMQYQRIXWIGXMSRMWSJXIRHMJJMGYPXXSIWXEFPMWLMR
LSPPS[YRMXQEWSRV]8LIHIWMKRIVQE]GLSSWIXSYWIXLI
QMRMQYQ XLMGORIWW SJ XLI JEGI WLIPPW SJ XLI YRMXW EW XLI
QMRMQYQ RIX WIGXMSR8LIQMRMQYQRIXWIGXMSRQE]RSX
FIXLIWEQIMRXLIZIVXMGEPERHLSVM^SRXEPHMVIGXMSRW
*SV QEWSRV] SJ LSPPS[ YRMXW XLI QMRMQYQ GVSWW
WIGXMSREP EVIE MR FSXL HMVIGXMSRW QE] GSRWIVZEXMZIP] FI
FEWIHSRXLIQMRMQYQJEGIWLIPPXLMGORIWW
7SPMHGPE] QEWSRV]YRMXWEVI TIVQMXXIHXSLEZIGSVMRK
YT XS E QE\MQYQ SJ  TIVGIRX SJ XLIMV KVSWW GVSWW
WIGXMSREP EVIE *SV WYGL YRMXW XLI RIX GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE
QE] FI XEOIR EW IUYEP XS XLI KVSWW GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE
I\GITX EW TVSZMHIH MR 7IGXMSR G
 JSV QEWSRV]
LIEHIVW7IZIVEPGSRHMXMSRWSJRIXEVIEEVIWLS[RMR*MKYVI
''
7MRGI XLI IPEWXMG TVSTIVXMIW SJ XLI QEXIVMEPW YWIH MR
QIQFIVW HIWMKRIH JSV GSQTSWMXI EGXMSR HMJJIV IUYEP
WXVEMRW TVSHYGI HMJJIVIRX PIZIPW SJ WXVIWWIW MR XLI
GSQTSRIRXW 8S GSQTYXI XLIWI WXVIWWIW E GSRZIRMIRX
XVERWJSVQIH WIGXMSR [MXL VIWTIGX XS XLI E\MW SJ VIWMWXERGI
MW GSRWMHIVIH 8LI VIWYPXMRK WXVIWWIW HIZIPSTIH MR IEGL
JMFIVEVIVIPEXIHXSXLIEGXYEPWXVIWWIWF]XLIVEXMSE / Ex
FIX[IIR XLI QSHYPM SJ IPEWXMGMX] SJ XLI QSWX HIJSVQEFPI
QEXIVMEP MR XLI QIQFIV ERH SJ XLI QEXIVMEPW MR XLI JMFIV
GSRWMHIVIH8LYWXSSFXEMRXLIXVERWJSVQIHWIGXMSRJMFIVW
SJXLIEGXYEPWIGXMSREVIGSRGITXYEPP][MHIRIHF]XLIVEXMS
Ex /E 7XVIWWIWGSQTYXIHFEWIHSRXLIWIGXMSRTVSTIVXMIW
SJ XLI XVERWJSVQIH WIGXMSR [MXL VIWTIGX XS XLI E\MW SJ
VIWMWXERGI GSRWMHIVIH EVI XLIR QYPXMTPMIH F] Ex /E XS
SFXEMREGXYEPWXVIWWIW
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-27

COMMENTARY

&VMGO1SVIXLER 7SPMH ,SPPS[9RMX*YPP1SVXEV&IHHMRK

2IX%VIE)UYEPW+VSWW%VIE 6IUYMVIW%PMKRQIRXSJ'VSWW[IFW

,SPPS[9RMX*EGI7LIPP1SVXEV&IHHMRK

Figure CC-1.9-1 — Net cross-sectional areas

CODE COMMENTARY

1.9.2 Stiffness 1.9.2 Stiffness

'SQTYXEXMSRSJWXMJJRIWWFEWIHSRYRGVEGOIHWIGXMSRMW
TIVQMWWMFPI9WISJXLIEZIVEKIRIXGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJXLI
QIQFIVGSRWMHIVIHMRWXMJJRIWWGSQTYXEXMSRWMWTIVQMXXIH
7XMJJRIWW MW E JYRGXMSR SJ XLI I\XIRX SJ GVEGOMRK 8LI
'SHI IUYEXMSRW JSV HIWMKR MR 7IGXMSR  LS[IZIV EVI
FEWIHSRXLIQIQFIVvWYRGVEGOIHQSQIRXSJMRIVXME%PWS
WMRGI XLI I\XIRX SJ XIRWMSR GVEGOMRK MR WLIEV [EPPW MW RSX
ORS[R MR EHZERGI XLMW 'SHI EPPS[W XLI HIXIVQMREXMSR SJ
WXMJJRIWW XS FI FEWIH SR YRGVEGOIH WIGXMSR TVSTIVXMIW *SV
VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] QSVI EGGYVEXIIWXMQEXIW QE] VIWYPX MJ
WXMJJRIWWETTVS\MQEXMSRWEVIFEWIHSRXLIGVEGOIHWIGXMSR
8LIWIGXMSRTVSTIVXMIWSJQEWSRV]QIQFIVWQE]ZEV]
JVSQ TSMRX XS TSMRX *SV I\EQTPI MR E WMRKPI[]XLI
GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] [EPP QEHI SJ LSPPS[ YRKVSYXIH YRMXW
XLI GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE ZEVMIW XLVSYKL XLI YRMX LIMKLX
%PWSXLIHMWXVMFYXMSRSJQEXIVMEPZEVMIWEPSRKXLIPIRKXLSJ
XLI [EPP SV YRMX *SV WXMJJRIWW GSQTYXEXMSRW ER EZIVEKI
 MW GSRWMHIVIH EHIUYEXI JSV
1.9.3 Radius of gyration
6EHMYW SJ K]VEXMSR WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH YWMRK EZIVEKI
RIXGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJXLIQIQFIVGSRWMHIVIH
ZEPYI SJ XLI ETTVSTVMEXI WIGXMSR TVSTIVX] GVSWWWIGXMSREP
EVIE SV QSQIRX SJ MRIVXME
HIWMKR 8LI EZIVEKI RIX GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ XLI
QIQFIV [SYPH MR XYVR FI FEWIH SR EZIVEKI RIX GVSWW
WIGXMSREPEVIEZEPYIWSJXLIQEWSRV]YRMXWERHXLIQSVXEV
NSMRXWGSQTSWMRKXLIQIQFIV
1.9.3 Radius of gyration
8LIVEHMYWSJK]VEXMSRMW XLI WUYEVI VSSXSJXLIVEXMS
SJ FIRHMRK QSQIRX SJ MRIVXME XS GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE
7MRGIWXMJJRIWWMWFEWIHSRXLIEZIVEKIRIXGVSWWWIGXMSREP
EVIESJ XLI QIQFIV GSRWMHIVIHXLMWWEQI EVIE WLSYPHFI
YWIHMRXLIGSQTYXEXMSRSJVEHMYWSJK]VEXMSR
C-28 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

1.9.4 Intersecting walls 1.9.4 Intersecting walls

1.9.4.1 ;EPPMRXIVWIGXMSRWWLEPPQIIXSRISJXLI 'SRRIGXMSRW SJ [IFW XS JPERKIW SJ [EPPW QE] FI
JSPPS[MRKVIUYMVIQIRXW EGGSQTPMWLIHF]VYRRMRKFSRHQIXEPGSRRIGXSVWSVFSRH
FIEQW %GLMIZMRK WXVIWW XVERWJIV EX E 8 MRXIVWIGXMSR [MXL
E
 (IWMKRWLEPPGSRJSVQXSXLITVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSR
VYRRMRKFSRHSRP]MWHMJJMGYPX%VYRRMRKFSRHGSRRIGXMSR
F
 8VERWJIVSJWLIEVFIX[IIR[EPPWWLEPPFITVIZIRXIH
1.9.4.2 Design of wall intersection
1.9.4.2.1 1EWSRV]WLEPPFIMRVYRRMRKFSRH
1.9.4.2.2 *PERKIW WLEPP FI GSRWMHIVIH
IJJIGXMZIMRVIWMWXMRKETTPMIHPSEHW
1.9.4.2.3 8LI[MHXLSJJPERKIGSRWMHIVIH
IJJIGXMZISR IEGL WMHISJXLI [IF WLEPPFIXLI WQEPPIV
SJ XLI EGXYEP JPERKI SR IMXLIV WMHI SJ XLI [IF [EPP SV
XLIJSPPS[MRK
WLSYPH FI EW WLS[R MR *MKYVI '' [MXL E w8x
KISQIXV]SZIVXLIMVMRXIVWIGXMSR
8LIEPXIVREXIQIXLSHYWMRKQIXEPWXVETGSRRIGXSVWMW
WLS[RMR*MKYVI''&SRHFIEQWWLS[RMR*MKYVI
'' EVI XLI XLMVH QIERW SJ GSRRIGXMRK [IFW XS
JPERKIW
;LIR XLI JPERKIW EVI GSRRIGXIH EX XLI MRXIVWIGXMSR
XLI]EVIVIUYMVIHXSFIMRGPYHIHMRXLIHIWMKR
8LIIJJIGXMZI[MHXLSJXLIJPERKIJSVGSQTVIWWMSRERH
YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] MR JPI\YVEP XIRWMSR MW FEWIH SR
E
 QYPXMTPMIH F] XLI RSQMREP JPERKI XLMGORIWW JSV WLIEVPEK IJJIGXW ERH MW E XVEHMXMSREP VIUYMVIQIRX 8LI
YRVIMRJSVGIH ERH VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] [LIR XLI IJJIGXMZI [MHXL SJ XLI JPERKI JSV VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] MR
JPERKIMWMRGSQTVIWWMSR JPI\YVEP XIRWMSR MW FEWIH SR XLI I\TIVMQIRXEP ERH
F
 QYPXMTPMIH F] XLI RSQMREP JPERKI XLMGORIWW JSV EREP]XMGEP[SVOSJ,IERH4VMIWXPI]8LI]WLS[IHXLEX
YRVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV][LIRXLIJPERKI MWMR JPI\YVEP XLI WLIEVPEK IJJIGXW EVI WMKRMJMGERX JSV YRGVEGOIH [EPPW
XIRWMSR FYXFIGSQIPIWWWIZIVIEJXIVGVEGOMRK,IERH4VMIWXPI]
TVSTSWIH XLEX XLI IJJIGXMZI [MHXL SJ XLI JPERKI FI
G
 QYPXMTPMIH F] XLI JPSSVXSJPSSV [EPP LIMKLX JSV HIXIVQMRIHEW
VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] [LIR XLI JPERKI MW MR JPI\YVEP
XIRWMSR
8LI IJJIGXMZI JPERKI [MHXL WLEPP RSX I\XIRH TEWX E
QSZIQIRXNSMRX
1.9.4.2.4 (IWMKR JSV WLIEV MRGPYHMRK XLI
XVERWJIV SJ WLIEV EX MRXIVJEGIW WLEPP GSRJSVQ XS XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR  SV 7IGXMSR  SV
7IGXMSRW  ERH SV 7IGXMSRW  ERH 
SV7IGXMSRSV7IGXMSRERH
1.9.4.2.5 8LI GSRRIGXMSR SJ MRXIVWIGXMRK
[EPPWWLEPPGSRJSVQXSSRISJXLIJSPPS[MRKVIUYMVIQIRXW
lf l f  h  
l ef   h l f  l f  h 
 h l f  h  
[LIVIlefMWXLIIJJIGXMZIJPERKI[MHXLlfMWXLI[MHXLSJXLI
JPERKI ERH h MW LIMKLX SJ XLI [EPP 8LIWI IUYEXMSRW GER
VIWYPXMRIJJIGXMZIJPERKI[MHXLWKVIEXIVXLERXMQIWXLI
LIMKLXSJXLI[EPP,S[IZIVEPMQMXSJXLIIJJIGXMZIJPERKI
[MHXLSJXMQIWXLI[EPPLIMKLXSV¢SJXLI[EPPLIMKLX
SR IMXLIV WMHI SJ XLI [IF MW TVSZMHIH MR XLI GSHI 8LMW
PMQMX[EWGLSWIRWMRGIXLIXIWXMRK F],IERH4VMIWXPI]
E
 %X PIEWX JMJX] TIVGIRX SJ XLI QEWSRV] YRMXW EX XLI [EWPMQMXIHXSEJPERKI[MHXLSJXMQIWXLI[EPPLIMKLX
MRXIVJEGIWLEPPMRXIVPSGO (IWMKRIVW EVI GEYXMSRIH XLEX PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX
NYWX SYXWMHI XLI IJJIGXMZI JPERKI [MHXL WTIGMJMIH F] XLI
F
 ;EPPW WLEPP FI ERGLSVIH F] WXIIP GSRRIGXSVW KVSYXIH GSHIGEREJJIGXXLIHYGXMPMX]ERHFILEZMSVSJXLI[EPP%R]
MRXSXLI[EPPERHQIIXMRKXLIJSPPS[MRKVIUYMVIQIRXW TEVXMGMTEXMSRF]XLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRVIWMWXMRKXLIPSEHGER
 
 1MRMQYQ WM^I  MR \  MR \  MR PIEHXSSXLIVQSVIFVMXXPIJEMPYVIQSHIWWYGLEWWLIEVSV
QQ\QQ\QQ
MRGPYHMRKMR GVYWLMRKSJXLIGSQTVIWWMSRXSI
QQ
PSRKHIKVIIFIRHEXIEGLIRHXS
JSVQE9SV>WLETI
 
 1E\MQYQWTEGMRKMRQQ

G
 -RXIVWIGXMRKVIMRJSVGIHFSRHFIEQWWLEPPFITVSZMHIH
EX E QE\MQYQ WTEGMRK SJ  MR  QQ
 SR
GIRXIV8LIEVIESJVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRIEGLFSRHFIEQ
WLEPP RSX FI PIWW XLER  MR TIV JX QQQ

QYPXMTPMIHF]XLIZIVXMGEPWTEGMRKSJXLIFSRHFIEQW
MR JIIX QIXIVW
 6IMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI HIZIPSTIH
SRIEGLWMHISJXLIMRXIVWIGXMSR
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-29

COMMENTARY
7LIEV;EPP 7LIEV;EPP

*PERKI

3V

Figure CC-1.9-2 — Running bond lap at intersection

1IXEP7XVET'SRRIGXSV
 MR8LMGOQQ

1MRMQYQ(MQIRWMSRW

+VSYXIH'IPPW
1IXEP7XVETWEX
JXQ SG:IVX

+VSYXIH'IPPW

7LIEV;EPP
*PERKI
7IGXMSREP)PIZEXMSR

Figure CC-1.9-3 — Metal straps and grouting at wall intersections

CODE COMMENTARY

1.9.5 Bearing area 1.9.5 Bearing area

8LIFIEVMRKEVIEAbrJSVGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHWWLEPPRSX ;LIRXLIWYTTSVXMRKQEWSRV]EVIEA2MWPEVKIVSREPP
I\GIIHXLIJSPPS[MRK WMHIW XLER XLI PSEHIH EVIE A1 XLMW 'SHI EPPS[W
HMWXVMFYXMSRSJGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHWSZIVEFIEVMRKEVIEAbr,
E  A1 A2 / A1 PEVKIVXLER A1 8LIEVIEA2MWHIXIVQMRIHEWMPPYWXVEXIHMR
*MKYVI '' 8LMW MW TIVQMWWMFPI FIGEYWI XLI
F   A GSRJMRIQIRX SJ XLI FIEVMRKEVIE F] WYVVSYRHMRK QEWSRV]
MRGVIEWIW XLI FIEVMRK GETEGMX] SJ XLI QEWSRV] YRHIV XLI
8LI EVIE A MW XLI EVIE SJ XLI PS[IV FEWI SJ XLI GSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHW;LIRXLIIHKISJXLIPSEHIHEVIEA1
PEVKIWX JVYWXYQ SJ E VMKLX T]VEQMH SV GSRI XLEX LEW XLI GSMRGMHIW[MXLXLIJEGISVIHKISJXLIQEWSRV]XLIEVIEA2
PSEHIH EVIE A EW MXW YTTIV FEWI WPSTIW EX  HIKVIIW MWIUYEPXSXLIPSEHIHEVIEA1
JVSQ XLI LSVM^SRXEP ERH MW [LSPP] GSRXEMRIH [MXLMR XLI
WYTTSVX*SV[EPPWRSXPEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRHEVIEAWLEPP
XIVQMREXIEXLIEHNSMRXW
C-30 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

COMMENTARY

1E\MQYQ&SRH&IEQ7TEGMRK
MRQQ SR'IRXIV

6IMRJSVGIQIRXMREGGSVHERGI
[MXL'SHI7IGXMSRG

)MXLIVSTIRGIPPFSRHFIEQ
YRMXWSVWSPMHFSXXSQPMRXIPYRMXW
QE]FIYWIH

Figure CC-1.9-4 — Bond beam at wall intersection

(IKVIIW

0SEHIH%VIEA1

% % A2 MW1IEWYVIHSRXLMW4PERI

8LMW4IVMQIXIVSJ%VIE
A2 MW+ISQIXVMGEPP]
WMQMPEVXSERH
'SRGIRXVMG[MXLXLI
0SEHIH%VIEA1
4PER 7IGXMSR%%

Figure CC-1.9-5 — Bearing areas

BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-31

CODE COMMENTARY

1.9.6 Effective compressive width per bar 1.9.6 Effective compressive width per bar
1.9.6.1 *SV QEWSRV] RSX PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH 8LIIJJIGXMZI[MHXLSJXLIGSQTVIWWMZIEVIEJSVIEGL
ERHLEZMRKFSRHFIEQWWTEGIHRSXQSVIXLERMR
QQ
 GIRXIVXSGIRXIV ERH JSV QEWSRV] PEMH MR VYRRMRK
FSRHXLI[MHXLSJXLIGSQTVIWWMSREVIEYWIHXSGEPGYPEXI
IPIQIRXGETEGMX]WLEPPRSXI\GIIHXLIPIEWXSJ
VIMRJSVGMRK FEV QYWX FI IWXEFPMWLIH *MKYVI ''
HITMGXW XLI PMQMXW JSV XLI GSRHMXMSRW WXEXIH 0MQMXIH
VIWIEVGLMWEZEMPEFPISRXLMWWYFNIGX
8LI PMQMXIH EFMPMX] SJ LIEH NSMRXW XS XVERWJIV WXVIWW
E
 'IRXIVXSGIRXIVFEVWTEGMRK [LIRQEWSRV]MWRSXPEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRHMWVIGSKRM^IHF]
XLIVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVFSRHFIEQW3TIRIRHQEWSRV]YRMXW
F
 7M\QYPXMTPMIHF]XLIRSQMREP[EPPXLMGORIWW
XLEX EVI JYPP] KVSYXIH EVI EWWYQIH XS XVERWJIV WXVIWW EW
G
 MRQQ
 MRHMGEXIHMR7IGXMSRH
EWJSVVYRRMRKFSRH
1.9.6.2 *SV QEWSRV] RSX PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH 8LIGIRXIVXSGIRXIVFEVWTEGMRKQE\MQYQMWEPMQMX
ERH LEZMRK FSRH FIEQW WTEGIH QSVI XLER MR XS OIIT JVSQ SZIVPETTMRK EVIEW SJ GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW
QQ
GIRXIVXSGIRXIVXLI[MHXLSJXLIGSQTVIWWMSR 8LIMRQQ
 QE\MQYQ MW ER IQTMVMGEP GLSMGI
EVIE YWIH XS GEPGYPEXI IPIQIRX GETEGMX] WLEPP RSX I\GIIH SJXLIGSQQMXXII
XLIPIRKXLSJXLIQEWSRV]YRMX

0IRKXLSJ9RMX
*SVQEWSRV]RSXPEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRH[MXLFSRHFIEQWWTEGIH
PIWW XLER SV IUYEP XS  MR  QQ  ERH VYRRMRK FSRH
QEWSRV] bIUYEPWXLIPIWWIVSJ
b!s
b!t
b!MRQQ 
*SVQEWSRV]RSXPEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRH[MXLFSRHFIEQWWTEGIH
KVIEXIVXLERMRQQ bIUYEPWXLIPIWWIVSJ
b!s
b!PIRKXLSJYRMX

Figure CC-1.9-6 — Width of compression area

C-32 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

1.9.7 Concentrated loads 1.9.7 Concentrated loads

1.9.7.1 'SRGIRXVEXIHPSEHWWLEPPRSXFIHMWXVMFYXIH 6IJIVIRGI  VITSVXW XLI VIWYPXW SJ XIWXW SJ E [MHI
SZIVEPIRKXLKVIEXIVXLERXLIQMRMQYQSJXLIJSPPS[MRK ZEVMIX] SJ WTIGMQIRW YRHIV GSRGIRXVEXIH PSEHW MRGPYHMRK
%%' QEWSRV] GSRGVIXI FPSGO QEWSRV] ERH GPE] FVMGO
E
8LIPIRKXLSJFIEVMRKEVIETPYWXLIPIRKXLHIXIVQMRIH
QEWSRV] WTIGMQIRW 6IJIVIRGI  WYKKIWXW XLEX E
F] GSRWMHIVMRK XLIGSRGIRXVEXIH PSEH XS FI HMWTIVWIH
GSRGIRXVEXIH PSEH GER FI HMWXVMFYXIH EX E  WPSTI
EPSRK E  ZIVXMGEP  LSVM^SRXEP PMRI 8LI HMWTIVWMSR
XIVQMREXMRKEXLEPJXLI[EPPLIMKLX[LIVIXLI[EPPLIMKLX
WLEPP XIVQMREXI EX LEPJ XLI [EPP LIMKLX E QSZIQIRX
MW JVSQ XLI TSMRX SJ ETTPMGEXMSR SJ XLI PSEH XS XLI
NSMRX XLI IRH SJ XLI [EPP SV ER STIRMRK [LMGLIZIV
JSYRHEXMSR 8IWXW SR XLI PSEH HMWTIVWMSR XLVSYKL E FSRH
TVSZMHIWXLIWQEPPIWXPIRKXL
FIEQ SR XST SJ LSPPS[ QEWSRV] VITSVXIH MR 6IJIVIRGI
F
8LIGIRXIVXSGIRXIVHMWXERGIFIX[IIRGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHW
1.9.7.2 *SV [EPPW RSX PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH
GSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHWWLEPPRSXFIHMWXVMFYXIHEGVSWWLIEHNSMRXW
;LIVIGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHWEGXMRKSRWYGL[EPPWEVIETTPMIHXS
E FSRH FIEQ XLI GSRGIRXVEXIH PSEH MW TIVQMXXIH XS FI
HMWXVMFYXIH XLVSYKL XLI FSRH FIEQ FYX WLEPP RSX FI
HMWXVMFYXIHEGVSWWLIEHNSMRXWFIPS[XLIFSRHFIEQW
VIWYPXIHMRERERKPIJVSQXLILSVM^SRXEPSJžJSVE
GSYVWI'19FSRHFIEQžJSVEGSYVWI'19FSRH
FIEQ ERH ž JSV E GSYVWI GPE] FSRH FIEQ SV
ETTVS\MQEXIP]EWPSTI*SVWMQTPMGMX]MRHIWMKRE
WPSTI MW YWIH JSV EPP GEWIW SJ PSEH HMWTIVWMSR SJ E
GSRGIRXVEXIHPSEH
'SHI TVSZMWMSRW EVI MPPYWXVEXIH MR *MKYVI ''
*MKYVI ''E MPPYWXVEXIW XLI HMWTIVWMSR SJ E
GSRGIRXVEXIH PSEH XLVSYKL E FSRH FIEQ % LSPPS[ [EPP
[SYPHFIGLIGOIHJSVFIEVMRKYRHIVXLIFSRHFIEQYWMRK
XLI IJJIGXMZI PIRKXL *MKYVI ''F MPPYWXVEXIW XLI
HMWTIVWMSRSJEGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHMRXLI[EPP8LIIJJIGXMZI
PIRKXL[SYPHFIYWIHJSVGLIGOMRKXLI[EPPYRHIVXLIE\MEP
JSVGI%[EPPQE]LEZIXSFIGLIGOIHEXWIZIVEPPSGEXMSRW
WYGLEWYRHIVEFSRHFIEQERHEXQMHLIMKLX
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-33

COMMENTARY

'LIGOFIEVMRKSR
&IEVMRK4PEXI 0SEH LSPPS[[EPP 0SEH &IEVMRK4PEXI

&SRH&IEQ &SRH&IEQ
0SEHMW
HMWTIVWIH
EXE
WPSTI

6YRRMRKFSRH 0SEHHMWTIVWMSR 2SXPEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRH

XIVQMREXIWEXLIEH
NSMRXWJSVQEWSRV]RSX
PEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRH

E (MWXVMFYXMSRSJGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHXLVSYKLFSRHFIEQ

0SEH 0SEH 0SEH


 


)JJIGXMZI )JJIGXMZI
)JJIGXMZI0IRKXL
0IRKXL 0IRKXL

0SEH 0SEH

 

 

)JJIGXMZI )JJIGXMZI
0IRKXL 0IRKXL

F (MWXVMFYXMSRSJGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHMR[EPP

Figure CC-1.9-7. Distribution of concentrated loads

C-34
CODE
1.10 — Connection to structural frames
1EWSRV] [EPPW WLEPP RSX FI GSRRIGXIH XS WXVYGXYVEP
JVEQIW YRPIWW XLI GSRRIGXMSRW ERH [EPPW EVI HIWMKRIH XS
VIWMWX HIWMKR MRXIVGSRRIGXMRK JSVGIW ERH XS EGGSQQSHEXI
GEPGYPEXIHHIJPIGXMSRW
 8IQTIVEXYVI MRGVIEWI SV HIGVIEWI SJ IMXLIV XLI
 1SMWXYVI ERH JVII^MRK I\TERWMSR SJ FVMGO SV
 )PEWXMG WLSVXIRMRK SJ GSPYQRW JVSQ E\MEP PSEHW
 (IJPIGXMSRSJWYTTSVXMRKFIEQW
 7MHIW[E]MRQYPXMTPIWXSV]FYMPHMRKW
 *SYRHEXMSRQSZIQIRX
TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
COMMENTARY
1.10 —Connection to structural frames
)\XIVMSVQEWSRV][EPPWGSRRIGXIHXSWXVYGXYVEPJVEQIW
EVIYWIHTVMQEVMP]EWRSRFIEVMRKGYVXEMR[EPPW6IKEVHPIWW
SJ XLI WXVYGXYVEP W]WXIQ YWIH JSV WYTTSVX XLIVI EVI
HMJJIVIRXMEPQSZIQIRXWFIX[IIRXLIWXVYGXYVIERHXLI[EPP
8LIWIHMJJIVIRXMEP QSZIQIRXW QE] SGGYVWITEVEXIP] SV MR
GSQFMREXMSRERHQE]FIHYIXSXLIJSPPS[MRK

WXVYGXYVEPJVEQISVXLIQEWSRV][EPP

WLVMROEKISJGSRGVIXIFPSGO[EPPW

WLVMROEKISVGVIIT



7MRGI XLI XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL SJ QEWSRV] MW PS[ XLIWI
HMJJIVIRXMEP QSZIQIRXW QYWX FI EGGSQQSHEXIH F]
WYJJMGMIRX GPIEVERGI FIX[IIR XLI JVEQI ERH QEWSRV] ERH
JPI\MFPISVWPMTX]TIGSRRIGXMSRW
7XVYGXYVEP JVEQIW ERH FVEGMRK WLSYPH RSX FI MRJMPPIH
[MXL QEWSRV] XS MRGVIEWI VIWMWXERGI XS MRTPERI PEXIVEP
JSVGIW [MXLSYX GSRWMHIVMRK XLI HMJJIVIRXMEP QSZIQIRXW
PMWXIHEFSZI
;SSH WXIIP SV GSRGVIXI GSPYQRW QE] FI WYVVSYRHIH
F]QEWSRV]WIVZMRKEWEHIGSVEXMZIIPIQIRX1EWSRV][EPPW
QE]FIWYFNIGXXSJSVGIWEWEVIWYPXSJXLIMVMRXIVEGXMSR[MXL
SXLIVWXVYGXYVEPGSQTSRIRXW7MRGI XLIQEWSRV]IPIQIRXMW
SJXIRQYGLWXMJJIVXLIPSEH[MPPFIGEVVMIHTVMQEVMP]F]XLI
QEWSRV] 8LIWI JSVGIW MJ XVERWQMXXIH XS XLI WYVVSYRHMRK
QEWSRV] WLSYPH RSX I\GIIH XLI EPPS[EFPI WXVIWWIW SJ XLI
QEWSRV] %PXIVREXIP] XLIVI WLSYPH FI WYJJMGMIRX GPIEVERGI
FIX[IIR XLI JVEQI ERH QEWSRV] *PI\MFPI XMIW WLSYPH FI
YWIHXSEPPS[JSVXLIHIJSVQEXMSRW
&IEQW SV XVYWWIW WYTTSVXMRK QEWSRV] [EPPW EVI
IWWIRXMEPP] IQFIHHIH ERH XLIMV HIJPIGXMSRW WLSYPH FI
PMQMXIHXSXLIEPPS[EFPIHIJPIGXMSRWJSVXLIQEWSRV]FIMRK
WYTTSVXIH7II7IGXMSRJSVVIUYMVIQIRXW
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY
CODE
1.11 — Masonry not laid in running bond
*SV QEWSRV]RSX PEMH MRVYRRMRKFSRH XLI QMRMQYQ
EVIE SJ LSVM^SRXEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI 
QYPXMTPMIHF]XLIKVSWWZIVXMGEPGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJXLI
[EPPYWMRKWTIGMJMIHHMQIRWMSRW,SVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
WLEPP FI TPEGIH EX E QE\MQYQ WTEGMRK SJ  MR
C-35
COMMENTARY
1.11 — Masonry not laid in running bond
8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV QEWSRV] PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH
EVIWLS[RMR*MKYVI''8LIEQSYRXSJLSVM^SRXEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRX VIUYMVIH MR QEWSRV] RSX PEMH MR VYRRMRK
FSRHMWETVIWGVMTXMZIEQSYRXXSTVSZMHIGSRXMRYMX]EGVSWW
XLI LIEH NSMRXW &IGEYWI PEXIVEP PSEHW EVI VIZIVWMFPI
QQ
SRGIRXIVMRLSVM^SRXEPQSVXEVNSMRXWSVMRFSRH VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH IMXLIV FI GIRXIVIH MR XLI IPIQIRX
FIEQW XLMGORIWW F] TPEGIQIRX MR XLI GIRXIV SJ E FSRH FIEQ SV
WLSYPHFIW]QQIXVMGEPP]PSGEXIHF]TPEGMRKQYPXMTPIFEVW
MR E FSRH FIEQ SV F] YWMRK NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR XLI
QSVXEV FIHEPSRKIEGL JEGIWLIPP 8LMW VIMRJSVGIQIRXGER
FIEPWSYWIHXSVIWMWXPSEH
 %PXLSYKLGSRXMRYMX]EGVSWWLIEHNSMRXWMRQEWSRV]RSX
PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH MW E GSRGIVR JSV %%' QEWSRV] EW
[IPPEWQEWSRV]SJGPE]SVGSRGVIXIXLIYWISJLSVM^SRXEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRX XS IRLERGI GSRXMRYMX] MR %%' QEWSRV] MW
KIRIVEPP]TVEGXMGEPSRP]F]XLIYWISJFSRHFIEQW

8]TMGEP6YRRMRK&SRH 8]TMGEP6YRRMRK&SRH
&VMGO9RMXW 'SRGVIXI1EWSRV]9RMXW

9RMX 9RMX0IRKXL
9RMX0IRKXL 3ZIVPET
9RMX
1EWSRV]MWGSRWMHIVIHXSFIPEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRH 3ZIVPET
[LIRYRMXWSZIVPETEQMRMQYQSJ  SJXLIYRMXPIRKXL

Figure CC-1.11-1 — Running bond masonry

C-36 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

1.12 — Corbels 1.12 — Corbels

1.12.1 Load-bearing corbels 8LITVSZMWMSRJSVGSVFIPPMRKYTXSSRILEPJSJXLI[EPP
0SEHFIEVMRKGSVFIPWWLEPPFIHIWMKRIHMREGGSVHERGI SV []XLI XLMGORIWW MW XLISVIXMGEPP] ZEPMH SRP] MJ XLI
[MXL'LETXIV SV STTSWMXI WMHI SJ XLI [EPP VIQEMRW MR MXW WEQI TPERI 8LI
EHHMXMSR SJ XLI MR QQ  MRXVYWMSR MRXS XLI TPERI
1.12.2 Non-load-bearing corbels
VIGSKRM^IW XLI MQTVEGXMGEPMX]SJOIITMRKXLI FEGOWYVJEGI
2SRPSEHFIEVMRK GSVFIPW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH MR
TPERI7II*MKYVI''ERH''JSVQE\MQYQ
EGGSVHERGI[MXL'LETXIV SV SVHIXEMPIHEWJSPPS[W
TIVQMWWMFPIYRMXTVSNIGXMSR
E  7SPMHQEWSRV]YRMXWSVLSPPS[YRMXWJMPPIH[MXLQSVXEV
SVKVSYXWLEPPFIYWIH
F  8LIQE\MQYQTVSNIGXMSRFI]SRHXLIJEGISJXLI[EPP
WLEPPRSXI\GIIH
  SRILEPJ XLI [EPP XLMGORIWW JSV QYPXM[]XLI [EPPW
FSRHIH F] QSVXEV SV KVSYX ERH [EPP XMIW SV
QEWSRV]LIEHIVWSV
  SRILEPJ XLI []XLI XLMGORIWW JSV WMRKPI []XLI
[EPPWQEWSRV]FSRHIHLSPPS[[EPPWQYPXM[]XLI
[EPPW[MXLSTIRGSPPEVNSMRXWERHZIRIIV[EPPW
G  8LIQE\MQYQTVSNIGXMSRSJSRIYRMXWLEPPRSXI\GIIH
  SRILEPJXLIRSQMREPYRMXLIMKLX
  SRIXLMVH XLI RSQMREP XLMGORIWW SJ XLI YRMX SV
[]XLI
H  8LI FEGO WYVJEGI SJ XLI GSVFIPPIH WIGXMSR WLEPP
VIQEMR[MXLMRMRQQ SJTPERI
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-37

COMMENTARY
d

0MQMXEXMSRWSR'SVFIPPMRK

Pc t

p h

p d

;LIVI

Pc ! %PPS[EFPIXSXEPLSVM^SRXEPTVSNIGXMSRSJGSVFIPPMRK
h
p ! %PPS[EFPITVSNIGXMSRSJSRIYRMX
p
t ! RSQMREP[EPPXLMGORIWW

d ! RSQMREPYRMXXLMGORIWWWTIGMJMIHXLMGORIWWTPYWXLI

XLMGORIWWSJSRIQSVXEVNSMRX 

h ! RSQMREPYRMXLIMKLXWTIGMJMIHLIMKLXTPYWXLIXLMGORIWWSJ

SRIQSVXEVNSMRX

2SXI2IMXLIVXMIWRSVLIEHIVWWLS[R

t Pc

Figure CC-1.12-1 — Limits on corbelling in solid walls

a MRQQ

0MQMXEXMSRWSR'SVFIPPMRK

PC d 

p h 

p d 

;LIVI
PC !%PPS[EFPIXSXEPLSVM^SRXEPTVSNIGXMSRSJGSVFIPPMRK
p !%PPS[EFPITVSNIGXMSRSJSRIYRMX
h
d !2SQMREPYRMXXLMGORIWWWTIGMJMIHXLMGORIWWTPYW
XLIXLMGORIWWSJSRIQSVXEVNSMRX
h !2SQMREPYRMXLIMKLXWTIGMJMIHLIMKLXTPYWXLI
p XLMGORIWWSJSRIQSVXEVNSMRX
a !%MVWTEGIXLMGORIWW
PC

a d

8MIWWLS[RJSVMPPYWXVEXMSRSRP]

Figure CC-1.12-2 – Limits on corbelling in walls with air space

C-38 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

1.13 — Beams 1.13 — Beams

 (IWMKR SJ FIEQW WLEPP QIIX XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ
7IGXMSRSV7IGXMSR(IWMKRSJFIEQWWLEPPEPWS
QIIXXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSR 7IGXMSRSV7IGXMSR
(IWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVQEWSRV]FIEQWWLEPPETTP]XS
QEWSRV]PMRXIPW
1.13.1 General beam design 1.13.1 General beam design
1.13.1.1 Span length — 7TERPIRKXLWLEPPFIMR 1.13.1.1 Span length
EGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRK
1.13.1.1.1 7TER PIRKXLSJFIEQW RSXFYMPX
MRXIKVEPP] [MXL WYTTSVXW WLEPP FI XEOIR EW XLI GPIEV WTER
TPYW HITXL SJ FIEQ FYX RIIH RSX I\GIIH XLI HMWXERGI
FIX[IIRGIRXIVWSJWYTTSVXW
1.13.1.1.2 *SV HIXIVQMREXMSR SJ QSQIRXW
MR FIEQW XLEX EVI GSRXMRYSYW SZIV WYTTSVXW WTER PIRKXL
WLEPPFIXEOIREWXLIHMWXERGIFIX[IIRGIRXIVWSJWYTTSVXW
1.13.1.2 Lateral support — 8LI GSQTVIWWMSR 1.13.1.2 Lateral support — 8SQMRMQM^IPEXIVEP
JEGISJFIEQWWLEPPFI PEXIVEPP] WYTTSVXIH EXE QE\MQYQ XSVWMSREPFYGOPMRKXLI'SHIVIUYMVIWPEXIVEPFVEGMRKSJXLI
WTEGMRKFEWIHSRXLIWQEPPIVSJ GSQTVIWWMSRJEGI,ERWIPP ERH;MRXIVWYKKIWXXLEXXLI
WPIRHIVRIWW VEXMSW WLSYPH FI KMZIR MR XIVQW SJ Ldb
E b
6IZEXLM ERH 1IRSR VITSVX SR XIWXW SJ WIZIR YRHIV
F bd VIMRJSVGIHWPIRHIVGSRGVIXIFIEQW-R*MKYVI''E
WXVEMKLXPMRIMWJMXXIHXSXLIWtest/WuVEXMSZWLd/b2[LIVI
WtestMWXLII\TIVMQIRXEPGETEGMX]ERHWuMWXLIGEPGYPEXIH
GETEGMX] FEWIH SR XLI JYPP GVSWWWIGXMSREP QSQIRX
WXVIRKXL Wtest/WuIUYEPW[LIVILd/b2IUYEPW&EWIH
SR XLMW XLI 'SHI PMQMX SJ Ld/b2 MW VIEWSREFPI ERH
WPMKLXP]GSRWIVZEXMZI
1.13.1.3 Bearing length — 0IRKXL SJ FIEVMRK 1.13.1.3 Bearing length — 8LI QMRMQYQ
SJ FIEQW SR XLIMV WYTTSVXW WLEPP FI E QMRMQYQ SJ  MR FIEVMRKPIRKXLSJMRQQ MRXLIHMVIGXMSRSJWTERMW
QQ MRXLIHMVIGXMSRSJWTER GSRWMHIVIHEVIEWSREFPIQMRMQYQXSVIHYGIGSRGIRXVEXIH
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWIWEXXLIIHKISJXLIWYTTSVX



; XIWX ; Y !0HF 










     
Ld/b2

Figure CC-1.13-1&IEQGETEGMX]ZWFIEQWPIRHIVRIWW
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY
CODE
1.13.1.4 Deflections — 1EWSRV]FIEQWWLEPPFI
HIWMKRIH XS LEZI EHIUYEXI WXMJJRIWW XS PMQMX HIJPIGXMSRW
XLEXEHZIVWIP]EJJIGXWXVIRKXLSVWIVZMGIEFMPMX]
1.13.1.4.1 8LI GSQTYXIH HIJPIGXMSR SJ
FIEQW TVSZMHMRKZIVXMGEPWYTTSVX XS QEWSRV] HIWMKRIH MR
EGGSVHERGI [MXL 7IGXMSR  7IGXMSR  'LETXIV  SV
7IGXMSRWLEPPRSXI\GIIHlYRHIVYRJEGXSVIHHIEH
TPYWPMZIPSEHW
1.13.1.4.2 (IJPIGXMSR SJ QEWSRV] FIEQW
WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH YWMRK XLI ETTVSTVMEXI PSEHHIJPIGXMSR
VIPEXMSRWLMTGSRWMHIVMRKXLIEGXYEPIRHGSRHMXMSRW9RPIWW
WXMJJRIWW ZEPYIW EVI SFXEMRIH F] E QSVI GSQTVILIRWMZI
EREP]WMWMQQIHMEXIHIJPIGXMSRWWLEPPFIGSQTYXIH[MXLER
IJJIGXMZIQSQIRXSJMRIVXMEIeffEWJSPPS[W
 
M cr M cr
I eff In I cr  In
Ma Ma
C-39
COMMENTARY
1.13.1.4 Deflections —8LITVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSR
EHHVIWWHIJPIGXMSRWXLEXQE]SGGYVEXWIVZMGIPSEH
PIZIPW
1.13.1.4.1 8LI HIJPIGXMSR PMQMXW ETTP] XS
FIEQW ERH PMRXIPW SJ EPP QEXIVMEPW XLEX WYTTSVX
YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] 8LI HIJPIGXMSR VIUYMVIQIRXW QE]
EPWS FI ETTPMGEFPI XS WYTTSVXIH VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] XLEX
LEWZIVXMGEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXSRP]
 8LIHIJPIGXMSRPMQMXSJlWLSYPHTVIZIRXPSRKXIVQ
ZMWMFPI HIJPIGXMSRW ERH WIVZMGIEFMPMX] TVSFPIQW -R QSWX
GEWIWHIJPIGXMSRW SJ ETTVS\MQEXIP] X[MGI XLMW EQSYRX SV
l EVI VIUYMVIH FIJSVI XLI HIJPIGXMSR FIGSQIW
ZMWMFPI 8LMW HIJPIGXMSR PMQMX MW JSV MQQIHMEXI
HIJPIGXMSRW 'VIIT [MPP GEYWI EHHMXMSREP PSRKXIVQ
HIJPIGXMSRW % PEVKIV HIJPIGXMSR PMQMX SJ l/ LEW FIIR
YWIH[LIRGSRWMHIVMRKPSRKXIVQHIJPIGXMSRW
1.13.1.4.2 8LIIJJIGXMZIQSQIRXSJMRIVXME
[EW HIZIPSTIH XS TVSZMHI E XVERWMXMSR FIX[IIR XLI YTTIV
ERH PS[IV FSYRHW SJ Ig ERH Icr EW E JYRGXMSR SJ XLI VEXMS
Mcr/Ma 8LMW TVSGIHYVI [EW WIPIGXIH EW FIMRK
WYJJMGMIRXP] EGGYVEXI JSV YWI XS GSRXVSP HIJPIGXMSRW
'EPGYPEXMRK E QSVI EGGYVEXI IJJIGXMZI QSQIRX SJ MRIVXME
YWMRK E QSQIRXGYVZEXYVI EREP]WMW QE] FI HIWMVEFPI JSV
WSQIGMVGYQWXERGIW
1SWXQEWSRV]FIEQWLEZIWSQIIRHVIWXVEMRXHYIXS
FIMRK FYMPX MRXIKVEPP] [MXL E [EPP 8IWXW LEZI WLS[R XLEX
   )UYEXMSR
 XLI IRH VIWXVEMRX JVSQ FIEQW FIMRK FYMPX MRXIKVEPP] [MXL
[EPPW VIHYGIW XLI HIJPIGXMSRW JVSQ  XS  TIVGIRX SJ
*SV GSRXMRYSYW FIEQW Ieff WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH XS FI XLSWISJXLIWMQTP]WYTTSVXIHWTIGMQIRW
XEOIREWXLIEZIVEKISJZEPYIWSFXEMRIHJVSQ)UYEXMSR
JSVXLIGVMXMGEPTSWMXMZIERHRIKEXMZIQSQIRXVIKMSRW
*SV FIEQW SJ YRMJSVQ GVSWWWIGXMSR Ieff WLEPP FI
TIVQMXXIHXSFIXEOIREWXLIZEPYISFXEMRIHJVSQ)UYEXMSR
 EX QMHWTER JSV WMQTPI WTERW ERH EX XLI WYTTSVX JSV
GERXMPIZIVW *SV QEWSRV] HIWMKRIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL
'LETXIV  XLI GVEGOMRK QSQIRX Mcr WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH
YWMRK XLI EPPS[EFPI JPI\YVEP XIRWMPI WXVIWW XEOIR JVSQ
8EFPI  QYPXMTPMIH F] E JEGXSV SJ  *SV QEWSRV]
HIWMKRIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL 'LETXIV  XLI GVEGOMRK
QSQIRX Mcr WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH YWMRK XLI ZEPYI JSV XLI
QSHYPYW SJ VYTXYVI fr  XEOIR JVSQ 8EFPI  *SV
QEWSRV] HIWMKRIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL 'LETXIV  XLI
GVEGOMRKQSQIRXMcrWLEPPFIGSQTYXIHYWMRKXLIZEPYI
JSV XLI QSHYPYW SJ VYTXYVI frAAC EW KMZIR F] 7IGXMSR

1.13.1.4.3 (IJPIGXMSRW SJ VIMRJSVGIH 1.13.1.4.3 6IMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] FIEQW ERH
QEWSRV]FIEQWRIIHRSXFIGLIGOIH[LIRXLIWTERPIRKXL PMRXIPW [MXL WTER PIRKXLW SJ  XMQIW d LEZI MQQIHMEXI
HSIWRSXI\GIIHQYPXMTPMIHF]XLIIJJIGXMZIHITXLXSXLI HIJPIGXMSRWSJETTVS\MQEXIP] SJXLI WTER PIRKXL
VIMRJSVGIQIRXdMRXLIQEWSRV]FIEQ 1EWSRV]FIEQWERHPMRXIPW[MXLWLSVXIVWTERWWLSYPHLEZI
WYJJMGMIRXWXMJJRIWWXSTVIZIRXWIVZMGIEFMPMX]TVSFPIQWERH
XLIVIJSVIHIJPIGXMSRWHSRSXRIIHXSFIGLIGOIH
C-40
CODE
1.13.2 Deep beams
(IWMKRSJHIITFIEQWWLEPPQIIXXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ
7IGXMSR  ERH  MR EHHMXMSR XS XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJXLVSYKL
1.13.2.1 Effective span length — 8LI IJJIGXMZI
WTER PIRKXL leff WLEPP FI XEOIR EW XLI GIRXIVXSGIRXIV
HMWXERGIFIX[IIRWYTTSVXWSVQYPXMTPMIHF]XLIGPIEV
WTER[LMGLIZIVMWWQEPPIV
1.13.2.2 Internal lever arm — 9RPIWW XLI
MRXIVREPPIZIVEVQzFIX[IIRXLIGSQTVIWWMZIERHXIRWMPI
JSVGIWMWHIXIVQMRIHF]EQSVIGSQTVILIRWMZIEREP]WMWMX
WLEPPFIXEOIREW
TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
COMMENTARY
1.13.2 Deep beams
7LIEV [EVTMRK SJ XLI HIIT FIEQ GVSWW WIGXMSR ERH E
GSQFMREXMSR SJ HMEKSREP XIRWMSR WXVIWW ERH JPI\YVEP
XIRWMSR WXVIWW MR XLI FSH] SJ XLI HIIT FIEQ VIUYMVI XLEX
XLIWIQIQFIVWFIHIWMKRIHYWMRKHIITFIEQXLISV][LIR
XLI WTERXSHITXL VEXMS MW [MXLMR XLI PMQMXW KMZIR MR XLI
HIJMRMXMSRSJHIITFIEQW8LITVSZMWMSRWJSVHIITFIEQW
[IVI HIZIPSTIH FEWIH SR VIUYMVIQIRXW ERH
VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW MR SXLIV GSHIW ERH MR XLI
PMXIVEXYVI
1.13.2.1 Effective span length
1.13.2.2 Internal lever arm — 8LI XLISV] YWIH
JSV HIWMKR SJ FIEQW LEW PMQMXIH ETTPMGEFMPMX] XS HIIT
FIEQW7TIGMJMGEPP]XLIVI[MPPFIERSRPMRIEVHMWXVMFYXMSR
SJWXVEMRMRHIITFIEQW8LIMRXIVREPPIZIVEVQzFIX[IIR
XLI GIRXVSMH SJ XLI MRXIVREP GSQTVIWWMZI JSVGIW ERH XLI
E
*SVWMQTP]WYTTSVXIHWTERW
MRXIVREP XIRWMPI JSVGIW [MPP FI PIWW XLER XLEX GEPGYPEXIH
l eff EWWYQMRKEPMRIEVWXVEMR HMWXVMFYXMSR8LI'SHIIUYEXMSRW

;LIR   JSVMRXIVREPPIZIVEVQzGERFIYWIH[MXLIMXLIVEPPS[EFPI
dv WXVIWW HIWMKR SV WXVIRKXL HIWMKR *SV EPPS[EFPI WXVIWW
HIWMKR z MW GSQQSRP] ORS[R EW jd ERH JSV WXVIRKXL
z  l eff d v )UYEXMSRE
 HIWMKR z MW GSQQSRP] ORS[R EW d-(a/2) 8LI MRXIVREP
l eff PIZIVEVQTVSZMWMSRWMRXLI'SHIEVIFEWIHSR6IJ

;LIR 
dv
z l eff )UYEXMSRF


F *SVGSRXMRYSYWWTERW
leff
 ;LIR  
dv
z  l eff   d v )UYEXMSRE 

l eff

;LIR 
dv
z l eff )UYEXMSRF

1.13.2.3 Flexural reinforcement — (MWXVMFYXIH
LSVM^SRXEP JPI\YVEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH MR XLI
XIRWMSR ^SRI SJ XLI FIEQ JSV E HITXL IUYEP XS LEPJ SJ XLI
XSXEP HITXL SJ XLI FIEQ dv 8LI QE\MQYQ WTEGMRK SJ
HMWXVMFYXIH LSVM^SRXEP JPI\YVEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP RSX
I\GIIHSRIJMJXLSJXLI XSXEP HITXLSJXLI FIEQdvRSV
1.13.2.3 Flexural reinforcement — 8LI
HMWXVMFYXMSR SJ XIRWMPI WXVIWW MR E HIIT FIEQ MW KIRIVEPP]
WYGL XLEX XLI PS[IV SRILEPJ SJ XLI FIEQ MW VIUYMVIH XS
LEZI HMWXVMFYXIH JPI\YVEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX ,S[IZIV SXLIV
PSEHMRKGSRHMXMSRWWYGLEWYTPMJXERHWYTTSVXGSRHMXMSRW
WYGL EW GSRXMRYSYW ERH JM\IH IRHW WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIH
MR QQ
 .SMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPP FITIVQMXXIHXSFI MR HIXIVQMRMRK XLI TSVXMSR SJ XLI HIIT FIEQ XLEX MW
YWIHEWHMWXVMFYXIHLSVM^SRXEPJPI\YVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRHIIT WYFNIGXIHXSXIRWMSR(MWXVMFYXIHLSVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
FIEQW,SVM^SRXEPJPI\YVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPFIERGLSVIH VIWMWXWXIRWMPIWXVIWWGEYWIHF]WLIEVEW[IPPEWF]JPI\YVI
XS HIZIPST XLI ]MIPH WXVIRKXL SJ XLI VIMRJSVGIQIRX EX XLI
JEGISJWYTTSVXW
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-41

CODE COMMENTARY

1.13.2.4 Minimum shear reinforcement z 8LI 1.13.2.4 Minimum shear reinforcement z

JSPPS[MRK TVSZMWMSRW WLEPP ETTP] [LIR WLIEV (MWXVMFYXIHJPI\YVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXQE]FIMRGPYHIHEWTEVX
VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW VIUYMVIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL 7IGXMSR SJXLITVSZMHIHWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXXSQIIXXLIQMRMQYQ
 7IGXMSRSV7IGXMSR HMWXVMFYXIHWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXVEXMS8LIWTEGMRKSJWLIEV
VIMRJSVGIQIRXMWPMQMXIHXSVIWXVEMRXLI[MHXLSJXLIGVEGOW
E
 8LI QMRMQYQ EVIE SJ ZIVXMGEP WLIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX
WLEPPFIbdv
F
 ,SVM^SRXEP WLIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP LEZI GVSWW
WIGXMSREP EVIE IUYEP XS SV KVIEXIV XLER SRI LEPJ XLI
EVIE SJ XLI ZIVXMGEP WLIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX 7YGL
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI IUYEPP] HMWXVMFYXIH SR FSXL
WMHIJEGIWSJXLIFIEQ[LIRXLIRSQMREP[MHXLSJXLI
FIEQMWKVIEXIVXLERMRGLIWQQ

G
 8LI QE\MQYQ WTEGMRK SJ WLIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP
RSX I\GIIH SRIJMJXL XLI XSXEP HITXL SJ XLI FIEQ dv
RSVMRQQ

1.13.2.5 Total reinforcement z 8LI WYQ SJ XLI
GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIEW SJ XSXEP LSVM^SRXEP ERH ZIVXMGEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI EX PIEWX  QYPXMTPMIH F] XLI
KVSWW GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE bdv SJ XLI HIIT FIEQ YWMRK
WTIGMJMIHHMQIRWMSRW
1.14 — Columns
(IWMKR SJ GSPYQRW WLEPP QIIX XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ
7IGXMSRSV7IGXMSR(IWMKRSJGSPYQRWWLEPP
EPWSQIIXXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRSV7IGXMSR
SV7IGXMSR
1.14.1 General column design
1.14.1.1 Dimensional limits — (MQIRWMSRW
WLEPPFIMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRK
1.13.2.5 Total reinforcement z 0SEH ETTPMIH
EPSRK XLI XST WYVJEGI SJ E HIIT FIEQ MW XVERWJIVVIH XS
WYTTSVXWQEMRP]F]EVGLEGXMSR8]TMGEPP]HIITFIEQWHS
RSX RIIH XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH MX MW WYJJMGMIRX XS
TVSZMHIHMWXVMFYXIHJPI\YVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
1.14 — Columns
'SPYQRWEVIHIJMRIHMR7IGXMSR8LI]EVIMWSPEXIH
QIQFIVW YWYEPP] YRHIV E\MEP GSQTVIWWMZI PSEHW ERH
JPI\YVI -J HEQEKIH GSPYQRW QE] GEYWI XLI GSPPETWI SJ
SXLIV QIQFIVW WSQIXMQIW SJ ER IRXMVI WXVYGXYVI 8LIWI
GVMXMGEP WXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRXW [EVVERX XLI WTIGMEP
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJXLMWWIGXMSR
1.14.1 General column design
1.14.1.1 Dimensional limits — 8LIPMQMXSJ
JSV XLI WPIRHIVRIWW VEXMS h/r MW NYHKQIRX FEWIH 7II
*MKYVI '' JSV IJJIGXMZI LIMKLX HIXIVQMREXMSR8LI
E
 8LI HMWXERGI FIX[IIR PEXIVEP WYTTSVXW SJ E GSPYQR
QMRMQYQ RSQMREP WMHI HMQIRWMSR SJ  MR  QQ

WLEPP RSX I\GIIHQYPXMTPMIHF] XLIPIEWX VEHMYW SJ
VIWYPXWJVSQTVEGXMGEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRW
K]VEXMSRr
F
 1MRMQYQ WMHI HMQIRWMSR WLEPP FI  MR  QQ

RSQMREP
1.14.1.2 Construction — 'SPYQRWWLEPPFIJYPP]
KVSYXIH
1.14.1.3 Vertical reinforcement — :IVXMGEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRXMRGSPYQRWWLEPPRSXFIPIWWXLERAnRSV
I\GIIHAn 8LIQMRMQYQRYQFIVSJFEVWWLEPPFIJSYV
1.14.1.2 Construction
1.14.1.3 Vertical reinforcement — 1MRMQYQ
ZIVXMGEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX MWVIUYMVIH MR QEWSRV] GSPYQRWXS
TVIZIRX FVMXXPI JEMPYVI 8LI QE\MQYQ TIVGIRXEKI PMQMX MR
GSPYQR ZIVXMGEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX [EW IWXEFPMWLIH FEWIH SR
XLIGSQQMXXIIWI\TIVMIRGI*SYVFEVWEVIVIUYMVIHWSXMIW
GERFIYWIHXSTVSZMHIEGSRJMRIHGSVISJQEWSRV]
C-42 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

1.14.1.4 Lateral ties — 0EXIVEP XMIW WLEPP 1.14.1.4 Lateral ties — 0EXIVEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX
GSRJSVQXSXLIJSPPS[MRK MR GSPYQRW TIVJSVQW X[S JYRGXMSRW -X TVSZMHIW XLI
VIUYMVIH WYTTSVX XS TVIZIRX FYGOPMRK SJ PSRKMXYHMREP
E
 :IVXMGEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI IRGPSWIH F] PEXIVEP
GSPYQR VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW EGXMRK MR GSQTVIWWMSR ERH
XMIWEXPIEWXMRQQ
MRHMEQIXIV
TVSZMHIWVIWMWXERGIXSHMEKSREPXIRWMSRJSVGSPYQRWEGXMRK
F
 :IVXMGEP WTEGMRK SJ PEXIVEP XMIW WLEPP RSX I\GIIH  MRWLIEV8MIWQE]FIPSGEXIHMRXLIQSVXEVNSMRX[LIR
PSRKMXYHMREP FEV HMEQIXIVW  PEXIVEP XMI FEV SV [MVI XLI XMI HMEQIXIV HSIW RSX I\GIIH ¡ XLI WTIGMJMIH QSVXEV
HMEQIXIVW SV PIEWX GVSWWWIGXMSREP HMQIRWMSR SJ XLI NSMRXXLMGORIWW*SVI\EQTPI MRQQ
HMEQIXIVXMIW
QIQFIV QE]FITPEGIHMR¡MRQQ
XLMGOQSVXEVNSMRXW
G
 0EXIVEP XMIW WLEPP FI EVVERKIH WS XLEX IZIV] GSVRIV ERH  8LIVIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLMW 'SHI EVI QSHIPIH SRXLSWI
EPXIVREXI PSRKMXYHMREP FEV WLEPP LEZI PEXIVEP WYTTSVX JSV VIMRJSVGIH GSRGVIXI GSPYQRW )\GITX JSV TIVQMXXMRK
TVSZMHIHF]XLIGSVRIVSJEPEXIVEPXMI[MXLERMRGPYHIH  MRQQ
XMIWMR7IMWQMG(IWMKR'EXIKSV]% &ERH
ERKPI SJ RSX QSVI XLER  HIKVIIW 2S FEV WLEPP FI 'XLI]VIJPIGXXLIETTPMGEFPITVSZMWMSRWSJXLIVIMRJSVGIH
JEVXLIVXLERMRQQ
GPIEVSRIEGLWMHIEPSRKXLI GSRGVIXIGSHI
PEXIVEPXMIJVSQWYGLEPEXIVEPP]WYTTSVXIHFEV0EXIVEPXMIW
WLEPPFITPEGIHMRIMXLIVEQSVXEVNSMRXSVMRKVSYX;LIVI
PSRKMXYHMREP FEVW EVI PSGEXIH EVSYRH XLI TIVMQIXIV SJ E
GMVGPI E GSQTPIXI GMVGYPEV PEXIVEP XMI MW TIVQMXXIH 0ET
PIRKXLJSVGMVGYPEVXMIWWLEPPFIXMIHMEQIXIVW
H
 0EXIVEP XMIW WLEPP FI PSGEXIH ZIVXMGEPP] RSX QSVI XLER
SRILEPJ PEXIVEP XMI WTEGMRK EFSZI XLI XST SJ JSSXMRKSV
WPEF MR ER] WXSV] ERH WLEPP FI WTEGIH RSX QSVI XLER
SRILEPJEPEXIVEPXMIWTEGMRKFIPS[XLIPS[IWXLSVM^SRXEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRXMRFIEQKMVHIVWPEFSVHVSTTERIPEFSZI
I
 ;LIVIFIEQWSVFVEGOIXWJVEQIMRXSEGSPYQRJVSQJSYV
HMVIGXMSRWPEXIVEPXMIWWLEPPFITIVQMXXIHXSFIXIVQMREXIH
RSX QSVI XLER  MR  QQ
 FIPS[ XLI PS[IWX
VIMRJSVGIQIRXMRXLIWLEPPS[IWXSJWYGLFIEQWSVFVEGOIXW
1.14.2 Lightly loaded columns
1EWSRV] GSPYQRW YWIH SRP] XS WYTTSVX PMKLX JVEQI
VSSJW SJ GEVTSVXW TSVGLIW WLIHW SV WMQMPEV WXVYGXYVIW
EWWMKRIHXS7IMWQMG(IWMKR'EXIKSV]% &SV'[LMGLEVI
WYFNIGXXSYRJEGXSVIHKVEZMX]PSEHWRSXI\GIIHMRKPFW
1.14.2 Lightly loaded columns
1EWSRV] GSPYQRW EVI SJXIR YWIH XS WYTTSVX VSSJW SJ
GEVTSVXWTSVGLIWWLIHW SV WMQMPEV PMKLX WXVYGXYVIW 8LIWI
GSPYQRWHSRSXRIIHXSQIIXXLIHIXEMPMRKVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ
7IGXMSR  8LI E\MEP PSEH PMQMX SJ TSYRHW
 2
 EGXMRK [MXLMR XLI GVSWWWIGXMSREP HMQIRWMSRW SJ 2
[EWHIZIPSTIHFEWIHSRXLIJPI\YVEPWXVIRKXLSJ
XLIGSPYQREVITIVQMXXIHXSFIGSRWXVYGXIHEWJSPPS[W ERSQMREPMRQQ
F]MRQQ
F]JXLMKL
Q
GSPYQR[MXLSRI2S1
VIMRJSVGMRKFEVMR
E
 1MRMQYQ WMHI HMQIRWMSR WLEPP FI  MR  QQ

XLIGIRXIVERHf’m SJTWM14E
%RE\MEPPSEHSJ
RSQMREP
 TSYRHW  2
 EX XLI IHKI SJ XLI QIQFIV [MPP
F
 ,IMKLXWLEPPRSXI\GIIHJXQ
 VIWYPX MR E QSQIRX XLEX MW ETTVS\MQEXIP] IUYEP XS XLI
RSQMREPJPI\YVEPWXVIRKXLSJXLMWQIQFIV
G
 'VSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX
WLEPP RSX FI PIWW XLER MR  QQ
 GIRXIVIH MR
XLIGSPYQR
H
 'SPYQRWWLEPPFIJYPP]KVSYXIH
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-43

COMMENTARY
'SPYQR
;EPPSV
'ERXMPIZIVIH'SPYQR
4MPEWXIV *PSSVSV6SSJ ;EPPSV4MPEWXIV

'PIEV,IMKLX ,IMKLX
&IX[IIR7YTTSVXW
h  ,IMKLX *PSSVSV6SSJ
h ! 'PIEV
,IMKLX *M\IHSV'SRXMRYSYWEX&EWI
&VEGIHEX7YTTSVXW

-JHEXEWII 7IGXMSR WLS[XLEXXLIVIMWVIPMEFPIVIWXVEMRXEKEMRWXXVERWPEXMSR

ERHVSXEXMSREXXLIWYTTSVXWXLIwIJJIGXMZILIMKLXxQE]FIXEOIREWPS[EWXLIHMWXERGI
FIX[IIRTSMRXWSJMRJPIGXMSRJSVXLIPSEHMRKGEWIYRHIVGSRWMHIVEXMSR

Figure CC-1.14-1 — Effective height, h, of column, wall, or pilaster

CODE
1.15 — Pilasters
;EPPW MRXIVJEGMRK [MXL TMPEWXIVW WLEPP RSX FI
GSRWMHIVIH EW JPERKIW YRPIWW XLI GSRWXVYGXMSR
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSRW  ERH  EVI QIX
;LIR XLIWI GSRWXVYGXMSR VIUYMVIQIRXW EVI QIX XLI
TMPEWXIVvW JPERKIW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL
7IGXMSRWXLVSYKL
1.16 — Details of reinforcement and metal
accessories
1.16.1 Embedment
6IMRJSVGMRKFEVWWLEPPFIIQFIHHIHMRKVSYX
1.16.2 Size of reinforcement
1.16.2.1 8LI QE\MQYQ WM^I SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX
COMMENTARY
1.15 — Pilasters
4MPEWXIVWEVIQEWSRV]QIQFIVWXLEXGERWIVZIWIZIVEP
TYVTSWIW8LI]QE]TVSNIGXJVSQSRISVFSXLWMHIWSJXLI
[EPPEWWLS[RMR*MKYVI''4MPEWXIVWGSRXVMFYXIXS
XLIPEXIVEPPSEHVIWMWXERGISJQEWSRV][EPPWERHQE]VIWMWX
ZIVXMGEPPSEHW
1.16 — Details of reinforcement and metal
accessories
;LIR XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ XLMW WIGXMSR [IVI SVMKMREPP]
HIZIPSTIHMRXLIPEXIWXLI'SQQMXXIIYWIHXLIXLIR
GYVVIRX %'-  'SHI EW E KYMHI 7SQI SJ XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXW [IVI WMQTPMJMIH ERH SXLIVW HVSTTIH
HITIRHMRKSRXLIMVWYMXEFMPMX]JSVETTPMGEXMSRXSQEWSRV]
1.16.1 Embedment
1.16.2 Size of reinforcement
1.16.2.1 0MQMXW SR WM^I SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX EVI
YWIHMRQEWSRV]WLEPPFI2S1
 FEWIHSREGGITXIHTVEGXMGIERHWYGGIWWJYPTIVJSVQERGIMR
 PMQMX MW EVFMXVEV] FYX
1.16.2.2 8LI HMEQIXIV SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP
RSXI\GIIH SRILEPJ XLI PIEWX GPIEV HMQIRWMSR SJXLI GIPP
FSRHFIEQSVGSPPEVNSMRXMR[LMGLMXMWTPEGIH
1.16.2.3 0SRKMXYHMREP ERH GVSWW [MVIW SJ NSMRX
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP LEZI E QMRMQYQ [MVI WM^I SJ ;
GSRWXVYGXMSR 8LI 2S  1
6IJIVIRGI  WLS[W XLEX HMWXVMFYXIH WQEPP FEVW TVSZMHI
FIXXIV TIVJSVQERGI XLER JI[IV PEVKI FEVW 4VSTIVXMIW SJ
VIMRJSVGIQIRXEVIKMZIRMR8EFPI''
1.16.2.2 %HIUYEXI JPS[ SJ KVSYX RIGIWWEV] JSV
KSSHFSRHMWEGLMIZIH[MXLXLMWPMQMXEXMSR-XEPWSPMQMXWXLI
WM^ISJVIMRJSVGIQIRX[LIRGSQFMRIH[MXL7IGXMSR
1.16.2.3 8LI JYRGXMSR SJ NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW
XSGSRXVSPXLIWM^IERHWTEGMRKSJGVEGOWGEYWIHF]ZSPYQI
1;
 ERH E QE\MQYQ [MVI WM^I SJ SRILEPJ XLI NSMRX GLERKIW MR QEWSRV] EW [IPP EW XS VIWMWX XIRWMSR .SMRX
XLMGORIWW VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW GSQQSRP] YWIH MR GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] XS
QMRMQM^IWLVMROEKIGVEGOMRK8LIVIWXVMGXMSRSR[MVIWM^I
IRWYVIWEHIUYEXITIVJSVQERGI8LIQE\MQYQ[MVIWM^ISJ
SRILEPJ XLI NSMRX XLMGORIWW EPPS[W JVII JPS[ SJ QSVXEV
EVSYRH NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX 8LYW E MR QQ

HMEQIXIV[MVIGERFITPEGIHMREMRQQ
NSMRX
C-44 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

COMMENTARY

8MIW)QFIHHIH
-R1SVXEV.SMRXW %PXIVREXI'SYVWIW
%PXIVREXI'SYVWIW

E 7MRKPI*EGI F (SYFPI*EGI
Brick Pilasters

8MIW)QFIHHIH
-R1SVXEV.SMRXW
%PXIVREXI'SYVWIW
%PXIVREXI'SYVWIW

E 7MRKPI*EGI F (SYFPI*EGI

Block Pilasters
Figure CC-1.15-1 — Typical pilasters

Table CC-1.16.2 — Physical properties of steel reinforcing wire and bars

(IWMKREXMSR (MEQIXIVMR %VIEMR 4IVMQIXIVMR
QQ  QQ QQ 
;MVI
;KEKI 1;       
;KEKI 1;       
;KEKI 1;       
;MR[MVI 1;       
;MR[MVI 1;       
&EVW
2S1       
2S1       
2S1       
2S1       
2S1       
2S1       
2S1       
2S1       
2S1       
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-45

CODE COMMENTARY

1.16.3 Placement of reinforcement 1.16.3 Placement of reinforcement

1.16.3.1 8LI GPIEV HMWXERGI FIX[IIR TEVEPPIP 4PEGIQIRX PMQMXW JSV VIMRJSVGIQIRX EVI FEWIH SR
FEVW WLEPP RSX FI PIWW XLER XLI RSQMREP HMEQIXIV SJ XLI WYGGIWWJYP GSRWXVYGXMSR TVEGXMGI SZIV QER] ]IEVW 8LI PMQMXW
FEVWRSVPIWWXLERMRQQ
 EVI MRXIRHIH XS JEGMPMXEXI XLI JPS[ SJ KVSYX FIX[IIR FEVW %
QMRMQYQ WTEGMRK FIX[IIR FEVW MR E PE]IV TVIZIRXW
1.16.3.2 -R GSPYQRW ERH TMPEWXIVW XLI GPIEV
PSRKMXYHMREPWTPMXXMRKSJXLIQEWSRV]MRXLITPERISJXLIFEVW
HMWXERGI FIX[IIR ZIVXMGEP FEVW WLEPP RSX FI PIWW XLER SRI
9WISJFYRHPIHFEVWMRQEWSRV]GSRWXVYGXMSRMWVEVIP]VIUYMVIH
ERHSRILEPJQYPXMTPMIHF]XLIRSQMREPFEVHMEQIXIVRSV
8[SFEVWTIVFYRHPIMWGSRWMHIVIHETVEGXMGEPQE\MQYQ-XMW
PIWWXLERMRQQ

MQTSVXERX XLEX FEVW FI TPEGIH EGGYVEXIP] 6IMRJSVGMRK FEV
1.16.3.3 8LI GPIEV HMWXERGI PMQMXEXMSRW FIX[IIR TSWMXMSRIVWEVIEZEMPEFPIXSGSRXVSPFEVTSWMXMSR
FEVW VIUYMVIH MR 7IGXMSRW  ERH  WLEPP EPWS
ETTP] XS XLI GPIEV HMWXERGI FIX[IIR E GSRXEGX PET WTPMGI
ERHEHNEGIRXWTPMGIWSVFEVW
1.16.3.4 +VSYTW SJ TEVEPPIP VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW
FYRHPIHMRGSRXEGXXSEGXEWEYRMXWLEPPFIPMQMXIHXSX[S
MR ER] SRI FYRHPI -RHMZMHYEP FEVW MR E FYRHPI GYX SJJ
[MXLMRXLIWTERSJEQIQFIVWLEPPXIVQMREXIEXTSMRXWEX
PIEWXFEVHMEQIXIVWETEVX
1.16.3.5 6IMRJSVGIQIRXIQFIHHIHMRKVSYXWLEPP
LEZI E XLMGORIWW SJKVSYX FIX[IIR XLI VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH
QEWSRV]YRMXWRSXPIWWXLER MRQQ
JSVJMRIKVSYX
SVMRQQ
JSVGSEVWIKVSYX
1.16.4 Protection of reinforcement and metal accessories
1.16.4.1 6IMRJSVGMRKFEVW WLEPP LEZI EQEWSRV]
GSZIVRSXPIWWXLERXLIJSPPS[MRK
1.16.4 Protection of reinforcement and metal accessories
1.16.4.1 6IMRJSVGMRK FEVW EVI XVEHMXMSREPP] RSX
GSEXIHJSVGSVVSWMSRVIWMWXERGI8LIQEWSRV]GSZIVVIXEVHW
GSVVSWMSRSJXLIWXIIP'SZIVMWQIEWYVIHJVSQXLII\XIVMSV
E
 1EWSRV] JEGI I\TSWIH XS IEVXL SV [IEXLIV MR
QEWSRV] WYVJEGI XS XLI SYXIVQSWX WYVJEGI SJ XLI
QQ
JSVFEVWPEVKIVXLER2S1
MR
VIMRJSVGIQIRXXS[LMGLXLIGSZIVVIUYMVIQIRXETTPMIW-XMW
QQ
JSV2S1
FEVWSVWQEPPIV
QIEWYVIHXSXLISYXIVIHKISJWXMVVYTWSVXMIWMJXVERWZIVWI
F
 1EWSRV] RSX I\TSWIH XS IEVXL SV [IEXLIV MR VIMRJSVGIQIRXIRGPSWIWQEMRFEVW1EWSRV]GSZIVMRGPYHIW
QQ
 XLIXLMGORIWWSJQEWSRV]YRMXWQSVXEVERHKVSYX%XFIH
NSMRXW XLI TVSXIGXMSR JSV VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW XLI XSXEP
XLMGORIWW SJ QSVXEV ERH KVSYX JVSQ XLI I\XIVMSV SJ XLI
QSVXEV NSMRX WYVJEGI XS SYXIVQSWX WYVJEGI SJ XLI
VIMRJSVGIQIRXSVQIXEPEGGIWWSV]
8LI GSRHMXMSR wQEWSRV] JEGI I\TSWIH XS IEVXL SV
[IEXLIVx VIJIVW XS HMVIGX I\TSWYVI XS QSMWXYVI GLERKIW
 ERH RSX NYWX XIQTIVEXYVI
1.16.4.2 0SRKMXYHMREP[MVIWSJNSMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX
WLEPPFIJYPP]IQFIHHIHMRQSVXEVSVKVSYX[MXLEQMRMQYQ
EPXIVREXI [IXXMRK ERH HV]MRK
GLERKIW
1.16.4.2 7MRGI QEWSRV] GSZIV TVSXIGXMSR JSV
NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW QMRMQEP XLI TVSXIGXMSR SJ NSMRX
GSZIVSJ MRQQ
[LIRI\TSWIHXSIEVXLSV[IEXLIV VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR QEWSRV] MW VIUYMVIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL
ERH MRQQ
[LIRRSXI\TSWIHXSIEVXLSV[IEXLIV XLI7TIGMJMGEXMSR)\EQTPIWSJMRXIVMSV[EPPWI\TSWIHXSE
.SMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPFIWXEMRPIWWWXIIPSVTVSXIGXIHJVSQ QIERVIPEXMZILYQMHMX]I\GIIHMRKTIVGIRXEVIREXEXSVME
GSVVSWMSRF]LSXHMTTIHKEPZERM^IHGSEXMRKSVITS\]GSEXMRK ERHJSSHTVSGIWWMRKTPERXW
[LIR YWIH MR QEWSRV] I\TSWIH XS IEVXL SV [IEXLIV ERH MR
MRXIVMSV[EPPWI\TSWIHXSEQIERVIPEXMZILYQMHMX]I\GIIHMRK
 TIVGIRX %PP SXLIV NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI QMPP
KEPZERM^IHLSXHMTKEPZERM^IHSVWXEMRPIWWWXIIP
1.16.4.3 ;EPPXMIWWLIIXQIXEPERGLSVWWXIIPTPEXIW 1.16.4.3 'SVVSWMSR VIWMWXERGI VIUYMVIQIRXW EVI
ERHFEVWERHMRWIVXWI\TSWIHXSIEVXLSV[IEXLIVSVI\TSWIHXS MRGPYHIH WMRGI QEWSRV] GSZIV ZEVMIW GSRWMHIVEFP] JSV
E QIER VIPEXMZI LYQMHMX] I\GIIHMRK  TIVGIRX WLEPP FI XLIWI MXIQW 8LI I\GITXMSR JSV ERGLSV FSPXW MW FEWIH SR
WXEMRPIWW WXIIP SV TVSXIGXIH JVSQ GSVVSWMSR F] LSXHMT GYVVIRXMRHYWXV]TVEGXMGI
C-46 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

KEPZERM^IH GSEXMRK SV ITS\] GSEXMRK ;EPP XMIW ERGLSVW ERH

MRWIVXWWLEPPFIQMPPKEPZERM^IHLSXHMTKEPZERM^IHSVWXEMRPIWW
WXIIPJSVEPPSXLIVGEWIW%RGLSVFSPXWWXIIPTPEXIWERHFEVWRSX
I\TSWIH XS IEVXL [IEXLIV RSV I\TSWIH XS E QIER VIPEXMZI
LYQMHMX]I\GIIHMRKTIVGIRXRIIHRSXFIGSEXIH
1.16.5 Standard hooks 1.16.5 Standard hooks
7XERHEVHLSSOWWLEPPGSRWMWXSJXLIJSPPS[MRK 7XERHEVHLSSOWEVIWLS[RMR*MKYVI''
E  HIKVII FIRH TPYW E QMRMQYQ db I\XIRWMSR FYX
RSXPIWWXLERMRQQ EXJVIIIRHSJFEV
F  HIKVII FIRH TPYW E QMRMQYQ db I\XIRWMSR EX
JVIIIRHSJFEVSV
G  JSVWXMVVYTERHXMILSSOWJSVE2SFEVERHWQEPPIV
IMXLIV E HIKVII SV HIKVII FIRH TPYW E
QMRMQYQ  db I\XIRWMSR FYX RSX PIWW XLER MR
QQ EXJVIIIRHSJFEV
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-47

CODE COMMENTARY

1.16.6 Minimum bend diameter for reinforcing bars 1.16.6 Minimum bend diameter for reinforcing bars
8LI HMEQIXIV SJ FIRH QIEWYVIH SR XLI MRWMHI SJ 7XERHEVH FIRHW MR VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW EVI HIWGVMFIH MR
VIMRJSVGMRKFEVWSXLIVXLERJSVWXMVVYTWERHXMIWWLEPPRSX XIVQWSJXLIMRWMHIHMEQIXIVSJFIRHWMRGIXLMWMWIEWMIVXS
FIPIWWXLERZEPYIWWTIGMJMIHMR8EFPI QIEWYVIXLERXLIVEHMYWSJFIRH

Table 1.16.6 — Minimum diameters of bend % FVSEH WYVZI] SJ FIRHMRK TVEGXMGIW E WXYH] SJ
%781 FIRH XIWX VIUYMVIQIRXW ERH E TMPSX WXYH] SJ ERH
Bar size and type Minimum diameter I\TIVMIRGI[MXLFIRHMRK+VEHI+VEHI FEVW[IVI
GSRWMHIVIHMRIWXEFPMWLMRKXLIQMRMQYQHMEQIXIVSJFIRH
2SXLVSYKL2S1 FEVHMEQIXIVW 8LI TVMQEV] GSRWMHIVEXMSR [EW JIEWMFMPMX] SJ FIRHMRK
XLVSYKL +VEHI [MXLSYX FVIEOEKI )\TIVMIRGI LEW WMRGI IWXEFPMWLIH XLEX
+VEHI  XLIWIQMRMQYQFIRHHMEQIXIVWEVIWEXMWJEGXSV]JSVKIRIVEP
YWI[MXLSYXHIXVMQIRXEPGVYWLMRKSJKVSYX
2SXLVSYKL2S1 FEVHMEQIXIVW
XLVSYKL +VEHISV
+VEHISV 

2S2SERH2S FEVHMEQIXIVW
1ERH 
+VEHISV+VEHI
SV 

1.17 — Anchor bolts 1.17 — Anchor bolts

,IEHIH ERH FIRXFEV ERGLSV FSPXW WLEPP GSRJSVQ XS
XLITVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSRWXLVSYKL
1.17.1 Placement
,IEHIHERHFIRXFEVERGLSVFSPXWWLEPPFIIQFIHHIHMR
8LIWI HIWMKR ZEPYIW ETTP] SRP] XS XLI WTIGMJMG X]TIW
SJ FSPXW QIRXMSRIH 8LIWI FSPXW EVI VIEHMP] EZEMPEFPI ERH
EVIHITMGXIHMR*MKYVI''
1.17.1 Placement
1SWX XIWXW SR ERGLSV FSPXW MR QEWSRV] LEZI FIIR
KVSYX%RGLSVFSPXWSJ MRQQ
HMEQIXIVEVITIVQMXXIH TIVJSVQIHSRERGLSVFSPXWIQFIHHIHMRKVSYX4PEGIQIRX
XS FI TPEGIH MR QSVXEV FIH NSMRXW XLEX EVI EX PIEWX ¡ MR PMQMXW JSV ERGLSV FSPXW EVI FEWIH SR WYGGIWWJYP
QQ
MRXLMGORIWWERHJSVTYVTSWIWSJETTPMGEXMSRSJXLI GSRWXVYGXMSR TVEGXMGI SZIV QER] ]IEVW 8LI PMQMXW EVI
TVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSRWERHEVITIVQMXXIHXS MRXIRHIHXSJEGMPMXEXIXLIJPS[SJKVSYXFIX[IIRFSPXWERH
FIGSRWMHIVIHEWMJXLI]EVIIQFIHHIHMRKVSYX FIX[IIRFSPXWERHXLIQEWSRV]YRMX
%RGLSV FSPXW TPEGIH MR XLI XST SJ KVSYXIH GIPPW ERH 6IWIEVGL EX 4SVXPERH 7XEXI 9RMZIVWMX] ERH EX
FSRHFIEQWWLEPPFITSWMXMSRIHXSQEMRXEMREQMRMQYQSJ ;EWLMRKXSR7XEXI9RMZIVWMX]LEWIWXEFPMWLIHXLEXXLIVI
  MR  QQ
 SJ JMRI KVSYX FIX[IIR XLI FSPXW ERH XLI MW RS HMJJIVIRGI MR XLI TIVJSVQERGI SJ ER ERGLSV FSPX
QEWSRV] YRMX SV ¡MRQQ
 SJ GSEVWI KVSYXFIX[IIR MRWXEPPIHXLVSYKLEXMKLXJMXXMRKLSPIMR XLIJEGIWLIPP SJE
XLI FSPXW ERH XLI QEWSRV] YRMX %RGLSV FSPXW TPEGIH MR KVSYXIHLSPPS[QEWSRV]YRMXERHMRERSZIVWM^IHLSPIMR
HVMPPIHLSPIWMRXLIJEGIWLIPPWSJLSPPS[QEWSRV]YRMXWWLEPP XLI JEGI WLIPP SJ E KVSYXIH LSPPS[ QEWSRV] YRMX
FI TIVQMXXIH XS GSRXEGX XLI QEWSRV] YRMX [LIVI XLI FSPX 8LIVIJSVI XLI GPIEV HMWXERGI VIUYMVIQIRX JSV KVSYX XS
TEWWIWXLVSYKLXLIJEGIWLIPPFYXXLITSVXMSRSJXLIFSPXXLEX WYVVSYRH ER ERGLSV FSPX MW RSX RIIHIH [LIVI XLI FSPX
MW[MXLMRXLIKVSYXIHGIPPWLEPPFITSWMXMSRIHXSQEMRXEMRE TEWWIWXLVSYKLXLIJEGIWLIPP7II*MKYVI''
QMRMQYQSJ MRQQ
SJJMRIKVSYXFIX[IIRXLILIEH
5YEPMX]EWWYVERGIGSRXVSP 5%
 TVSGIHYVIW WLSYPH
SV FIRX PIK SJ IEGL FSPX ERH XLI QEWSRV] YRMX SV ¡ MR
IRWYVI XLEX XLIVI MW WYJJMGMIRX GPIEVERGI EVSYRH XLI FSPXW
QQ
SJGSEVWIKVSYXFIX[IIRXLILIEHSVFIRXPIKSJ
TVMSV XS KVSYX TPEGIQIRX 8LIWI TVSGIHYVIW WLSYPH EPWS
IEGLFSPXERHXLIQEWSRV]YRMX
VIUYMVISFWIVZEXMSRHYVMRKKVSYXTPEGIQIRXXSIRWYVIXLEX
8LI GPIEV HMWXERGI FIX[IIR TEVEPPIP ERGLSV FSPXWWLEPP KVSYX GSQTPIXIP] WYVVSYRHW XLI FSPXW EW VIUYMVIH F] XLI
RSXFIPIWWXLERXLIRSQMREPHMEQIXIVSJXLIERGLSVFSPXRSV 5%8EFPIWMR7IGXMSR
PIWWXLERMRQQ

1.17.2 Projected area for axial tension 1.17.2 Projected area for axial tension
8LITVSNIGXIHEVIESJLIEHIHERHFIRXFEVERGLSVFSPXW 6IWYPXW SJ XIWXW  SR LIEHIH ERGLSV FSPXW MR
PSEHIHMRE\MEPXIRWMSRAptWLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHF])UYEXMSR XIRWMSRWLS[IHXLEXERGLSVFSPXWSJXIRJEMPIHF]FVIEOSYX
 SJEGSRMGEPP]WLETIHWIGXMSRSJQEWSRV]8LIEVIEApt MW
C-48 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

A pt l b  )UYEXMSR  XLITVSNIGXIH EVIESJ XLI EWWYQIHJEMPYVIGSRI8LIGSRI

SVMKMREXIW EX XLI GSQTVIWWMSR FIEVMRK TSMRX SJ XLI
8LITSVXMSRSJTVSNIGXIHEVIESZIVPETTMRKERSTIRGIPP IQFIHQIRXERHVEHMEXIWEXžMRXLIHMVIGXMSRSJXLITYPP
SV STIR LIEH NSMRX SV XLEX PMIW SYXWMHI XLI QEWSRV] 7II *MKYVI''
3XLIVQSHIWSJXIRWMPIJEMPYVIEVI
WLEPPFIHIHYGXIHJVSQXLIZEPYISJApt GEPGYPEXIHYWMRK
)UYEXMSR;LIVIXLITVSNIGXIHEVIEWSJERGLSVFSPXW
ERH]MIPHJVEGXYVISJXLIERGLSVWXIIP
SZIVPET XLI ZEPYI SJ Apt GEPGYPEXIH YWMRK )UYEXMSR 
WLEPP FI EHNYWXIH WS XLEX RS TSVXMSR SJ QEWSRV] MW
MRGPYHIHQSVIXLERSRGI
,I\,IEH
7UYEVI,IEH
TSWWMFPI8LIWIQSHIWMRGPYHITYPPSYXWXVEMKLXIRMRKSJ.
SV0FSPXW
;LIR ERGLSV FSPXW EVI GPSWIP] WTEGIHWXVIWWIW [MXLMR
XLIQEWSRV]FIKMRXSFIGSQIEHHMXMZIEWWLS[RMR*MKYVI
''8LI'SHIVIUYMVIWXLEX[LIRTVSNIGXIHEVIEWSJ
ERGLSV FSPXW SZIVPET ER EHNYWXQIRX FI QEHI WS XLEX XLI
QEWSRV]MWRSXSZIVPSEHIH;LIRXLITVSNIGXIHEVIEWSJX[S
SV QSVI ERGLSVW SZIVPET XLI ERGLSVW [MXL SZIVPETTMRK
TVSNIGXIH EVIEW WLSYPH FI XVIEXIH EW ER ERGLSV KVSYT 8LI
TVSNIGXIHEVIEWSJXLIERGLSVWMRXLIKVSYTEVIWYQQIHXLMW
EVIE MW EHNYWXIH JSV SZIVPETTMRK EVIEW ERHXLIGETEGMX] SJ
XLI ERGLSV KVSYT MW GEPGYPEXIH YWMRK XLI EHNYWXIH EVIE MR
TPEGI SJ Apt 7II *MKYVI '' JSV I\EQTPIW SJ
GEPGYPEXMRKEHNYWXIHZEPYIWSJApt
w0x&SPXW
w.x&SPXW

E ,IEHIH%RGLSV&SPXW F &IRX&EV%RGLSV&SPXW

Figure CC-1.17-1 — Anchor bolts

1MRMQYQ¡MRQQ JSV

GSEVWIKVSYXSV MRQQ  %RGLSVFSPX
JSVJMRIKVSYX
%RGLSVFSPX &SRHFIEQ

Figure CC-1.17-2 — Anchor bolt clearance requrirements for headed anchor bolts – bent-bars are similar
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-49

COMMENTARY

P JEMPYVI P JEMPYVI
%WWYQIH'SRIJSV
'EPGYPEXMSRSJApt
)UYEXMSR-
)UYEXMSR4

lb
” 'SRMGEP lb ” 'SRMGEP
*EMPYVI *EMPYVI
7YVJEGI 7YVJEGI

Figure CC-1.17-3 — Anchor bolt tensile breakout cone

lb

”
lb
Ab

”
Apt

Figure CC-1.17-4 — Overlapping anchor bolt breakout cones

CODE COMMENTARY

1.17.3 Projected area for shear 1.17.3 Projected area for shear
8LITVSNIGXIHEVIESJLIEHIHERHFIRXFEVERGLSVFSPXW 6IWYPXWSJXIWXWSRERGLSVFSPXWMRWLIEVWLS[IH
PSEHIHMRWLIEVApv, WLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)UYEXMSR XLEX ERGLSV FSPXW SJXIR JEMPIH F] FVIEOSYX SJ E GSRMGEPP]

WLETIH WIGXMSR SJ QEWSRV] 8LI EVIE Apv MW XLI TVSNIGXIH
lbe EVIESJXLIEWWYQIHJEMPYVIGSRI8LIGSRISVMKMREXIWEXXLI
A pv  )UYEXMSR 
 GSQTVIWWMSRFIEVMRKTSMRXSJXLIIQFIHQIRXERHVEHMEXIWEX
žMRXLIHMVIGXMSRSJXLITYPPXS[EVHWXLIJVIIIHKISJXLI
8LITSVXMSRSJTVSNIGXIHEVIESZIVPETTMRKERSTIRGIPP
QEWSRV] 7II *MKYVI ''  4V]SYX 7II *MKYVI
SV STIR LIEH NSMRX SV XLEX PMIW SYXWMHI XLI QEWSRV]
''  QEWSRV] GVYWLMRK ERH ]MIPHMRK  JVEGXYVI SJ
WLEPPFIHIHYGXIHJVSQXLIZEPYISJApv GEPGYPEXIHYWMRK
XLIERGLSVWXIIPEVISXLIVTSWWMFPIJEMPYVIQSHIW
)UYEXMSR;LIVIXLITVSNIGXIHEVIEWSJERGLSVFSPXW
SZIVPET XLI ZEPYISJA pv GEPGYPEXIH YWMRK )UYEXMSR  ;LIR XLI TVSNIGXIH EVIEW SJ X[S SV QSVI ERGLSVW
WLEPP FI EHNYWXIH WS XLEX RS TSVXMSR SJ QEWSRV] MW SZIVPET XLI WLIEV HIWMKR SJ XLIWI ERGLSVW WLSYPH JSPPS[
MRGPYHIHQSVIXLERSRGI XLI WEQI TVSGIHYVI EW JSV XLI XIRWMSR HIWMKR SJ
SZIVPETTMRKERGLSVW7II'SQQIRXEV]7IGXMSR
C-50 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

COMMENTARY
AptEX8STSJ;EPPJSV9TPMJX

= < > < =

lb > lb

 
<  lb t

 
= lb < lb  lb t

t/ 
A pt X > t l b WMR [LIVI EVGWMR MRHIKVIIW
 lb

= < > > < =

lb > lb

t/ 
Apt  X > t lb WMR [LIVI EVGWMR MRHIKVIIW
 lb

= < > > < =

lb > lb

t/ 
Apt  X > t lb WMR [LIVI EVGWMR MRHIKVIIW
 lb

Figure CC-1.17-5 — Calculation of Adjusted Values of Apt (Plan Views)

BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-51

COMMENTARY

 S
lbe

lbe

Apv

Figure CC-1.17-6 — Anchor bolt shear breakout

Figure CC-1.17-7 — Anchor bolt shear pryout

CODE COMMENTARY

1.17.4 Effective embedment length for headed
anchor bolts
8LIIJJIGXMZIIQFIHQIRXPIRKXLJSVELIEHIHERGLSV
FSPX lb WLEPP FI XLI PIRKXL SJ XLI IQFIHQIRX QIEWYVIH
TIVTIRHMGYPEV JVSQ XLI QEWSRV] WYVJEGI XS XLI
GSQTVIWWMSRFIEVMRKWYVJEGISJXLIERGLSVLIEH
1.17.5 Effective embedment length of bent-bar
anchor bolts
8LIIJJIGXMZI IQFIHQIRX JSV E FIRXFEV ERGLSVFSPX
lb WLEPP FI XLI PIRKXL SJ IQFIHQIRX QIEWYVIH
TIVTIRHMGYPEV JVSQ XLI QEWSRV] WYVJEGI XS XLI
GSQTVIWWMSR FIEVMRK WYVJEGI SJ XLI FIRX IRH QMRYW SRI
ERGLSVFSPXHMEQIXIV
1.17.4 Effective embedment length for headed
anchor bolts
1.17.5 Effective embedment length for bent-bar
anchor bolts
8IWXWLEZI WLS[R XLEX XLI TYPPSYXWXVIRKXLSJFIRX
FEVERGLSVFSPXWGSVVIPEXIHFIWX[MXLEVIHYGIHIQFIHQIRX
PIRKXL8LMWQE]FII\TPEMRIH[MXLVIJIVIRGIXS*MKYVI''
 (YI XS XLI VEHMYW SJ XLI FIRH WXVIWWIW EVI
GSRGIRXVEXIHEXETSMRXPIWWXLERXLIJYPPIQFIHQIRXPIRKXL
C-52 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

COMMENTARY

8IRWMSR*SVGI

*VMGXMSREP6IWMWXERGI

6IWYPXERX 2SVQEP
7XVIWWIW

lb

&SPX(MEQIXIVdb

&SPX(MEQIXIVdb

Figure CC-1.17-8 — Stress distribution on bent anchor bars

CODE COMMENTARY

1.17.6 Minimum permissible effective embedment 1.17.6 Minimum permissible effective embedment
length length
8LI QMRMQYQ TIVQMWWMFPI IJJIGXMZI IQFIHQIRX PIRKXL 8LI QMRMQYQ IQFIHQIRX PIRKXL VIUYMVIQIRX MW
JSVLIEHIHERHFIRXFEVERGLSVFSPXWWLEPPFIXLIKVIEXIVSJ GSRWMHIVIH E TVEGXMGEP QMRMQYQ FEWIH SR X]TMGEP
FSPXHMEQIXIVWSVMRQQ
 GSRWXVYGXMSR QIXLSHW JSV IQFIHHMRK ERGLSV FSPXW MR
QEWSRV] 8LI ZEPMHMX] SJ 'SHI IUYEXMSRW JSV WLIEV ERH
XIRWMSR GETEGMXMIW SJ ERGLSV FSPXW LEZI RSX FIIR ZIVMJMIH
F] XIWXMRK SJ ERGLSV FSPXW [MXL IQFIHQIRX PIRKXLW PIWW
XLERJSYVFSPXHMEQIXIVW
1.17.7 Anchor bolt edge distance 1.17.7 Anchor bolt edge distance
%RGLSV FSPX IHKI HMWXERGI lbe WLEPP FI QIEWYVIH MR
XLIHMVIGXMSRSJPSEHJVSQXLIIHKISJQEWSRV]XSGIRXIVSJ
XLIGVSWWWIGXMSRSJERGLSVFSPX
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY
CODE
1.18 — Seismic design requirements
1.18.1 Scope
8LIWIMWQMGHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRWLEPP
ETTP] XS XLI HIWMKR ERH GSRWXVYGXMSR SJ QEWSRV] I\GITX
KPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]ERHQEWSRV]ZIRIIV
C-53
COMMENTARY
1.18 — Seismic design requirements
1.18.1 Scope
8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW MR XLMW WIGXMSR LEZI FIIR HIZMWIH XS
MQTVSZI TIVJSVQERGI SJ QEWSRV] GSRWXVYGXMSR [LIR
WYFNIGXIH XS IEVXLUYEOI PSEHW 1MRMQYQ WIMWQMG PSEHMRK
VIUYMVIQIRXW EVI HVE[R JVSQ XLI PIKEPP] EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK
GSHI-RXLIIZIRXXLEXXLIPIKEPP]EHSTXIHFYMPHMRKGSHIHSIW
RSX GSRXEMR ETTVSTVMEXI GVMXIVME JSV XLI HIXIVQMREXMSR SJ
WIMWQMGJSVGIWXLI'SHIVIUYMVIWXLIYWISJ%7')[LMGL
VITVIWIRXIH XLIWXEXISJXLIEVX MRWIMWQMGHIWMKREXXLIXMQI
XLIWI VIUYMVIQIRXW [IVI HIZIPSTIH 3FZMSYWP] XLI WIMWQMG
HIWMKRTVSZMWMSRWSJXLMWWIGXMSRQE]RSXFIGSQTEXMFPI[MXL
IZIV] IHMXMSR SJ IZIV] FYMPHMRK GSHI XLEX GSYPH FI YWIH MR
GSRNYRGXMSR[MXLXLIWIVIUYMVIQIRXW%W[MXLSXLIVEWTIGXWSJ
WXVYGXYVEP HIWMKR XLI HIWMKRIV WLSYPH YRHIVWXERH XLI
MQTPMGEXMSRW ERH PMQMXW SJ GSQFMRMRK XLI QMRMQYQ PSEHMRK
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ SXLIV HSGYQIRXW [MXL XLI VIWMWXERGI
TVSZMWMSRW SJ XLMW 'SHI 8LI HIWMKRIVWLSYPH FI E[EVI XLEX
XLI YWI SJ wWXVIRKXLx PIZIP PSEHW WLSYPH RSX FI YWIH MR
GSRNYRGXMSR[MXLEPPS[EFPIWXVIWWHIWMKRTVSGIHYVIWEWSZIVP]
GSRWIVZEXMZI HIWMKR GER VIWYPX 7MQMPEVP] XLI YWI SJ
wEPPS[EFPI WXVIWWx PIZIP PSEHW MR GSRNYRGXMSR [MXL WXVIRKXL
HIWMKRTVSGIHYVIWGSYPHVIWYPXMRYRGSRWIVZEXMZIHIWMKRW
7IMWQMG HIWMKR MW RSX STXMSREP VIKEVHPIWW SJ XLI
EWWMKRIH 7IMWQMG (IWMKR 'EXIKSV] XLI EFWSPYXI ZEPYI SJ
XLIHIWMKRWIMWQMGPSEHWSVXLIVIPEXMZIHMJJIVIRGIFIX[IIR
XLIHIWMKRWIMWQMGPSEHWERHSXLIVHIWMKRPEXIVEPJSVGIWWYGL
EW [MRH 9RPMOI SXLIV HIWMKR PSEHW WIMWQMG HIWMKR SJ
VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW TIVQMXW MRIPEWXMG VIWTSRWI SJ
XLI W]WXIQ[LMGLMRXYVRVIHYGIWXLIWIMWQMGHIWMKRPSEH
8LMW VIHYGXMSR MR PSEH TVIWYQIW ER MRLIVIRX PIZIP SJ
MRIPEWXMG HYGXMPMX] XLEX QE] RSX SXLIV[MWI FI TVIWIRX MJ
WIMWQMG HIWMKR[EWRIKPIGXIH;LIRRSRPMRIEVVIWTSRWIMW
EWWYQIH F] VIHYGMRK XLI WIMWQMG PSEHMRK F] ER R JEGXSV
KVIEXIV XLER XLIVIWYPXMRK WIMWQMG HIWMKR PSEH QE]FI
PIWW XLER SXLIV PSEHMRK GSRHMXMSRW XLEX EWWYQI E PMRIEV
IPEWXMGQSHIPSJXLIW]WXIQ8LMWMWSJXIRQMWMRXIVTVIXIHF]
WSQI XS QIER XLEX XLI WIMWQMG PSEHW HS RSX uGSRXVSPv XLI
HIWMKRERHGERFIRIKPIGXIH*SVXLIQEWSRV]W]WXIQXSFI
GETEFPI SJ EGLMIZMRK XLI HYGXMPMX]VIPEXIH PS[IV WIMWQMG
PSEHWLS[IZIVXLIQMRMQYQWIMWQMGHIWMKRERHHIXEMPMRK
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJXLMWWIGXMSRQYWXFIQIX
8LI WIMWQMG HIWMKR VIUYMVIQIRXW EVI TVIWIRXIH MR E
GYQYPEXMZIJSVQEX8LYWXLITVSZMWMSRWJSV7IMWQMG(IWMKR
'EXIKSVMIW ) ERH* MRGPYHITVSZMWMSRWJSV7IMWQMG (IWMKR
'EXIKSV] ( [LMGL MRGPYHI TVSZMWMSRW JSV 7IMWQMG (IWMKR
'EXIKSV]'ERHWSSR
8LMWWIGXMSRHSIWRSXETTP]XSXLIHIWMKRSVHIXEMPMRKSJ
QEWSRV] ZIRIIVW SV KPEWW YRMX QEWSRV] W]WXIQW 7IMWQMG
VIUYMVIQIRXWJSVQEWSRV]ZIRIIVW EVITVSZMHIHMR 'LETXIV
:IRIIVW+PEWWYRMXQEWSRV] W]WXIQWF]HIJMRMXMSRERH
HIWMKR EVI MWSPEXIH RSRPSEHFIEVMRK IPIQIRXW ERH
XLIVIJSVI GERRSX FIYWIH XS VIWMWXWIMWQMGPSEHWSXLIVXLER
XLSWIMRHYGIHF]XLIMVS[RQEWW
C-54
CODE
1.18.2 General analysis
1.18.2.1 Element interaction — 8LI MRXIVEGXMSR
SJ WXVYGXYVEP ERH RSRWXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRXW XLEX EJJIGX XLI
PMRIEV ERH RSRPMRIEV VIWTSRWI SJ XLI WXVYGXYVI XS
IEVXLUYEOIQSXMSRWWLEPPFIGSRWMHIVIHMRXLIEREP]WMW
1.18.2.2 Load path — 7XVYGXYVEP QEWSRV]
IPIQIRXWXLEXXVERWQMXJSVGIWVIWYPXMRKJVSQWIMWQMGIZIRXW
XS XLI JSYRHEXMSR WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ
7IGXMSR
1.18.2.3 Anchorage design — 0SEH TEXL
GSRRIGXMSRW ERH QMRMQYQ ERGLSVEKI JSVGIW WLEPP GSQTP]
[MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJXLIPIKEPP]EHSTXIHFYMPHMRKGSHI
;LIR XLI PIKEPP] EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK GSHI HSIW RSX TVSZMHI
QMRMQYQPSEHTEXLGSRRIGXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWERHERGLSVEKI
HIWMKRJSVGIWXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ%7')WLEPPFIYWIH
1.18.2.4 Drift limits { 9RHIV PSEHMRK
GSQFMREXMSRW XLEX MRGPYHI IEVXLUYEOI QEWSRV] WXVYGXYVIW
WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH WS XLI GEPGYPEXIH WXSV] HVMJX  HSIW RSX
I\GIIHXLIEPPS[EFPIWXSV]HVMJX aSFXEMRIHJVSQXLIPIKEPP]
EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK GSHI ;LIR XLI PIKEPP] EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK
GSHIHSIWRSXTVSZMHIEPPS[EFPIWXSV]HVMJXWWXVYGXYVIWWLEPP
FIHIWMKRIHWSXLIGEPGYPEXIHWXSV]HVMJX HSIWRSXI\GIIH
TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
COMMENTARY
1.18.2 General analysis
8LI HIWMKRIV MW TIVQMXXIH XS YWI ER] SJ XLI WXVYGXYVEP
HIWMKR QIXLSHW TVIWIRXIH MR XLMW 'SHI XS HIWMKR XS VIWMWX
WIMWQMG PSEHW 8LIVIEVI LS[IZIV PMQMXEXMSRW SR WSQI SJ
XLIHIWMKRQIXLSHWERHW]WXIQWFEWIHYTSRXLIWXVYGXYVIvW
EWWMKRIH7IMWQMG(IWMKR'EXIKSV]*SVMRWXERGIIQTMVMGEP
HIWMKRTVSGIHYVIWEVIRSXTIVQMXXIHXSFIYWIHMRWXVYGXYVIW
EWWMKRIHXS7IMWQMG(IWMKR'EXIKSVMIW( )SV**YVXLIV
IQTMVMGEPP]HIWMKRIHQEWSRV]IPIQIRXWGERSRP]FIYWIHEW
TEVXSJXLIWIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRKW]WXIQMR7IMWQMG(IWMKR
'EXIKSV]%
1.18.2.1 Element interaction — )ZIR MJ E
RSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXMWRSXTEVXSJXLIWIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRK
W]WXIQMXMWTSWWMFPIJSVMXXSMRJPYIRGIXLIWXVYGXYVEPVIWTSRWI
SJXLIW]WXIQHYVMRKEWIMWQMGIZIRX8LMWQE]FITEVXMGYPEVP]
ETTEVIRXHYIXSXLIMRXIVEGXMSRSJWXVYGXYVEPERHRSRWXVYGXYVEP
IPIQIRXW EX HMWTPEGIQIRXW PEVKIV XLER XLSWI HIXIVQMRIH F]
PMRIEVIPEWXMGEREP]WMW
1.18.2.2 Load path — 8LMW WIGXMSR GPEVMJMIW PSEH
TEXLVIUYMVIQIRXWERHEPIVXWXLIHIWMKRIVXLEXXLIFEWISJXLI
WXVYGXYVI EW HIJMRIH MR EREP]WMW QE] RSX RIGIWWEVMP]
GSVVIWTSRHXSXLIKVSYRHPIZIP
1.18.2.3 Anchorage design — 4VIZMSYW IHMXMSRW
SJXLI'SHIGSRXEMRIHQMRMQYQERGLSVEKIERHGSRRIGXMSR
HIWMKR JSVGIW FEWIH YTSR ERXMUYEXIH WIVZMGIPIZIP
IEVXLUYEOI PSEHW ERH ZIPSGMX]VIPEXIH EGGIPIVEXMSR
TEVEQIXIVW %W XLIWI EVI QMRMQYQ HIWMKR PSEHW XLIMV
ZEPYIWWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHYWMRKPSEHWXERHEVHW
)\TIVMIRGILEWHIQSRWXVEXIHXLEXSRISJXLIGLMIJGEYWIW
SJ JEMPYVI SJ QEWSRV] GSRWXVYGXMSR HYVMRK IEVXLUYEOIW MW
MREHIUYEXI ERGLSVEKISJQEWSRV][EPPWXS JPSSVW ERH VSSJW
*SVXLMWVIEWSREREVFMXVEV]QMRMQYQERGLSVEKIFEWIHYTSR
TVIZMSYWP] IWXEFPMWLIHTVEGXMGI LEW FIIR WIX EW RSXIH MR XLI
VIJIVIRGIHHSGYQIRXW;LIRERGLSVEKIMWFIX[IIRQEWSRV]
[EPPW ERH [SSHJVEQIHJPSSVWSV VSSJWXLI HIWMKRIVWLSYPH
EZSMHXLIYWISJ[SSHPIHKIVWMRGVSWWKVEMRFIRHMRK
1.18.2.4 Drift limits — )\GIWWMZI HIJSVQEXMSR
TEVXMGYPEVP] VIWYPXMRK JVSQ MRIPEWXMG HMWTPEGIQIRXW GER
TSXIRXMEPP] VIWYPX MR MRWXEFMPMX] SJ XLI WIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRK
W]WXIQ8LMWWIGXMSRTVSZMHIWTVSGIHYVIWJSVXLIPMQMXEXMSRSJ
WXSV]HVMJX8LIXIVQwHVMJXxLEWX[SGSRRSXEXMSRW
 w7XSV] HVMJXx MW XLI QE\MQYQ GEPGYPEXIH PEXIVEP
HMWTPEGIQIRX [MXLMR E WXSV] XLI GEPGYPEXIH
XLIEPPS[EFPIWXSV]HVMJX aSFXEMRIHJVSQ%7')
HMWTPEGIQIRXSJSRIPIZIPVIPEXMZIXSXLIPIZIPFIPS[
-XWLEPPFITIVQMXXIHXSEWWYQIXLEXXLIJSPPS[MRKWLIEV GEYWIHF]XLIIJJIGXWSJHIWMKRWIMWQMGPSEHW

[EPP X]TIW GSQTP] [MXL XLI WXSV] HVMJX PMQMXW SJ %7') 
 8LI GEPGYPEXIH PEXIVEP HMWTPEGIQIRX SV HIJPIGXMSR
IQTMVMGEP SVHMREV] TPEMR YRVIMRJSVGIH
 HIXEMPIH TPEMR
HYI XS HIWMKR WIMWQMG PSEHW MW XLI EFWSPYXI
YRVIMRJSVGIH
 SVHMREV] VIMRJSVGIH MRXIVQIHMEXI VIMRJSVGIH
HMWTPEGIQIRXSJER]TSMRXMRXLIWXVYGXYVIVIPEXMZIXS
SVHMREV]TPEMRYRVIMRJSVGIH
%%'QEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPWERH
XLI FEWI 8LMW MW RSX WXSV] HVMJX ERH MW RSX XS FI
HIXEMPIHTPEMRYRVIMRJSVGIH
%%'QEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPW
YWIH JSV HVMJX GSRXVSP SV WXEFMPMX] GSRWMHIVEXMSRW
WMRGIMXQE]KMZIEJEPWIMQTVIWWMSRSJXLIIJJIGXWMR
GVMXMGEP WXSVMIW ,S[IZIV MX MW MQTSVXERX [LIR
GSRWMHIVMRKWIMWQMGWITEVEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXW
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-55

CODE COMMENTARY

3ZIVEPPSVXSXEPHVMJXMWXLIPEXIVEPHMWTPEGIQIRXSJXLIXST
SJEFYMPHMRKVIPEXMZIXSXLIFEWI8LISZIVEPPHVMJXVEXMSMWXLI
XSXEP HVMJX HMZMHIH F] XLI FYMPHMRK LIMKLX 7XSV] HVMJX MW XLI
PEXIVEPHMWTPEGIQIRXSJSRIWXSV]VIPEXMZIXSEREHNEGIRXWXSV]
8LI WXSV] HVMJX VEXMS MW XLI WXSV] HVMJX HMZMHIH F] XLI
GSVVIWTSRHMRKWXSV]LIMKLX8LISZIVEPPHVMJXVEXMSMWYWYEPP]
ERMRHMGEXMSRSJQSQIRXWMREWXVYGXYVIERHMWEPWSVIPEXIHXS
WIMWQMG WITEVEXMSR HIQERHW 8LI WXSV] HVMJX VEXMS MW ER
MRHMGEXMSR SJ PSGEP WIMWQMG HIJSVQEXMSR [LMGL VIPEXIW XS
WIMWQMG WITEVEXMSR HIQERHW [MXLMR E WXSV] 8LI QE\MQYQ
WXSV]HVMJXVEXMSGSYPHI\GIIHXLISZIVEPPHVMJXVEXMS
8LIVI EVI QER] VIEWSRWJSV GSRXVSPPMRK HVMJXMR WIMWQMG
HIWMKR
E
 8S GSRXVSP XLI MRIPEWXMG WXVEMR [MXLMR XLI EJJIGXIH
IPIQIRXW %PXLSYKL XLI VIPEXMSRWLMT FIX[IIR PEXIVEP
HVMJX ERHQE\MQYQ RSRPMRIEVWXVEMR MWMQTVIGMWI WSMW
XLIGYVVIRXWXEXISJORS[PIHKISJ[LEXWXVEMRPMQMXEXMSRW
WLSYPHFI
F
 9RHIVWQEPPPEXIVEPHIJSVQEXMSRWWIGSRHEV]WXVIWWIWEVI
RSVQEPP] [MXLMR XSPIVEFPI PMQMXW ,S[IZIV PEVKIV
HIJSVQEXMSRW [MXL LIEZ] ZIVXMGEP PSEHW GER PIEH XS
WMKRMJMGERX WIGSRHEV] QSQIRXW JVSQ 4HIPXE IJJIGXW MR
XLI HIWMKR 8LI HVMJX PMQMXW MRHMVIGXP] TVSZMHI YTTIV
FSYRHWJSVXLIWIIJJIGXW
G
 &YMPHMRKWWYFNIGXIHXSIEVXLUYEOIWRIIHHVMJXGSRXVSPXS
VIWXVMGXHEQEKIXSTEVXMXMSRWWLEJXERHWXEMVIRGPSWYVIW
KPEWW ERH SXLIV JVEKMPI RSRWXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRXW ERH
QSVI MQTSVXERXP] XS QMRMQM^I HMJJIVIRXMEP QSZIQIRX
HIQERHWSRXLIWIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRKIPIQIRXW
8LIHIWMKRIVQYWXOIITMRQMRHXLEXXLIEPPS[EFPIHVMJX
PMQMXW a  GSVVIWTSRH XS WXSV] HVMJXW ERH XLIVIJSVI EVI
ETTPMGEFPIXSIEGLWXSV]8LI]QYWXRSXFII\GIIHIHMRER]
WXSV] IZIR XLSYKL XLI HVMJX MR SXLIV WXSVMIW QE] FI [IPP
FIPS[XLIPMQMX
%PXLSYKL XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ XLMW 'SHI HS RSX KMZI
IUYEXMSRW JSV GSQTYXMRK FYMPHMRK WITEVEXMSRW XLI HMWXERGI
WLSYPH FI WYJJMGMIRX XS EZSMH HEQEKMRK GSRXEGX YRHIV XSXEP
GEPGYPEXIHHIJPIGXMSRJSVXLIHIWMKRPSEHMRKMRSVHIVXSEZSMH
MRXIVJIVIRGI ERH TSWWMFPI HIWXVYGXMZI LEQQIVMRK FIX[IIR
FYMPHMRKW 8LI HMWXERGI WLSYPH FI IUYEP XS XLI XSXEP SJ XLI
PEXIVEPHIJPIGXMSRWSJXLIX[SYRMXWEWWYQIHHIJPIGXMRKXS[EVH
IEGL SXLIV XLMW MRZSPZIW MRGVIEWMRK XLI WITEVEXMSR [MXL
LIMKLX
-JXLIIJJIGXWSJLEQQIVMRKGERFIWLS[RRSXXSFI
HIXVMQIRXEP XLIWIHMWXERGIW QE] FI VIHYGIH *SV ZIV] VMKMH
WLIEV [EPP WXVYGXYVIW [MXL VMKMH HMETLVEKQW [LSWI PEXIVEP
HIJPIGXMSRWEVIHMJJMGYPXXSIWXMQEXISPHIVGSHIVIUYMVIQIRXW
JSVWXVYGXYVEPWITEVEXMSRWSJEXPIEWXMRQQ
TPYW¡MR
 QQ
 JSV IEGL  JX  Q
 SJ LIMKLX EFSZI JX
Q
GSYPHFIYWIHEWEKYMHI
)QTMVMGEP SVHMREV] TPEMR YRVIMRJSVGIH
 HIXEMPIH TPEMR
YRVIMRJSVGIH
 SVHMREV] VIMRJSVGIH MRXIVQIHMEXI VIMRJSVGIH
SVHMREV] TPEMR YRVIMRJSVGIH
 %%' ERH HIXEMPIH TPEMR
YRVIMRJSVGIH
 %%' QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW EVI MRLIVIRXP]
C-56
CODE
1.18.3 Element classification
1EWSRV]IPIQIRXWWLEPPFIGPEWWMJMIHMR EGGSVHERGI[MXL
7IGXMSR  ERH  EW IMXLIV TEVXMGMTEXMRK SV
RSRTEVXMGMTEXMRK IPIQIRXW SJ XLI WIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRK
W]WXIQ
1.18.3.1 Nonparticipating elements — 1EWSRV]
IPIQIRXW XLEX EVI RSX TEVX SJ XLI WIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRK
W]WXIQWLEPPFIGPEWWMJMIHEWRSRTEVXMGMTEXMRKIPIQIRXWERH
WLEPP FI MWSPEXIH MR XLIMV S[R TPERI JVSQ XLI WIMWQMG
JSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ I\GITX EW VIUYMVIH JSV KVEZMX]
WYTTSVX-WSPEXMSRNSMRXWERHGSRRIGXSVWWLEPPFIHIWMKRIH
XSEGGSQQSHEXIXLIHIWMKRWXSV]HVMJX
1.18.3.2 Participating elements —1EWSRV][EPPW
XLEX EVI TEVX SJ XLI WIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ WLEPP FI
GPEWWMJMIHEWTEVXMGMTEXMRKIPIQIRXWERHWLEPPGSQTP][MXLXLI
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR   
TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
COMMENTARY
HIWMKRIHXSLEZIVIPEXMZIP]PS[MRIPEWXMGHIJSVQEXMSRWYRHIV
WIMWQMG PSEHW %W WYGL XLI 'SQQMXXII JIPX XLEX VIUYMVMRK
HIWMKRIVWXSGLIGOWXSV]HVMJXWJSVXLIWIW]WXIQWSJPS[ERH
QSHIVEXIHYGXMPMX][EWWYTIVJPYSYW
1.18.3 Element classification
'PEWWMJ]MRKQEWSRV]IPIQIRXW EW IMXLIVTEVXMGMTEXMRKSV
RSRTEVXMGMTEXMRK MR XLI WIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ MW
PEVKIP]EJYRGXMSRSJHIWMKRMRXIRX4EVXMGMTEXMRKIPIQIRXWEVI
XLSWIXLEXEVIHIWMKRIHERHHIXEMPIHXSEGXMZIP]VIWMWXWIMWQMG
JSVGIW MRGPYHMRK WYGL IPIQIRXW EW WLIEV [EPPW GSPYQRW
TMIVW TMPEWXIVW FIEQW ERH GSYTPMRK IPIQIRXW
2SRTEVXMGMTEXMRKIPIQIRXWGERFIER]QEWSRV]EWWIQFP]FYX
EVIRSXHIWMKRIHXSGSPPIGXERHVIWMWXIEVXLUYEOIPSEHWJVSQ
SXLIVTSVXMSRWSJXLIWXVYGXYVI
1.18.3.1 Nonparticipating elements — -R TVIZMSYW
IHMXMSRWSJXLI'SHIMWSPEXMSRSJIPIQIRXWXLEX[IVIRSXTEVX
SJ XLI WIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ [EW RSX VIUYMVIH MR
7IMWQMG(IWMKR'EXIKSVMIW%ERH&VEXMSREPM^IHMRTEVXHYI
XS XLI PS[ LE^EVH EWWSGMEXIH [MXL XLIWI 7IMWQMG (IWMKR
'EXIKSVMIW 2SRMWSPEXIH RSRTEVXMGMTEXMRK IPIQIRXW
LS[IZIV GER MRJPYIRGI E WXVYGXYVIvW WXVIRKXL ERH WXMJJRIWW
ERHEWEVIWYPXXLIHMWXVMFYXMSRSJPEXIVEPPSEHW-RGSRWMHIVMRK
XLI MRJPYIRGI RSRTEVXMGMTEXMRK IPIQIRXW GER MREHZIVXIRXP]
LEZI SR XLI TIVJSVQERGI SJ E WXVYGXYVEP W]WXIQ XLI
'SQQMXXIISTXIHXSVIUYMVIXLEXEPPRSRTEVXMGMTEXMRKIPIQIRXW
FI MWSPEXIH JVSQ XLI WIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ 8LI
'SQQMXXIIMWGSRXMRYMRKXSHMWGYWWEPXIVREXMZIHIWMKRSTXMSRW
XLEX [SYPH EPPS[ RSRMWSPEXIH RSRTEVXMGMTEXMRK IPIQIRXW
[MXL GSVVIWTSRHMRK GLIGOW JSV WXVIRKXL WXMJJRIWW ERH
GSQTEXMFMPMX]
1.18.3.2 Participating elements — % WIMWQMG
JSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ QYWX FI HIJMRIH JSV IZIV] WXVYGXYVI
1SWXQEWSRV]FYMPHMRKWYWIQEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPWXSWIVZIEW
XLI WIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ EPXLSYKL SXLIV W]WXIQW
    
  SV
 7YGL WLIEV [EPPW QYWX FI HIWMKRIH F] XLI
EVI WSQIXMQIW YWIH WYGL EW GSRGVIXI SV WXIIP JVEQIW [MXL
QEWSRV] MRJMPP
IRKMRIIVIH QIXLSHW MR 'LETXIV   SV  SV  YRPIWW XLI
WXVYGXYVIMWEWWMKRIHXS7IMWQMG(IWMKR'EXIKSV]%MR[LMGL
GEWIIQTMVMGEPTVSZMWMSRWSJ'LETXIVQE]FIYWIH
8[IPZI WLIEV [EPP X]TIW EVI HIJMRIH F] XLI 'SHI
(ITIRHMRKYTSRXLIQEWSRV]QEXIVMEPERHHIXEMPMRKQIXLSH
YWIHXSHIWMKRXLIWLIEV[EPPIEGL[EPPX]TIMWMRXIRHIHXS
LEZIE HMJJIVIRXGETEGMX]JSVMRIPEWXMG VIWTSRWIERHIRIVK]
HMWWMTEXMSR MR XLI IZIRX SJ E WIMWQMG IZIRX 8LIWI X[IPZI
WLIEV [EPP X]TIW EVI EWWMKRIH W]WXIQ HIWMKR TEVEQIXIVW
WYGL EW VIWTSRWI QSHMJMGEXMSR JEGXSVW R FEWIH SR XLIMV
I\TIGXIH TIVJSVQERGI ERH HYGXMPMX] 'IVXEMR WLIEV [EPP
X]TIW EVI TIVQMXXIH MR IEGL WIMWQMG HIWMKR GEXIKSV] ERH
YRVIMRJSVGIH WLIEV [EPP X]TIW EVIRSX TIVQMXXIH MR VIKMSRW
SJMRXIVQIHMEXIERHLMKLWIMWQMGVMWO8EFPI''
WYQQEVM^IWXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJIEGLSJXLIX[IPZIX]TIWSJ
QEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPW
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-57

COMMENTARY
TABLE CC-1.18.3.2-1 Requirements for Masonry Shear Walls Based on Shear Wall Designation 1
Reinforcement
Shear wall Designation Design Methods Permitted In
Requirements
)QTMVMGEP(IWMKRSJ1EWSRV]
7IGXMSR 2SRI 7('%
7LIEV;EPPW
3VHMREV]4PEMR9RVIMRJSVGIH  7IGXMSRSV
2SRI 7('%ERH&
1EWSRV]7LIEV;EPPW 7IGXMSR
(IXEMPIH4PEMR9RVIMRJSVGIH  7IGXMSRSV
7IGXMSR 7('%ERH&
1EWSRV]7LIEV;EPPW 7IGXMSR
3VHMREV]6IMRJSVGIH1EWSRV] 7IGXMSRSV
7IGXMSR 7('%&ERH'
7LIEV;EPPW 7IGXMSR
-RXIVQIHMEXI6IMRJSVGIH 7IGXMSRSV
7IGXMSR 7('%&ERH'
1EWSRV]7LIEV;EPPW 7IGXMSR
7TIGMEP6IMRJSVGIH1EWSRV] 7IGXMSRSV
7IGXMSR 7('%&'()ERH*
7LIEV;EPPW 7IGXMSR
3VHMREV]4PEMR9RVIMRJSVGIH 
7IGXMSR 7IGXMSR 7('%ERH&
%%'1EWSRV]7LIEV;EPPW
(IXEMPIH4PEMR9RVIMRJSVGIH 
7IGXMSR 7IGXMSR 7('%ERH&
%%'1EWSRV]7LIEV;EPPW
3VHMREV]6IMRJSVGIH%%'
7IGXMSR 7IGXMSR 7('%&'()ERH*
1EWSRV]7LIEV;EPPW
3VHMREV]4PEMR9RVIMRJSVGIH 
4VIWXVIWWIH1EWSRV]7LIEV 'LETXIV 2SRI 7('%ERH&
;EPPW
-RXIVQIHMEXI6IMRJSVGIH
4VIWXVIWWIH1EWSRV]7LIEV 'LETXIV 7IGXMSR 7('%&ERH'
;EPPW
7TIGMEP6IMRJSVGIH4VIWXVIWWIH
'LETXIV 7IGXMSR 7('%&'()ERH*
1EWSRV]7LIEV;EPPW

7IGXMSRERH'LETXIVVIJIVIRGIWMRXLMWXEFPIVIJIVXS'SHI7IGXMSRWERH'LETXIVW

CODE
1.18.3.2.1 Empirical design of masonry
shear walls — )QTMVMGEP HIWMKR SJ WLIEV [EPPW WLEPP
GSQTP][MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSR
1.18.3.2.2 Ordinary plain (unreinforced)
masonry shear walls — (IWMKR SJ SVHMREV] TPEMR
COMMENTARY
1.18.3.2.1 Empirical design of masonry
shear walls — 8LIWIWLIEV [EPPWEVITIVQMXXIH XS FI YWIH
SRP] MR 7IMWQMG (IWMKR 'EXIKSV] % )QTMVMGEP QEWSRV]
WLIEV [EPPW EVI RSX HIWMKRIH SV VIUYMVIH XS GSRXEMR
VIMRJSVGIQIRX
1.18.3.2.2 Ordinary plain (unreinforced)
masonry shear walls{8LIWIWLIEV[EPPWEVITIVQMXXIHXS
YRVIMRJSVGIH
QEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPWWLEPPGSQTP][MXLXLI FIYWIHSRP]MR7IMWQMG(IWMKR'EXIKSVMIW%ERH&4PEMR
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRSV7IGXMSR QEWSRV] [EPPW EVI HIWMKRIH EW YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV]
EPXLSYKLXLI]QE]MRJEGXGSRXEMRVIMRJSVGIQIRX
1.18.3.2.3 Detailed plain (unreinforced) 1.18.3.2.3 Detailed plain (unreinforced)
masonry shear walls — (IWMKR SJ HIXEMPIH TPEMR masonry shear walls {8LIWIWLIEV[EPPWEVIHIWMKRIHEW
YRVIMRJSVGIH
QEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPWWLEPPGSQTP][MXLXLI TPEMR YRVIMRJSVGIH
 QEWSRV] MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR  SV 7IGXMSR  ERH WLEPP WIGXMSRW RSXIH FYX GSRXEMR QMRMQYQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR XLI
GSQTP][MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSR LSVM^SRXEPERHZIVXMGEPHMVIGXMSRW;EPPWXLEXEVIHIWMKRIHEW
YRVIMRJSVGIH FYX XLEX GSRXEMR QMRMQYQ TVIWGVMTXMZI
VIMRJSVGIQIRX LEZI QSVI JEZSVEFPI WIMWQMG HIWMKR
TEVEQIXIVW MRGPYHMRK LMKLIV VIWTSRWI QSHMJMGEXMSR
GSIJJMGMIRXWRXLERSVHMREV]TPEMRYRVIMRJSVGIH
QEWSRV]
WLIEV[EPPW
C-58 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

1.18.3.2.3.1 Minimum reinforcement 1.18.3.2.3.1 Minimum reinforcement

requirements {:IVXMGEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXSJEXPIEWXMR requirements — 8LI TVSZMWMSRW SJ XLMW WIGXMSR VIUYMVI E
 QQ
 MR GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH EX NYHKQIRXFEWIHQMRMQYQEQSYRX SJVIMRJSVGIQIRXXSFI
GSVRIVW[MXLMRMRQQ
SJIEGLWMHISJSTIRMRKW MRGPYHIH MR VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] [EPP GSRWXVYGXMSR 8IWXW
[MXLMR  MR  QQ
 SJ IEGL WMHI SJ QSZIQIRX NSMRXW VITSVXIH MR 6IJIVIRGI  LEZI GSRJMVQIH XLEX QEWSRV]
[MXLMR  MR  QQ
 SJ XLI IRHW SJ [EPPW ERH EX E GSRWXVYGXMSRVIMRJSVGIHEWMRHMGEXIHTIVJSVQWEHIUYEXIP]
QE\MQYQWTEGMRKSJMRQQ
SRGIRXIV GSRWMHIVMRK XLI LMKLIWX 7IMWQMG (IWMKR 'EXIKSV]
TIVQMXXIHJSVXLMWWLIEV[EPPX]TI8LMWQMRMQYQVIUYMVIH
:IVXMGEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXEHNEGIRXXSSTIRMRKWRIIHRSX
VIMRJSVGIQIRXQE]EPWSFIYWIHXSVIWMWXHIWMKRPSEHW
FI TVSZMHIH JSV STIRMRKW WQEPPIV XLER  MR  QQ

YRPIWWXLIHMWXVMFYXIHVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWMRXIVVYTXIHF]WYGL
STIRMRKW
,SVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPGSRWMWXSJEXPIEWXX[S
PSRKMXYHMREP [MVIW SJ ; 1;
 NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX
WTEGIH RSX QSVI XLER  MR  QQ
 SR GIRXIV SV EX
PIEWX  MR  QQ
 MR GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ FSRH
FIEQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX WTEGIH RSX QSVI XLER  MR
QQ
SRGIRXIV,SVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPEPWS
FI TVSZMHIH EX XLI FSXXSQ ERH XST SJ [EPP STIRMRKW ERH
WLEPP I\XIRH RSX PIWW XLER  MR  QQ
 RSV PIWW XLER
FEV HMEQIXIVW TEWX XLI STIRMRK GSRXMRYSYWP] EX
WXVYGXYVEPP] GSRRIGXIH VSSJ ERH JPSSV PIZIPW ERH [MXLMR
MRQQ
SJXLIXSTSJ[EPPW
,SVM^SRXEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX EHNEGIRX XS STIRMRKW RIIH
RSX FI TVSZMHIH JSV STIRMRKW WQEPPIV XLER  MR
QQ
 YRPIWW XLI HMWXVMFYXIH VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW
MRXIVVYTXIHF]WYGLSTIRMRKW
1.18.3.2.4 Ordinary reinforced masonry
shear walls — (IWMKR SJ SVHMREV] VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV]
WLIEV[EPPWWLEPPGSQTP][MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSR
SV7IGXMSRERHWLEPPGSQTP][MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXW
SJ7IGXMSR
1.18.3.2.4 Ordinary reinforced masonry shear
walls { 8LIWI WLIEV [EPPW EVI VIUYMVIH XS QIIX QMRMQYQ
VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] EW RSXIH MR XLI
VIJIVIRGIH WIGXMSRW &IGEYWI XLI] GSRXEMR VIMRJSVGIQIRX
XLIWI[EPPW GER KIRIVEPP] EGGSQQSHEXI PEVKIVHIJSVQEXMSRW
ERHI\LMFMXLMKLIVGETEGMXMIWXLERWMQMPEVP]GSRJMKYVIHTPEMR
YRVIMRJSVGIH
QEWSRV] [EPPW ,IRGI XLI] EVI TIVQMXXIH MR
FSXL EVIEW SJ PS[ ERH QSHIVEXI WIMWQMG VMWO %HHMXMSREPP]
XLIWI[EPPWLEZIQSVI JEZSVEFPIWIMWQMGHIWMKRTEVEQIXIVW
MRGPYHMRKLMKLIVVIWTSRWIQSHMJMGEXMSRJEGXSVWRXLERTPEMR
 QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW 8S TVSZMHI XLI
1.18.3.2.5 Intermediate reinforced
masonry shear walls —(IWMKRSJMRXIVQIHMEXIVIMRJSVGIH
QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW
SJ 7IGXMSR  SV 7IGXMSR  6IMRJSVGIQIRX HIXEMPMRK
WLEPP EPWS GSQTP] [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR
 I\GITX XLEX XLI WTEGMRK SJ ZIVXMGEP
YRVIMRJSVGIH
QMRMQYQ PIZIP SJ EWWYQIH MRIPEWXMG HYGXMPMX] LS[IZIV
QMRMQYQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW VIUYMVIH EW RSXIH MR 7IGXMSR

1.18.3.2.5 Intermediate reinforced masonry
shear walls {8LIWIWLIEV[EPPWEVIHIWMKRIHEWVIMRJSVGIH
QEWSRV] EW RSXIH MR XLI VIJIVIRGIH WIGXMSRW ERH EVI EPWS
VIUYMVIH XS GSRXEMR E QMRMQYQ EQSYRX SJ TVIWGVMTXMZI
VIMRJSVGIQIRX &IGEYWI XLI] GSRXEMR VIMRJSVGIQIRX XLIMV
WIMWQMG TIVJSVQERGI MW FIXXIV XLER XLEX SJ TPEMR
VIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPRSXI\GIIHMRQQ
 YRVIMRJSVGIH
 QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW ERH XLI] EVI
EGGSVHMRKP] TIVQMXXIH MR FSXL EVIEW SJ PS[ ERH QSHIVEXI
WIMWQMGVMWO%HHMXMSREPP]XLIWI[EPPWLEZIQSVIJEZSVEFPI
WIMWQMG HIWMKR TEVEQIXIVW MRGPYHMRK LMKLIV VIWTSRWI
QSHMJMGEXMSR JEGXSVW R XLER TPEMR YRVIMRJSVGIH
 QEWSRV]
WLIEV[EPPWERHSVHMREV]VIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPW
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY
CODE
1.18.3.2.6 Special reinforced masonry
shear walls —(IWMKRSJWTIGMEPVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]WLIEV
[EPPWWLEPPGSQTP][MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRSV
7IGXMSR6IMRJSVGIQIRXHIXEMPMRKWLEPPEPWSGSQTP][MXL
XLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRERHXLIJSPPS[MRK
C-59
COMMENTARY
1.18.3.2.6 Special reinforced masonry shear
walls { 8LIWI WLIEV [EPPW EVI HIWMKRIH EW VIMRJSVGIH
QEWSRV] EW RSXIH MR XLI VIJIVIRGIH WIGXMSRW ERH EVI EPWS
VIUYMVIH XS QIIX VIWXVMGXMZI VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH QEXIVMEP
VIUYMVIQIRXW%GGSVHMRKP]XLI]EVITIVQMXXIHXSFIYWIHEW
TEVX SJ XLI WIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ MR ER] 7IMWQMG
E
 8LI QE\MQYQ WTEGMRKSJ ZIVXMGEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP
(IWMKR 'EXIKSV] %HHMXMSREPP] XLIWI [EPPW LEZI XLI QSWX
FIXLIWQEPPIWXSJSRIXLMVHXLIPIRKXLSJXLIWLIEV[EPP
JEZSVEFPI WIMWQMG HIWMKR TEVEQIXIVW MRGPYHMRK XLI LMKLIWX
SRIXLMVH XLI LIMKLX SJ XLI WLIEV [EPP ERH MR
VIWTSRWIQSHMJMGEXMSRJEGXSVRSJER]SJXLIQEWSRV]WLIEV
QQ
JSVQEWSRV]PEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRHERHMR
[EPP X]TIW 8LI MRXIRX SJ 7IGXMSRW E
 XLVSYKL
QQ
JSVQEWSRV]RSXPEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRH
I
MWXSTVSZMHIEQMRMQYQPIZIPSJMRTPERIWLIEV
F
 8LI QE\MQYQ WTEGMRK SJ LSVM^SRXEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRXXSMQTVSZIHYGXMPMX]
VIUYMVIH XS VIWMWX MRTPERI WLIEV WLEPP FI YRMJSVQP]
HMWXVMFYXIHWLEPPFIXLIWQEPPIVSJSRIXLMVHXLIPIRKXL
SJXLIWLIEV[EPPERHSRIXLMVHXLILIMKLXSJXLIWLIEV
[EPP ERH WLEPP FI IQFIHHIH MR KVSYX 8LI QE\MQYQ
WTEGMRKSJLSVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPRSXI\GIIH
MRQQ
JSVQEWSRV]PEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRHERH
MRQQ
JSVQEWSRV]RSXPEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRH
G
 8LI QMRMQYQ GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ ZIVXMGEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPFISRIXLMVHSJXLIVIUYMVIHWLIEV
VIMRJSVGIQIRX8LIWYQSJXLIGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJ
LSVM^SRXEPERHZIVXMGEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPFIEXPIEWX
 QYPXMTPMIHF] XLI KVSWW GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ
XLI[EPPYWMRKWTIGMJMIHHMQIRWMSRW
 *SV QEWSRV] PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH XLI QMRMQYQ
GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR IEGL
HMVIGXMSR WLEPP FI RSX PIWW XLER  QYPXMTPMIH
F]XLIKVSWWGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJXLI[EPPYWMRK
WTIGMJMIHHMQIRWMSRW
 *SV QEWSRV] RSX PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH XLI
QMRMQYQ GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ ZIVXMGEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI RSX PIWW XLER 
QYPXMTPMIHF]XLIKVSWWGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJXLI
[EPP YWMRK WTIGMJMIH HMQIRWMSRW 8LI QMRMQYQ
GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ LSVM^SRXEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX
WLEPP FI RSX PIWW XLER  QYPXMTPMIH F] XLI
KVSWW GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ XLI [EPP YWMRK
WTIGMJMIHHMQIRWMSRW
H
 7LIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPFIERGLSVIHEVSYRHZIVXMGEP
VIMRJSVGMRKFEVW[MXLEWXERHEVHLSSO
I
 1EWSRV] RSX PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH WLEPP FI JYPP]
KVSYXIHERH WLEPPFIGSRWXVYGXIHSJLSPPS[STIRIRH
YRMXWSVX[S[]XLIWSJWSPMHYRMXW
1.18.3.2.6.1 Shear capacity design 1.18.3.2.6.1 Shear capacity design {
;LMPI HMJJIVIRX GSRGITXW ERH ETTPMGEXMSRW XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW
SJ 'SHI 7IGXMSR  ERH  EVI
HMJJIVIRXQIXLSHWSJEXXIQTXMRKXSPMQMXWLIEVJEMPYVIWTVMSVXS
RSRPMRIEV JPI\YVEP FILEZMSV z SV MJ SRI TVIJIVW z MRGVIEWI
IPIQIRX HYGXMPMX] 8LI 17.' VIGSKRM^IW XLI WPMKLX
HMWGVITERG] FIX[IIR XLI  HIWMKR GET MR 'SHI 7IGXMSR
 ERH XLI  PSEH JEGXSV MR 'SHI 7IGXMSR
 +MZIR XLI LMWXSVMGEP TVIGIHIRGI SJ IEGL SJ
C-60 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

XLIWI ZEPYIW XLI 'SQQMXXII STXIH XS QEMRXEMR XLI X[S

1.18.3.2.6.1.1 ;LIR HIWMKRMRK
WTIGMEPVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPWMREGGSVHERGI[MXL
7IGXMSR  XLI HIWMKR WLIEV WXVIRKXL Vn  WLEPP I\GIIH
HMWXMRGXZEPYIW;LIREPPJEGXSVWERHVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVWTIGMEP
VIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPWEVIGSRWMHIVIHXLIVIWYPXMRK
HMJJIVIRGIFIX[IIRXLIX[SVIUYMVIQIRXWMWWQEPP
1.18.3.2.6.1.1 -RTVIZMSYWIHMXMSRW
SJ XLI 'SHI XLMW HIWMKR VIUYMVIQIRX [EW ETTPMIH XS EPP
QEWSRV] IPIQIRXWHIWMKRIHF]XLIWXVIRKXLHIWMKRQIXLSH
XLIWLIEVGSVVIWTSRHMRKXSXLIHIZIPSTQIRXSJXMQIW
XLIRSQMREP JPI\YVEP WXVIRKXL Mn  SJ XLI IPIQIRX I\GITX
XLEX XLI RSQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL Vn  RIIH RSX I\GIIH 
XMQIWVIUYMVIHWLIEVWXVIRKXLVu 
 EW [IPP EW EPP PSEHMRK
1.18.3.2.6.1.2 ;LIR HIWMKRMRK
WTIGMEPVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPWMREGGSVHERGI[MXL
7IGXMSR  XLIWLIEVSVHMEKSREP XIRWMSRWXVIWWVIWYPXMRK
JVSQMRTPERIWIMWQMGJSVGIWWLEPPFIMRGVIEWIHF]EJEGXSV
SJ  8LI  QYPXMTPMIV RIIH RSX FI ETTPMIH XS XLI
SZIVXYVRMRKQSQIRX
1.18.3.2.7 Ordinary plain (unreinforced)
AAC masonry shear walls — (IWMKR SJ SVHMREV] TPEMR
IPIQIRXWTEVXMGMTEXMRKMRXLIWIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRKW]WXIQ
EW [IPP EW XLSWI RSX TEVXMGMTEXMRK MR XLI WIMWQMGJSVGI
VIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW ERH
YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW
GSRHMXMSRW 9TSR JYVXLIV VIZMI[ XLMW HIWMKR GLIGO [EW
GSRWMHIVIH F] XLI 'SQQMXXII XS FI VIPEXIH XS MRIPEWXMG
HYGXMPMX] HIQERH JSV WIMWQMG VIWMWXERGI ERH [EW XLIVIJSVI
WTIGMJMGEPP] ETTPMIH XS XLI WIMWQMG HIWMKR VIUYMVIQIRXW
*YVXLIV FIGEYWI YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] W]WXIQW F] REXYVI
I\LMFMX PMQMXIH HYGXMPMX] XLMW GLIGO MW VIUYMVIH SRP] JSV
WTIGMEPVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPW
1.18.3.2.6.1.2 8LIPSEHJEGXSV
JSV VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW XLEX EVI TEVX SJ XLI
WIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ HIWMKRIH F] EPPS[EFPI
WXVIWWHIWMKRTVSGIHYVIW MWETTPMIHSRP]XSMRTPERIWLIEV
JSVGIW-X MW RSX MRXIRHIH XSFI YWIHJSV XLI HIWMKR SJ MR
TPERI SZIVXYVRMRK QSQIRXW SV SYXSJTPERI SZIVXYVRMRK
QSQIRXW SV WLIEV -RGVIEWMRK XLI HIWMKR WIMWQMG PSEH MW
MRXIRHIH XS QEOI XLI JPI\YVI QSHI SJ JEMPYVI QSVI
HSQMRERXVIWYPXMRKMRFIXXIVHYGXMPITIVJSVQERGI
1.18.3.2.7 Ordinary plain (unreinforced) AAC
masonry shear wallsz8LIWIWLIEV[EPPWEVITLMPSWSTLMGEPP]
YRVIMRJSVGIH
%%'QEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPWWLEPPGSQTP][MXL WMQMPEV MR GSRGITXXS SVHMREV]TPEMR YRVIMRJSVGIH
 QEWSRV]
XLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRERH7IGXMSR WLIEV [EPPW%WWYGL TVIWGVMTXMZIQMPHVIMRJSVGIQIRX MWRSX
VIUYMVIHFYXQE]EGXYEPP]FITVIWIRX
1.18.3.2.7.1 Anchorage of floor and
roof diaphragms in AAC masonry structures {*PSSVERH
VSSJ HMETLVEKQW MR %%' QEWSRV] WXVYGXYVIW WLEPP FI
ERGLSVIH XS E GSRXMRYSYW KVSYXIH FSRH FIEQ VIMRJSVGIH
[MXL EX PIEWX X[S PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW LEZMRK E
XSXEPGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJEXPIEWXMRQQ

1.18.3.2.8 Detailed plain (unreinforced) 1.18.3.2.8 Detailed plain (unreinforced) AAC
AAC masonry shear walls — (IWMKR SJ HIXEMPIH TPEMR masonry shear walls — 4VIWGVMTXMZI WIMWQMG VIUYMVIQIRXW
YRVIMRJSVGIH
 %%' QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW WLEPP GSQTP]
[MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR  ERH 7IGXMSRW
ERH
JSV %%' QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW EVI PIWW WIZIVI XLER JSV
GSRZIRXMSREPQEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPWERHEVIGSYRXIVFEPERGIH
F]QSVIVIWXVMGXMZI'SHIVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVFSRHFIEQWERH
EHHMXMSREP VIUYMVIQIRXW JSVJPSSVHMETLVEKQWGSRXEMRIH MR
IZEPYEXMSRWIVZMGIVITSVXWERHSXLIVHSGYQIRXWHIEPMRK[MXL
JPSSVHMETLVEKQWSJZEVMSYWQEXIVMEPW%%'QEWSRV]WLIEV
[EPPWERHEJYPPWGEPIX[SWXSV]EWWIQFPEKIWTIGMQIR[MXL
TVIWGVMTXMZIVIMRJSVGIQIRXQIIXMRKXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJXLMW
WIGXMSRLEZITIVJSVQIHWEXMWJEGXSVMP]YRHIVVIZIVWIHG]GPMG
PSEHW VITVIWIRXMRK WIMWQMG I\GMXEXMSR 6IJIVIRGIW  ERH

 8LI QE\MQYQ HMWXERGI JVSQ XLIIHKI SJER STIRMRK
SVIRHSJE[EPPXSXLIZIVXMGEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWWIXEXMR
QQ
WMRGIXLIX]TMGEPPIRKXLSJER%%'YRMXMWMR
QQ

BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-61

CODE COMMENTARY

1.18.3.2.8.1 Minimum reinforcement

requirements —:IVXMGEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXSJEXPIEWXMR
 QQ  WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH [MXLMR  MR  QQ  SJ
IEGLWMHISJSTIRMRKW[MXLMRMRQQ SJQSZIQIRX
NSMRXW ERH [MXLMR  MR  QQ  SJ XLI IRHW SJ [EPPW
:IVXMGEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX EHNEGIRX XS STIRMRKW RIIH RSX FI
TVSZMHIH JSV STIRMRKW WQEPPIV XLER  MR QQ 
YRPIWWXLIHMWXVMFYXIHVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWMRXIVVYTXIHF]WYGL
STIRMRKW ,SVM^SRXEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH EX
XLIFSXXSQERHXSTSJ[EPPSTIRMRKWERHWLEPPI\XIRHRSX
PIWW XLERMRQQ RSVPIWW XLERFEVHMEQIXIVW
TEWX XLI STIRMRK ,SVM^SRXEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX EHNEGIRX XS
STIRMRKWRIIH RSX FITVSZMHIHJSVSTIRMRKW WQEPPIVXLER
 MR  QQ  YRPIWW XLI HMWXVMFYXIH VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW
MRXIVVYTXIHF]WYGLSTIRMRKW
1.18.3.2.9 Ordinary reinforced AAC 1.18.3.2.9 Ordinary reinforced AAC
masonry shear walls — (IWMKR SJ SVHMREV] VIMRJSVGIH masonry shear walls
%%' QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRERH7IGXMSRWERH


1.18.3.2.9.1 Shear capacity design —

8LI HIWMKR WLIEV WXVIRKXL Vn WLEPP I\GIIH XLI WLIEV
GSVVIWTSRHMRK XS XLI HIZIPSTQIRX SJ  XMQIW XLI
RSQMREPJPI\YVEPWXVIRKXLMnSJXLIIPIQIRXI\GITXXLEX
XLIRSQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLVnRIIHRSXI\GIIHXMQIW
VIUYMVIHWLIEVWXVIRKXLVu
1.18.3.2.10 Ordinary plain (unreinforced) 1.18.3.2.10 Ordinary plain (unreinforced)
prestressed masonry shear walls — (IWMKR SJ SVHMREV] prestressed masonry shear [EPPW — 8LIWI WLIEV [EPPW EVI
TPEMRYRVIMRJSVGIH
TVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPWWLEPP TLMPSWSTLMGEPP] WMQMPEV MR GSRGITX XS SVHMREV] TPEMR
GSQTP][MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ'LETXIV
QEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPW%WWYGLTVIWGVMTXMZIQMPH
1.18.3.2.11 Intermediate reinforced
prestressed masonry shear walls — -RXIVQIHMEXI VIMRJSVGIH
TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 'LETXIV  XLI VIMRJSVGIQIRX HIXEMPMRK
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRERHXLIJSPPS[MRK
YRVIMRJSVGIH
VIMRJSVGIQIRXMWRSXVIUYMVIHFYXQE]EGXYEPP]FITVIWIRX
1.18.3.2.11 Intermediate reinforced
prestressed masonry shear [EPPW — 8LIWI WLIEV [EPPW EVI
TLMPSWSTLMGEPP]WMQMPEVMRGSRGITXXSMRXIVQIHMEXIVIMRJSVGIH
QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW 8S TVSZMHI XLI MRXIRHIH PIZIP SJ
MRIPEWXMGHYGXMPMX]TVIWGVMTXMZIQMPHVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWVIUYMVIH
*SV GSRWMWXIRG] [MXL  -&' MRXIVQIHMEXI VIMRJSVGIH
E
 6IMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL
TVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPWWLSYPHMRGPYHIXLIHIXEMPMRK
7IGXMSRWE
ERHF

VIUYMVIQIRXWJVSQ7IGXMSRE
EW[IPPEW7IGXMSRW
F
 8LI QMRMQYQ EVIE SJ LSVM^SRXEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP ERHG
JVSQXLI17.'
FIbdv
%7')  8EFPIW  ERH  GSRWIVZEXMZIP]
G
 7LIEV [EPPW WYFNIGXIH XS PSEH VIZIVWEPW WLEPP FI GSQFMRI EPP TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW MRXS SRI
W]QQIXVMGEPP]VIMRJSVGIH GEXIKSV] JSV WIMWQMG GSIJJMGMIRXW ERH WXVYGXYVEP W]WXIQ
PMQMXEXMSRW SR WIMWQMG HIWMKR GEXIKSVMIW ERH LIMKLX 8LI
H
 8LI RSQMREP QSQIRX WXVIRKXL EX ER] WIGXMSR EPSRK HIWMKR PMQMXEXMSRW MRGPYHIH MR XLSWI XEFPIW EVI
XLI WLIEV [EPP WLEPP RSX FI PIWW XLER SRIJSYVXL XLI VITVIWIRXEXMZISJSVHMREV]TPEMRYRVIMRJSVGIH
TVIWXVIWWIH
QE\MQYQQSQIRXWXVIRKXL
QEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPW8LIGVMXIVMEWTIGMJMGXSMRXIVQIHMEXI
I
 8LI GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ FSRHIH XIRHSRW WLEPP FI VIMRJSVGIH TVIWXVIWWIH WLIEV [EPPW LEZI RSX ]IX FIIR
GSRWMHIVIH XS GSRXVMFYXI XS XLI QMRMQYQ MRGPYHIH JVSQ -&'  8EFPI  8S YXMPM^I XLI
VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR 7IGXMSRW  E
 WIMWQMGGVMXIVMEJVSQ-&' XLIWXVYGXYVI[SYPHLEZI
ERHF
 XS FI EGGITXIH YRHIV  %TTVSZEP SJ WTIGMEP W]WXIQW SJ
HIWMKRERHGSRWXVYGXMSR
J
 8IRHSRWWLEPPFIPSGEXIHMRGIPPWXLEXEVIKVSYXIHXLI
8LI WIMWQMG GSIJJMGMIRXW JVSQ -&'  8EFPI
C-62
CODE
JYPPLIMKLXSJXLI[EPP
1.18.3.2.12 Special reinforced prestressed
masonry shear walls — 7TIGMEP VIMRJSVGIH TVIWXVIWWIH
QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW
SJ 'LETXIV XLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXHIXEMPMRKVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ
7IGXMSRWERHERHXLIJSPPS[MRK
TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
COMMENTARY
 ERH XLI FYMPHMRK LIMKLX PMQMXEXMSRW FEWIH YTSR
WIMWQMGHIWMKRGEXIKSV]EVIWLS[RMR8EFPI''
1.18.3.2.12 Special reinforced prestressed
masonry shear [EPPW z 8LIWI WLIEV [EPPW EVI
TLMPSWSTLMGEPP] WMQMPEV MR GSRGITX XS WTIGMEP VIMRJSVGIH
QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW 8S TVSZMHI XLI MRXIRHIH PIZIP SJ
MRIPEWXMG HYGXMPMX] TVIWGVMTXMZI QMPH VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW
VIUYMVIH *SVGSRWMWXIRG][MXL-&'WTIGMEPVIMRJSVGIH
E
 8LI GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ FSRHIH XIRHSRW WLEPP FI
TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW WLSYPH MRGPYHI XLI
GSRWMHIVIHXSGSRXVMFYXIXSXLIQMRMQYQVIMRJSVGIQIRX
HIXEMPMRK VIUYMVIQIRXW JVSQ 7IGXMSRW  ERH
MR 7IGXMSRWERH
G
JVSQXLI17.'
F
 4VIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWWLEPPGSRWMWXSJFEVWGSRJSVQMRK
XS%781%%1 %7')  8EFPI  ERH %7')  8EFPI 
GSRWIVZEXMZIP]GSQFMRIEPPTVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPW
G
 %PPGIPPWSJXLIQEWSRV][EPPWLEPPFIKVSYXIH MRXS SRI GEXIKSV] JSV WIMWQMG GSIJJMGMIRXW ERH WXVYGXYVEP
H
 8LIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRSVWLEPPFIQIX W]WXIQPMQMXEXMSRWSRWIMWQMGHIWMKRGEXIKSVMIWERHLIMKLX
(IEHPSEHE\MEPJSVGIWWLEPPMRGPYHIXLIIJJIGXMZITVIWXVIWW 8LI HIWMKR PMQMXEXMSRW MRGPYHIH MR XLSWI XEFPIW EVI
JSVGI Apsfse VITVIWIRXEXMZI SJ SVHMREV] TPEMR YRVIMRJSVGIH
 TVIWXVIWWIH
QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW 8LI GVMXIVME WTIGMJMG XS WTIGMEP
I
 8LI HIWMKR WLIEV WXVIRKXL Vn WLEPP I\GIIH XLI
WLIEVGSVVIWTSRHMRKXSXLIHIZIPSTQIRXSJXMQIW
XLI RSQMREP JPI\YVEP WXVIRKXL Mn SJ XLI IPIQIRX
I\GITX XLEX XLI RSQMREP WLIEVWXVIRKXL VnRIIHRSX
I\GIIHXMQIWVIUYMVIHWLIEVWXVIRKXLVu
VIMRJSVGIH TVIWXVIWWIH WLIEV [EPPW LEZI RSX ]IX FIIR
MRGPYHIH JVSQ -&'  8EFPI  8S YXMPM^I XLI
WIMWQMGGVMXIVMEJVSQ-&'XLIWXVYGXYVI[SYPHLEZIXS
FI EGGITXIH YRHIV  %TTVSZEP SJ WTIGMEP W]WXIQW SJ
HIWMKRERHGSRWXVYGXMSR

7II 8EFPI '' 8LI HEXE MR XLMW XEFPI MW

WMQMPEV XS %7')  8EFPI  9WIVW XLEX TVIJIV XS YWI
XLI 7MQTPMJMIH (IWMKR 4VSGIHYVI MR %7')  WLSYPH
MRXIVTVIXXLIXEFPIJSVYWIMRPMIYSJ%7')8EFPI

TABLE CC-1.18.3.2-2 2003 IBC Seismic Coefficients for Prestressed Masonry Shear Walls
7=78)10-1-8%8-327%2(
&9-0(-2+,)-+,80-1-8%8-327
*))8 &=7)-71-'()7-+2
'%8)+36=
6IWTSRWI 7]WXIQ (IJPIGXMSR % SV & ' ( ) *
1SHMJMGEXMSR 3ZIVWXVIRKXL %QTPMJMGEXMSR
'SIJJMGMIRXR *EGXSV o *EGXSVCd
3VHMREV] ¡ ¡   20 24 24 24 24
4PEMR
4VIWXVIWWIH
-RXIVQIHMEXI JSV&YMPHMRK ¡ ¡ 20  24 24 24
6IMRJSVGIH *VEQI7]WXIQ
4VIWXVIWWIH ERHJSV
&IEVMRK;EPP
7]WXIQ
7TIGMEP ¡ ¡ JSV&YMPHMRK 20    
6IMRJSVGIH *VEQI7]WXIQERH
4VIWXVIWWIH ¡JSV&IEVMRK
;EPP7]WXIQ
20!RSPMQMX24!RSXTIVQMXXIH

8LI HEXE MR XLMW XEFPI MW WMQMPEV XS %7')  8EFPI  9WIVW XLEX TVIJIV XS YWI XLI 7MQTPMJMIH (IWMKR 4VSGIHYVI MR
%7')WLSYPHMRXIVTVIXXLIXEFPIJSVYWIMRPMIYSJ%7')8EFPI
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-63

CODE COMMENTARY

1.18.4 Seismic Design Category requirements 1.18.4 Seismic Design Category requirements
8LI HIWMKR SJ QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL )ZIV] WXVYGXYVI MW EWWMKRIH XS E 7IMWQMG (IWMKR
XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSRW  XLVSYKL  'EXIKSV] 7('
 MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI PIKEPP] EHSTXIH
FEWIH SR XLI 7IMWQMG (IWMKR 'EXIKSV] EW HIJMRIH MR XLI FYMPHMRKGSHISVTIVXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ%7')[LMGLIZIV
PIKEPP] EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK GSHI ;LIR XLI PIKEPP] EHSTXIH KSZIVRJSVXLIWTIGMJMGTVSNIGXYRHIVGSRWMHIVEXMSR4VIZMSYW
FYMPHMRKGSHIHSIWRSXHIJMRI7IMWQMG(IWMKR'EXIKSVMIW IHMXMSRW SJ XLI 'SHI MRGPYHIH VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV 7IMWQMG
XLITVSZMWMSRWSJ%7')WLEPPFIYWIH 4IVJSVQERGI'EXIKSVMIWERH7IMWQMG>SRIWIEGLSJ[LMGLMW
HMJJIVIRXXLERE7IMWQMG(IWMKR'EXIKSV]
1.18.4.1 Seismic Design Category A requirements 1.18.4.1 Seismic Design Category A
— 1EWSRV] IPIQIRXW MR WXVYGXYVIW EWWMKRIH XS 7IMWQMG requirements{ 8LI KIRIVEP VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLMW 'SHI
(IWMKR 'EXIKSV] % WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ TVSZMHIJSVEHIUYEXITIVJSVQERGISJQEWSRV]GSRWXVYGXMSR
7IGXMSRW ERH EWWMKRIHXS7IMWQMG(IWMKR'EXIKSV]%WXVYGXYVIW
1.18.4.1.1 Design of nonparticipating
elements — 2SRTEVXMGMTEXMRK QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW WLEPP
GSQTP] [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR  ERH
'LETXIV  SV
1.18.4.1.2 Design of participating elements
— 4EVXMGMTEXMRK QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH XS
GSQTP][MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ'LETXIV  SVSV
1EWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH XS GSQTP] [MXL XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR   
    
SV
1.18.4.2 Seismic Design Category B 1.18.4.2 Seismic Design Category B
requirements —1EWSRV]IPIQIRXWMRWXVYGXYVIWEWWMKRIHXS requirements{%PXLSYKLQEWSRV]QE]FIHIWMKRIHF]XLI
7IMWQMG (IWMKR 'EXIKSV] & WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ 'LETXIV  %PPS[EFPI 7XVIWW (IWMKR SJ
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR  ERH [MXL XLI EHHMXMSREP 1EWSRV]'LETXIV7XVIRKXL(IWMKRSJ1EWSRV]'LETXIV
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSR  4VIWXVIWWIH 1EWSRV] 'LETXIV  )QTMVMGEP (IWMKR SJ
1EWSRV] SV 'LETXIV  7XVIRKXL (IWMKR SJ %YXSGPEZI
 1EWSRV] XLI WIMWQMGJSVGI
1.18.4.2.1 Design of participating elements
— 4EVXMGMTEXMRK QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH XS
GSQTP] [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 'LETXIV   SV  SV 
1EWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH XS GSQTP] [MXL XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR   
    
SV
1.18.4.3 Seismic Design Category C 1.18.4.3 Seismic
requirements — 1EWSRV] IPIQIRXW MR WXVYGXYVIW EWWMKRIH
XS 7IMWQMG (IWMKR 'EXIKSV] ' WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR  ERH [MXL XLI EHHMXMSREP
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRERH
%IVEXIH 'SRGVIXI %%'
VIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ JSV WXVYGXYVIW EWWMKRIH XS 7IMWQMG (IWMKR
'EXIKSV]&QYWXFIHIWMKRIHFEWIHSREWXVYGXYVEPEREP]WMW
MREGGSVHERGI[MXL'LETXIVSV SV8LITVSZMWMSRW
SJ 'LETXIV  GERRSX FI YWIH XS HIWMKR XLI WIMWQMGJSVGI
VIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ SJ FYMPHMRKW EWWMKRIH XS 7IMWQMG (IWMKR
'EXIKSV]&SVLMKLIV
Design Category C
requirements{-REHHMXMSRXSXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IMWQMG
(IWMKR'EXIKSV] & QMRMQYQ PIZIPWSJ VIMRJSVGIQIRXERH
HIXEMPMRK EVI VIUYMVIH 8LI QMRMQYQ TVSZMWMSRW JSV
MQTVSZIHTIVJSVQERGISJQEWSRV]GSRWXVYGXMSRMR7IMWQMG
(IWMKR'EXIKSV]'QYWXFIQIXVIKEVHPIWWSJXLIQIXLSHSJ
HIWMKR 7LIEV [EPPW HIWMKRIH EW TEVX SJ XLI WIMWQMGJSVGI
VIWMWXMRKW]WXIQ MR7IMWQMG(IWMKR'EXIKSV]'ERHLMKLIV
QYWX FI HIWMKRIH YWMRK VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] QIXLSHW
FIGEYWI SJ XLI MRGVIEWIH VMWO ERH I\TIGXIH MRXIRWMX] SJ
C-64
CODE
1.18.4.3.1 Design of nonparticipating
elements — 2SRTEVXMGMTEXMRK QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW WLEPP
GSQTP] [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR  ERH
'LETXIV     SV  2SRTEVXMGMTEXMRK QEWSRV]
IPIQIRXWI\GITXXLSWIGSRWXVYGXIHSJ%%'QEWSRV]WLEPP
FIVIMRJSVGIHMRIMXLIVXLILSVM^SRXEPSVZIVXMGEPHMVIGXMSR
MREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRK
TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
COMMENTARY
WIMWQMG EGXMZMX] 3VHMREV] VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW
SVHMREV]VIMRJSVGIH%%'QEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPWMRXIVQIHMEXI
VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW SV WTIGMEP VIMRJSVGIH
QEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPWEVIVIUYMVIHXSFIYWIH
1.18.4.3.1 Design of nonparticipating
elements — 6IMRJSVGIQIRX VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR
EVIXVEHMXMSREPJSVGSRZIRXMSREPGSRGVIXIERHGPE]
QEWSRV]8LI]EVITVIWGVMTXMZIMRREXYVI8LIMRXIRXSJXLMW
VIUYMVIQIRX MW XS TVSZMHI WXVYGXYVEP MRXIKVMX] JSV
RSRTEVXMGMTEXMRKQEWSRV][EPPW%%'QEWSRV][EPPWHMJJIV
JVSQGSRGVIXIQEWSRV][EPPWERHGPE]QEWSRV][EPPWMRXLEX
XLIXLMRFIHQSVXEVWXVIRKXLERHEWWSGMEXIHFSRHWXVIRKXLMW
E
 Horizontal reinforcement {,SVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
X]TMGEPP]KVIEXIVXLERXLEXSJXLI%%'YRMXW%PWSXLIYRMX
WLEPPGSRWMWXSJEXPIEWXX[SPSRKMXYHMREP[MVIWSJ;
[IMKLXSJ%%'QEWSRV]MWX]TMGEPP] PIWWXLERSRIXLMVHSJ
1;
FIHNSMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXWTEGIHRSXQSVIXLER
XLI YRMX [IMKLX SJ GPE] SV GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] VIHYGMRK
MRQQ
SRGIRXIVJSV[EPPWKVIEXIVXLERMR
WIMWQMGMRIVXMEPJSVGIW8LMWVIHYGIHPSEHGSQFMRIH[MXLE
QQ
MR[MHXLERHEXPIEWXSRIPSRKMXYHMREP;
XIRWMPIFSRHWXVIRKXLXLEXMWLMKLIVXLERXLIWXVIRKXLSJXLI
1;
 [MVI WTEGIH RSX QSVI  MR  QQ
 SR
%%'QEXIVMEPMXWIPJTVSZMHIWEQMRMQYQPIZIPSJWXVYGXYVEP
GIRXIVJSV[EPPWRSXI\GIIHMRKMRQQ
MR[MHXL
MRXIKVMX]ERHTVIWGVMTXMZIVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWRSXVIUYMVIH%PP
SVEXPIEWXSRI2S1
FEVWTEGIHRSXQSVIXLER
QEWSRV] [EPPW MRGPYHMRK RSRTEVXMGMTEXMRK %%' QEWSRV]
MR QQ
 SR GIRXIV ;LIVI X[S PSRKMXYHMREP
[EPPW EVI VIUYMVIH XS FI HIWMKRIH XS VIWMWX SYXSJTPERI
[MVIW SJ NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX EVI YWIH XLI WTEGI
JSVGIW-JVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWVIUYMVIHMX QYWXFITVSZMHIHMR
FIX[IIRXLIWI[MVIWWLEPPFIXLI[MHIWXXLEXXLIQSVXEV
XLIHMVIGXMSRSJXLIWTER
NSMRX[MPPEGGSQQSHEXI,SVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPP
FI TVSZMHIH [MXLMR  MR QQ
 SJ XLI XST ERH
FSXXSQSJXLIWIQEWSRV][EPPW
F
 Vertical reinforcement { :IVXMGEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX
WLEPPGSRWMWXSJEXPIEWXSRI2S1
FEVWTEGIH
RSX QSVI XLER  MR  QQ
 :IVXMGEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPFIPSGEXIH[MXLMRMRQQ

SJXLIIRHWSJQEWSRV][EPPW
1.18.4.3.2 Design of participating
elements — 4EVXMGMTEXMRK QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW WLEPP FI
HIWMKRIHXSGSQTP][MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSR
 SV  1EWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH XS
GSQTP] [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR 
    SV

1.18.4.3.2.1 Connections to masonry 1.18.4.3.2.1 Connections to masonry
columns { 'SRRIGXMSRW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH XS XVERWJIV columns {)\TIVMIRGILEWHIQSRWXVEXIHXLEXGSRRIGXMSRWSJ
JSVGIWFIX[IIRQEWSRV]GSPYQRWERHLSVM^SRXEPIPIQIRXW WXVYGXYVEP QIQFIVW XS QEWSRV] GSPYQRW EVI ZYPRIVEFPI XS
MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR  HEQEKI HYVMRK IEVXLUYEOIW YRPIWW TVSTIVP] ERGLSVIH
;LIVI ERGLSV FSPXW EVI YWIH XS GSRRIGX LSVM^SRXEP 6IUYMVIQIRXWEVIEHETXIHJVSQTVIZMSYWP]IWXEFPMWLIHTVEGXMGI
IPIQIRXW XS XLI XSTW SJ GSPYQRW ERGLSV FSPXW WLEPP FI HIZIPSTIHEWEVIWYPXSJXLI7ER*IVRERHSIEVXLUYEOI
TPEGIH [MXLMR PEXIVEP XMIW 0EXIVEP XMIW WLEPP IRGPSWI FSXL
XLIZIVXMGEPFEVWMRXLIGSPYQRERHXLIERGLSVFSPXW8LIVI
WLEPP FI E QMRMQYQ SJ X[S 2S  1
 PEXIVEP XMIW
TVSZMHIHMRXLIXSTMRQQ
SJXLIGSPYQR
1.18.4.3.2.2 Anchorage of floor and
roof diaphragms in AAC masonry structures { 7IMWQMG
PSEHFIX[IIRJPSSVERHVSSJHMETLVEKQWERH%%'QEWSRV]
WLIEV[EPPWWLEPPFIXVERWJIVVIHXLVSYKLGSRRIGXSVWIQFIHHIH
MRKVSYXERHHIWMKRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL7IGXMSR
1.18.4.3.2.2 Anchorage of floor and
roof diaphragms in AAC masonry structures zz -R
7IMWQMG(IWMKR'EXIKSVMIW'ERH(EHHMXMSREPGSRRIGXSVW
EVI VIUYMVIH [MXL XLI MRXIRXMSR SJ IRWYVMRK HYGXMPI
FILEZMSV
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY
CODE
1.18.4.3.2.3 Material requirements
— %781 ' WXVYGXYVEP GPE] PSEHFIEVMRK [EPP XMPIW
WLEPP RSX FI YWIH EW TEVX SJ XLI WIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRK
W]WXIQ
1.18.4.3.2.4 Lateral stiffness — %X
IEGLWXSV]PIZIPEXPIEWXTIVGIRXSJXLIPEXIVEPWXMJJRIWW
WLEPP FITVSZMHIHF] WIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRK [EPPW%PSRK
IEGLPMRISJPEXIVEPVIWMWXERGIEXETEVXMGYPEVWXSV]PIZIPEX
PIEWX  TIVGIRX SJ XLI PEXIVEP WXMJJRIWW WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH
F]WIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRK[EPPW;LIVIWIMWQMGPSEHWEVI
HIXIVQMRIH FEWIH SR E WIMWQMG VIWTSRWI QSHMJMGEXMSR
JEGXSV RRSXKVIEXIVXLERTMIVWERHGSPYQRWWLEPPFI
TIVQMXXIHXSFIYWIHXSTVSZMHIWIMWQMGPSEHVIWMWXERGI
1.18.4.3.2.5 Design of columns,
pilasters, and beams supporting discontinuous elements
{ 'SPYQRW ERH TMPEWXIVW XLEX EVI TEVX SJ XLI WIMWQMG
JSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ ERH XLEX WYTTSVX VIEGXMSRW JVSQ
HMWGSRXMRYSYW WXMJJ IPIQIRXW WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH [MXL
XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX WTEGIH EX RS QSVI XLER SRI
JSYVXL SJ XLI PIEWX RSQMREP HMQIRWMSR SJ XLI GSPYQR SV
TMPEWXIV8LIQMRMQYQXVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRXVEXMSWLEPP
FI  &IEQW WYTTSVXMRK VIEGXMSRW JVSQ
HMWGSRXMRYSYW [EPPW WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH [MXL XVERWZIVWI
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WTEGIH EX RS QSVI XLER SRILEPJ SJ XLI
RSQMREP HITXL SJ XLI FIEQ 8LI QMRMQYQ XVERWZIVWI
VIMRJSVGIQIRXVEXMSWLEPPFI
C-65
COMMENTARY
1.18.4.3.2.3 Material requirements
{8LIPMQMXEXMSRSRXLIYWISJ%781'WXVYGXYVEPGPE]
XMPIYRMXWMRXLIWIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRKW]WXIQMWFEWIHSR
XLIWIYRMXWvPMQMXIHEFMPMX]XSTVSZMHIMRIPEWXMGWXVIRKXL
1.18.4.3.2.4 Lateral stiffness { -R
SVHIVXSEGGYVEXIP]HMWXVMFYXIPSEHWMREWXVYGXYVIWYFNIGXIH
XS PEXIVEP PSEHMRK XLI PEXIVEP WXMJJRIWW SJ EPP WXVYGXYVEP
QIQFIVW WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIH %PXLSYKL WXVYGXYVIW QE]
FIHIWMKRIHXSYWIWLIEV[EPPWJSVPEXIVEPPSEHVIWMWXERGI
GSPYQRW QE] EPWS FI MRGSVTSVEXIH JSV ZIVXMGEP GETEGMX]
8LI WXMTYPEXMSR XLEX WIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRK IPIQIRXW
TVSZMHI EX PIEWX  TIVGIRX SJ XLI PEXIVEP WXMJJRIWW LIPTW
IRWYVI XLEX EHHMXMSREP IPIQIRXW HS RSX WMKRMJMGERXP]
GSRXVMFYXIXSXLIPEXIVEPWXMJJRIWW&EWIHSRX]TMGEPHIWMKR
EWWYQTXMSRW XLI PEXIVEP WXMJJRIWW SJ WXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRXW
WLSYPH FI FEWIH SR GVEGOIH WIGXMSR TVSTIVXMIW JSV
VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] ERH YRGVEGOIH WIGXMSR TVSTIVXMIW JSV
YRVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]
8LI HIWMKRIV QE] STX XS MRGVIEWI XLI TIVGIRXEKI SJ
PEXIVEPWXMJJRIWWTVSZMHIHF]TMIVWERHGSPYQRWMJXLIWXVYGXYVI
MWHIWMKRIHXSTIVJSVQIPEWXMGEPP]YRHIVWIMWQMGPSEHW
1.18.4.3.2.5 Design of columns,
pilasters, and beams supporting discontinuous elements
{(MWGSRXMRYSYWWXMJJQIQFIVWWYGLEWWLIEV[EPPWLEZI
KPSFEP SZIVXYVRMRK JSVGIW EX XLIMV IHKIW XLEX QE] FI
WYTTSVXIHF]GSPYQRWTMPEWXIVWERHFIEQW8LIWIZIVXMGEP
WYTTSVXIPIQIRXWEVIVIUYMVIHXSLEZIEQMRMQYQPIZIPSJ
GSRJMRIQIRXERHWLIEVHIXEMPMRKEXXLIHMWGSRXMRYMX]PIZIP
8LI QMRMQYQ HIXEMPMRK VIUYMVIQIRXW MR XLMW WIGXMSR QE]
FI MR I\GIWW SJ XLSWI VIUYMVIQIRXW XLEX EVI FEWIH SR
GEPGYPEXMSRW YWMRK JYPPLIMKLX VIPEXMZI WXMJJRIWWIW SJ XLI
IPIQIRXWSJXLIWIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRKW]WXIQ
%GSQQSRI\EQTPIMWEFYMPHMRK[MXLMRXIVREPWLIEV
[EPPW WYGL EW MRXIVMSV GSVVMHSV [EPPW XLEX EVI
HMWGSRXMRYSYW EX XLI JMVWX WXSV] EFSZI KVEHI SV MR E
FEWIQIRX PIZIP -J XLMW WXVYGXYVILEW E VMKMH HMETLVEKQ EX
EPP JPSSV ERH VSSJ PIZIPW XLI KPSFEP JYPP LIMKLX
 VIPEXMZI
WXMJJRIWWIW SJ XLI HMWGSRXMRYSYW IPIQIRXW MW QMRSV MR
GSQTEVMWSR XS XLI VIPEXMZI WXMJJRIWWIW SJ XLI GSRXMRYSYW
IPIQIRXWEXXLITIVMQIXIVSJXLIWXVYGXYVI%PPWLIEV[EPPW
EFSZIXLIHMWGSRXMRYMX]LS[IZIVLEZIEJSVGIHGSQQSR
MRXIVWXSV] HMWTPEGIQIRX 8LMW JSVGIH MRXIVWXSV]
HMWTPEGIQIRX MRHYGIW SZIVXYVRMRK JSVGIW MR XLI
HMWGSRXMRYSYW WLIEV[EPPW EX EPP PIZIPW LEZMRK XLMW JSVGIH
WXSV]HMWTPEGIQIRX8LIEGGYQYPEXIHSZIVXYVRMRKJSVGIWEX
XLI IRHW SJ XLI [EPPW EFSZI XLI HMWGSRXMRYMX] MR XYVR EVI
PMOIP] XS FI WYTTSVXIH F] GSPYQRW ERH TMPEWXIVW MR XLI
HMWGSRXMRYSYWPIZIPWERHXLIFIEQWEXXLIPIZIPEFSZIXLI
HMWGSRXMRYMX] 8LMW WIGXMSR WTIGMJMIW QMRMQYQ HIXEMPMRK
VIUYMVIQIRXWJSVXLIWIGSPYQRWTMPEWXIVWERHFIEQW
8LI HIXIVQMRMRK SJ XLI WXMJJRIWW SJ XLI HMWGSRXMRYSYW
IPIQIRX WLSYPH FI FEWIH SR XLI VIPEXMZI WXMJJRIWW SJ XLI
HMWGSRXMRYSYWQIQFIVWEFSZIERHFIPS[XLIHMWGSRXMRYMX]
+YMHERGI EW XS XLI HIJMRMXMSR SJ WXMJJ GER FI FEWIH SR XLI
C-66
CODE
1.18.4.4 Seismic Design Category
requirements — 1EWSRV] IPIQIRXW MR WXVYGXYVIWEWWMKRIH
XS 7IMWQMG (IWMKR 'EXIKSV] ( WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR  ERH [MXL XLI EHHMXMSREP
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRWERH
Exception: (IWMKR SJ TEVXMGMTEXMRK IPIQIRXWSJ%%'
QEWSRV]WLEPPGSQTP][MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ
1.18.4.4.1 Design of nonparticipating
elements — 2SRTEVXMGMTEXMRK QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW WLEPP
GSQTP] [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 'LETXIV    SV 
2SRTEVXMGMTEXMRK QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW I\GITX XLSWI
GSRWXVYGXIHSJ%%'QEWSRV]WLEPPFIVIMRJSVGIHMRIMXLIV
XLILSVM^SRXEPSVZIVXMGEPHMVIGXMSRMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLI
JSPPS[MRK
TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
COMMENTARY
VIPEXMZI MRXIVWXSV] WXMJJRIWW SJ XLI HMWGSRXMRYSYW QIQFIV
EFSZI ERH FIPS[ XLI HMWGSRXMRYMX] MW KMZIR MR 'SHI
7IGXMSRW   ERH  -J XLI MRXIVWXSV]
WXMJJRIWW SJ XLIHMWGSRXMRYSYW[EPP FIPS[ XLI HMWGSRXMRYMX]
MW PIWW XLER   SJ XLI MRXIVWXSV] WXMJJRIWW EFSZI XLI
HMWGSRXMRYMX] XLI HMWGSRXMRYSYW QIQFIV WLSYPH FI
GSRWMHIVIHWXMJJ
D 1.18.4.4 Seismic Design Category D
requirements { 1EWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW JSV WXVYGXYVIW
EWWMKRIH XS 7IMWQMG (IWMKR 'EXIKSV] ( EVI VIUYMVIH XS
QIIXXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJWTIGMEPVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]WLIEV
[EPPW SV SVHMREV] VIMRJSVGIH %%' QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW
FIGEYWI SJ XLI MRGVIEWIH VMWO ERH I\TIGXIH MRXIRWMX] SJ
WIMWQMG EGXMZMX] 8LI QMRMQYQ EQSYRX SJ [EPP
VIMRJSVGIQIRX JSV WTIGMEP VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV]WLIEV [EPPW
LEWFIIR EPSRKWXERHMRKWXERHEVH IQTMVMGEP VIUYMVIQIRX
MR EVIEW SJ LMKL WIMWQMG PSEHMRK -X MW I\TVIWWIH EW E
TIVGIRXEKISJ KVSWW GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ XLI [EPP -X MW
MRXIRHIHXSMQTVSZIXLIHYGXMPIFILEZMSVSJXLI[EPPYRHIV
IEVXLUYEOI PSEHMRK ERH EWWMWX MR GVEGO GSRXVSP 7MRGI XLI
QMRMQYQ VIUYMVIH VIMRJSVGIQIRX QE] FI YWIH XS WEXMWJ]
HIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWEXPIEWX SJXLIQMRMQYQEQSYRXMW
VIWIVZIHJSVXLIPIWWIVWXVIWWIHHMVIGXMSRMRSVHIVXSIRWYVI
ERETTVSTVMEXIHMWXVMFYXMSRSJPSEHWMRFSXLHMVIGXMSRW
1.18.4.4.1 Design of nonparticipating
elements
E
 Horizontal reinforcement {,SVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
WLEPPGSQTP][MXL7IGXMSRE

F
 Vertical reinforcement { :IVXMGEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX
WLEPPGSRWMWXSJEXPIEWXSRI2S1
FEVWTEGIH
RSX QSVI XLER  MR  QQ
 :IVXMGEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPFIPSGEXIH[MXLMRMRQQ

SJXLIIRHWSJQEWSRV][EPPW
1.18.4.4.2 Design of participating elements 1.18.4.4.2 Design of participating elements
—1EWSRV]WLIEV[EPPWWLEPPFIHIWMKRIHXSGSQTP][MXLXLI
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRSV
1.18.4.4.2.1 Minimum reinforcement 1.18.4.4.2.1 Minimum reinforcement for
for masonry columns {0EXIVEPXMIWMRQEWSRV]GSPYQRW masonry columns {%HIUYEXIPEXIVEPVIWXVEMRXMWMQTSVXERX
WLEPP FI WTEGIH RSX QSVI XLER  MR  QQ
 SR GIRXIV JSV GSPYQR VIMRJSVGIQIRX WYFNIGXIH XS SZIVXYVRMRK JSVGIW
ERHWLEPPFIEXPIEWXMRQQ
HMEQIXIV0EXIVEPXMIW HYI XS IEVXLUYEOIW 1ER] GSPYQR JEMPYVIW HYVMRK
WLEPPFIIQFIHHIHMRKVSYX IEVXLUYEOIWLEZIFIIREXXVMFYXIHXSMREHIUYEXIPEXIVEPX]MRK
*SVXLMWVIEWSRGPSWIVWTEGMRKSJXMIWXLERQMKLXSXLIV[MWI
FI VIUYMVIHMWTVYHIRX %R EVFMXVEV] QMRMQYQ WTEGMRKLEW
FIIRIWXEFPMWLIHXLVSYKLI\TIVMIRGI'SPYQRWRSXMRZSPZIH
MR XLI WIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ WLSYPH EPWS FI QSVI
LIEZMP] XMIH EX XLI XSTW ERH FSXXSQW JSV QSVI HYGXMPI
TIVJSVQERGIERHFIXXIVVIWMWXERGIXSWLIEV
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-67

CODE COMMENTARY

1.18.4.4.2.2 Material requirements

{4EVXMGMTEXMRKIPIQIRXWWLEPP FIHIWMKRIHERHWTIGMJMIH
[MXL 8]TI 7 SV 8]TI 1 GIQIRXPMQI QSVXEV SV QSVXEV
GIQIRXQSVXEV
1.18.4.4.2.3 Lateral tie anchorage {
7XERHEVH LSSOW JSV PEXIVEP XMIERGLSVEKI WLEPP FIIMXLIV E
HIKVIIWXERHEVHLSSOSVEHIKVIIWXERHEVHLSSO
1.18.4.5 Seismic Design Categories E and F 1.18.4.5 Seismic Design Categories E and F
requirements{ 1EWSRV]IPIQIRXWMRWXVYGXYVIWEWWMKRIH requirements { 7II 'SQQIRXEV] 7IGXMSRW 
XS7IMWQMG(IWMKR'EXIKSV])SV*WLEPPGSQTP][MXLXLI ERH  8LI VEXMS SJ QMRMQYQ LSVM^SRXEP
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR  ERH [MXL XLI EHHMXMSREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW MRGVIEWIH XS VIJPIGX XLI TSWWMFMPMX] SJ
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSR LMKLIV WIMWQMG PSEHW ;LIVI JYPP] KVSYXIH STIR IRH
LSPPS[ YRMXW EVI YWIH TEVX SJ XLI RIIH JSV LSVM^SRXEP
1.18.4.5.1 Minimum reinforcement for
VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW WEXMWJMIH F] XLI QIGLERMGEP GSRXMRYMX]
nonparticipating masonry elements not laid in running
TVSZMHIHF]XLIKVSYXGSVI
bond { 1EWSRV] RSX PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH MR
RSRTEVXMGMTEXMRKIPIQIRXWWLEPPLEZIEGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIE
SJ LSVM^SRXEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX SJ EX PIEWX  QYPXMTPMIH
F] XLI KVSWW GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ QEWSRV] YWMRK
WTIGMJMIHHMQIRWMSRW8LIQE\MQYQWTEGMRKSJLSVM^SRXEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI  MR  QQ
 8LIWI IPIQIRXW
WLEPP FI JYPP] KVSYXIHERHWLEPP FIGSRWXVYGXIH SJ LSPPS[
STIRIRHYRMXWSVX[S[]XLIWSJWSPMHYRMXW
1.19 — Quality Assurance program
8LIUYEPMX]EWWYVERGITVSKVEQWLEPPGSQTP][MXLXLI
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLMW WIGXMSR HITIRHMRK SR XLI 6MWO
'EXIKSV] EW HIJMRIH MR %7')  SV XLI PIKEPP] EHSTXIH
FYMPHMRK GSHI 8LI UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI TVSKVEQ WLEPP
MXIQM^I XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV ZIVMJ]MRK GSRJSVQERGI SJ
QEXIVMEP GSQTSWMXMSR UYEPMX] WXSVEKI LERHPMRK
TVITEVEXMSRERHTPEGIQIRX[MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ817
%'-%7')
1.19 — Quality Assurance program
1EWSRV]HIWMKRTVSZMWMSRWMRXLMW'SHIEVIZEPMH[LIR
XLI UYEPMX] SJ QEWSRV] GSRWXVYGXMSR QIIXW SV I\GIIHW XLEX
HIWGVMFIHMR XLI 7TIGMJMGEXMSR 8LIVIJSVI MR SVHIV XSHIWMKR
QEWSRV] F] XLMW 'SHI ZIVMJMGEXMSR SJ KSSH UYEPMX]
GSRWXVYGXMSRMWVIUYMVIH8LIQIERWF][LMGLXLIUYEPMX]SJ
GSRWXVYGXMSRMWQSRMXSVIHMWXLIUYEPMX]EWWYVERGITVSKVEQ
% UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI TVSKVEQ QYWX FI HIJMRIH MR XLI
GSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXWXSERW[IVUYIWXMSRWWYGLEWwLS[XSx
w[LEX QIXLSHx wLS[ SJXIRx ERH w[LS HIXIVQMRIW
EGGITXERGIx8LMWMRJSVQEXMSRMWTEVXSJXLIEHQMRMWXVEXMZI
ERH TVSGIHYVEP VIUYMVIQIRXW 8]TMGEP VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ E
UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI TVSKVEQ MRGPYHI VIZMI[ SJ QEXIVMEP
GIVXMJMGEXMSRW JMIPH MRWTIGXMSR ERH XIWXMRK 8LI EGXW SJ
TVSZMHMRK WYFQMXXEPW MRWTIGXMRK ERH XIWXMRK EVI TEVX SJ
XLIUYEPMX]EWWYVERGITVSKVEQ
7MRGI XLI HIWMKR ERH XLI GSQTPI\MX] SJ QEWSRV]
GSRWXVYGXMSR ZEV] JVSQ TVSNIGX XS TVSNIGX WS QYWX XLI
I\XIRX SJ XLI UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI TVSKVEQ 8LI GSRXVEGX
HSGYQIRXWQYWXMRHMGEXIXLIXIWXMRKMRWTIGXMSRERHSXLIV
QIEWYVIW XLEX EVI VIUYMVIH XS EWWYVI XLEX XLI ;SVO MW MR
GSRJSVQERGI[MXLXLITVSNIGXVIUYMVIQIRXW
7IGXMSR  IWXEFPMWLIW XLI QMRMQYQ GVMXIVME
VIUYMVIHXSEWWYVIXLEXXLIUYEPMX]SJQEWSRV]GSRWXVYGXMSR
GSRJSVQWXSXLIUYEPMX]YTSR[LMGLXLI'SHITIVQMWWMFPI
ZEPYIW EVI FEWIH 8LI WGSTI SJ XLI UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI
TVSKVEQ HITIRHW SR [LIXLIV XLI WXVYGXYVI MW ER 6MWO
'EXIKSV]-:WXVYGXYVISVRSXEWHIJMRIHF]%7')SVXLI
PIKEPP] EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK GSHI &IGEYWI SJ XLIMV
MQTSVXERGI 6MWO 'EXIKSV]-: WXVYGXYVIW EVI WYFNIGXIH XS
C-68 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

QSVII\XIRWMZIUYEPMX]EWWYVERGIQIEWYVIW
8LI PIZIP SJ VIUYMVIH UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI HITIRHW SR
[LIXLIV XLI QEWSRV] [EW HIWMKRIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL
'LETXIVW     SV %TTIRHM\ & IRKMRIIVIH
 SV MR

1.19.1 Level A Quality Assurance
8LIQMRMQYQUYEPMX]EWWYVERGITVSKVEQJSVQEWSRV]
MR 6MWO 'EXIKSV] - -- SV --- WXVYGXYVIW ERH HIWMKRIH MR
EGGSVHERGI [MXL 'LETXIV   SV  WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL
8EFPI
1.19.2 Level B Quality Assurance
1.19.2.1 8LI QMRMQYQ UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI
TVSKVEQJSV QEWSRV] MR 6MWO'EXIKSV]-: WXVYGXYVIW ERH
HIWMKRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL'LETXIVSVWLEPPGSQTP]
[MXL8EFPI
1.19.2.2 8LI QMRMQYQ UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI
TVSKVEQ JSV QEWSRV] MR 6MWO 'EXIKSV] - -- SV ---
WXVYGXYVIWERHHIWMKRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXLGLETXIVWSXLIV
XLER'LETXIVSVWLEPPGSQTP][MXL8EFPI
1.19.3 Level C Quality Assurance
8LIQMRMQYQUYEPMX]EWWYVERGITVSKVEQJSVQEWSRV]
MR6MWO'EXIKSV]-:WXVYGXYVIWERHHIWMKRIHMREGGSVHERGI
[MXL GLETXIVW SXLIV XLER 'LETXIV   SV  WLEPP GSQTP]
[MXL8EFPI
EGGSVHERGI [MXL 'LETXIVW   SV  IQTMVMGEP SV
TVIWGVMTXMZI
1.19.1 Level A Quality Assurance
1.19.2 Level B Quality Assurance
-QTPIQIRXEXMSR SJ XIWXMRK ERH MRWTIGXMSR
VIUYMVIQIRXW GSRXEMRIH MR 8EFPI  VIUYMVIW HIXEMPIH
ORS[PIHKISJXLIETTVSTVMEXITVSGIHYVIW'SQTVILIRWMZI
XIWXMRK ERH MRWTIGXMSR TVSGIHYVIW EVI EZEMPEFPI JVSQ
VIGSKRM^IHMRHYWXV] WSYVGIW    [LMGLQE]FI
VIJIVIRGIHJSVEWWMWXERGIMRHIZIPSTMRKERHMQTPIQIRXMRK
E5YEPMX]%WWYVERGITVSKVEQ
-RWXEPPEXMSRXIGLRMUYIWJSV%%'QEWSRV]ERHXLMRFIH
QSVXEVHMJJIVJVSQGSRGVIXIERHGPE]QEWSRV]3RGIMXLEW
FIIR HIQSRWXVEXIH MR XLI JMIPH XLEX GSQTPMERGI MW EXXEMRIH
JSV XLI MRWXEPPEXMSR SJ %%' QEWSRV] ERH XLMRFIH QSVXEV
XLIJVIUYIRG]SJMRWTIGXMSRQE]FIVIZMWIHJVSQGSRXMRYSYW
XS TIVMSHMG ,S[IZIV XLI JVIUYIRG] SJ MRWTIGXMSR WLSYPH
VIZIVX XS GSRXMRYSYW JSV XLI TVIWGVMFIH TIVMSH [LIRIZIV
RI[%%'QEWSRV]MRWXEPPIVW[SVOSRXLITVSNIGX
1.19.3 Level C Quality Assurance
4VIQM\IH QSVXEVW ERH KVSYXW EVI HIPMZIVIH XS XLI
TVSNIGX WMXI EW wXVS[IP VIEH]x SV wTSYVEFPIx QEXIVMEPW
VIWTIGXMZIP] 4VIFPIRHIH QSVXEVW ERH KVSYXW EVI HV]
GSQFMRIH QEXIVMEPW XLEX EVI QM\IH [MXL [EXIV EX XLI
TVSNIGX WMXI :IVMJMGEXMSR SJ TVSTSVXMSRW SJ TVIQM\IH SV
TVIFPIRHIH QSVXEVW ERH KVSYXW GER FI EGGSQTPMWLIH F]
 E
1.19.4 Procedures
8LI UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI TVSKVEQ WLEPP WIX JSVXL XLI
TVSGIHYVIW JSV VITSVXMRK ERH VIZMI[ 8LI UYEPMX]
EWWYVERGI TVSKVEQ WLEPP EPWS MRGPYHI TVSGIHYVIW JSV
VIZMI[ SJ QERYJEGXYVIvW FEXGL XMGOIXW MJ ETTPMGEFPI
GSQFMREXMSR SJ TVIGSRWXVYGXMSR ERH GSRWXVYGXMSR XIWXMRK
SVSXLIVEGGITXEFPIHSGYQIRXEXMSR
1.19.4 Procedures
-R EHHMXMSR XS WTIGMJ]MRK XIWXMRK ERH MRWTIGXMSR
VIUYMVIQIRXW XLI UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI TVSKVEQ QYWX HIJMRI
XLI TVSGIHYVIW JSV WYFQMXXMRK XLI XIWXMRK ERH MRWTIGXMSR
VIWSPYXMSRSJRSRGSQTPMERGIW VITSVXWXLEXMWLS[QER]GSTMIWERHXS[LSQ
ERHHIJMRI
XLITVSGIWWF][LMGLXLSWIVITSVXWEVIXSFIVIZMI[IH
8IWXMRK ERH IZEPYEXMSR WLSYPH FI EHHVIWWIH MR XLI
UYEPMX]EWWYVERGITVSKVEQ8LITVSKVEQWLSYPHEPPS[JSV
XLI WIPIGXMSR ERH ETTVSZEP SJ E XIWXMRK EKIRG] [LMGL
EKIRG] WLSYPH FI TVSZMHIH [MXL TVIUYEPMJMGEXMSR XIWX
MRJSVQEXMSR ERH XLI VMKLXW JSV WEQTPMRK ERH XIWXMRK SJ
WTIGMJMG QEWSRV] GSRWXVYGXMSR QEXIVMEPW MR EGGSVHERGI
[MXL VIJIVIRGIH WXERHEVHW 8LI IZEPYEXMSR SJ XIWX VIWYPXW
F] XLI XIWXMRK EKIRG] WLSYPH MRHMGEXI GSQTPMERGI SV
RSRGSQTPMERGI[MXLEVIJIVIRGIHWXERHEVH
*YVXLIVUYEPMX]EWWYVERGI IZEPYEXMSR WLSYPHEPPS[ER
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-69

CODE COMMENTARY

ETTVEMWEP SJ XLI XIWXMRK TVSKVEQ ERH XLI LERHPMRK SJ

1.19.5 Qualifications
8LI UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI TVSKVEQ WLEPP HIJMRI XLI
UYEPMJMGEXMSRW JSV XIWXMRK PEFSVEXSVMIW ERH JSV MRWTIGXMSR
EKIRGMIW
RSRGSRJSVQERGI %GGITXEFPI ZEPYIW JSV EPP XIWX QIXLSHW
WLSYPHFIKMZIRMRXLIGSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXW
-HIRXMJMGEXMSR ERH VIWSPYXMSR SJ RSRGSQTP]MRK
GSRHMXMSRWWLSYPHFIEHHVIWWIHMRXLIGSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXW
% VIWTSRWMFPI TIVWSR WLSYPH FI MHIRXMJMIH XS EPPS[
VIWSPYXMSRSJRSRGSRJSVQERGIW-REKVIIQIRX[MXL SXLIVW
MR XLI HIWMKRGSRWXVYGX XIEQ XLI VIWSPYXMSRW WLSYPH FI
VITEMVIH VI[SVOIH EGGITXIH EW MW SV VINIGXIH 6ITEMVIH
ERHVI[SVOIHGSRHMXMSRWWLSYPHMRMXMEXIEVIMRWTIGXMSR
6IGSVHW GSRXVSP WLSYPH FI EHHVIWWIH MR XLI GSRXVEGX
HSGYQIRXW8LIHMWXVMFYXMSRSJHSGYQIRXWHYVMRKERHEJXIV
GSRWXVYGXMSRWLSYPHFIHIPMRIEXIH8LIVIZMI[SJHSGYQIRXW
WLSYPH TIVWMWX XLVSYKLSYX XLI GSRWXVYGXMSR TIVMSH WS XLEX
IEGL TEVX] MW MRJSVQIH ERH XLEX VIGSVHW JSV HSGYQIRXMRK
GSRWXVYGXMSR SGGYVVIRGIW EVI EZEMPEFPI ERH GSVVIGX EJXIV
GSRWXVYGXMSRLEWFIIRGSQTPIXIH
1.19.5 Qualifications
8LIIRXMXMIWZIVMJ]MRKGSQTPMERGIQYWXFIGSQTIXIRX
ERH ORS[PIHKIEFPI SJ QEWSRV] GSRWXVYGXMSR ERH XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLMW 'SHI 8LIVIJSVI QMRMQYQ
UYEPMJMGEXMSRW JSV XLSWI MRHMZMHYEPW QYWX EPWS FI
IWXEFPMWLIH F] XLI UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI TVSKVEQ MR XLI
GSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXW
8LI VIWTSRWMFPI TEVX] TIVJSVQMRK XLI UYEPMX] GSRXVSP
QIEWYVIW WLSYPH HSGYQIRX XLI SVKERM^EXMSREP
VITVIWIRXEXMZIW [LS [MPP FI E TEVX SJ XLI UYEPMX] GSRXVSP
WIKQIRX XLIMV UYEPMJMGEXMSRW ERH XLIMV TVIGMWI GSRHYGX
HYVMRKXLITIVJSVQERGISJXLIUYEPMX]EWWYVERGITLEWI
0EFSVEXSVMIW XLEX GSQTP] [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ
%781 ' EVI QSVI PMOIP] XS FI JEQMPMEV [MXL
QEWSRV]QEXIVMEPWERHXIWXMRK7TIGMJ]MRKXLEXXLIXIWXMRK
EKIRGMIW GSQTP] [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ %781 '
WLSYPHMQTVSZIXLIUYEPMX]SJXLIVIWYPXMRKQEWSRV]

Table 1.19.1 — Level A Quality Assurance

MINIMUM TESTS
2SRI

MINIMUM INSPECTION
:IVMJ]GSQTPMERGI[MXLXLIETTVSZIHWYFQMXXEPW
C-70 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

Table 1.19.2 — Level B Quality Assurance

MINIMUM TESTS
:IVMJMGEXMSRSJ7PYQTJPS[ERH:MWYEP7XEFMPMX]-RHI\:7- EWHIPMZIVIHXSXLI
TVSNIGXWMXIMREGGSVHERGI[MXL7TIGMJMGEXMSR%VXMGPI&FJSVWIPJ
GSRWSPMHEXMRKKVSYX
:IVMJMGEXMSRSJf 'mERHf 'AACMREGGSVHERGI[MXL7TIGMJMGEXMSR%VXMGPI&TVMSVXSGSRWXVYGXMSRI\GITX[LIVI
WTIGMJMGEPP]I\IQTXIHF]XLMW'SHI

MINIMUM INSPECTION
Inspection Task Frequency (a) Reference for Criteria
'SRXMRYSYW 4IVMSHMG 817 817
%'- %'-
%7') %7')
:IVMJ]GSQTPMERGI[MXLXLIETTVSZIHWYFQMXXEPW < %VX
%WQEWSRV]GSRWXVYGXMSRFIKMRWZIVMJ]XLEXXLI
JSPPS[MRKEVIMRGSQTPMERGI
E4VSTSVXMSRWSJWMXITVITEVIHQSVXEV < %VX
%
F'SRWXVYGXMSRSJQSVXEVNSMRXW < %VX&
G+VEHIERHWM^ISJTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWERH  <  %VX&
ERGLSVEKIW ,

H0SGEXMSRSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXGSRRIGXSVWERH < %VX %

TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWERHERGLSVEKIW
I4VIWXVIWWMRKXIGLRMUYI < %VX&
J4VSTIVXMIWSJXLMRFIHQSVXEVJSV%%'QEWSRV] <F <G %VX'
4VMSVXSKVSYXMRKZIVMJ]XLEXXLIJSPPS[MRKEVIMR
GSQTPMERGI
E+VSYXWTEGI < %VX(
*
F+VEHIX]TIERHWM^ISJVIMRJSVGIQIRXERH < 7IG %VX 
ERGLSVFSPXWERHTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWERH
ERGLSVEKIW
G4PEGIQIRXSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXGSRRIGXSVWERH  < 7IG %VX) 
TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWERHERGLSVEKIW %

H4VSTSVXMSRWSJWMXITVITEVIHKVSYXERH  <  %VX&

TVIWXVIWWMRKKVSYXJSVFSRHIHXIRHSRW +F

I'SRWXVYGXMSRSJQSVXEVNSMRXW < %VX&

 BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-71

Table 1.19.2 — Level B Quality Assurance (Continued)

MINIMUM INSPECTION
Inspection Task Frequency (a) Reference for Criteria
'SRXMRYSYW 4IVMSHMG 817 817
%'- %'-
%7') %7')
:IVMJ]HYVMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR
E7M^IERHPSGEXMSRSJWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXW < %VX*
F8]TIWM^IERHPSGEXMSRSJERGLSVWMRGPYHMRK  < 7IG 
SXLIVHIXEMPWSJERGLSVEKISJQEWSRV]XS 
WXVYGXYVEPQIQFIVWJVEQIWSVSXLIV
GSRWXVYGXMSR
G;IPHMRKSJVIMRJSVGIQIRX < 7IG
G 
F
H4VITEVEXMSRGSRWXVYGXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSRSJ  <  %VX'
QEWSRV]HYVMRKGSPH[IEXLIVXIQTIVEXYVIFIPS[ (
 * ' SVLSX[IEXLIVXIQTIVEXYVIEFSZI
 * '
I%TTPMGEXMSRERHQIEWYVIQIRXSJTVIWXVIWWMRK < %VX&
JSVGI
J4PEGIQIRXSJKVSYXERHTVIWXVIWWMRKKVSYXJSV <   %VX '
FSRHIHXIRHSRWMWMRGSQTPMERGI
K4PEGIQIRXSJ%%'QEWSRV]YRMXWERH <F  <G %VX&
GSRWXVYGXMSRSJXLMRFIHQSVXEVNSMRXW
3FWIVZITVITEVEXMSRSJKVSYXWTIGMQIRWQSVXEV  <  %VX&E
WTIGMQIRWERHSVTVMWQW &F
&G
&&
E *VIUYIRG]VIJIVWXSXLIJVIUYIRG]SJMRWTIGXMSR[LMGLQE]FIGSRXMRYSYWHYVMRKXLIXEWOPMWXIHSVTIVMSHMGEPP]HYVMRKXLIPMWXIHXEWOEWHIJMRIHMRXLIXEFPI
F 6IUYMVIHJSVXLIJMVWXWUYEVIJIIXWUYEVIQIXIVW SJ%%'QEWSRV]
G 6IUYMVIHEJXIVXLIJMVWXWUYEVIJIIXWUYEVIQIXIVW SJ%%'QEWSRV]
C-72 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

Table 1.19.3 — Level C Quality Assurance

MINIMUM TESTS
:IVMJMGEXMSRSJf 'm ERHf 'AAC MREGGSVHERGI[MXL%VXMGPI&TVMSVXSGSRWXVYGXMSRERHJSV
IZIV]WUJXWUQ
HYVMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR
:IVMJMGEXMSRSJTVSTSVXMSRWSJQEXIVMEPWMRTVIQM\IHSVTVIFPIRHIHQSVXEVTVIWXVIWWMRK
KVSYXERHKVSYXSXLIVXLERWIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRKKVSYXEWHIPMZIVIHXSXLITVSNIGXWMXI
:IVMJMGEXMSRSJ7PYQTJPS[ERH:MWYEP7XEFMPMX]-RHI\:7-
EWHIPMZIVIHXSXLITVSNIGXWMXI
MREGGSVHERGI[MXL %VXMGPI&FJSVWIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRKKVSYX
MINIMUM INSPECTION
Inspection Task Frequency (a) Reference for Criteria
'SRXMRYSYW 4IVMSHMG 817 817
%'- %'-
%7') %7')
:IVMJ]GSQTPMERGI[MXLXLIETTVSZIHWYFQMXXEPW < %VX
:IVMJ]XLEXXLIJSPPS[MRKEVIMRGSQTPMERGI
E4VSTSVXMSRWSJWMXIQM\IHQSVXEVKVSYXERH  <  %VX %
TVIWXVIWWMRKKVSYXJSVFSRHIHXIRHSRW &'
+F
F+VEHIX]TIERHWM^ISJVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHERGLSV  < 7IG %VX
FSPXWERHTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWERHERGLSVEKIW
G4PEGIQIRXSJQEWSRV]YRMXWERHGSRWXVYGXMSRSJ  <  %VX&
QSVXEVNSMRXW
H4PEGIQIRXSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXGSRRIGXSVWERH <  7IG %VX) 
TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWERHERGLSVEKIW %
I+VSYXWTEGITVMSVXSKVSYXMRK < %VX(
*
J4PEGIQIRXSJKVSYXERHTVIWXVIWWMRKKVSYXJSV <   %VX '
FSRHIHXIRHSRW
K7M^IERHPSGEXMSRSJWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXW  <  %VX*
L8]TIWM^IERHPSGEXMSRSJERGLSVWMRGPYHMRK <  7IG 
SXLIVHIXEMPWSJERGLSVEKISJQEWSRV]XS 
WXVYGXYVEPQIQFIVWJVEQIWSVSXLIVGSRWXVYGXMSR
M;IPHMRKSJVIMRJSVGIQIRX < 7IG
G

F

N4VITEVEXMSRGSRWXVYGXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSRSJ  <  %VX'
QEWSRV]HYVMRKGSPH[IEXLIVXIQTIVEXYVIFIPS[ (
 * '

SVLSX[IEXLIVXIQTIVEXYVIEFSZI
 * '


O%TTPMGEXMSRERHQIEWYVIQIRXSJTVIWXVIWWMRK <   %VX&
JSVGI
P4PEGIQIRXSJ%%'QEWSRV]YRMXWERH <   %VX&
GSRWXVYGXMSRSJXLMRFIHQSVXEVNSMRXW
Q4VSTIVXMIWSJXLMRFIHQSVXEVJSV%%'QEWSRV] < %VX'
3FWIVZITVITEVEXMSRSJKVSYXWTIGMQIRWQSVXEV < %VX&E
WTIGMQIRWERHSVTVMWQW &F
&G
&&
E
*VIUYIRG]VIJIVWXSXLIJVIUYIRG]SJMRWTIGXMSR[LMGLQE]FIGSRXMRYSYWHYVMRKXLIXEWOPMWXIHSVTIVMSHMGEPP]HYVMRKXLIPMWXIHXEWOEWHIJMRIHMRXLIXEFPI
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY
CODE
1.19.6 Acceptance relative to strength requirements
1.19.6.1 Compliance with f 'm { 'SQTVIWWMZI
WXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]WLEPPFIGSRWMHIVIHWEXMWJEGXSV]MJXLI
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJIEGLQEWSRV][]XLIERHKVSYXIH
GSPPEVNSMRXIUYEPWSVI\GIIHWXLIZEPYISJf 'm 
1.19.6.2 Determination of compressive strength
{ 'SQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]WLEPP FIHIXIVQMRIH
MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ 817 %'-
%7')
1.20 — Construction
1.20.1 Grouting, minimum spaces
8LIQMRMQYQHMQIRWMSRWSJWTEGIWTVSZMHIHJSVXLI
TPEGIQIRX SJ KVSYX WLEPP FI MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL 8EFPI
+VSYXTSYVW[MXLLIMKLXWI\GIIHMRKXLSWIWLS[RMR
8EFPI  GEZMX] [MHXLW SV GIPP WM^IW WQEPPIV XLER
XLSWI TIVQMXXIH MR 8EFPI  SV KVSYX PMJX LIMKLXW
I\GIIHMRK XLSWI TIVQMXXIH F] %VXMGPI  ( SJ 817
%'- %7')  EVI TIVQMXXIH MJ XLI VIWYPXW SJ E
KVSYXHIQSRWXVEXMSRTERIPWLS[ XLEXXLIKVSYXWTEGIWEVI
JMPPIH ERH EHIUYEXIP] GSRWSPMHEXIH -R XLEX GEWI XLI
TVSGIHYVIW YWIH MR GSRWXVYGXMRK XLI KVSYX HIQSRWXVEXMSR
TERIP WLEPP FI XLI QMRMQYQ EGGITXEFPI WXERHEVH JSV
KVSYXMRKERHXLIUYEPMX]EWWYVERGITVSKVEQWLEPPMRGPYHI
MRWTIGXMSRHYVMRKGSRWXVYGXMSRXSZIVMJ]KVSYXTPEGIQIRX
C-73
COMMENTARY
1.19.6 Acceptance relative to strength requirements
*YRHEQIRXEP XS XLI WXVYGXYVEP EHIUYEG] SJ QEWSRV]
GSRWXVYGXMSRMWXLIRIGIWWMX]XLEXXLIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJ
QEWSRV]IUYEPWSVI\GIIHWXLIWTIGMJMIHWXVIRKXL6EXLIVXLER
QERHEXMRK HIWMKR FEWIH SR HMJJIVIRX ZEPYIW SJ f m JSV IEGL
[]XLI SJ E QYPXM[]XLI [EPP GSRWXVYGXMSR QEHI SJ HMJJIVMRK
QEXIVMEPXLMW'SHIVIUYMVIWXLIWXVIRKXLSJIEGL[]XLIERHSJ
KVSYXIHGSPPEVNSMRXWXSIUYEPSVI\GIIHf m JSVXLITSVXMSRSJ
XLIWXVYGXYVIGSRWMHIVIH-JEQYPXM[]XLI[EPPMWHIWMKRIHEWE
GSQTSWMXI [EPP XLI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ IEGL []XLI SV
KVSYXIHGSPPEVNSMRXWLSYPHIUYEPSVI\GIIHf m 
1.20 — Construction
8LI 817 %'- %7')  7TIGMJMGEXMSR
GSZIVW QEXIVMEP ERH GSRWXVYGXMSR VIUYMVIQIRXW -X MW ER
MRXIKVEP TEVX SJ XLI 'SHI MR XIVQW SJ QMRMQYQ
VIUYMVIQIRXWVIPEXMZIXSXLIGSQTSWMXMSRUYEPMX]WXSVEKI
LERHPMRK ERH TPEGIQIRX SJ QEXIVMEPW JSV QEWSRV]
WXVYGXYVIW 8LI 7TIGMJMGEXMSR EPWS MRGPYHIW TVSZMWMSRW
VIUYMVMRK ZIVMJMGEXMSR XLEX GSRWXVYGXMSR EGLMIZIW XLI
UYEPMX]WTIGMJMIH8LIGSRWXVYGXMSRQYWXGSRJSVQXSXLIWI
VIUYMVIQIRXWMRSVHIVJSVXLI'SHITVSZMWMSRWXSFIZEPMH
1.20.1 Grouting, minimum spaces
'SHI8EFPIGSRXEMRWXLIPIEWXGPIEVHMQIRWMSR
JSV KVSYXMRK FIX[IIR []XLIW ERH XLI QMRMQYQ GIPP
HMQIRWMSRW [LIR KVSYXMRK LSPPS[ YRMXW 7IPIGXMSR SJ
YRMXW ERH FSRHMRK TEXXIVR WLSYPH FI GSSVHMREXIH XS
EGLMIZI XLIWI VIUYMVIQIRXW :IVXMGEP EPMKRQIRX SJ GIPPW
QYWXEPWSFIGSRWMHIVIH4VSNIGXMSRWSVSFWXVYGXMSRWMRXS
XLI KVSYX WTEGI ERH XLI HMEQIXIV SJ LSVM^SRXEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRX QYWX FI GSRWMHIVIH [LIR GEPGYPEXMRK XLI
QMRMQYQHMQIRWMSRW7II*MKYVI''
'SEVWI KVSYX ERH JMRI KVSYX EVI HMJJIVIRXMEXIH F]
EKKVIKEXIWM^IMR%781'
8LIKVSYX WTEGIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ'SHI8EFPI 
EVI FEWIH SR YWYEP KVSYX EKKVIKEXI WM^I ERH GPIERMRK
TVEGXMGI XS TIVQMX XLI GSQTPIXI JMPPMRK SJ KVSYX WTEGIW
ERH EHIUYEXI GSRWSPMHEXMSR YWMRK X]TMGEP QIXLSHW SJ
GSRWXVYGXMSR +VSYX WTEGIW WQEPPIV XLER WTIGMJMIH MR
8EFPILEZIFIIRYWIHWYGGIWWJYPP]MRWSQIEVIEW
;LIR XLI HIWMKRIV MW VIUYIWXIH XS EGGITX E KVSYXMRK
TVSGIHYVI XLEX I\GIIHW XLI PMQMXW MR 8EFPI 
GSRWXVYGXMSR SJE KVSYX HIQSRWXVEXMSR TERIP MW VIUYMVIH
(IWXVYGXMZI SV RSRHIWXVYGXMZI IZEPYEXMSR GER GSRJMVQ
XLEX JMPPMRK ERH EHIUYEXI GSRWSPMHEXMSR LEZI FIIR
EGLMIZIH 8LI HIWMKRIV WLSYPH IWXEFPMWL GVMXIVME JSV XLI
KVSYXHIQSRWXVEXMSRTERIPXSEWWYVIXLEXGVMXMGEPQEWSRV]
IPIQIRXWMRGPYHIHMRXLIGSRWXVYGXMSR[MPPFIVITVIWIRXIH
MR XLI HIQSRWXVEXMSR TERIP &IGEYWI E WMRKPI KVSYX
HIQSRWXVEXMSR TERIP IVIGXIH TVMSV XS QEWSRV]
GSRWXVYGXMSR GERRSX EGGSYRX JSV EPP GSRHMXMSRW XLEX QE]
FIIRGSYRXIVIHHYVMRK GSRWXVYGXMSR XLIHIWMKRIV WLSYPH
IWXEFPMWLMRWTIGXMSRTVSGIHYVIWXSZIVMJ]KVSYXTPEGIQIRX
C-74
CODE
1.20.2 Embedded conduits, pipes, and sleeves
'SRHYMXW TMTIW ERH WPIIZIW SJ ER] QEXIVMEP XS FI
IQFIHHIH MR QEWSRV] WLEPP FI GSQTEXMFPI [MXL QEWSRV]
ERHWLEPPGSQTP][MXLXLIJSPPS[MRKVIUYMVIQIRXW
1.20.2.1 'SRHYMXW TMTIW ERH WPIIZIW WLEPP RSX
FI GSRWMHIVIH XS FI WXVYGXYVEP VITPEGIQIRXW JSV XLI
HMWTPEGIHQEWSRV] 8LIQEWSRV]HIWMKRWLEPPGSRWMHIVXLI
WXVYGXYVEPIJJIGXWSJXLMWHMWTPEGIHQEWSRV]
1.20.2.2 'SRHYMXW TMTIW ERH WPIIZIW MR
QEWSRV] WLEPP FI RS GPSWIV XLER  HMEQIXIVW SR GIRXIV
1MRMQYQ WTEGMRK SJ GSRHYMXW TMTIW SV WPIIZIW SJ
HMJJIVIRX HMEQIXIVW WLEPP FI HIXIVQMRIH YWMRK XLI PEVKIV
HMEQIXIV
1.20.2.3 :IVXMGEP GSRHYMXW TMTIW SV WPIIZIW
TPEGIHMRQEWSRV]GSPYQRWSVTMPEWXIVWWLEPPRSXHMWTPEGI
QSVIXLERTIVGIRXSJXLIRIXGVSWWWIGXMSR
1.20.2.4 4MTIW WLEPP RSX FI IQFIHHIH MR
QEWSRV][LIR
TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
COMMENTARY
HYVMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR8LIWIMRWTIGXMSRTVSGIHYVIWWLSYPH
MRGPYHI HIWXVYGXMZI SV RSRHIWXVYGXMZI IZEPYEXMSR XS
GSRJMVQ XLEX JMPPMRK ERH EHIUYEXI GSRWSPMHEXMSR LEZI
FIIREGLMIZIH
1.20.2 Embedded conduits, pipes, and sleeves
1.20.2.1 'SRHYMXW TMTIW ERH WPIIZIW RSX
LEVQJYPXSQSVXEVERHKVSYXQE]FIIQFIHHIH[MXLMRXLI
QEWSRV]FYXXLIQEWSRV]QIQFIVWXVIRKXLWLSYPHRSXFI
PIWW XLER XLEX VIUYMVIH F] HIWMKR )JJIGXW SJ VIHYGXMSR MR
WIGXMSRTVSTIVXMIW MR XLI EVIEW SJGSRHYMX TMTI SVWPIIZI
IQFIHQIRXWLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIH
*SV XLI MRXIKVMX] SJ XLI WXVYGXYVI GSRHYMX ERH TMTI
JMXXMRKW[MXLMRXLIQEWSRV]WLSYPHFIGEVIJYPP]TSWMXMSRIH
ERH EWWIQFPIH 8LI GSYTPMRK WM^I WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIH
[LIRHIXIVQMRMRKWPIIZIWM^I
%PYQMRYQWLSYPHRSXFIYWIHMRQEWSRV]YRPIWWMXMW
IJJIGXMZIP]GSEXIHSVGSZIVIH%PYQMRYQVIEGXW[MXLMSRW
ERH QE] EPWS VIEGX IPIGXVSP]XMGEPP] [MXL WXIIP GEYWMRK
GVEGOMRK ERHSV WTEPPMRK SJ XLI QEWSRV] %PYQMRYQ
IPIGXVMGEP GSRHYMXW TVIWIRX E WTIGMEP TVSFPIQ WMRGI WXVE]
IPIGXVMGGYVVIRXEGGIPIVEXIWXLIEHZIVWIVIEGXMSR
4MTIW ERH GSRHYMXW TPEGIH MR QEWSRV] [LIXLIV
WYVVSYRHIH F] QSVXEV SV KVSYX SV TPEGIH MR YRJMPPIH
WTEGIWRIIHXSEPPS[YRVIWXVEMRIHQSZIQIRX
E
 'SRXEMRMRK PMUYMH KEW SV ZETSVW EX XIQTIVEXYVI
LMKLIVXLERž*ž'

F
 9RHIVTVIWWYVIMRI\GIWWSJTWMO4E

G
 'SRXEMRMRK[EXIVSVSXLIVPMUYMHWWYFNIGXXSJVII^MRK
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-75

Table 1.20.1 — Grout space requirements

Grout type1 Maximum grout Minimum clear width Minimum clear grout space dimensions for
pour height, of grout space,2,3 grouting cells of hollow units,3,4, 5
ft (m) in. (mm) in. x in. (mm x mm)

*MRI     \\ 
*MRI     \\ 
*MRI      \\ 
*MRI     \\ 
'SEVWI     \\ 
'SEVWI     \\ 
'SEVWI     \\ 
'SEVWI     \\ 

 *MRIERHGSEVWIKVSYXWEVIHIJMRIHMR%781'

 *SVKVSYXMRKFIX[IIRQEWSRV][]XLIW

 1MRMQYQ GPIEV [MHXL SJ KVSYX WTEGI ERH QMRMQYQ GPIEV KVSYX WTEGI HMQIRWMSR EVI XLI RIX HMQIRWMSR SJ XLI WTEGI
HIXIVQMRIHF]WYFXVEGXMRKQEWSRV]TVSXVYWMSRWERHXLIHMEQIXIVWSJLSVM^SRXEPFEVWJVSQXLIEWHIWMKRIHGVSWWWIGXMSRSJ
XLIKVSYXWTEGI+VSYXX]TIERHQE\MQYQKVSYXTSYVLIMKLXWLEPPFIWTIGMJMIHFEWIHSRXLIQMRMQYQGPIEVWTEGI

%VIESJZIVXMGEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPRSXI\GIIHTIVGIRXSJXLIEVIESJXLIKVSYXWTEGI

1MRMQYQ KVSYX WTEGI HMQIRWMSR JSV %%' QEWSRV] YRMXW WLEPP FI  MR  QQ  \  MR  QQ  SV E MR
QQ HMEQIXIVGIPP

COMMENTARY
%

4VSXVYWMSR 4VSXVYWMSR
E

;IF

E"1MRMQYQ+VSYX7TEGI(MQIRWMSR
F"1MRMQYQ+VSYX7TEGI(MQIRWMSR 7IGXMSR%%
4PYW,SVM^SRXEP&EV(MEQIXIV
4PYW,SVM^SRXEP4VSXVYWMSRW

&

4VSXVYWMSR

4VSXVYWMSR
4VSXVYWMSR
&

E"1MRMQYQ+VSYX7TEGI(MQIRWMSR
4PYW,SVM^SRXEP&EV(MEQIXIV 7IGXMSR&&
4PYW,SVM^SRXEP4VSXVYWMSRW

Figure CC-1.20-1 — Grout space requirements

C-76 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

8LMWTEKIMWMRXIRXMSREPP]PIJXFPERO
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY
CHAPTER 2
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN OF MASONRY
CODE
2.1 — General
2.1.1 Scope
8LMW GLETXIV TVSZMHIW VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV EPPS[EFPI
WXVIWW HIWMKR SJ QEWSRV] 1EWSRV] HIWMKR MR EGGSVHERGI
[MXL XLMW GLETXIV WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ
'LETXIV7IGXMSRWXLVSYKLERHIMXLIV7IGXMSR
SV
2.1.2 Load combinations
;LIR XLI PIKEPP] EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK GSHI HSIW RSX
TVSZMHIEPPS[EFPIWXVIWWPSEHGSQFMREXMSRWWXVYGXYVIWERH
QIQFIVW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH XS VIWMWX XLI GSQFMREXMSRW SJ
PSEHWTIGMJMIHF]XLIFYMPHMRKSJJMGMEP
2.1.3 Design strength
2.1.3.1 4VSNIGX HVE[MRKW WLEPP WLS[ XLI
WTIGMJMIHGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV] f 'm  JSVIEGL
TEVXSJXLIWXVYGXYVI
2.1.3.2 )EGL TSVXMSR SJ XLI WXVYGXYVI WLEPP FI
HIWMKRIH FEWIH SR XLI WTIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ
QEWSRV]f 'm JSVXLEXTEVXSJXLI[SVO
2.1.3.3 'SQTYXIH WXVIWWIW WLEPP RSX I\GIIH XLI
EPPS[EFPIWXVIWWVIUYMVIQIRXWSJXLMW'LETXIV
2.1.4 Anchor bolts embedded in grout
2.1.4.1 Design requirements — %RGLSV FSPXW
WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH YWMRK IMXLIV XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ 7IGXMSR
 SV JSV LIEHIH ERH FIRXFEV ERGLSV FSPXW F] XLI
C-77
COMMENTARY
2.1 — General
2.1.1 Scope
,MWXSVMGEPP] E SRIXLMVH MRGVIEWI MR EPPS[EFPI WXVIWW
LEWFIIRTIVQMXXIHJSVPSEHGSQFMREXMSRWXLEXMRGPYHI[MRH
SVWIMWQMGPSEHW8LISVMKMRERHXLIVIEWSRJSVXLISRIXLMVH
WXVIWW MRGVIEWI EVI YRGPIEV  *VSQ E WXVYGXYVEP VIPMEFMPMX]
WXERHTSMRX XLI SRIXLMVH WXVIWW MRGVIEWI MW E TSSV [E] XS
LERHPI PSEH GSQFMREXMSR IJJIGXW 8LIVIJSVI XLI SRIXLMVH
WXVIWW MRGVIEWI MW RS PSRKIV TIVQMXXIH MR XLMW 'SHI 8LI
EPPS[EFPI WXVIWWIW SJ XLMW 'LETXIV WLSYPH RSX FI MRGVIEWIH
F]SRIXLMVHJSV[MRHERHPSEHGSQFMREXMSRW
2.1.2 Load combinations
;LIRXLIVIMWRSPIKEPP]EHSTXIHFYMPHMRKGSHISVXLI
PIKEPP] EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK GSHI HSIW RSX LEZI EPPS[EFPI
WXVIWW PSEH GSQFMREXMSRW TSWWMFPI WSYVGIW SJ EPPS[EFPI
WXVIWWPSEHGSQFMREXMSRWEVI%7')ERH-&'
2.1.3 Design strength
8LI WXVYGXYVEP EHIUYEG] SJ QEWSRV] GSRWXVYGXMSR
VIUYMVIWXLEXXLIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]IUYEPSV
I\GIIH XLI WTIGMJMIH WXVIRKXL 8LI WTIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI
WXVIRKXLf 'm SR[LMGL HIWMKRMW FEWIH JSVIEGL TEVXSJXLI
WXVYGXYVIQYWXFIWLS[RSRXLITVSNIGXHVE[MRKW
8LI    ERH  IHMXMSRW SJ XLI 'SHI
GSRXEMRIH TVSZMWMSRW XS TIVQMX YWI SJ WXVIRKXLPIZIP PSEH
GSQFMREXMSRW MR EPPS[EFPI WXVIWW HIWMKR XS GSQTIRWEXI JSV
PEGO SJ WIVZMGIPIZIP PSEH GSQFMREXMSRW MR TVIZMSYWP]
VIJIVIRGIHPSEHWXERHEVHW8LMWTVSGIHYVI[LMGLIREFPIHXLI
GEPGYPEXMSR SJ uTWIYHSWXVIRKXLWv SR XLI FEWMW SJ EPPS[EFPI
WXVIWWIW MW RS PSRKIV MRGPYHIH MR XLI 'SHI FIGEYWI VIGIRX
IHMXMSRWSJ%7')MRGPYHIFSXLWIVZMGIPIZIPERHWXVIRKXL
PIZIP PSEH GSQFMREXMSRW 8LI  IHMXMSR SJ XLI 'SHI
TVSZMHIWKYMHERGIJSVYWMRKWXVIRKXLPIZIPPSEHGSQFMREXMSRW
[LIRIZIVXLIPIKEPP]EHSTXIHFYMPHMRKGSHIHSIWRSXTVSZMHI
WIVZMGIPIZIPPSEHGSQFMREXMSRW
2.1.4 Anchor bolts embedded in grout
%PPS[EFPI7XVIWW(IWMKRERGLSVFSPXTVSZMWMSRW[IVI
SFXEMRIH F] GEPMFVEXMRK GSVVIWTSRHMRK 7XVIRKXL (IWMKR
TVSZMWMSRW XS TVSHYGI WMQMPEV VIWYPXW 7II 'SHI
C-78 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

TVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSR 'SQQIRXEV]
2.1.4.2 Allowable loads determined by test
2.1.4.2.1 %RGLSV FSPXW WLEPP FI XIWXIH MR
EGGSVHERGI[MXL%781)I\GITXXLEXEQMRMQYQSJJMZI
XIWXWWLEPPFITIVJSVQIH0SEHMRKGSRHMXMSRWSJXLIXIWXWLEPP
FIVITVIWIRXEXMZISJMRXIRHIHYWISJXLIERGLSVFSPX
2.1.4.2.2 %RGLSV FSPX EPPS[EFPI PSEHW YWIH
JSV HIWMKR WLEPP RSX I\GIIH  TIVGIRX SJ XLI EZIVEKI
JEMPYVIPSEHJVSQXLIXIWXW
2.1.4.3 Allowable loads determined by
calculation for headed and bent-bar anchor bolts —
%PPS[EFPI PSEHW JSV LIEHIH ERH FIRXFEV ERGLSV FSPXW
IQFIHHIHMRKVSYXWLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL
XLITVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSRWXLVSYKL
2.1.4.3.1 Allowable axial tensile load of
headed and bent-bar anchor bolts — 8LIEPPS[EFPIE\MEP
XIRWMPI PSEH SJ LIEHIH ERGLSV FSPXW WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH
YWMRKXLITVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSRW8LIEPPS[EFPI
E\MEP XIRWMPI PSEH SJ FIRXFEV ERGLSV FSPXW WLEPP FI
GSQTYXIHYWMRKXLITVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSR
2.1.4.3.1.1 Allowable axial tensile 2.1.4.3.1 Allowable axial tensile
load of headed anchor bolts zz8LIEPPS[EFPIE\MEPXIRWMPI load of headed and bent-bar anchor bolts — )UYEXMSR
PSEH Ba SJLIEHIHERGLSVFSPXW IQFIHHIH MRKVSYXWLEPP HIJMRIW XLI EPPS[EFPI E\MEP XIRWMPI PSEH KSZIVRIH F]
FI XLI WQEPPIV SJ XLI ZEPYIW HIXIVQMRIH F] )UYEXMSR  QEWSRV] FVIEOSYX )UYEXMSR  HIJMRIW XLI EPPS[EFPI
ERH)UYEXMSR E\MEPXIRWMPIPSEHKSZIVRIHF]WXIIP]MIPHMRK8LIPS[IVSJ
XLIWI PSEHW MW XLI EPPS[EFPI E\MEP XIRWMPI PSEH SR XLI
Bab  A pt f m  )UYEXMSR  ERGLSV

Bas  Ab f y  )UYEXMSR
2.1.4.3.1.2 Allowable axial tensile load
of bent-bar anchor bolts zz 8LI EPPS[EFPI E\MEP XIRWMPI
PSEHBaJSVFIRXFEVERGLSVFSPXWIQFIHHIHMRKVSYXWLEPP
FI XLIWQEPPIWXSJXLI ZEPYIW HIXIVQMRIH F])UYEXMSR
)UYEXMSRERH)UYEXMSR
2.1.4.3.1.2 Allowable axial tensile load
of bent-bar anchor bolts zz )UYEXMSR  HIJMRIW XLI
EPPS[EFPI E\MEP XIRWMPI PSEH KSZIVRIH F] QEWSRV]
FVIEOSYX)UYEXMSRHIJMRIWXLIEPPS[EFPIE\MEPXIRWMPI
PSEHKSZIVRIHF]ERGLSVTYPPSYX)UYEXMSRHIJMRIWXLI
EPPS[EFPI E\MEP XIRWMPI PSEH KSZIVRIH F] WXIIP ]MIPHMRK
Bab  A pt f m  )UYEXMSR
 8LIPS[IVSJXLIWIPSEHWMWXLIEPPS[EFPIE\MEPXIRWMPIPSEH
SRXLIERGLSV
Bap  f m eb d b  lb eb d b db

)UYEXMSR

Bas  Ab f y  )UYEXMSR

2.1.4.3.2 Allowable shear load of headed
and bent-bar anchor bolts { 8LI EPPS[EFPI WLIEV PSEH
Bv,SJLIEHIHERHFIRXFEVERGLSVFSPXWIQFIHHIHMRKVSYX
WLEPPFIXLIWQEPPIWXSJXLIZEPYIWHIXIVQMRIHF])UYEXMSR
)UYEXMSR)UYEXMSRERH)UYEXMSR
2.1.4.3.2 Allowable shear load of headed
and bent-bar anchor bolts { )UYEXMSR  HIJMRIW XLI
EPPS[EFPI WLIEV PSEH KSZIVRIH F] QEWSRV] FVIEOSYX
)UYEXMSRHIJMRIWXLIEPPS[EFPIWLIEVPSEHKSZIVRIHF]
QEWSRV] GVYWLMRK )UYEXMSR  HIJMRIW XLI EPPS[EFPI
WLIEV PSEH KSZIVRIH F] ERGLSV TV]SYX )UYEXMSR 
Bvb  A pv f m  )UYEXMSR
HIJMRIW XLI EPPS[EFPI WLIEV PSEH KSZIVRIH F] WXIIP
]MIPHMRK8LI PS[IV SJ XLIWIPSEHW MWXLI EPPS[EFPI WLIEV
Bvc   f m Ab  )UYEXMSR
PSEHSRXLIERGLSV
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-79

CODE COMMENTARY

Bvpry  B ab  A pt f m  )UYEXMSR

Bvs  Ab f y )UYEXMSR

2.1.4.3.3 Combined axial tension and shear

{%RGLSVFSPXWWYFNIGXIHXSE\MEPXIRWMSRMRGSQFMREXMSR
[MXLWLIEVWLEPPWEXMWJ])UYEXMSR
ba bv
 )UYEXMSR

Ba Bv
2.1.5 Multiwythe walls 2.1.5 Multiwythe walls
2.1.5.1 (IWMKRSJ[EPPWGSQTSWIHSJQSVIXLER
SRI []XLI WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ XLMW
WIGXMSR
2.1.5.2 Composite action 2.1.5.2 Composite action { 1YPXM[]XLI [EPPW
2.1.5.2.1 1YPXM[]XLI [EPPW HIWMKRIH JSV EGX QSRSPMXLMGEPP] MJ WYJJMGMIRX WLIEV XVERWJIV GER SGGYV
GSQTSWMXIEGXMSRWLEPPLEZIGSPPEVNSMRXWIMXLIV EGVSWW XLI MRXIVJEGI FIX[IIR XLI []XLIW 7II *MKYVI
''7LIEVXVERWJIVMWEGLMIZIH[MXLLIEHIVWGVSWWMRK
E
 GVSWWIHF]GSRRIGXMRKLIEHIVWSV
XLIGSPPEVNSMRXSV[MXLQSVXEVSVKVSYXJMPPIHGSPPEVNSMRXW
F
 JMPPIH[MXLQSVXEVSVKVSYXERHGSRRIGXIHF][EPPXMIW
2.1.5.2.2 7LIEV WXVIWWIW HIZIPSTIH MR XLI
TPERIW SJ MRXIVJEGIW FIX[IIR []XLIW ERH GSPPEV NSMRXW SV
[MXLMRLIEHIVWWLEPPRSXI\GIIHXLIJSPPS[MRK
;LIRQSVXEVSVKVSYXJMPPIHGSPPEVNSMRXWEVIVIPMIHYTSR
XSXVERWJIVWLIEV[EPPXMIWEVIVIUYMVIHXSIRWYVIWXVYGXYVEP
MRXIKVMX]SJXLIGSPPEVNSMRX'SQTSWMXIEGXMSRVIUYMVIWXLEX
XLI WXVIWWIW SGGYVVMRK EX XLI MRXIVJEGIW EVI [MXLMR XLI
EPPS[EFPIPMQMXWTVIWGVMFIH
E
 QSVXEVIHGSPPEVNSMRXWTWMO4E
 'SQTSWMXI QEWSRV] [EPPW KIRIVEPP]GSRWMWXSJFVMGO
F
 KVSYXIHGSPPEVNSMRXWTWMO4E
 XSFVMGO FPSGOXSFPSGO SV FVMGOXSFPSGO []XLIW 8LI
GSPPEV NSMRX GER FI JMPPIH [MXL QSVXEV SV KVSYX SV XLI
G
 LIEHIVW []XLIWGERFIGSRRIGXIH[MXLQIXEPXMIW8LIGSPPEVNSMRX
 WTIGMJMIH YRMXGSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ LIEHIV XLMGORIWW VERKIW JVSQ  XS  MR  XS  QQ
 8LI
TWM14E
SZIVRIXEVIESJLIEHIV
 NSMRX QE] GSRXEMR IMXLIV ZIVXMGEP SV LSVM^SRXEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRX SV VIMRJSVGIQIRX QE] FI TPEGIH MR IMXLIV
2.1.5.2.3 ,IEHIVW YWIH XS FSRH EHNEGIRX XLIFVMGOSVFPSGO[]XLI'SQTSWMXI[EPPWEVITEVXMGYPEVP]
[]XLIW WLEPP QIIX XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR  EHZERXEKISYW JSV VIWMWXMRK LMKL PSEHW FSXL MRTPERI ERH
ERHWLEPPFITVSZMHIHEWJSPPS[W SYXSJTPERI
E
 ,IEHIVWWLEPPFIYRMJSVQP]HMWXVMFYXIHERHXLIWYQSJ
XLIMV GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIEW WLEPP FI EX PIEWX  TIVGIRX
SJXLI[EPPWYVJEGIEVIE
0MQMXIH XIWX HEXE   EVI EZEMPEFPI XS HSGYQIRX
WLIEVWXVIRKXLSJGSPPEVNSMRXWMRQEWSRV]
8IWX VIWYPXW  WLS[ XLEX WLIEV FSRH WXVIRKXL SJ
F
 ,IEHIVWGSRRIGXMRKEHNEGIRX[]XLIWWLEPPFIIQFIHHIH GSPPEVNSMRXWGSYPHZEV]JVSQEWPS[EWTWMO4E
XS
EQMRMQYQSJMRQQ
MRIEGL[]XLI EW LMKL EW  TWM  O4E
 HITIRHMRK SR X]TI ERH
2.1.5.2.4 ;]XLIW RSX FSRHIH F] LIEHIVW GSRHMXMSR SJ XLI MRXIVJEGI GSRWSPMHEXMSR SJ XLI NSMRX ERH
WLEPPQIIXXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRERHWLEPP X]TI SJ PSEHMRK 1G'EVXL] IX EP VITSVXIH ER EZIVEKI
FIFSRHIHF][EPPXMIWTVSZMHIHEWJSPPS[W ZEPYISJTWMO4E
[MXLEGSIJJMGMIRXSJZEVMEXMSRSJ
 TIVGIRX %R EPPS[EFPI WLIEV WXVIWW ZEPYI SJ  TWM
Wire size Minimum number of wall ties required  O4E
 [LMGL MW JSYV WXERHEVH HIZMEXMSRW FIPS[ XLI
;1;
  SRITIVJXQ
SJ[EPP EZIVEKI MW GSRWMHIVIH XS EGGSYRX JSV XLI I\TIGXIH LMKL
ZEVMEFMPMX]SJXLIMRXIVJEGIFSRH;MXLWSQIYRMXW8]TI7
;1;
  SRITIVJXQ
SJ[EPP QSVXEV WPYWLIH GSPPEV NSMRXW QE] LEZI FIXXIV WLIEV FSRH
GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW XLER 8]TI 2 QSVXEV 6IWYPXW WLS[ XLEX
8LI QE\MQYQ WTEGMRK FIX[IIR XMIW WLEPP FI  MR XLMGORIWW SJ NSMRXW YRMX EFWSVTXMSR ERH VIMRJSVGIQIRX
QQ
LSVM^SRXEPP]ERHMRQQ
ZIVXMGEPP] LEZI E RIKPMKMFPI IJJIGX SR WLIEV FSRH WXVIRKXL +VSYXIH
GSPPEVNSMRXWLEZILMKLIVEPPS[EFPIWLIEVFSRHWXVIWWXLER
8LIYWISJVIGXERKYPEV[EPPXMIWXSXMI[EPPWQEHI[MXL XLI QSVXEVIH GSPPEV NSMRXW 6IUYMVIQIRXW JSV QEWSRV]
ER]X]TISJQEWSRV]YRMXWMWTIVQMXXIH8LIYWISJ>[EPP LIEHIVW *MKYVI ''
 EVI IQTMVMGEP ERH XEOIR JVSQ
XMIW XS XMI [EPPW QEHI [MXL SXLIV XLER LSPPS[ QEWSRV] TVMSVGSHIW8LIRIXEVIESJXLILIEHIVWLSYPHFIYWIHMR
C-80 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

YRMXW MW TIVQMXXIH 'VSWW [MVIW SJNSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX EVI GEPGYPEXMRKXLIWXVIWWIZIRMJEWSPMHYRMX[LMGLEPPS[WYT

TIVQMXXIHXSFIYWIHMRWXIEHSJ[EPPXMIW
XS  TIVGIRX GSVMRK MW YWIH ,IEHIVW HS RSX TVSZMHI EW
QYGLHYGXMPMX]EWQIXEPXMIH[]XLIW[MXLJMPPIHGSPPEVNSMRXW
8LI MRJPYIRGI SJHMJJIVIRXMEPQSZIQIRXMWIWTIGMEPP]GVMXMGEP
[LIRLIEHIVW EVI YWIH 8LIGSQQMXXII HSIWRSX IRGSYVEKI
XLIYWISJLIEHIVW
%WXVIRKXL EREP]WMWLEW FIIR HIQSRWXVEXIHF] 4SVXIV
ERH ;SPHI8MRWEI  JSV GSQTSWMXI [EPPW WYFNIGXIH XS
GSQFMRIH MRTPERI WLIEV ERH KVEZMX] PSEHW -R EHHMXMSR
XLIWI EYXLSVW LEZI WLS[R EHIUYEXI FILEZMSVEP
GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW JSV FSXL FVMGOXSFVMGO ERH FVMGOXSFPSGO
GSQTSWMXI[EPPW [MXL EKVSYXIH GSPPEV NSMRX   
*MRMXI IPIQIRX QSHIPW JSV EREP]^MRK XLI MRXIVPEQMREV
WLIEVMRK WXVIWWIW MR GSPPEV NSMRXW SJ GSQTSWMXI [EPPW LEZI
FIIR MRZIWXMKEXIH F] %RERH IX EP    8LI]
JSYRH XLEX XLI WLIEV WXVIWWIW [IVI TVMRGMTEPP] XVERWJIVVIH
MR XLI YTTIV TSVXMSR SJ XLI [EPP RIEV XLI TSMRX SJ PSEH
ETTPMGEXMSR JSV XLI MRTPERI PSEHW 8LYW FIPS[ E GIVXEMR
HMWXERGI XLI SZIVEPP WXVIRKXL SJ XLI GSQTSWMXI MW
GSRXVSPPIH F] XLI KPSFEP WXVIRKXL SJ XLI [EPP TVSZMHMRK
XLEXXLI[]XLIWEVIEGXMRKGSQTSWMXIP]
8LIWM^IRYQFIVERHWTEGMRKSJ[EPPXMIWWLS[RMR
*MKYVI '' LEW FIIR HIXIVQMRIH JVSQ TEWX
I\TIVMIRGI8LIPMQMXEXMSRSJ>XMIWXS[EPPWSJSXLIVXLER
LSPPS[YRMXWMWEPWSFEWIHSRTEWXI\TIVMIRGI

'SPPEV.SMRX*MPPIH

0EXIVEP 0EXIVEP
0SEH 0SEH

:IVXMGEP&IRHMRK ,SVM^SRXEP&IRHMRK

8IRWMSR4IVTIRHMGYPEVXS&IH.SMRXW 8IRWMSR4EVEPPIPXS&IH.SMRXW

Figure CC-2.1-1 — Stress distribution in multiwythe walls of composite masonry

BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-81

COMMENTARY

7U*XQ
1E\MQYQ;EPP7YVJEGI 7U*XQ
%VIE4IV8MI 1E\MQYQ;EPP7YVJEGI
%VIE4IV8MI

8MI0SGEXMSR
MRQQ MRQQ
1E\,SVM^7TEGMRK 1E\,SVM^7TEGMRK

7TEGMRKSJ1IXEP8MIW;1;

7TEGMRKSJ1IXEP8MIW;1;
Figure CC-2.1-2 — Wall tie spacing for multiwythe walls
CODE
2.1.5.3 Non-composite action { 1EWSRV]
HIWMKRIH JSV RSRGSQTSWMXI EGXMSR WLEPP GSQTP][MXL XLI
JSPPS[MRKTVSZMWMSRW
2.1.5.3.1 )EGL []XLI WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH XS
VIWMWXMRHMZMHYEPP]XLIIJJIGXWSJPSEHWMQTSWIHSRMX
9RPIWW E QSVI HIXEMPIH EREP]WMW MW TIVJSVQIH XLI
JSPPS[MRKVIUYMVIQIRXWWLEPPFIWEXMWJMIH
COMMENTARY
2.1.5.3 Non-composite action — 1YPXM[]XLI
[EPPW QE] FI GSRWXVYGXIH WS XLEX IEGL []XLI MW WITEVEXIH
JVSQXLISXLIVWF]EWTEGIXLEXQE]FIGVSWWIHSRP]F]XMIW
8LI XMIW JSVGI GSQTEXMFPI PEXIVEP HIJPIGXMSR FYX RS
GSQTSWMXI EGXMSR I\MWXW MR XLI HIWMKR ;IEO E\MW FIRHMRK
QSQIRXWGEYWIHF]IMXLIVKVEZMX]PSEHWSVPEXIVEPPSEHWEVI
EWWYQIHXSFIHMWXVMFYXIHXSIEGL[]XLIMRTVSTSVXMSRXSMXW
VIPEXMZIWXMJJRIWW7II*MKYVI''JSVWXVIWWHMWXVMFYXMSR
MRRSRGSQTSWMXI[EPPW0SEHWHYIXSWYTTSVXIHLSVM^SRXEP
E
 'SPPEVNSMRXWWLEPPRSXGSRXEMRLIEHIVWKVSYXSVQSVXEV
QIQFIVWEVIXSFIVIWMWXIHF]XLI[]XLIGPSWIWXXSGIRXIVSJ
F
 +VEZMX]PSEHWJVSQWYTTSVXIHLSVM^SRXEPQIQFIVWWLEPP WTEREWEVIWYPXSJXLIHIJPIGXMSRSJXLILSVM^SRXEPQIQFIV
FIVIWMWXIHF]XLI[]XLIRIEVIWXXSXLIGIRXIVSJWTERSJ
XLIWYTTSVXIH QIQFIV %R] VIWYPXMRK FIRHMRK QSQIRX
 LEZI FIIR HIXIVQMRIH JVSQ TEWX I\TIVMIRGI
EFSYX XLI [IEO E\MW SJ XLI [EPP WLEPP FI HMWXVMFYXIH XS
IEGL[]XLIMRTVSTSVXMSRXSMXWVIPEXMZIWXMJJRIWW
8LI WM^I RYQFIV ERH WTEGMRK SJ QIXEP XMIW *MKYVI
''
0EHHIVX]TI SV XEFX]TI NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW VIUYMVIH
FIGEYWI XVYWWX]TI NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX VIWXVMGXW MRTPERI
G
 0SEHW EGXMRK TEVEPPIP XS XLI TPERI SJ E [EPP WLEPP FI HMJJIVIRXMEP QSZIQIRX FIX[IIR []XLIW ,S[IZIV XLI YWI
GEVVMIHSRP]F]XLI[]XLISR[LMGLXLI]EVIETTPMIH SJ GEZMX] [EPP XMIW [MXL HVMTW FIRHW MR XMIW XS TVIZIRX
8VERWJIVSJWXVIWWIWJVSQ WYGLPSEHWFIX[IIR []XLIW QSMWXYVI QMKVEXMSR
 LEW FIIR IPMQMREXIH FIGEYWI SJ XLIMV
WLEPPFIRIKPIGXIH VIHYGIH WXVIRKXL -R GEZMX] [EPPW XLMW 'SHI PMQMXW XLI
XLMGORIWW SJ XLI GEZMX] XS ¡ MR  QQ
 XS EWWYVI
H
 0SEHWEGXMRKXVERWZIVWIXSXLITPERISJE[EPPWLEPPFI EHIUYEXI TIVJSVQERGI -J GEZMX] [MHXL I\GIIHW ¡ MR
VIWMWXIH F] EPP []XLIW MR TVSTSVXMSR XS XLIMV VIPEXMZI QQ
 XLI XMIW QYWX FI HIWMKRIH XS VIWMWX XLI PSEHW
JPI\YVEPWXMJJRIWWIW MQTSWIH YTSR XLIQFEWIHSRE VEXMSREPEREP]WMWXLEXXEOIW
I
 7TIGMJMIH HMWXERGIW FIX[IIR []XLIW WLEPP RSX I\GIIH MRXS EGGSYRX FYGOPMRK XIRWMSR TYPPSYX ERH PSEH
MRQQ
YRPIWWEHIXEMPIH[EPPXMIEREP]WMWMW HMWXVMFYXMSR
TIVJSVQIH 8LI 2'1% ERH 'EREHMER 7XERHEVHW %WWSGMEXMSR
2.1.5.3.2 ;]XLIW SJ [EPPW HIWMKRIH JSV '7%
 LEZI VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW JSV YWI MR XLI HIWMKR SJ
RSRGSQTSWMXI EGXMSR WLEPP FI GSRRIGXIH F] [EPP XMIW XMIW JSV [EPPW [MXL [MHI GEZMXMIW 8LI XIVQ GEZMX] MW YWIH
QIIXMRK XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR  SV F] [LIR XLI RIX XLMGORIWW MW  MR  QQ
 SV KVIEXIV 8[S
EHNYWXEFPI XMIW ;LIVI XLI GVSWW [MVIW SJ NSMRX MRGLIWQQ
MWGSRWMHIVIHXLIQMRMQYQWTEGIVIUYMVIH
VIMRJSVGIQIRX EVI YWIH EW XMIW XLI NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX JSV VIWMWXERGI XS[EXIV TIRIXVEXMSR%GSRXMRYSYWEMVWTEGI
WLEPPFIPEHHIVX]TISVXEFX]TI;EPPXMIWWLEPPFI[MXLSYX SJ PIWWIV XLMGORIWW MW VIJIVVIH XS EWEZSMHYRJMPPIH
GSPPEV
GEZMX]HVMTW NSMRX6IUYMVIQIRXWJSVEHNYWXEFPIXMIWEVIWLS[RMR*MKYVI
''8LI]EVIFEWIHSRXLIVIWYPXWMR6IJIVIRGI
C-82 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

%HNYWXEFPIXMIWWLEPPQIIXXLIJSPPS[MRKVIUYMVIQIRXW
E  3RIXMIWLEPPFITVSZMHIH JSV IEGL JX Q
SJ[EPPEVIE
F  ,SVM^SRXEP ERH ZIVXMGEP WTEGMRK WLEPP RSX I\GIIH
MRQQ 
G  %HNYWXEFPI XMIW WLEPP RSX FI YWIH [LIR XLI
QMWEPMKRQIRX SJ FIH NSMRXW JVSQ SRI []XLI XS XLI
SXLIVI\GIIHWMRQQ 
H  1E\MQYQ GPIEVERGIFIX[IIRGSRRIGXMRKTEVXWSJXLI
XMIWLEPPFIMRQQ 
I  4MRXPI XMIW WLEPP LEZI EX PIEWX X[S TMRXPI PIKW SJ [MVI
WM^I;1; 
2.1.6 Bearing stress
&IEVMRKWXVIWWIWSRQEWSRV]WLEPPRSXI\GIIHf 'm ERH
WLEPPFIGSQTYXIHSZIVXLIFIEVMRKEVIEAbrEWHIJMRIHMR
7IGXMSR.

'SPPEV.SMRX3TIR

0EXIVEP 0EXIVEP
0SEH 0SEH

:IVXMGEP&IRHMRK ,SVM^SRXEP&IRHMRK

8IRWMSR4IVTIRHMGYPEVXS&IH.SMRXW 8IRWMSR4EVEPPIPXS&IH.SMRXW

Figure CC-2.1-3 — Stress distribution in multiwythe walls of non-composite masonry

BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-83

COMMENTARY

MRQQ 1E\:IVX7TEGMRK

7U*XQ
1E\MQYQ;EPP7YVJEGI
%VIE4IV8MI
1E\'PIEV
:IVXMGEP7IGXMSR MRQQ

 MRQQ ;MVI


8MI0SGEXMSR
MRQQ
1E\
,SVM^7TEGMRK
7TEGMRKSJ%HNYWXEFPI8MIW
Figure CC-2.1-4 — Adjustable ties
CODE
2.1.7 Development of reinforcement embedded in grout
2.1.7.1 General { 8LI GEPGYPEXIH XIRWMSR SV
GSQTVIWWMSRMRXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXEXIEGLWIGXMSRWLEPPFI
HIZIPSTIH SR IEGL WMHI SJ XLI WIGXMSR F] HIZIPSTQIRX
PIRKXL LSSO QIGLERMGEP HIZMGI SV GSQFMREXMSR XLIVISJ
,SSOWWLEPPRSXFIYWIHXSHIZIPSTFEVWMRGSQTVIWWMSR
2.1.7.2 Development of wires in tension{8LI
HIZIPSTQIRX PIRKXL SJ [MVI WLEPP FI HIXIVQMRIH F]
)]I9RMX
4MRXPI 9RMX
4PER:MI[
COMMENTARY
2.1.7 Development of reinforcement embedded in grout
2.1.7.1 General {*VSQETSMRX SJTIEOWXVIWW
MR VIMRJSVGIQIRX WSQI PIRKXL SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX SV
ERGLSVEKI MW RIGIWWEV] XLVSYKL [LMGL XS HIZIPST XLI
WXVIWW8LMWHIZIPSTQIRXPIRKXLSVERGLSVEKIMWRIGIWWEV]
SR FSXL WMHIW SJ WYGL TIEO WXVIWW TSMRXW SR SRI WMHI XS
XVERWJIVWXVIWWMRXSERHSRXLISXLIVXSXVERWJIVWXVIWWSYXSJ
XLIVIMRJSVGIQIRX3JXIRXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXGSRXMRYIWJSVE
GSRWMHIVEFPIHMWXERGISRSRIWMHISJEGVMXMGEPWXVIWWTSMRX
WS XLEX GEPGYPEXMSRW RIIH MRZSPZI SRP] XLI SXLIV WMHI JSV
I\EQTPI XLI RIKEXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX GSRXMRYMRK
XLVSYKLEWYTTSVXXSXLIQMHHPISJXLIRI\XWTER
&EVWERHPSRKMXYHMREP[MVIWQYWXFIHIJSVQIH
2.1.7.2 Development of wires in tension {
)UYEXMSRGERFIHIVMZIHJVSQXLIFEWMGHIZIPSTQIRX
)UYEXMSRFYXWLEPPRSXFIPIWWXLERMRQQ
 PIRKXL I\TVIWWMSR ERH ER EPPS[EFPI FSRH WXVIWW u JSV
HIJSVQIH FEVW MR KVSYX SJ  TWM O4E
 
ld d b Fs  )UYEXMSR
 6IWIEVGL LEWWLS[RXLEXITS\]GSEXIHVIMRJSVGMRKFEVW
(IZIPSTQIRXPIRKXLSJITS\]GSEXIH[MVIWLEPPFIXEOIREW VIUYMVI PSRKIV HIZIPSTQIRX PIRKXL XLER YRGSEXIH
TIVGIRXSJXLIPIRKXLHIXIVQMRIHF])UYEXMSR VIMRJSVGMRKFEVW8LITIVGIRX MRGVIEWI MRHIZIPSTQIRX
PIRKXLMWGSRWMWXIRX[MXLXLIMRGVIEWIVIUYMVIHMRXLI%'-
 TVSZMWMSRW JSV ITS\]GSEXIH FEVW ERH [MVIW ERH
HSIWRSXETTP]XSXLIMRQQ
QMRMQYQ
ld = db Fs / u = db Fs 
!db Fs

2.1.7.3 Development of bars in tension or
compression { 8LI VIUYMVIH HIZIPSTQIRX PIRKXL SJ
VIMRJSVGMRKFEVWWLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHF])UYEXMSRFYX
 ld = db FsMR7-YRMXW
2.1.7.3 Development of bars in tension or
compression{7IIXLIHMWGYWWMSRMR'SHI'SQQIRXEV]
 8LI TIVGIRX MRGVIEWI MR HIZIPSTQIRX PIRKXL
WLEPPRSXFIPIWWXLERMRQQ
 MWGSRWMWXIRX[MXLXLIMRGVIEWIVIUYMVIHMRXLI%'-
C-84 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

 d b  f y TVSZMWMSR JSVITS\]GSEXIHFEVWERHHSIWRSXETTP]XS

ld  )UYEXMSR  XLIMRQQ QMRMQYQ
K f m

K WLEPP RSXI\GIIH XLIWQEPPIWXSJXLIJSPPS[MRK XLI

QMRMQYQ QEWSRV] GSZIV XLI GPIEV WTEGMRK FIX[IIR
EHNEGIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXWTPMGIWERHdb 
 ! JSV2S1
XLVSYKL2S1
FEVW
 ! JSV2S1
XLVSYKL2S1
FEVW
ERH
 ! JSV2S1
XLVSYKL2S1
FEVW
(IZIPSTQIRXPIRKXLSJITS\]GSEXIHFEVWWLEPPFIXEOIR
EWTIVGIRXSJXLIPIRKXLHIXIVQMRIHF])UYEXMSR
2.1.7.4 Embedment of flexural reinforcement
2.1.7.4.1 General
2.1.7.4.1.1 8IRWMSR VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW
TIVQMXXIH XS FI HIZIPSTIH F] FIRHMRK EGVSWW XLI RIYXVEP
E\MW SJ XLI QIQFIV XS FI ERGLSVIH SV QEHI GSRXMRYSYW
[MXLVIMRJSVGIQIRXSRXLISTTSWMXIJEGISJXLIQIQFIV
2.1.7.4.1.2 'VMXMGEP WIGXMSRW JSV
HIZIPSTQIRXSJVIMRJSVGIQIRX MR JPI\YVEPQIQFIVWEVIEX
TSMRXW SJ QE\MQYQ WXIIP WXVIWW ERH EX TSMRXW [MXLMR XLI
WTER[LIVIEHNEGIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXXIVQMREXIWSVMWFIRX
2.1.7.4.1.3 6IMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPPI\XIRH
FI]SRHXLITSMRXEX[LMGLMXMWRSPSRKIVVIUYMVIHXSVIWMWX
JPI\YVI JSV E HMWXERGI IUYEP XS XLI IJJIGXMZI HITXL SJ XLI
QIQFIVSVdb [LMGLIZIVMWKVIEXIVI\GITXEXWYTTSVXWSJ
WMQTPIWTERWERHEXXLIJVIIIRHSJGERXMPIZIVW
2.1.7.4 Embedment of flexural reinforcement {
*MKYVI '' MPPYWXVEXIW XLI IQFIHQIRX VIUYMVIQIRXW
SJ JPI\YVEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR E X]TMGEP GSRXMRYSYW FIEQ
*MKYVI '' MPPYWXVEXIW XLI IQFIHQIRX VIUYMVIQIRXW
MREX]TMGEPGSRXMRYSYW[EPPXLEXMWRSXTEVXSJXLIPEXIVEP
JSVGIVIWMWXMRKW]WXIQ
2.1.7.4.1 General
2.1.7.4.1.2 'VMXMGEPWIGXMSRWJSVEX]TMGEP
GSRXMRYSYWFIEQEVIMRHMGEXIH[MXLEwGxSVERw\xMR*MKYVI
'''VMXMGEPWIGXMSRWJSVEX]TMGEPGSRXMRYSYW[EPPEVI
MRHMGEXIH[MXLEwGxMR*MKYVI''
2.1.7.4.1.3 8LI QSQIRX HMEKVEQW
GYWXSQEVMP]YWIHMRHIWMKREVIETTVS\MQEXI7SQIWLMJXMRK
SJ XLI PSGEXMSR SJ QE\MQYQ QSQIRXW QE] SGGYV HYI XS
GLERKIWMRPSEHMRKWIXXPIQIRXSJWYTTSVXWPEXIVEPPSEHWSV
SXLIV GEYWIW % HMEKSREP XIRWMSR GVEGO MR E JPI\YVEP
QIQFIV [MXLSYX WXMVVYTW QE] WLMJX XLI PSGEXMSR SJ XLI
GEPGYPEXIHXIRWMPIWXVIWWETTVS\MQEXIP]EHMWXERGIdXS[EVH
ETSMRXSJ^IVSQSQIRX;LIRWXMVVYTWEVITVSZMHIHXLMW
IJJIGXMWPIWWWIZIVIEPXLSYKLWXMPPTVIWIRX
8S TVSZMHI JSV WLMJXW MR XLI PSGEXMSR SJ QE\MQYQ
QSQIRXW XLMW 'SHI VIUYMVIW XLI I\XIRWMSR SJ
VIMRJSVGIQIRX E HMWXERGI d SV db FI]SRH XLI TSMRX EX
[LMGL MX MW XLISVIXMGEPP] RS PSRKIV VIUYMVIH XS VIWMWX
JPI\YVII\GITXEWRSXIH
'YXSJJ TSMRXW SJ FEVW XS QIIX XLMW VIUYMVIQIRX EVI
MPPYWXVEXIHMR*MKYVI''
;LIR FEVW SJ HMJJIVIRX WM^IW EVI YWIH XLI I\XIRWMSR
WLSYPH FI MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI HMEQIXIV SJ FEV FIMRK
XIVQMREXIH % FEV FIRX XS XLI JEV JEGI SJ E FIEQ ERH
GSRXMRYIH XLIVI QE] PSKMGEPP] FI GSRWMHIVIH IJJIGXMZI MR
WEXMWJ]MRK XLMWWIGXMSR XS XLI TSMRX [LIVIXLI FEV GVSWWIW
XLIQMHHITXLSJXLIQIQFIV
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-85

COMMENTARY
G
\
1SQIRX'ETEGMX]
SJ&EVWE

4SMRXWSJ-RJPIGXMSR4-

1SQIRX'ETEGMX]
SJ&EVWF

1SQIRX'YVZI

ld
ddb
ln
ld d


&EVWF
&EVWE 4-

ld
ddb

ddb
Figure CC-2.1-5 — Development of flexural reinforcement in a typical continuous beam

1SQIRX 4SMRXWSJ  d b d h/

'YVZI
-RJPIGXMSR4-

ld
d d b

>IVS1SQIRX

8]TMGEP-RXIVQIHMEXI
*PSSV
d

Figure CC-2.1-6 — Development of flexural reinforcement in a typical wall

C-86
CODE
2.1.7.4.1.4 'SRXMRYMRK VIMRJSVGIQIRX
WLEPPI\XIRHEHMWXERGI ldFI]SRHXLITSMRX[LIVIFIRXSV
XIVQMREXIHXIRWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWRSPSRKIVVIUYMVIH XS
VIWMWXJPI\YVIEWVIUYMVIHF]7IGXMSRSV
2.1.7.4.1.5 *PI\YVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPP
RSX FI XIVQMREXIH MR E XIRWMSR ^SRI YRPIWW SRI SJ XLI
JSPPS[MRKGSRHMXMSRWMWWEXMWJMIH
TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
COMMENTARY
2.1.7.4.1.4 4IEO WXVIWWIW I\MWX MR XLI
VIQEMRMRK FEVW[LIVIZIV EHNEGIRX FEVWEVI GYX SJJ SV FIRX MR
XIRWMSR VIKMSRW -R *MKYVI '' ER w\x QEVO MW YWIH XS
MRHMGEXI XLI TIEO WXVIWW TSMRXW VIQEMRMRK MR GSRXMRYMRK FEVW
EJXIVTEVXSJXLIFEVWLEZIFIIRGYXSJJ-JFEVWEVIGYXSJJEW
WLSVXEWXLIQSQIRXHMEKVEQWEPPS[XLIWIWXVIWWIWFIGSQIXLI
JYPPFs [LMGLVIUYMVIWEJYPPIQFIHQIRXPIRKXLEWMRHMGEXIH
8LMWI\XIRWMSRQE]I\GIIHXLIPIRKXLVIUYMVIHJSVJPI\YVI
2.1.7.4.1.5 )ZMHIRGI SJ VIHYGIH WLIEV
WXVIRKXL ERH PSWW SJ HYGXMPMX] [LIR FEVW EVI GYX SJJ MR E
XIRWMSR ^SRI LEW FIIR VITSVXIH MR 6IJIVIRGI  %W E
VIWYPXXLMW'SHIHSIW RSXTIVQMX JPI\YVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX XS
E
 7LIEV EX XLI GYXSJJ TSMRX HSIW RSX I\GIIH X[SXLMVHW
FI XIVQMREXIH MR E XIRWMSR ^SRI YRPIWW WTIGMEP GSRHMXMSRW
SJXLIEPPS[EFPIWLIEVEXXLIWIGXMSRGSRWMHIVIH
EVI WEXMWJMIH *PI\YVI GVEGOW XIRH XS STIR IEVP] [LIVIZIV
F
 7XMVVYT EVIE MR I\GIWW SJ XLEX VIUYMVIH JSV WLIEV MW ER] VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW XIVQMREXIH MR E XIRWMSR ^SRI -J XLI
TVSZMHIH EPSRK IEGL XIVQMREXIH FEV SV [MVI SZIV E WXVIWWMRXLIGSRXMRYMRKVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHXLIWLIEVWXVIRKXL
HMWXERGI JVSQ XLI XIVQMREXMSR TSMRX IUYEP XS XLVII EVI IEGL RIEV XLIMV PMQMXMRK ZEPYIW HMEKSREP XIRWMSR
JSYVXLW XLI IJJIGXMZI HITXL SJ XLI QIQFIV )\GIWW GVEGOMRK XIRHW XS HIZIPST TVIQEXYVIP] JVSQ XLIWI JPI\YVI
WXMVVYT EVIE Av  WLEPP RSX FI PIWW XLER bw s/fy  GVEGOW(MEKSREPGVEGOWEVIPIWWPMOIP]XSJSVQ[LIVIWLIEV
7TEGMRK sWLEPPRSXI\GIIHd/ ßb
 WXVIWWMWPS[%PS[IVWXIIPWXVIWWVIHYGIWXLITVSFEFMPMX]SJ
G
 'SRXMRYSYW VIMRJSVGIQIRX TVSZMHIW HSYFPI XLI EVIE
VIUYMVIHJSVJPI\YVIEXXLIGYXSJJTSMRXERHWLIEVHSIW
RSX I\GIIH XLVIIJSYVXLW XLI EPPS[EFPI WLIEV EX XLI
WIGXMSRGSRWMHIVIH
2.1.7.4.1.6 %RGLSVEKI GSQTP]MRK
[MXL 7IGXMSR  SV  WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH JSV
XIRWMSR VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR GSVFIPW HIIT JPI\YVEP QIQFIVW
ZEVMEFPIHITXL EVGLIW QIQFIVW [LIVI JPI\YVEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRXMWRSXTEVEPPIP[MXLXLIGSQTVIWWMSRJEGIERH
MRSXLIVGEWIW[LIVIXLIWXVIWWMRJPI\YVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXHSIW
RSXZEV]PMRIEVP]XLVSYKLXLIHITXLSJXLIWIGXMSR
2.1.7.4.2 Development of positive moment
reinforcement{;LIRE[EPPSVSXLIVJPI\YVEPQIQFIVMW
TEVX SJ XLI PEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ EX PIEWX 
TIVGIRXSJXLITSWMXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPI\XIRH
MRXSXLIWYTTSVXERHFIERGLSVIHXSHIZIPSTFsMRXIRWMSR
2.1.7.4.3 Development of negative moment
reinforcement
2.1.7.4.3.1 2IKEXMZI QSQIRX
VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR E GSRXMRYSYW VIWXVEMRIH SV GERXMPIZIV
QIQFIV WLEPP FI ERGLSVIH MR SV XLVSYKL XLI WYTTSVXMRK
QIQFIVMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLITVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSR
2.1.7.4.3.2 %X PIEWX SRIXLMVH SJ XLI
XSXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXTVSZMHIHJSVQSQIRXEXEWYTTSVXWLEPP
I\XIRHFI]SRHXLITSMRXSJMRJPIGXMSRXLIKVIEXIVHMWXERGI
SJ XLI IJJIGXMZI HITXL SJ XLI QIQFIV SV SRIWM\XIIRXL SJ
XLIWTER
WYGLHMEKSREPGVEGOMRK
2.1.7.4.1.6 -R GSVFIPW HIIT JPI\YVEP
QIQFIVW ZEVMEFPIHITXL EVGLIW QIQFIVW [LIVI XLI
XIRWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWRSXTEVEPPIP[MXLXLIGSQTVIWWMSR
JEGI SV SXLIV MRWXERGIW [LIVI XLI WXIIP WXVIWW fs  MR
JPI\YVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXHSIWRSXZEV]PMRIEVP]MRTVSTSVXMSR
XSXLIQSQIRX WTIGMEPQIERWSJEREP]WMW WLSYPHFIYWIH
XSHIXIVQMRIXLITIEOWXVIWWJSVTVSTIVHIZIPSTQIRXSJXLI
JPI\YVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
2.1.7.4.2 Development of positive moment
reinforcement { ;LIR E JPI\YVEP QIQFIV MW TEVX SJ XLI
PEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ PSEHW KVIEXIV XLER XLSWI
ERXMGMTEXIH MR HIWMKR QE] GEYWI VIZIVWEP SJ QSQIRX EX
WYTTSVXW%WEGSRWIUYIRGIWSQITSWMXMZIVIMRJSVGIQIRX
MW VIUYMVIH XS FI ERGLSVIH MRXS XLI WYTTSVX 8LMW
ERGLSVEKI EWWYVIW HYGXMPMX] SJ VIWTSRWI MR XLI IZIRX SJ
WIVMSYW SZIVWXVIWW WYGL EW JVSQFPEWX SV IEVXLUYEOI8LI
YWI SJ QSVI VIMRJSVGIQIRX EX PS[IV WXVIWWIW MW RSX
WYJJMGMIRX8LIJYPPERGLSVEKIVIUYMVIQIRXHSIWRSXETTP]
XSI\GIWWVIMRJSVGIQIRXTVSZMHIHEXXLIWYTTSVX
2.1.7.4.3 Development of negative moment
reinforcement { 2IKEXMZI VIMRJSVGIQIRX QYWX FI
TVSTIVP]ERGLSVIHFI]SRHXLIWYTTSVXJEGIWF]I\XIRHMRK
XLI VIMRJSVGIQIRX ld MRXS XLI WYTTSVX 3XLIV QIXLSHW SJ
ERGLSVMRK MRGPYHI XLI YWI SJ E WXERHEVH LSSO SV WYMXEFPI
QIGLERMGEPHIZMGI
7IGXMSR  TVSZMHIW JSV TSWWMFPI WLMJXMRK SJ
XLIQSQIRXHMEKVEQEXETSMRXSJMRJPIGXMSREWHMWGYWWIH
YRHIV 'SQQIRXEV] 7IGXMSR  8LMW VIUYMVIQIRX
QE] I\GIIH XLEX SJ 7IGXMSR  ERH XLI QSVI
VIWXVMGXMZIKSZIVRW
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-87

CODE COMMENTARY

2.1.7.5 Hooks 2.1.7.5 Hooks

2.1.7.5.1 7XERHEVHLSSOW MRXIRWMSRWLEPP FI 2.1.7.5.1 -RIEVPMIVZIVWMSRWSJXLI'SHIXLI
GSRWMHIVIH XS HIZIPST ER IUYMZEPIRX IQFIHQIRX PIRKXL le  EPPS[EFPI WXVIWW HIZIPSTIH F] E WXERHEVH LSSO  TWM
IUYEPXSdb 
[EWXLIEGGITXIHTIVQMWWMFPIZEPYIMRQEWSRV]
2.1.7.5.2 8LI IJJIGX SJ LSSOW JSV FEVW MR
GSQTVIWWMSRWLEPPFIRIKPIGXIHMRHIWMKRGSQTYXEXMSRW
2.1.7.6 Development of shear reinforcement
2.1.7.6.1 Bar and wire reinforcement
2.1.7.6.1.1 7LIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP
I\XIRHXSEHMWXERGIdJVSQXLII\XVIQIGSQTVIWWMSRJEGI
ERH WLEPP FI GEVVMIH EW GPSWI XS XLI GSQTVIWWMSR ERH
XIRWMSRWYVJEGIWSJXLIQIQFIVEWGSZIVVIUYMVIQIRXWERH
XLI TVS\MQMX] SJ SXLIV VIMRJSVGIQIRX TIVQMX 7LIEV
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI ERGLSVIH EX FSXL IRHW JSV MXW
GEPGYPEXIHWXVIWW
2.1.7.6.1.2 8LI IRHW SJ WMRKPIPIK SV
9WXMVVYTWWLEPPFIERGLSVIHF]SRISJXLIJSPPS[MRKQIERW
14E
HIWMKR 7YFWXMXYXMRK XLMW ZEPYI MRXS )UYEXMSR  VIWYPXIH
MRERIUYMZEPIRXIQFIHQIRXPIRKXLSJ db 8LMWZEPYI
[EW PIWWXLER LEPJXLEX KMZIRMR 6IJIVIRGI ,S[IZIV
WMRGI XLI TVSZMWMSRW JSV HIZIPSTQIRX PIRKXL EVI RS[ XLI
WEQI JSV 'LETXIVW  ERH  XLILSSO TVSZMWMSRW [IVI EPWS
GLERKIHXSFIXLIWEQIFIGEYWIXLILSSOWQYWXEGLMIZIXLI
WEQI PIZIP SJ TIVJSVQERGI 6IJIV XS 'SQQIRXEV] 7IGXMSR
JSVQSVIMRJSVQEXMSRSRLSSOW
2.1.7.5.2 -R GSQTVIWWMSR LSSOW EVI
MRIJJIGXMZIERHGERRSXFIYWIHEWERGLSVEKI
2.1.7.6 Development of shear reinforcement
2.1.7.6.1 Bar and wire reinforcement
2.1.7.6.1.1 7XMVVYTW QYWX FI GEVVMIH EW
GPSWIXS XLI GSQTVIWWMSR JEGI SJ XLI QIQFIV EW TSWWMFPI
FIGEYWI RIEV YPXMQEXI PSEH JPI\YVEP XIRWMSR GVEGOW
TIRIXVEXIHIITP]
2.1.7.6.1.2 8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV
ERGLSVEKISJ9WXMVVYTWJSVHIJSVQIHVIMRJSVGMRKFEVWERH
HIJSVQIH[MVIEVIMPPYWXVEXIHMR*MKYVI''
E
 %WXERHEVHLSSOTPYWERIJJIGXMZIIQFIHQIRXSJld 
8LIIJJIGXMZIIQFIHQIRXSJEWXMVVYTPIKWLEPPFIXEOIR 2.1.7.6.1.2(a) ;LIREWXERHEVHLSSO
EW XLI HMWXERGI FIX[IIR XLI QMHHITXL SJ XLI QIQFIV MWYWIHldQYWXFITVSZMHIHFIX[IIRdERHXLITSMRX
dERHXLIWXEVXSJXLILSSOTSMRXSJXERKIRG]
 SJXERKIRG]SJXLILSSO
F
 *SV 2S  FEV 1 
 ERH ( 1(
 [MVI ERH 8LMWTVSZMWMSRQE]VIUYMVIEVIHYGXMSRMRWM^IERHWTEGMRK
WQEPPIV FIRHMRK EVSYRH PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX SJ[IFVIMRJSVGIQIRXSVERMRGVIEWIMRXLIIJJIGXMZIHITXL
XLVSYKL EX PIEWX  HIKVIIW TPYW ER IQFIHQIRX SJ SJXLIFIEQJSV[IFVIMRJSVGIQIRXXSFIJYPP]IJJIGXMZI
 ld  8LIldIQFIHQIRXSJEWXMVVYTPIKWLEPP
FI XEOIR EW XLI HMWXERGI FIX[IIR QMHHITXL SJ
QIQFIVdERHWXEVXSJLSSOTSMRXSJXERKIRG]


 ld 1MRMQYQ  ld 1MRMQYQ

7II7IGXMSR 0SRKMXYHMREP&EV


4SMRXSJ8ERKIRG] 4SMRXSJ8ERKIRG]

7IGXMSR 7IGXMSR
E F

Figure CC-2.1-7 — Anchorage of U-stirrups (deformed reinforcing bars and deformed wire)
C-88 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

2.1.7.6.1.3 &IX[IIR XLI ERGLSVIH IRHW 2.1.7.6.1.3 and 2.1.7.6.1.5 9WXMVVYTW

IEGLFIRHMRXLIGSRXMRYSYWTSVXMSRSJEXVERWZIVWI9WXMVVYT XLEX IRGPSWI E PSRKMXYHMREP FEV SFZMSYWP] LEZI WYJJMGMIRX
WLEPPIRGPSWIEPSRKMXYHMREPFEV VIWMWXERGIMRXLIXIRWMSR^SRISJXLIQEWSRV]
2.1.7.6.1.4 0SRKMXYHMREP FEVW FIRX XS
EGX EW WLIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX [LIVI I\XIRHIH MRXS E VIKMSR
SJ XIRWMSR WLEPP FI GSRXMRYSYW [MXL PSRKMXYHMREP
VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH [LIVI I\XIRHIH MRXS E VIKMSR SJ
GSQTVIWWMSR WLEPP FI HIZIPSTIH FI]SRH QMHHITXLSJXLI
QIQFIVd
2.1.7.6.1.5 4EMVW SJ 9WXMVVYTW SV XMIW
TPEGIHXSJSVQEGPSWIHYRMXWLEPPFIGSRWMHIVIHTVSTIVP]
WTPMGIH [LIR PIRKXL SJ PETW EVI  ld  -R KVSYX EX PIEWX
MR  QQ
 HIIT WYGL WTPMGIW [MXL Av fy RSX QSVI
XLERPF2
TIVPIKWLEPPFITIVQMXXIHXSFI
GSRWMHIVIHEHIUYEXIMJPIKWI\XIRHXLIJYPPEZEMPEFPIHITXL
SJKVSYX
2.1.7.6.2 Welded wire reinforcement 2.1.7.6.2 Welded wire reinforcement {
2.1.7.6.2.1 *SV IEGL PIK SJ [IPHIH %PXLSYKLRSXSJXIRYWIHMRQEWSRV]GSRWXVYGXMSR[IPHIH
[MVI VIMRJSVGIQIRX JSVQMRK WMQTPI 9WXMVVYTW XLIVI [MVI VIMRJSVGIQIRX TVSZMHIW E GSRZIRMIRX QIERW SJ
WLEPPFIIMXLIV TPEGMRK VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR E JMPPIH GSPPEV NSMRX 7II
6IJIVIRGIJSVQSVIMRJSVQEXMSR
E
 8[S PSRKMXYHMREP[MVIW EXEMR QQ
 WTEGMRK
EPSRKXLIQIQFIVEXXLIXSTSJXLI9SV
F
 3RIPSRKMXYHMREP[MVIPSGEXIHRSXQSVIXLER d JVSQ
XLI GSQTVIWWMSR JEGI ERH E WIGSRH [MVI GPSWIV XS XLI
GSQTVIWWMSR JEGI ERH WTEGIH RSX PIWW XLER MR
QQ
JVSQXLIJMVWX[MVI8LIWIGSRH[MVIWLEPPFI
PSGEXIHSRXLIWXMVVYTPIKFI]SRHEFIRHSVSREFIRH
[MXLERMRWMHIHMEQIXIVSJFIRHRSXPIWWXLERdb
2.1.7.6.2.2 *SV IEGLIRHSJ EWMRKPIPIK
WXMVVYT SJ TPEMR SV HIJSVQIH [IPHIH [MVI VIMRJSVGIQIRX
XLIVIWLEPPFIX[SPSRKMXYHMREP[MVIWWTEGIHEQMRMQYQSJ
MRQQ
[MXLXLIMRRIV[MVITPEGIHEXEHMWXERGIEX
PIEWXdSVMRQQ
JVSQQMHHITXLSJQIQFIVd
3YXIV PSRKMXYHMREP [MVIEXXIRWMSR JEGIWLEPP RSXFIJEVXLIV
JVSQ XLI JEGI XLER XLI TSVXMSR SJ TVMQEV] JPI\YVEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRXGPSWIWXXSXLIJEGI
2.1.7.7 Splices of reinforcement — 0ETWTPMGIW 2.1.7.7 Splices of reinforcement { 8LI
[IPHIH WTPMGIW SV QIGLERMGEP WTPMGIW EVI TIVQMXXIH MR MQTSVXERGISJGSRXMRYMX]MRXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXXLVSYKLTVSTIV
EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ XLMW WIGXMSR ;IPHMRK WTPMGIW MW IQTLEWM^IH F] XLI HMJJIVIRX VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV XLI
WLEPPGSRJSVQXS%;7( WXVIWWPIZIPXSFIXVERWJIVVIHMRXLIZEVMSYWX]TIWSJWTPMGIW
2.1.7.7.1 Lap splices 2.1.7.7.1 Lap splices
2.1.7.7.1.1 8LIQMRMQYQ PIRKXLSJPET 
JSVFEVWMRXIRWMSRSVGSQTVIWWMSRWLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHF]
)UYEXMSRFYXRSXPIWWXLERMRQQ

2.1.7.7.1.2 ;LIVI VIMRJSVGIQIRX 2.1.7.7.1.2 %R I\XIRWMZI XIWXMRK
GSRWMWXMRK SJ 2S  1
 SV PEVKIV FEVW MW TPEGIH TVSKVEQ GSRHYGXIH F] XLI 2EXMSREP 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]
XVERWZIVWIP][MXLMRXLIPET[MXLEXPIEWXSRIFEVMRGLIW %WWSGMEXMSRERHEHHMXMSREPXIWXMRKHSRIF];EWLMRKXSR
QQ
SVPIWWJVSQIEGLIRHSJXLIPETXLIQMRMQYQ
PIRKXL SJ PET JSV FEVW MR XIRWMSR SV GSQTVIWWMSR
HIXIVQMRIH F] )UYEXMSR  WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH XS FI
VIHYGIHF]QYPXMTP]MRKF]XLIGSRJMRIQIRXJEGXSV 8LI
7XEXI 9RMZIVWMX] WLS[ XLEX VIMRJSVGIQIRX TVSZMHIH
XVERWZIVWI XS PETTIH FEVW GSRXVSPW PSRKMXYHMREP XIRWMPI
WTPMXXMRK SJ XLI QEWSRV] EWWIQFP] 8LIWI XVERZIVWI FEVW
MRGVIEWIXLIPETTIVJSVQERGIWMKRMJMGERXP]EWPSRKEWXLIVI
GPIEV WTEGI FIX[IIR XLI XVERWZIVWI FEVW ERH XLI PETTIH MW EX PIEWX SRI 2S  1
 XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGMRK FEV
FEVW WLEPP RSX I\GIIH MR  QQ
 ERH XLI XVERWZIVWI TPEGIH [MXLMR  MR  QQ
 SJ IEGL IRH SJ XLI WTPMGI
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-89

CODE COMMENTARY

FEVW WLEPP FI JYPP] HIZIPSTIH MR KVSYXIH QEWSRV] 8LI 8LIWI FEVW QYWX FI JYPP] HIZIPSTIH ERH LEZI E GPIEV
VIHYGIHPETWTPMGIPIRKXLWLEPPRSXFIPIWWXLERdb WTEGMRK FIX[IIR XLI XVERWZIVWI FEVW ERH XLI PETTIH FEVW
RSXI\GIIHMRKMRQQ
8IWXMRKEPWSMRHMGEXIHXLEX
 Asc
   )UYEXMSR
 XLI PET PIRKXL QYWX FI EX PIEWX db SV XLI IJJIGX SJ XLI
d b XVERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWQMRMQEP%WEVIWYPXXLMWPMQMX
[EWETTPMIHXSXLIPETPIRKXL8LIXIWXMRKEPWSWLS[IHXLEX
 Asc
;LIVI  IZIR [LIR QSVI XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX EVIE MW
d b TVSZMHIH MX FIGSQIW WMKRMJMGERXP] PIWW IJJIGXMZI MR
UYERXMXMIWEFSZIMR QQ
8LYWXLIXVERWIVZWI
AscMWXLIEVIESJXLIXVERWIVZWIFEVWEXIEGLIRHSJXLI
VIMRJSVGIQIRX EVIE EX IEGL SJ XLI PET Asc MW PMQMXIH XS
PET WTPMGI ERH WLEPP RSX FI XEOIR KVIEXIV XLER  MR
MRQQ
IZIRMJQSVIMWTVSZMHIH
QQ

2.1.7.7.1.3 &EVW WTPMGIH F] RSRGSRXEGX
PET WTPMGIW WLEPP RSX FI WTEGIH XVERWZIVWIP] JEVXLIV ETEVX
XLER SRIJMJXL XLI VIUYMVIH PIRKXL SJ PET RSV QSVI XLER
2.1.7.7.1.3 -J MRHMZMHYEP FEVW MR
RSRGSRXEGX PET WTPMGIW EVI XSS [MHIP] WTEGIH ER
YRVIMRJSVGIH WIGXMSR MW GVIEXIH [LMGL JSVGIW E TSXIRXMEP
MRQQ
 GVEGOXSJSPPS[E^MK^EKPMRI0ETWTPMGIWQE]SGGYV[MXL
XLI FEVW MR EHNEGIRX KVSYXIH GIPPW MJ XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ
XLMWWIGXMSREVIQIX
2.1.7.7.2 Welded splices — ;IPHIH WTPMGIW 2.1.7.7.2 Welded splices { % JYPP [IPHIH
WLEPPLEZIXLIFEVWFYXXIHERH[IPHIHXSHIZIPSTMRXIRWMSREX
PIEWXTIVGIRXSJXLIWTIGMJMIH]MIPHWXVIRKXLSJXLIFEV
 MR QEMR QIQFIVW 8LI XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL
2.1.7.7.3 Mechanical splices {
1IGLERMGEP WTPMGIW WLEPP LEZI XLI FEVW GSRRIGXIH XS
HIZIPST MR XIRWMSR SV GSQTVIWWMSR EW VIUYMVIH EX PIEWX
TIVGIRXSJXLIWTIGMJMIH]MIPHWXVIRKXLSJXLIFEV
2.1.7.7.4 End-bearing splices
2.1.7.7.4.1 -R FEVW VIUYMVIH JSV
GSQTVIWWMSRSRP] XLIXVERWQMWWMSRSJ GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWW
F] FIEVMRK SJ WUYEVI GYX IRHW LIPH MR GSRGIRXVMG GSRXEGX
F]EWYMXEFPIHIZMGIMWTIVQMXXIH
2.1.7.7.4.2 &EV IRHW WLEPP XIVQMREXI MR
JPEXWYVJEGIW[MXLMRHIKVIISJEVMKLXERKPIXSXLIE\MW
SJ XLI FEVW ERH WLEPP FI JMXXIH [MXLMR  HIKVIIW SJ JYPP
FIEVMRKEJXIVEWWIQFP]
2.1.7.7.4.3 )RHFIEVMRKWTPMGIWWLEPPFI
YWIHSRP]MRQIQFIVWGSRXEMRMRKGPSWIHXMIWGPSWIH
WXMVVYTWSVWTMVEPW
WTPMGI MW TVMQEVMP] MRXIRHIH JSV PEVKI FEVW 2S  ?1A
ERH PEVKIV
VIUYMVIQIRX SJ  TIVGIRX SJ WTIGMJMIH ]MIPH WXVIRKXL MW
MRXIRHIH XS IRWYVI WSYRH [IPHMRK EHIUYEXI EPWS JSV
GSQTVIWWMSR -X MW HIWMVEFPI XLEX WTPMGIW FI GETEFPI SJ
HIZIPSTMRKXLIYPXMQEXIXIRWMPIWXVIRKXLSJXLIFEVWWTPMGIH
FYX TVEGXMGEP PMQMXEXMSRW QEOI XLMWMHIEP GSRHMXMSRHMJJMGYPX
XSEXXEMR8LIQE\MQYQVIMRJSVGIQIRXWXVIWWYWIHMRHIWMKR
YRHIV XLMW 'SHI MW FEWIH YTSR ]MIPH WXVIRKXL 8S IRWYVI
WYJJMGMIRX WXVIRKXL MR WTPMGIW WS XLEX FVMXXPI JEMPYVI GER FI
EZSMHIH XLI  TIVGIRX MRGVIEWI EFSZI XLI WTIGMJMIH ]MIPH
WXVIRKXL [EW WIPIGXIH EW FSXL ER EHIUYEXI QMRMQYQ JSV
WEJIX]ERHETVEGXMGEFPIQE\MQYQJSVIGSRSQ]
2.1.7.7.3 Mechanical splices — *YPP
QIGLERMGEPWTPMGIWEVI EPWSVIUYMVIHXSHIZIPSTTIVGIRX
SJ XLI ]MIPH WXVIRKXL MR XIRWMSRSV GSQTVIWWMSR EW VIUYMVIH
JSVXLIWEQIVIEWSRWHMWGYWWIHJSVJYPP[IPHIHWTPMGIW
2.1.7.7.4 End-bearing splices {
)\TIVMIRGI [MXL IRHFIEVMRK WTPMGIW LEW FIIR EPQSWX
I\GPYWMZIP] [MXL ZIVXMGEP FEVW MR GSPYQRW -J FEVW EVI
WMKRMJMGERXP]MRGPMRIHJVSQXLIZIVXMGEPWTIGMEPEXXIRXMSRMW
VIUYMVIH XS IRWYVI XLEX EHIUYEXI IRHFIEVMRK GSRXEGX GER
FI EGLMIZIH ERH QEMRXEMRIH 8LI PEXIVEP XMI VIUYMVIQIRXW
TVIZIRXIRHFIEVMRKWTPMGIWJVSQWPMHMRK
C-90 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

2.2 — Unreinforced masonry 2.2 — Unreinforced masonry

2.2.1 Scope
8LMW WIGXMSR TVSZMHIW VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV YRVIMRJSVGIH
QEWSRV] EW HIJMRIH MR 7IGXMSR  I\GITX EW SXLIV[MWI
MRHMGEXIHMR7IGXMSR
2.2.2 Stresses in reinforcement
8LIIJJIGXSJWXVIWWIWMRVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPFIRIKPIGXIH
2.2.3 Axial compression and flexure
2.2.3.1 1IQFIVWWYFNIGXIHXSE\MEPGSQTVIWWMSR
JPI\YVISVXSGSQFMRIHE\MEPGSQTVIWWMSRERHJPI\YVIWLEPP
FIHIWMKRIHXSWEXMWJ])UYEXMSRERH)UYEXMSR
fa fb
2.2.1 Scope
8LMW WIGXMSR TVSZMHIW JSV XLI HIWMKR SJ QEWSRV]
QIQFIVWMR[LMGLXIRWMPIWXVIWWIWRSXI\GIIHMRKEPPS[EFPI
PMQMXW EVI VIWMWXIH F] XLI QEWSRV] 8LMW LEW TVIZMSYWP]
FIIRVIJIVVIHXSEWYRVIMRJSVGIHSVTPEMRQEWSRV]*PI\YVEP
XIRWMPI WXVIWWIW QE] VIWYPX JVSQ FIRHMRK QSQIRXW JVSQ
IGGIRXVMGZIVXMGEPPSEHWSVJVSQPEXIVEPPSEHW
% JYRHEQIRXEP TVIQMWI MW XLEX YRHIV XLI IJJIGXW SJ
HIWMKR PSEHW QEWSRV] VIQEMRW YRGVEGOIH 7XVIWWIW HYI XS
VIWXVEMRXEKEMRWXHMJJIVIRXMEPQSZIQIRXXIQTIVEXYVIGLERKI
QSMWXYVII\TERWMSRERHWLVMROEKIGSQFMRI[MXLXLIHIWMKR
PSEHWXVIWWIW7XVIWWIWHYIXSVIWXVEMRXWLSYPHFIGSRXVSPPIH
F]NSMRXWSVSXLIVGSRWXVYGXMSRXIGLRMUYIWXSIRWYVIXLEXXLI
GSQFMRIHWXVIWWIWHSRSXI\GIIHXLIEPPS[EFPI
2.2.2 Stresses in reinforcement
6IMRJSVGIQIRX QE] FI TPEGIH MR QEWSRV] [EPPW XS
GSRXVSP XLI IJJIGXW SJ QSZIQIRXW JVSQ XIQTIVEXYVI
GLERKIWSVWLVMROEKI
2.2.3 Axial compression and flexure
2.2.3.1 *SV E QIQFIV WSPIP] WYFNIGXIH XS E\MEP
PSEHXLIVIWYPXMRKGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWfaWLSYPHRSXI\GIIH
XLIEPPS[EFPIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWFa MRSXLIV[SVHWfa /Fa
WLSYPH RSX I\GIIH  7MQMPEVP] MR E QIQFIV WYFNIGXIH
 )UYEXMSR
 WSPIP]XSFIRHMRKXLIVIWYPXMRKGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWfbMRXLI
Fa Fb I\XVIQI GSQTVIWWMSR JMFIV WLSYPH RSX I\GIIH XLI
EPPS[EFPI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW Fb  SV EKEMR fb / Fb WLSYPH
P 
 Pe  )UYEXMSR
 RSXI\GIIH
[LIVI 8LMW 'SHI VIUYMVIW XLEX YRHIV GSQFMRIH E\MEP ERH
E
 *SVQIQFIVWLEZMRKERh/rVEXMSRSXKVIEXIVXLER JPI\YVI PSEHW XLI WYQ SJ XLI UYSXMIRXW SJ XLI VIWYPXMRK
GSQTVIWWMSRWXVIWWIWXSXLIEPPS[EFPIfa /Fa + fb /Fb
HSIW
 RSX I\GIIH  8LMW YRMX] MRXIVEGXMSR IUYEXMSR MW E WMQTPI
h
Fa 
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 TSVXMSRMRKSJXLIEZEMPEFPIEPPS[EFPIWXVIWWIWXSXLIETTPMIH
r PSEHW ERH MW YWIH XS HIWMKR QEWSRV] JSV GSQTVIWWMZI
WXVIWWIW 8LI YRMX] JSVQYPE GER FI I\XIRHIH [LIR FME\MEP
F
 *SVQIQFIVWLEZMRKERh/rVEXMSKVIEXIVXLER FIRHMRKMWTVIWIRXF]VITPEGMRKXLIFIRHMRKWXVIWWUYSXMIRXW
 [MXLXLIUYSXMIRXWSJXLIGEPGYPEXIHFIRHMRKWXVIWWSZIVXLI
r EPPS[EFPIFIRHMRKWXVIWWJSVFSXLE\IW
Fa 
 fm  )UYEXMSR

h
-RXLMWMRXIVEGXMSRIUYEXMSRWIGSRHEV]FIRHMRKIJJIGXW
G
 Fb  fm  )UYEXMSR
 VIWYPXMRKJVSQ XLI E\MEPPSEHEVIMKRSVIH%QSVIEGGYVEXI

IUYEXMSR [SYPH MRGPYHI XLI YWI SJ E QSQIRX QEKRMJMIV
2 3 ETTPMIHXSXLIJPI\YVIXIVQfb /Fb %PXLSYKLEZSMHERGISJE
E m I    e
H
 Pe =  )UYEXMSR
 QSQIRXQEKRMJMIVXIVQGERTVSHYGIYRGSRWIVZEXMZIVIWYPXW
h2 r MR WSQI GEWIW XLI GSQQMXXII HIGMHIH RSX XS MRGPYHI XLMW
XIVQMR)UYEXMSRJSVXLIJSPPS[MRKVIEWSRW
y %X PEVKIV h/r ZEPYIW[LIVIQSQIRX QEKRMJMGEXMSRMW
QSVIGVMXMGEPXLIEPPS[EFPIE\MEPPSEHSRXLIQIQFIV
MWPMQMXIHF]'SHI)UYEXMSR
y *SV XLI TVEGXMGEP VERKI SJ h/r ZEPYIW IVVSVW MRHYGIH
F]MKRSVMRKXLIQSQIRXQEKRMJMIVMWVIPEXMZIP]WQEPP
PIWWXLERTIVGIRX
y 8LI SZIVEPP WEJIX] JEGXSV SJ  MRGPYHIH MR XLI
EPPS[EFPI WXVIWW IUYEXMSRW MW WYJJMGMIRXP] PEVKI XS
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-91

CODE COMMENTARY

EPPS[XLMWWMQTPMJMGEXMSRMRXLIHIWMKRTVSGIHYVI
8LI VIUYMVIQIRX SJ )UYEXMSR  XLEX XLI E\MEP
GSQTVIWWMZIPSEHPRSXI\GIIH SJXLIFYGOPMRKPSEHPe
VITPEGIWXLIEVFMXVEV] YTTIVPMQMXWSRWPIRHIVRIWWYWIHMR
%'-
8LITYVTSWISJ)UYEXMSRMWXSWEJIKYEVHEKEMRWXE
TVIQEXYVI WXEFMPMX] JEMPYVI GEYWIH F] IGGIRXVMGEPP] ETTPMIH
E\MEPPSEH8LIIUYEXMSRMWRSXMRXIRHIHXSFIYWIHXSGLIGO
EHIUYEG] JSV GSQFMRIH E\MEP GSQTVIWWMSR ERH JPI\YVI
8LIVIJSVIMR)UYEXMSRXLIZEPYISJXLIIGGIRXVMGMX]wex
XLEXMWXSFIYWIHXSGEPGYPEXIPeMWXLIEGXYEPIGGIRXVMGMX]SJ
XLIETTPMIH GSQTVIWWMZIPSEH 8LIZEPYISJwexMWRSXXSFI
GEPGYPEXIH EW Mmax HMZMHIH F] P [LIVI Mmax MW E QSQIRX
GEYWIHF]SXLIVXLERIGGIRXVMGPSEH
)UYEXMSR  MW ER IWWIRXMEP GLIGO FIGEYWI XLI
EPPS[EFPI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW JSV QIQFIVW [MXL ER h/r
VEXMSMRI\GIWWSJLEWFIIRHIZIPSTIHEWWYQMRKSRP]E
RSQMREPIGGIRXVMGMX]SJXLIGSQTVIWWMZIPSEH8LYW[LIR
XLI IGGIRXVMGMX] SJ XLI GSQTVIWWMZI PSEH I\GIIHW XLI
QMRMQYQ IGGIRXVMGMX] SJ t )UYEXMSR  [MPP
SZIVIWXMQEXI XLI EPPS[EFPI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW ERH
)UYEXMSRQE]GSRXVSP
8LI EPPS[EFPI WXVIWW ZEPYIW JSV Fa TVIWIRXIH MR
)UYEXMSRW  ERH  EVI FEWIH SR ER EREP]WMW SJ XLI
VIWYPXWSJE\MEPPSEHXIWXWTIVJSVQIHSRGPE]ERHGSRGVIXI
QEWSRV]IPIQIRXW%JMXSJERIQTMVMGEPGYVZIXSXLMWXIWX
HEXE *MKYVI '' MRHMGEXIW XLEX QIQFIVW LEZMRK ER
h/rVEXMSRSXI\GIIHMRKJEMPYRHIVPSEHWFIPS[XLI)YPIV
FYGOPMRKPSEHEXEWXVIWWPIZIPIUYEPXS

f m  h   r   WEQI[MXL7-YRMXW 
8LYW JSV QIQFIVWLEZMRKER h/r VEXMS RSXI\GIIHMRK
XLMW 'SHI EPPS[W E\MEP PSEH WXVIWWIW RSX I\GIIHMRK  SJ
XLIEJSVIQIRXMSRIHJEMPYVIWXVIWW
%TTP]MRK XLI )YPIV XLISV] SJ FYGOPMRK XS QIQFIVW
LEZMRK VIWMWXERGI MR GSQTVIWWMSR FYX RSX MR XIRWMSR
6IJIVIRGIW   ERH  WLS[ XLEX JSV E WSPMH
WIGXMSR XLI GVMXMGEP GSQTVIWWMZI PSEH JSV XLIWI QIQFIVW
GERFII\TVIWWIHF]XLIJSVQYPE

Pe  E m I n  h    e  t   WEQI[MXL7-YRMXW 
MR[LMGL
In ! YRGVEGOIHQSQIRXSJMRIVXME
e ! IGGIRXVMGMX] SJ E\MEP GSQTVIWWMZI PSEH [MXL
VIWTIGX XS XLI QIQFIV PSRKMXYHMREP
GIRXVSMHEPE\MW
-R XLI HIVMZEXMSR SJ XLMW FYGOPMRK PSEH IUYEXMSR
XIRWMSRGVEGOMRKMWEWWYQIHXSSGGYVTVMSVXSJEMPYVI
*SV h/rZEPYIWMRI\GIWWSJXLIPMQMXIHXIWXHEXEMW
ETTVS\MQEXIHF]XLIFYGOPMRKPSEH
C-92 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

*SV E WSPMH VIGXERKYPEV WIGXMSR r ! t     1EOMRK

XLMWWYFWXMXYXMSRMRXSXLIFYGOPMRKPSEHIUYEXMSRKMZIW
 
Em I n e
Pe    )UYEXMSR 
h r
8VERWJSVQMRKXLIFYGOPMRKIUYEXMSRYWMRKEQMRMQYQ
IGGIRXVMGMX] SJ t JVSQ 7IGXMSR   ERH ER IPEWXMG
QSHYPYWIUYEPXSf m ,XLIE\MEPGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWEX

FYGOPMRK JEMPYVI EQSYRXW ETTVS\MQEXIP] XS r  h f m 
%X XLI XMQI SJ XLI HIZIPSTQIRX SJ XLMW IUYEXMSR XLI
GSQQMXXII LEH RSX HIZIPSTIH E VIPEXMSRWLMT FIX[IIR Em
ERH f m WS XLI XVEHMXMSREP VIPEXMSRWLMT SJ Em!f m
[EWYWIH8LIWEQIIUYEXMSRGERFIHIZIPSTIHYWMRK
Em!f m ERH ER IGGIRXVMGMX] SJ t8LYW JSV
QIQFIVW LEZMRK ER h/r VEXMS MR I\GIWW SJ  XLMW 'SHI
EPPS[WER E\MEP PSEHGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWW RSX I\GIIHMRK 
SJXLMWJEMPYVIWXVIWW)UYEXMSR 
*PI\YVI XIWXW SJ QEWSRV] XS JEMPYVI LEZI
WLS[R XLEX XLI GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWEX JEMPYVI
GSQTYXIH F] XLI WXVEMKLXPMRI XLISV] I\GIIHW XLEX SJ
QEWSRV] JEMPMRK YRHIV E\MEP PSEH 8LMW TLIRSQIRSR MW
EXXVMFYXIH XS XLI VIWXVEMRMRK IJJIGX SJ PIWW LMKLP] WXVEMRIH
GSQTVIWWMZIJMFIVWSRXLIJMFIVWSJQE\MQYQGSQTVIWWMZI
WXVEMR 8LMW IJJIGX MW PIWW TVSRSYRGIH MR LSPPS[ QEWSRV]
XLER WSPMH QEWSRV] LS[IZIV XLI XIWX HEXE MRHMGEXI XLEX
GSQTYXIH F] XLI WXVEMKLXPMRI XLISV] XLI GSQTVIWWMZI
WXVIWW EX JEMPYVI MR LSPPS[ QEWSRV] WYFNIGXIH XS JPI\YVI
I\GIIHWF] XLEXSJXLIQEWSRV]YRHIVE\MEPPSEH8LYW
XSQEMRXEMREJEGXSVSJWEJIX]SJMRHIWMKRXLIGSQQMXXII
GSRWMHIVIH MX GSRWIVZEXMZI XS IWXEFPMWL XLI EPPS[EFPI
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWMRJPI\YVIEW
fb 


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8IWX6IWYPXW






h
l
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r
h

*MXXS
8IWX(EXE
7XEFMPMX]

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h
t

      
h
r

Figure CC-2.2-1 — Slenderness effects on axial compressive strength

BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY
CODE
2.2.3.2 Bending — %PPS[EFPI XIRWMPI WXVIWWIW
JSVQEWSRV]IPIQIRXWWYFNIGXIHXSSYXSJTPERISVMRTPERI
FIRHMRK WLEPP FI MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI ZEPYIW MR 8EFPI
 *SV KVSYXIH QEWSRV] RSX PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH
XIRWMSR TEVEPPIP XS XLI FIH NSMRXW WLEPP FI EWWYQIH XS FI
VIWMWXIH SRP] F] XLI QMRMQYQ GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ
GSRXMRYSYWKVSYXXLEXMWTEVEPPIPXSXLIFIHNSMRXW
C-93
COMMENTARY
2.2.3.2 Bending —4VMSVXSXLIIHMXMSRSJXLI
'SHI EPPS[EFPI WXVIWWIW [IVI TIVQMXXIH XS FI MRGVIEWIH F]
SRIXLMVH [LIR GSRWMHIVMRK PSEH GSQFMREXMSRW MRGPYHMRK
[MRHSVWIMWQMGPSEHW9RVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV][EPPWHIWMKRIH
YRHIVGSHIWXLEXTIVQMXXIHXLISRIXLMVHWXVIWWMRGVIEWILEZI
LEHEGGITXEFPITIVJSVQERGI,S[IZIVVEXLIVXLEREVFMXVEVMP]
MRGVIEWMRKXLIEPPS[EFPIJPI\YVEPXIRWMPIWXVIWWIWF]SRIXLMVH
XLI'SQQMXXIIEWWIWWIHXLIEPPS[EFPIJPI\YVEPXIRWMPIWXVIWWIW
YWMRK E VIPMEFMPMX]FEWIH ETTVSEGL XS WII MJ ER MRGVIEWI MR
EPPS[EFPIWXVIWWIWMWNYWXMJMIH/MQERH&IRRIXXTIVJSVQIH
EVIPMEFMPMX] EREP]WMW MR[LMGLXLIJPI\YVEPXIRWMPIWXVIWW [EW
EWWYQIH XS JSPPS[ E PSKRSVQEP HMWXVMFYXMSR 8LI] YWIH E
QIERJPI\YVEPXIRWMPIWXVIRKXLSJXLIEPPS[EFPIJPI\YVEPXIRWMPI
WXVIWW MR XLI  'SHI QYPXMTPMIH F]  FEWIH SR XLI
I\EQMREXMSRSJJYPPWGEPIXIWXWVITSVXIHMRXLIPMXIVEXYVI
'SIJJMGMIRXWSJZEVMEXMSRWJSVHMJJIVIRXHEXEWIXWIKWTIGMJMG
QSVXEV X]TI ERH HMVIGXMSR SJ PSEHMRK
 VERKIH JVSQ  XS
 [MXL E [IMKLXIH EZIVEKI SJ  8LI GSIJJMGMIRX SJ
ZEVMEXMSRSJYWIHF]/MQERH&IRRIXXMWKVIEXIVXLER
YWIH MR TVIZMSYW WXYHMIW *SV I\EQTPI )PPMRK[SSH IX EP
YWIH E GSIJJMGMIRX SJ ZEVMEXMSR SJ  ERH 7XI[EVX ERH
0E[VIRGIYWIHEGSIJJMGMIRXSJZEVMEXMSRSJ/MQERH
&IRRIXXJIPXXLSYKLXLEXEGSIJJMGMIRXSJZEVMEXMSRSJMW
QSVI VITVIWIRXEXMZI SJ JMIPH GSRHMXMSRW 8LI PSKRSVQEP
HMWXVMFYXMSR [EW HIXIVQMRIH F] GSQTEVMRK XLI %RHIVWSR
(EVPMRK WXEXMWXMG JSV RSVQEP PSKRSVQEP ERH ;IMFYPP
TVSFEFMPMX] HMWXVMFYXMSRW *SV YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] [EPPW
WYFNIGXIHXS [MRH PSEHMRK ERH HIWMKRIH YWMRK XLISRIXLMVH
WXVIWW MRGVIEWI XLI VIPMEFMPMX] MRHI\ [EW HIXIVQMRIH XS FI
 8LMW MW WPMKLXP] KVIEXIV XLER XLI ZEPYI SJ  XLEX MW
X]TMGEPJSVXLIHIWMKRSJSXLIVQEXIVMEPW)PPMRK[SSHIXEP

8LI VIPMEFMPMX] EREP]WMW F] /MQ ERH &IRRIXX EWWYQIH XLI
E\MEPPSEH[EW^IVS[LMGLMWXLI[SVWXGEWI;MXLMRGVIEWMRK
E\MEP PSEH [LMGL LEW E PS[IV GSIJJMGMIRX SJ ZEVMEXMSR XLER

 XLI VIPMEFMPMX] MRHI\ [SYPH MRGVIEWI &EWIH SR XLMW
VIPMEFMPMX] EREP]WMW XLI 'SHI GSQQMXXII JIPX NYWXMJMIH MR
MRGVIEWMRKXLI EPPS[EFPIJPI\YVEPXIRWMPI WXVIWWIW F] EJEGXSV
SJ  XS GSQTIRWEXI JSV XLI IPMQMREXMSR SJ XLI TVIZMSYWP]
TIVQMXXIHSRIXLMVHWXVIWWMRGVIEWI
1SVXEV GIQIRX MW E TVSHYGX XLEX LEW FSRH WXVIRKXL
VIUYMVIQIRXW XLEX LEZI FIIR IWXEFPMWLIH XS TVSZMHI
GSQTEVEFPI JPI\YVEP FSRHWXVIRKXL XS XLEX EGLMIZIHYWMRK
TSVXPERHGIQIRXPMQIQSVXEV
*SV QEWSRV] GIQIRX ERH EMV IRXVEMRIH TSVXPERH
GIQIRXPMQIQSVXEVXLIVIEVIRSGSRGPYWMZIVIWIEVGLHEXE
ERHLIRGIJPI\YVEPXIRWMPIWXVIWWIWEVIFEWIH SRI\MWXMRK
VIUYMVIQIRXWMRSXLIVGSHIW
C-94 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

Table 2.2.3.2 — Allowable flexural tensile stresses for clay and concrete masonry, psi (kPa)

Mortar types
Direction of flexural tensile
stress and masonry type Portland cement/lime or Masonry cement or air entrained
mortar cement portland cement/lime
M or S N M or S N
2SVQEPXSFIHNSMRXW
7SPMHYRMXW        
,SPPS[YRMXW
9RKVSYXIH        
*YPP]KVSYXIH        
4EVEPPIPXSFIHNSMRXWMRVYRRMRK
FSRH
7SPMHYRMXW        
,SPPS[YRMXW
9RKVSYXIHERHTEVXMEPP]        
KVSYXIH
*YPP]KVSYXIH        
4EVEPPIPXSFIHNSMRXWMRQEWSRV]
RSXPEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRH
'SRXMRYSYWKVSYXWIGXMSR        
TEVEPPIPXSFIHNSMRXW
3XLIV        
 *SVTEVXMEPP]KVSYXIHQEWSRV]EPPS[EFPIWXVIWWIWWLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHSRXLIFEWMWSJPMRIEVMRXIVTSPEXMSRFIX[IIR
JYPP]KVSYXIHLSPPS[YRMXWERHYRKVSYXIHLSPPS[YRMXWFEWIHSREQSYRXTIVGIRXEKI SJKVSYXMRK

CODE COMMENTARY

8LI XIRWMPI WXVIWWIW PMWXIH EVI JSV XIRWMSR HYI XS

JPI\YVIYRHIVSYXSJTPERISVMRTPERIPSEHMRK;LMPIMXMW
VIGSKRM^IHXLEXMRTPERIERHSYXSJTPERIWXVEMR KVEHMIRXW
EVI HMJJIVIRX EX XLIWI PS[ WXVIWW PIZIPW XLMW IJJIGX WLSYPH
FI WQEPP *PI\YVEP XIRWMPI WXVIWWIW GER FI SJJWIX F] E\MEP
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW FYX XLI VIWYPXERX XIRWMPI WXVIWW HYI XS
GSQFMRIH FIRHMRK ERH E\MEP GSQTVIWWMSR GERRSX I\GIIH
XLI EPPS[EFPI JPI\YVEP XIRWMPI WXVIWW :EVMEFPIW EJJIGXMRK
XIRWMPI FSRH WXVIRKXL SJ FVMGO QEWSRV] RSVQEP XS FIH
NSMRXW MRGPYHI QSVXEV TVSTIVXMIW YRMX MRMXMEP VEXI SJ
EFWSVTXMSR WYVJEGI GSRHMXMSR [SVOQERWLMT ERH GYVMRK
GSRHMXMSR *SV XIRWMSR TEVEPPIP XS FIH NSMRXW XLI WXVIRKXL
ERHKISQIXV]SJXLIYRMXWEPWSEJJIGXXIRWMPIWXVIRKXL
,MWXSVMGEPP] QEWSRV] RSX PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH LEW
FIIR EWWYQIH XS LEZI RS JPI\YVEP FSRH WXVIRKXL EGVSWW
QSVXEVIHLIEHNSMRXWXLYW XLIKVSYXEVIEEPSRIMWYWIHXS
VIWMWX FIRHMRK )\EQTPIW SJ GSRXMRYSYW KVSYX TEVEPPIP XS
XLIFIHNSMRXWEVIWLS[RMR*MKYVI''
8IWXHEXEYWMRKEFSRH[VIRGLVIZIEPIHXIRWMPI
FSRH WXVIRKXL RSVQEP XS FIH NSMRXW VERKMRK JVSQ  TWM
 O4E  XS  TWM  O4E  8LMW [MHI VERKI MW
EXXVMFYXIHXSXLIQYPXMXYHISJTEVEQIXIVW EJJIGXMRKXIRWMPI
FSRHWXVIRKXL
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-95

CODE COMMENTARY

8IWXVIWYPXW WLS[XLEXQEWSRV]GIQIRXQSVXEVW
ERH QSVXEVW [MXL LMKL EMV GSRXIRX KIRIVEPP] LEZI PS[IV
FSRHWXVIRKXLXLERTSVXPERHGIQIRXPMQIQSVXEVW
8IWXW GSRHYGXIH F] ,EQMH WLS[ XLI WMKRMJMGERX
IJJIGXSJXLIEWTIGXVEXMSLIMKLXXSPIEWXHMQIRWMSR SJXLI
FVMGOYRMXSRXLIJPI\YVEPXIRWMPIWXVIRKXL8LIMRGVIEWIMR
XLIEWTIGXVEXMSSJXLIYRMXVIWYPXWMRERMRGVIEWIMRWXVIRKXL
TEVEPPIPXSFIHNSMRXWERHEHIGVIEWIMRWXVIRKXLRSVQEPXS
FIHNSMRXW
6IWIEVGL [SVO SR JPI\YVEP WXVIRKXL SJ GSRGVIXI
QEWSRV]LEWWLS[RXLEXKVSYXMRKLEWEWMKRMJMGERXIJJIGXMR
MRGVIEWMRK XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL SZIV YRKVSYXIH QEWSRV] %
XLVIIJSPH MRGVIEWI MR XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL RSVQEP XS FIH NSMRXW
[EW EGLMIZIH YWMRK JMRI KVSYX EW GSQTEVIH XS YRKVSYXIH
QEWSRV] 8LI VIWYPXW EPWS WLS[ XLEX [MXLMR E TVEGXMGEP
VERKISJWXVIRKXLXLIEGXYEPWXVIRKXLSJKVSYXMWRSXSJQENSV
MQTSVXERGI*SVXIRWMSRTEVEPPIPXSFIHNSMRXWETIVGIRX
MRGVIEWI MR JPI\YVEP WXVIRKXL [EW EGLMIZIH F] KVSYXMRK XLI
GIPPW +VSYX GSVIW GLERKI XLI JEMPYVI QSHI JVSQ
WXITTIH[MWI GVEGOMRK EPSRK XLI FIH ERH LIEH NSMRXW JSV
LSPPS[[EPPWXSEWXVEMKLXPMRITEXLEPSRKXLILIEHNSMRXWERH
YRMXJSVKVSYXIH[EPPW
6IWIEVGL LEW WLS[R XLEX JPI\YVEP WXVIRKXL SJ
YRVIMRJSVGIHKVSYXIHGSRGVIXIERHGPE]QEWSRV]MWPEVKIP]
MRHITIRHIRXSJQSVXEVX]TISVGIQIRXMXMSYWQEXIVMEPW
*SV TEVXMEP KVSYXMRK XLI JSSXRSXI TIVQMXW MRXIVTSPEXMSR
FIX[IIR XLI JYPP] KVSYXIH ZEPYI ERH XLI LSPPS[ YRMX ZEPYI
FEWIH SR XLI TIVGIRXEKI SJ KVSYXMRK % GSRGVIXI QEWSRV]
[EPP [MXL 8]TI 7 TSVXPERH GIQIRXPMQI QSVXEV KVSYXIH
TIVGIRXERHWXVIWWIHRSVQEPXSXLIFIHNSMRXW[SYPHLEZI
ER EPPS[EFPI WXVIWW QMH[E] FIX[IIR  TWM  O4E  ERH
TWM  O4E  LIRGI ER EPPS[EFPI WXVIWW SJ TWM
O4E 
8LITVIWIRGISJJPEWLMRKERHSXLIVGSRHMXMSRWEXXLIFEWI
SJ XLI [EPP GER WMKRMJMGERXP] VIHYGI XLI JPI\YVEP FSRH 8LI
ZEPYIWMRXLMW8EFPIETTP]SRP]XSXLIJPI\YVEPXIRWMPIWXVIWWIW
HIZIPSTIHFIX[IIRQEWSRV]YRMXWQSVXEVERHKVSYX

8STTSVXMSRSJ
[IFVIQSZIH

1MRMQYQGVSWWWIGXMSREP
EVIESJGSRXMRYSYWKVSYX

Figure CC-2.2-2 — Continuous grout sections parallel to the bed joints

C-96 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

2.2.4 Axial tension 2.2.4 Axial tension

8LI XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL SJ YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV]
WLEPP FI RIKPIGXIH MR HIWMKR [LIR XLI QEWSRV] MW
WYFNIGXIHXSE\MEPXIRWMSRJSVGIW
2.2.5 Shear
2IX E\MEP XIRWMSR MR YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] [EPPW HYI
XSE\MEPP]ETTPMIH PSEH EVI RSX TIVQMXXIH -J E\MEP XIRWMSR
HIZIPSTW MR [EPPW HYI XS YTPMJX SJ GSRRIGXIH VSSJW SV
JPSSVW XLI [EPPW QYWX FI VIMRJSVGIH XS VIWMWX XLI XIRWMSR
'SQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW JVSQ HIEHPSEHGER FI YWIH XS SJJWIX
E\MEPXIRWMSR
2.2.5 Shear
8LVIIQSHIWSJWLIEVJEMPYVIMRYRVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]
EVITSWWMFPI
E
 (MEKSREPXIRWMSRGVEGOWJSVQXLVSYKLXLIQSVXEVERH
QEWSRV]YRMXW
F
 7PMHMRKSGGYVWEPSRKEWXVEMKLXGVEGOEXLSVM^SRXEPFIH
NSMRXW
 7XITTIH GVEGOW JSVQ EPXIVREXMRK JVSQ LIEH NSMRX XS
2.2.5.1 7LIEVWXVIWWIWHYIXSJSVGIWEGXMRKMRXLI
HMVIGXMSRGSRWMHIVIHWLEPPFIGSQTYXIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL
7IGXMSRERHHIXIVQMRIHF])UYEXMSR
VQ
G
FIHNSMRX
-R XLI EFWIRGI SJ WYMXEFPI VIWIEVGL HEXE XLI
GSQQMXXII VIGSQQIRHW XLEX XLI EPPS[EFPI WLIEV WXVIWW
ZEPYIWKMZIRMR'SHI7IGXMSRFIYWIHJSVPMQMXMRK
SYXSJTPERIWLIEVWXVIWWIW
2.2.5.1 8LI XLISVIXMGEP TEVEFSPMG WXVIWW
HMWXVMFYXMSRMWYWIHXSGEPGYPEXIWLIEVWXVIWWVEXLIVXLERXLI
EZIVEKIWXVIWW1ER]SXLIVGSHIWYWIEZIVEKIWLIEVWXVIWW
WS HMVIGX GSQTEVMWSR SJ EPPS[EFPI ZEPYIW MW RSX ZEPMH
f v=  )UYEXMSR
 )JJIGXMZIEVIEVIUYMVIQIRXWEVIKMZIRMR7IGXMSR*SV
I nb VIGXERKYPEV WIGXMSRW XLMW IUYEXIW XS  » V/A 8LMW
IUYEXMSR MW EPWS YWIH XS GEPGYPEXI WLIEV WXVIWWIW JSV
GSQTSWMXIEGXMSR
2.2.5.2 -RTPERI WLIEV WXVIWWIW WLEPP RSX I\GIIH 2.2.5.2 7LIEV WXVIWW EPPS[EFPI ZEPYIW EVI
ER]SJ ETTPMGEFPI XS WLIEV [EPPW [MXLSYX VIMRJSVGIQIRX 8LI
ZEPYIW KMZIR EVI FEWIH SR VIGIRX VIWIEVGL   
E
 . f ’m 8LI  GSIJJMGMIRX SJ JVMGXMSR MRGVIEWIH JVSQ  MW
WLS[RMRXLIWIXIWXWNvMWRSVQEPP]FEWIHSRHIEHPSEH
F
TWMO4E

G
*SVVYRRMRKFSRHQEWSRV]RSXJYPP]KVSYXIH
  TWMNv /An
H
*SVQEWSRV] RSX PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH GSRWXVYGXIH SJ
STIRIRHYRMXWERHJYPP]KVSYXIH
  TWMNv /An
I
*SVVYRRMRKFSRHQEWSRV]JYPP]KVSYXIH
  TWMNv /An
J
 *SV QEWSRV] RSX PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH GSRWXVYGXIH SJ
SXLIVXLERSTIRIRHYRMXWERHJYPP]KVSYXIH
  TWMO4E

BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY
CODE
2.3 — Reinforced masonry
2.3.1 Scope
8LMWWIGXMSRTVSZMHIWVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVXLIHIWMKR
SJWXVYGXYVIWRIKPIGXMRKXLIGSRXVMFYXMSRSJXIRWMPIWXVIRKXL
SJQEWSRV]I\GITXEWTVSZMHIHMR7IGXMSR
2.3.2 Design assumptions
8LIJSPPS[MRKEWWYQTXMSRWWLEPPFIYWIHMRXLIHIWMKR
SJVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]
C-97
COMMENTARY
2.3 — Reinforced masonry
2.3.1 Scope
8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW GSZIVIH MR XLMW WIGXMSR TIVXEMR XS XLI
HIWMKRSJQEWSRV]MR[LMGLJPI\YVEPXIRWMSRMWEWWYQIHXS
FIVIWMWXIHF]VIMRJSVGIQIRXEPSRIERHXLIJPI\YVEPXIRWMPI
WXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]MWRIKPIGXIH8IRWMSRWXMPPHIZIPSTWMR
XLI QEWSRV] FYX MX MW RSX GSRWMHIVIH XS FI IJJIGXMZI MR
VIWMWXMRKHIWMKRPSEHW
2.3.2 Design assumptions
8LIHIWMKREWWYQTXMSRWPMWXIHLEZIXVEHMXMSREPP]FIIR
YWIH JSV EPPS[EFPI WXVIWW HIWMKR SJ VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV]
E
 7XVEMRGSQTEXMFMPMX]I\MWXWFIX[IIRXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRX QIQFIVW
KVSYXERHQEWSRV] %PXLSYKL XIRWMSR QE] HIZIPST MR XLI QEWSRV] SJ E
VIMRJSVGIH IPIQIRX MX MW RSX GSRWMHIVIH IJJIGXMZI MR
F
 7XVEMRW MR VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH QEWSRV] EVI HMVIGXP]
VIWMWXMRKE\MEPERHJPI\YVEPHIWMKRPSEHW
TVSTSVXMSREPXSXLIHMWXERGIWJVSQXLIRIYXVEPE\MW
G
 7XVIWWMWPMRIEVP]TVSTSVXMSREPXSXLIWXVEMR
H
 7XVIWWIWVIQEMRMRXLIIPEWXMGVERKI
I
 1EWSRV] MR XIRWMSR HSIW RSX GSRXVMFYXI XS E\MEP ERH
JPI\YVEPWXVIRKXL
2.3.3 Steel reinforcement — Allowable stresses 2.3.3 Steel reinforcement — Allowable stresses {
2.3.3.1 8IRWMPIWXVIWWMRFEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPP 8LI EPPS[EFPI WXIIP WXVIWWIW LEZI E WYJJMGMIRXP] PEVKI
RSXI\GIIHXLIJSPPS[MRK JEGXSVSJWEJIX]XLEXWIGSRHSVHIVIJJIGXWHSRSXRIIHXSFI
GSRWMHIVIHMREPPS[EFPIWXVIWWHIWMKR
E
+VEHISV+VEHIVIMRJSVGIQIRX  TWM
14E

F
 +VEHIVIMRJSVGIQIRX TWM14E

2.3.3.2 8IRWMPI WXVIWW MR [MVI NSMRX
VIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPRSXI\GIIHTWM14E

2.3.3.3 ;LIR PEXIVEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW TVSZMHIH
MR GSQTPMERGI [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR 
XLI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW MR FEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP RSX
I\GIIHXLIZEPYIWKMZIRMR7IGXMSR3XLIV[MWIXLI
GSQTVIWWMZI VIWMWXERGI SJ WXIIP VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI
RIKPIGXIH

2.3.4 Axial compression and flexure 2.3.4 Axial compression and flexure
7II 'SQQIRXEV]JSV
2.3.4.1 1IQFIVW WYFNIGXIH XS E\MEP 2.3.4.1 2S'SQQIRXEV]
GSQTVIWWMSRJPI\YVISVGSQFMRIHE\MEPGSQTVIWWMSRERH
JPI\YVI WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH MR GSQTPMERGI [MXL 7IGXMSRW
XLVSYKL
2.3.4.2 Allowable forces and stresses 2.3.4.2 Allowable forces and stresses { 8LMW
'SHI PMQMXW XLI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW MR QEWSRV] QIQFIVW
FEWIH SR XLI X]TI SJ PSEH EGXMRK SR XLI QIQFIV 8LI
GSQTVIWWMZIJSVGIEXXLIWIGXMSRVIWYPXMRKJVSQE\MEPPSEHW
SV JVSQ XLI E\MEP GSQTSRIRX SJ GSQFMRIH PSEHW MW
GEPGYPEXIH WITEVEXIP] ERH MW PMQMXIH XS XLI ZEPYIW
TIVQMXXIH MR 7IGXMSR  )UYEXMSR   SV  
GSRXVSPW XLI GETEGMX] SJ GSPYQRW [MXL PEVKI E\MEP PSEHW
8LIGSIJJMGMIRXSJTVSZMHIWEJEGXSVSJWEJIX]SJEFSYX
C-98 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

 EKEMRWX GVYWLMRK SJ QEWSRV] 8LI GSIJJMGMIRX SJ 

[EWHIXIVQMRIHJVSQXIWXWSJVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]GSPYQRW
ERH MW XEOIR JVSQ TVIZMSYW QEWSRV] GSHIW  %
WIGSRHGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWW GEPGYPEXMSR QYWXFITIVJSVQIH
GSRWMHIVMRK XLI GSQFMRIH IJJIGXW SJ XLI E\MEP PSEH
GSQTSRIRX ERH JPI\YVI EX XLI WIGXMSR ERH WLSYPH FI
PMQMXIH XS XLI ZEPYIW TIVQMXXIH MR 7IGXMSR  7II
'SQQIRXEV]JSV7IGXMSR 
2.3.4.2.1 8LI GSQTVIWWMZI JSVGI MR
VIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]HYIXSE\MEPPSEHSRP]WLEPPRSXI\GIIH
XLEXKMZIRF])UYEXMSRSV)UYEXMSR
E  *SVQIQFIVWLEZMRKERh/rVEXMSRSXKVIEXIVXLER

h
Pa  f m An  Ast Fs 
r

)UYEXMSR 
F  *SVQIQFIVWLEZMRKER h/rVEXMSKVIEXIVXLER
2
r
Pa =  f m An + Ast Fs )UYEXMSR 
h
2.3.4.2.2 8LI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW MR 2.3.4.2.2 *MKYVI '' WLS[W XLI
QEWSRV] HYI XS JPI\YVI SV HYI XS JPI\YVI MR GSQFMREXMSR EPPS[EFPI QSQIRX MRHITIRHIRX SJ QIQFIV WM^I ERH
[MXLE\MEPPSEHWLEPPRSXI\GIIH f 'm TVSZMHIHXLEXXLI QEXIVMEP WXVIRKXL  ZIVWYW XLI VEXMS SJ WXIIP VIMRJSVGIQIRX
GEPGYPEXIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW HYI XS XLI E\MEP PSEH +VEHI QYPXMTPMIHF]XLIWXIIP]MIPHWXVIWWERHHMZMHIH
GSQTSRIRX fa  HSIW RSX I\GIIH XLI EPPS[EFPI WXVIWW Fa  F] XLI WTIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ QEWSRV]
MR 7IGXMSR QSHMJMIH WXIIP VIMRJSVGIQIRX VEXMS  JSV FSXL GPE] ERH
GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] QIQFIVW WYFNIGXIH XS TYVI JPI\YVI
;LIRXLIQEWSRV]GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWGSRXVSPWXLIHIWMKR
XLIVIMWPMXXPIMRGVIEWIMRQSQIRXGETEGMX][MXLMRGVIEWMRK
WXIIPVIMRJSVGIQIRX8LMWGVIEXIWEPMQMXSRXLIEQSYRXSJ
VIMRJSVGIQIRX XLEX MW TVEGXMGEP XS YWI MR EPPS[EFPI WXVIWW
HIWMKR SJ QEWSRV] )ZIR [LIR XLI QEWSRV] EPPS[EFPI
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW GSRXVSPW XLI HIWMKR XLI JEMPYVI SJ XLI
QIQFIV [MPP WXMPP FI HYGXMPI *SV GPE] QEWSRV] XLI
QEWSRV]WXVIWWFIKMRWXSGSRXVSPXLIHIWMKREX balERH
JSVGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]XLIQEWSRV]WXVIWWFIKMRWXSGSRXVSP
XLIHIWMKREX bal[LIVI balMWXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXVEXMS
EX [LMGL XLI QEWSRV] [SYPH GVYWL WMQYPXERISYWP] [MXL
]MIPHMRKSJXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRX8LIVIMRJSVGIQIRXVEXMSEWE
JVEGXMSR SJ XLI FEPERGIH VIMRJSVGIQIRX VEXMS bal MW EPWS
WLS[RMR*MKYVI''
8LIMRXIVEGXMSRIUYEXMSRYWIHMR 7IGXMSR MWRSX
ETTPMGEFPI JSV VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] ERH MW XLIVIJSVI RSX
MRGPYHIHMR7IGXMSR
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-99

CODE COMMENTARY

2.3.4.3 Columns 2.3.4.3 Columns

(IWMKR E\MEP PSEHW WLEPP FI EWWYQIH XS EGX EX ER
IGGIRXVMGMX] EX PIEWX IUYEP XS  QYPXMTPMIH F] IEGL WMHI
 VIWYPXW JVSQ GSRWXVYGXMSR MQTIVJIGXMSRW RSX
HMQIRWMSR)EGLE\MWWLEPPFIGSRWMHIVIHMRHITIRHIRXP]
8LIQMRMQYQ IGGIRXVMGMX]SJE\MEP PSEH *MKYVI''

SXLIV[MWIERXMGMTEXIHF]EREP]WMW
-R XLI IZIRX XLEX EGXYEP IGGIRXVMGMX] I\GIIHW XLI
QMRMQYQ IGGIRXVMGMX] VIUYMVIH F] XLMW 'SHI XLI EGXYEP
IGGIRXVMGMX] WLSYPH FI YWIH 8LMW 'SHI VIUYMVIW XLEX
WXVIWWIW FI GLIGOIH MRHITIRHIRXP] EFSYX IEGL TVMRGMTEP
E\MWSJXLIQIQFIV*MKYVI''

%HHMXMSREPGSPYQRHIWMKRERHHIXEMPMRKVIUYMVIQIRXW
EVIKMZIRMR7IGXMSR



Clay

CMU






Grade 60 Reinforcement


       (fy /f'm )
       ( / )
bal clay

        )

bal CMU

Figure CC-2.3-1 Allowable moment vs. modified steel reinforcement ratio

0SEH!P ]
ex,min !a

\ \ b
ey,min !b

]
a

0SEH%GXMRKEX'IRXVSMH

Figure CC-2.3-2 — Minimum design eccentricity in columns

C-100
CODE
2.3.4.4 Walls { 7TIGMEP VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV]
WLIEV[EPPWLEZMRKEWLIEVWTERVEXMSM/(Vd)IUYEPXSSV
KVIEXIVXLERERHLEZMRKERE\MEPPSEHPKVIEXIVXLER
f mAn  [LMGL EVI WYFNIGXIH XS MRTPERI JSVGIW WLEPP
LEZI E QE\MQYQ VEXMS SJ JPI\YVEP XIRWMPI VIMRJSVGIQIRX
maxRSXKVIEXIVXLERXLEXGSQTYXIHEWJSPPS[W
nf m
TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
COMMENTARY
2.3.4.4 Walls — 8LI FEPERGIH VIMRJSVGIQIRX
VEXMS JSV E QEWSRV] IPIQIRX [MXL E WMRKPI PE]IV SJ
VIMRJSVGIQIRX HIWMKRIH F] EPPS[EFPI WXVIWW HIWMKR GER FI
HIVMZIHF]ETTP]MRKTVMRGMTPIWSJIRKMRIIVMRKQIGLERMGWXS
EGVEGOIHXVERWJSVQIHWIGXMSR8LIVIWYPXMRKIUYEXMSRMW
nFb
b
 )UYEXMSR
 Fs
QE\
fy  Fs n
fy n Fb
fm
[LIVI bMWXLIFEPERGIHVIMRJSVGIQIRXVEXMSVIWYPXMRKMRE
8LI QE\MQYQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX VEXMS HSIW RSX ETTP] MR XLI GSRHMXMSR MR [LMGL XLI VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH XLI QEWSRV]
SYXSJTPERIHMVIGXMSR WMQYPXERISYWP] VIEGL XLIMV WTIGMJMIH EPPS[EFPI WXVIWWIW
,S[IZIVXLIVEXMSSJEPPS[EFPIWXIIP XIRWMPIWXVIWW XSXLI
WTIGMJMIH]MIPHWXVIRKXLSJXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHXLIVEXMS
SJ EPPS[EFPI QEWSRV] GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWW XS XLIWTIGMJMIH
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJXLIQEWSRV]EVIRSXGSRWMWXIRXFs
GERVERKIJVSQTIVGIRXXSTIVGIRXSJ fy[LMPIFbMW
XEOIR IUYEP XS f m
 8LIVIJSVI EPPS[EFPI WXVIWWIW MR
XLI IUYEXMSR EFSZI EVI VITPEGIH [MXL XLI GSVVIWTSRHMRK
WTIGMJMIHWXVIRKXLWEWWLS[RMR'SHI)UYEXMSR
8LIIUYEXMSRMW HMVIGXP] ETTPMGEFPI JSVVIMRJSVGIQIRX
GSRGIRXVEXIH EX XLI IRH SJ XLIWLIEV [EPP*SV HMWXVMFYXIH
VIMRJSVGIQIRX XLI VIMRJSVGIQIRX VEXMS MW SFXEMRIH EW XLI
XSXEPEVIESJXIRWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXHMZMHIHF]bd
2.3.5 Axial tension and flexural tension 2.3.5 Axial tension and flexural tension
%\MEP XIRWMSR ERH JPI\YVEP XIRWMSR WLEPP FI VIWMWXIH
IRXMVIP]F]WXIIPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
2.3.6 Shear 2.3.6 Shear
4VMSV XS XLI  IHMXMSR SJ XLI 'SHI XLI WLIEV
VIWMWXERGI TVSZMHIH F] XLI QEWSRV] [EW RSX EHHIH XS XLI
WLIEV VIWMWXERGI TVSZMHIH F] XLI WLIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR
EPPS[EFPI WXVIWWHIWMKR
%VIGIRXWXYH]I\EQMRIHIMKLX
HMJJIVIRXQIXLSHWJSVTVIHMGXMRKXLIMRTPERIWLIEVGETEGMX]
SJ QEWSRV] [EPPW 8LI HIWMKR TVSZMWMSRW SJ 'LETXIV 
WXVIRKXL HIWMKR
 SJ XLMW 'SHI [IVI JSYRH XS FI XLI FIWX
 TVSZMWMSRW LEH E KVIEXIV EQSYRX SJ WGEXXIV
2.3.6.1 1IQFIVW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH
EGGSVHERGI[MXL7IGXMSRWXLVSYKL
2.3.6.1.1 'EPGYPEXIH WLIEV WXVIWW MR XLI
QEWSRV]WLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHF]XLIVIPEXMSRWLMT
V
TVIHMGXSVSJWLIEVWXVIRKXL8LI'LETXIVEPPS[EFPI
WXVIWW HIWMKR
8LIVIJSVIXLITVSZMWMSRWSJ'LETXIV[LMGLEPPS[JSVXLI
WLIEVVIWMWXERGITVSZMHIHF]XLIQEWSRV]XSFIEHHIHXSXLI
WLIEVVIWMWXERGITVSZMHIHF]XLIWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRX[IVI
ETTVSTVMEXIP]QSHMJMIHERHEHSTXIHJSV'LETXIV7IIXLI
JPS[ GLEVX JSVHIWMKR SJ QEWSRV] QIQFIVW VIWMWXMRK WLIEV
WLS[RMR*MKYVI''
MR
f v=  )UYEXMSR

Anv
2.3.6.1.2 8LI GEPGYPEXIH WLIEV WXVIWW fv 2.3.6.1.2 %PPS[EFPIWLIEVWXVIWW )UYEXMSRW
WLEPP RSX I\GIIH XLIEPPS[EFPIWLIEV WXVIWW Fv  [LIVI Fv XLVSYKLEVIFEWIHSRWXVIRKXLHIWMKRTVSZMWMSRW
WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH YWMRK )UYEXMSR  ERH IMXLIV FYXVIHYGIHF]EJEGXSVSJWEJIX]SJXSSFXEMREPPS[EFPI
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-101

CODE COMMENTARY

)UYEXMSRSV)UYEXMSREWETTVSTVMEXI WXVIWW ZEPYIW 8LI TVSZMWMSRW SJ XLMW 7IGXMSR [IVI

HIZIPSTIH XLVSYKL XLI WXYH] SJ ERH GEPMFVEXIH XS
Fv Fvm Fvs  )UYEXMSR  GERXMPIZIVIHWLIEV[EPPW8LIVEXMSMVd)GERFIHMJJMGYPX
FvWLEPPRSXI\GIIHXLIJSPPS[MRK XSMRXIVTVIXSVETTP]GSRWMWXIRXP]JSVSXLIVGSRHMXMSRWWYGL
E ;LIVIMVd)  EW JSV E YRMJSVQP] PSEHIH WMQTP] WYTTSVXIH FIEQ
'SRGYVVIRX ZEPYIW SJ M ERH Vd QYWX FI GSRWMHIVIH EX
Fv  fm  )UYEXMSR  ETTVSTVMEXI PSGEXMSRW EPSRK WLIEV QIQFIVW WYGL EW
FIEQWXSHIXIVQMRIXLIGVMXMGEPMVd) VEXMS8SWMQTPMJ]
F ;LIVIMVd)  XLI EREP]XMGEP TVSGIWW HIWMKRIVW EVI TIVQMXXIH XS YWI
MVd) !  'SQQIRXEV] 7IGXMSR  TVSZMHIW
Fv  fm  )UYEXMSR  EHHMXMSREPMRJSVQEXMSR
G  8LI QE\MQYQ ZEPYI SJ Fv JSV MVd) FIX[IIR 
ERHWLEPPFITIVQMXXIHXSFIPMRIEVP]MRXIVTSPEXIH
2.3.6.1.3 8LI EPPS[EFPI WLIEV WXVIWW 2.3.6.1.3 )UYEXMSR  MW FEWIH SR
VIWMWXIH F] XLI QEWSRV] *ZQ WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH YWMRK WXVIRKXLHIWMKRTVSZMWMSRW[MXLXLIQEWSRV]WLIEVWXVIRKXL
)UYEXMSR VIHYGIHF]EJEGXSVSJWEJIX] SJ ERHWIVZMGIPSEHWYWIH
MRWXIEHSJJEGXSVIHPSEHW
 M P
Fvm   fm 
 Vd An

  )UYEXMSR 
MVd) WLEPP EP[E]W FI XEOIR EW E TSWMXMZI RYQFIV ERH
RIIHRSXFIXEOIRKVIEXIVXLER
2.3.6.1.4 *SV WTIGMEP VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] 2.3.6.1.4 % VIHYGIH ZEPYI MW YWIH JSV XLI
WLIEV [EPPW XLI EPPS[EFPI WLIEV WXVIWW VIWMWXIH F] XLI EPPS[EFPI QEWSRV] WLIEV WXVIWW MR WTIGMEP VIMRJSVGIH
QEWSRV]FvmWLEPPFIGSQTYXIHYWMRK)UYEXMSR  QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW XS EGGSYRX JSV HIKVEHEXMSR SJ
QEWSRV] WLIEV WXVIRKXL MR TPEWXMG LMRKMRK VIKMSRW
 M P (EZMW TVSTSWIH E JEGXSV [MXL E ZEPYI SJ  JSV [EPP
Fvm   fm 
 Vd An HYGXMPMX]VEXMSWSJSVPIWWERHEPMRIEVHIGVIEWIXS^IVS
EW XLI HYGXMPMX] VEXMS MRGVIEWIW JVSQ  XS  8LI
)UYEXMSR  GSQQMXXII GLSWI E GSRWXERX ZEPYISJ  VIWYPXMRK MR XLI
EPPS[EFPIWXVIWWFIMRKVIHYGIHF]EJEGXSVSJJSVHIWMKR
MVd) WLEPP EP[E]W FI XEOIR EW E TSWMXMZI RYQFIV ERH GSRZIRMIRGI
RIIHRSXFIXEOIRKVIEXIVXLER

2.3.6.1.5 8LI EPPS[EFPI WLIEV WXVIWW 2.3.6.1.5 'SQQIRXEV]7IGXMSR

VIWMWXIHF]XLIWXIIPVIMRJSVGIQIRXFvsWLEPPFIGSQTYXIH TVSZMHIWEHHMXMSREPMRJSVQEXMSR
YWMRK)UYEXMSR

Av Fs d
Fvs  )UYEXMSR 
An s

2.3.6.2 7LIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH

[LIR fv I\GIIHW Fvm  ;LIR WLIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW
VIUYMVIHXLITVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSRERH
WLEPPETTP]
2.3.6.2.1 7LIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI 2.3.6.2.1 8LI EWWYQIH WLIEV GVEGO MW EX 
TVSZMHIH TEVEPPIP XS XLI HMVIGXMSR SJ ETTPMIH WLIEV JSVGI HIKVIIW XS XLI PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX 8LYW E
7TEGMRKSJWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPRSXI\GIIHXLIPIWWIV QE\MQYQ WTEGMRK SJ d MW WTIGMJMIH XS EWWYVI XLEX IEGL
SJdSVMRQQ  GVEGOMWGVSWWIHF]EXPIEWXSRIFEV8LIMRQQ 
QE\MQYQWTEGMRK MW ER EVFMXVEV]GLSMGI XLEX LEW FIIR MR
GSHIWJSVQER]]IEVW
C-102 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

2.3.6.2.2 6IMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH

TIVTIRHMGYPEV XS XLI WLIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH WLEPP FI EX
PIEWX IUYEP XS SRIXLMVH Av  8LI VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI
YRMJSVQP] HMWXVMFYXIH ERH WLEPP RSX I\GIIH E WTEGMRK SJ
JXQ

2.3.6.3 -R GSQTSWMXI QEWSRV] [EPPW WLIEV
WXVIWWIW HIZIPSTIH MR XLI TPERIW SJ MRXIVJEGIW FIX[IIR
[]XLIW ERH JMPPIH GSPPEV NSMRXW SV FIX[IIR []XLIW ERH
LIEHIVWWLEPPQIIXXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSR
2.3.6.4 -RGERXMPIZIVFIEQWXLIQE\MQYQWLIEV
WLEPPFIYWIH-RRSRGERXMPIZIVFIEQWXLIQE\MQYQWLIEV
WLEPPFIYWIHI\GITXXLEXWIGXMSRWPSGEXIH[MXLMREHMWXERGI
dJVSQXLIJEGISJWYTTSVXWLEPPFIHIWMKRIHJSVXLIWEQI
WLIEVEWXLEXGSQTYXIHEXEHMWXERGIdJVSQXLI JEGISJ
WYTTSVX[LIRXLIJSPPS[MRKGSRHMXMSRWEVIQIX
2.3.6.3 7LIEV EGVSWW GSPPEV NSMRXW MR GSQTSWMXI
QEWSRV][EPPWMWXVERWJIVVIHF]XLIQSVXEVSVKVSYXMRXLI
GSPPEV NSMRX 7LIEV WXVIWW MR XLI GSPPEV NSMRX SV EX XLI
MRXIVJEGIFIX[IIRXLI[]XLIERHXLIGSPPEVNSMRXMWPMQMXIH
XS XLI EPPS[EFPI WXVIWWIW MR 7IGXMSR  7LIEV
XVERWJIV F] [EPP XMIW SV SXLIV VIMRJSVGIQIRX EGVSWW XLI
GSPPEVNSMRXMWRSXGSRWMHIVIH
2.3.6.4 8LIFIEQSV[EPPPSEHMRK[MXLMR dSJ
XLI WYTTSVX MW EWWYQIH XS FI XVERWJIVVIH MR HMVIGX
GSQTVIWWMSR SV XIRWMSR XS XLI WYTTSVX [MXLSYX MRGVIEWMRK
XLI WLIEV PSEH TVSZMHIH RS GSRGIRXVEXIH PSEH SGGYVW
[MXLMRXLIdHMWXERGI
E
 WYTTSVX VIEGXMSR MR HMVIGXMSR SJ ETTPMIH WLIEV JSVGI
MRXVSHYGIW GSQTVIWWMSR MRXS XLI IRH VIKMSRW SJ XLI
FIEQERH
F
 RSGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEH SGGYVWFIX[IIRJEGI SJWYTTSVX
ERHEHMWXERGIdJVSQJEGI
-HIRXMJ]'VMXMGEP7IGXMSR
(IXIVQMRI (IWMKR*SVGIW
'SQTYXI 1E\MQYQ 7XVIWWIW
JVSQ'SQFMRIH *SVGIW

'EPGYPEXI f v
F])U
7II*MKE

-W
fv F v 6ITVSTSVXMSR
2S
*VSQ ERH
  6IHIWMKR
#

=IW
4VSZMHI7LIEV
-W 6IMRJSVGIQIRX
fv Fvm XSWYTTPIQIRX 7LIEV
2S Fvm EW
*VSQSV 6IUYMVIQIRX
 RIGIWWEV] TIV 7EXMWJMIH
# 
ERH
=IW 

7LIEV
6IUYMVIQIRX
7EXMWJMIH 

Figure CC-2.3-3 — Flow chart for shear design

BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-103

COMMENTARY
M
P M
V
P
V

*PI\YVI
*PI\YVI

%\MEP
%\MEP

'SQFMRIH*PI\YVI
ERH%\MEP 'SQFMRIH*PI\YVI
ERH%\MEP

V
7LIEV fv !
An V
7LIEV fv !
An

Figure CC-2.3-4(a) — Illustration of design Figure CC-2.3-4(b) — Illustration of design

section that is subjected to tension section that is not subjected to tension
C-104 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

8LMWTEKIMWMRXIRXMSREPP]PIJXFPERO
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-105

CHAPTER 3
STRENGTH DESIGN OF MASONRY

CODE COMMENTARY

3.1 — General 3.1 — General

3.1.1 Scope 3.1.1 Scope
8LMW 'LETXIV TVSZMHIW QMRMQYQ VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV
WXVIRKXL HIWMKR SJ QEWSRV] 1EWSRV] HIWMKR F] XLI
WXVIRKXL HIWMKR QIXLSH WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 'LETXIV  7IGXMSRW  XLVSYKL 
ERHIMXLIV7IGXMSRSV
3.1.2 Required strength 3.1.2 Required strength
6IUYMVIH WXVIRKXL WLEPP FI HIXIVQMRIH MR EGGSVHERGI
[MXL XLI WXVIRKXL HIWMKR PSEH GSQFMREXMSRW SJ XLI PIKEPP]
EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK GSHI ;LIR XLIPIKEPP] EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK
GSHI HSIW RSX TVSZMHI JEGXSVIH PSEH GSQFMREXMSRW
WXVYGXYVIW ERH QIQFIVW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH XS VIWMWX XLI
GSQFMREXMSR SJ PSEHW WTIGMJMIH MR %7')  JSV WXVIRKXL
HIWMKR1IQFIVWWYFNIGXXSGSQTVIWWMZIE\MEPPSEHWLEPPFI
HIWMKRIH JSV XLI JEGXSVIH QSQIRX EGGSQTER]MRK XLI
JEGXSVIHE\MEPPSEH8LIJEGXSVIHQSQIRXMu WLEPPMRGPYHI
XLIQSQIRXMRHYGIHF]VIPEXMZIPEXIVEPHMWTPEGIQIRX
3.1.3 Design strength 3.1.3 Design strength
1EWSRV] QIQFIVW WLEPP FI TVSTSVXMSRIH WS XLEX XLI
HIWMKR WXVIRKXL IUYEPW SV I\GIIHW XLI VIUYMVIH WXVIRKXL
(IWMKR WXVIRKXLMWXLIRSQMREPWXVIRKXLQYPXMTPMIHF]XLI
WXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSV EWWTIGMJMIHMR7IGXMSR
3.1.4 Strength-reduction factors 3.1.4 Strength-reduction factors
8LI WXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSR JEGXSV MRGSVTSVEXIW XLI
HMJJIVIRGI FIX[IIR XLI RSQMREP WXVIRKXL TVSZMHIH MR
EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ 'LETXIV  ERH XLI
I\TIGXIH WXVIRKXL SJ XLI EWFYMPX QEWSRV] 8LI WXVIRKXL
VIHYGXMSR JEGXSV EPWS EGGSYRXW JSV XLI YRGIVXEMRXMIW MR
GSRWXVYGXMSR QEXIVMEP TVSTIVXMIW GEPGYPEXIH ZIVWYW EGXYEP
QIQFIVWXVIRKXLWEW[IPPEWERXMGMTEXIHQSHISJJEMPYVI
3.1.4.1 Anchor bolts { *SV GEWIW [LIVI XLI 3.1.4.1 Anchor bolts zz &IGEYWI SJ XLI KIRIVEP
RSQMREP WXVIRKXL SJ ER ERGLSV FSPX MW GSRXVSPPIH F] WMQMPEVMX] FIX[IIRXLIFILEZMSV SJ ERGLSV FSPXW IQFIHHIH
QEWSRV]FVIEOSYXF]QEWSRV]GVYWLMRKSVF]ERGLSVFSPX MR KVSYX ERH MR GSRGVIXI ERH FIGEYWI EZEMPEFPI VIWIEVGL
TV]SYX  WLEPP FI XEOIR EW  *SV GEWIW [LIVI XLI HEXE JSV ERGLSV FSPXW MR KVSYX MRHMGEXI WMQMPEVMX] XLI
RSQMREPWXVIRKXLSJERERGLSVFSPXMWGSRXVSPPIHF]ERGLSV WXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSR ZEPYIW EWWSGMEXIH [MXL ZEVMSYW
FSPX WXIIP  WLEPP FI XEOIR EW  *SV GEWIW [LIVI XLI GSRXVSPPMRK ERGLSV FSPX JEMPYVIW EVI HIVMZIH JVSQ
RSQMREPWXVIRKXLSJERERGLSVFSPXMWGSRXVSPPIHF]ERGLSV I\TVIWWMSRW FEWIH SR VIWIEVGL MRXS XLI TIVJSVQERGI SJ
TYPPSYX WLEPPFIXEOIREW ERGLSVFSPXWIQFIHHIHMRGSRGVIXI
3.1.4.2 Bearing{*SVGEWIWMRZSPZMRKFIEVMRK 3.1.4.2 Bearing zz 8LI ZEPYI SJ XLI WXVIRKXL
SRQEWSRV] WLEPPFIXEOIREW VIHYGXMSR JEGXSV YWIH MR FIEVMRK EWWYQIW XLEX WSQI
HIKVEHEXMSRLEWSGGYVVIH[MXLMRXLIQEWSRV]QEXIVMEP
3.1.4.3 Combinations of flexure and axial load 3.1.4.3 Combinations of flexure and axial load
in unreinforced masonry{8LIZEPYISJ WLEPPFIXEOIR in unreinforced masonry zz 8LI WEQI WXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSR
EW  JSV YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] WYFNIGXIH XS JPI\YVI JEGXSVMWYWIHJSVXLIE\MEPPSEHERHXLIJPI\YVEPXIRWMSRSV
E\MEPPSEHSVGSQFMREXMSRWXLIVISJ GSQTVIWWMSRMRHYGIHF]FIRHMRKQSQIRXMRYRVIMRJSVGIH
QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW 8LI PS[IV WXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSR JEGXSV
C-106 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

VIJPIGXWERMRGVIEWIMRXLIGSIJJMGMIRX
3.1.4.4 Combinations of flexure and axial load
in reinforced masonry{8LIZEPYISJ WLEPPFIXEOIREW
 JSV VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] WYFNIGXIH XS JPI\YVI E\MEP
PSEHSVGSQFMREXMSRWXLIVISJ
EWWSGMEXIH [MXL YRVIMRJSVGIH IPIQIRXW MR GSQTEVMWSR XS
VIMRJSVGIHIPIQIRXW
SJ ZEVMEXMSR SJ XLI QIEWYVIH WXVIRKXLW SJ YRVIMRJSVGIH
IPIQIRXW [LIR GSQTEVIH XS WMQMPEVP] GSRJMKYVIH
VIMRJSVGIHIPIQIRXW
3.1.4.4 Combinations of flexure and axial load
in reinforced masonry zz 8LI WEQI WXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSR
JEGXSVMWYWIHJSVXLIE\MEPPSEHERHXLIJPI\YVEPXIRWMSRSV
GSQTVIWWMSR MRHYGIH F] FIRHMRK QSQIRX MR VIMRJSVGIH
QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW 8LI LMKLIV WXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSR JEGXSV
 VIJPIGXW E HIGVIEWI MR XLI
3.1.4.5 Shear { 8LIZEPYI SJ  WLEPP FI XEOIR
EWJSVQEWSRV]WYFNIGXIHXSWLIEV
3.1.5 Deformation requirements
3.1.5.1 Deflection of unreinforced (plain)
masonry { (IJPIGXMSR GEPGYPEXMSRW JSV YRVIMRJSVGIH
EWWSGMEXIH [MXL VIMRJSVGIH IPIQIRXW MR GSQTEVMWSR XS
YRVIMRJSVGIH IPIQIRXW
GSIJJMGMIRX SJ ZEVMEXMSR SJ XLI QIEWYVIH WXVIRKXLW SJ
VIMRJSVGIH IPIQIRXW [LIR GSQTEVIH XS WMQMPEVP]
GSRJMKYVIHYRVIMRJSVGIHIPIQIRXW
3.1.4.5 Shear zz 7XVIRKXLVIHYGXMSR JEGXSVW JSV
GEPGYPEXMRKXLIHIWMKRWLIEVWXVIRKXLEVIGSQQSRP] QSVI
GSRWIVZEXMZIXLERXLSWIEWWSGMEXIH[MXLXLIHIWMKRJPI\YVEP
WXVIRKXL ,S[IZIV XLI WXVIRKXL HIWMKR TVSZMWMSRW SJ
'LETXIVVIUYMVIXLEXWLIEVWXVIRKXLGSRWMHIVEFP]I\GIIH
JPI\YVEPWXVIRKXL,IRGI XLIWXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSVJSV
WLIEVMW XEOIR EW  EZEPYI TIVGIRX PEVKIVXLER XLI
LMWXSVMGEPZEPYI
3.1.5 Deformation requirements
3.1.5.1 Deflection of unreinforced (plain)
masonry — 8LI HIJPIGXMSR GEPGYPEXMSRW SJ YRVIMRJSVGIH
TPEMR
 QEWSRV] QIQFIVW WLEPP FI FEWIH SR YRGVEGOIH QEWSRV] EVI FEWIH SR IPEWXMG TIVJSVQERGI SJ XLI QEWSRV]
WIGXMSRTVSTIVXMIW
3.1.5.2 Deflection of reinforced masonry {
(IJPIGXMSR GEPGYPEXMSRW JSV VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] QIQFIVW
WLEPPGSRWMHIVXLIIJJIGXWSJGVEGOMRKERHVIMRJSVGIQIRXSR
QIQFIV WXMJJRIWW 8LI JPI\YVEP ERH WLIEV WXMJJRIWW
TVSTIVXMIW EWWYQIH JSV HIJPIGXMSR GEPGYPEXMSRW WLEPP RSX
I\GIIH SRILEPJ SJ XLI KVSWW WIGXMSR TVSTIVXMIW YRPIWW E
GVEGOIHWIGXMSREREP]WMWMWTIVJSVQIH
3.1.6 Anchor bolts embedded in grout
3.1.6.1 Design requirements zz %RGLSV FSPXW
WLEPPFIHIWMKRIHYWMRKIMXLIVXLITVSZMWMSRWSJSV
JSVLIEHIHERHFIRXFEVERGLSVFSPXWF]XLITVSZMWMSRWSJ
7IGXMSR
3.1.6.2 Nominal strengths determined by test
3.1.6.2.1 %RGLSV FSPXW WLEPP FI XIWXIH MR
EGGSVHERGI[MXL%781)I\GITXXLEXEQMRMQYQSJJMZI
XIWXWWLEPPFITIVJSVQIH0SEHMRKGSRHMXMSRWSJXLIXIWXWLEPP
FIVITVIWIRXEXMZISJMRXIRHIHYWISJXLIERGLSVFSPX
3.1.6.2.2 %RGLSV FSPX RSQMREP WXVIRKXLW
YWIHJSVHIWMKRWLEPPRSXI\GIIHTIVGIRXSJXLIEZIVEKI
EWWIQFPEKIEWSYXPMRIHMRXLIHIWMKRGVMXIVMESJ7IGXMSR
3.1.5.2 Deflection of reinforced masonry zz
:EPYIWSJIeffEVIX]TMGEPP]EFSYXSRILEPJSJIgJSVGSQQSR
GSRJMKYVEXMSRW SJ IPIQIRXW XLEX EVI JYPP] KVSYXIH
'EPGYPEXMRK E QSVI EGGYVEXI ZEPYI YWMRK XLI GVEGOIH
XVERWJSVQIH WIGXMSR QE] FI HIWMVEFPI JSV WSQI
GMVGYQWXERGIW
3.1.6 Anchor bolts embedded in grout
(IWMKR SJ ERGLSV FSPXW IQFIHHIH MR KVSYX QE] FI
FEWIH SR TL]WMGEP XIWXMRK SV JSV LIEHIH ERH FIRXFEV
ERGLSVFSPXWF]GEPGYPEXMSR(YIXSXLI[MHIZEVMEXMSRMR
GSRJMKYVEXMSRW SJ TSWXMRWXEPPIH ERGLSVW HIWMKRIVW EVI
VIJIVVIH XS TVSHYGX PMXIVEXYVI TYFPMWLIH F] QERYJEGXYVIVW
JSVXLIWIERGLSVW
3.1.6.1 Design requirements
3.1.6.2 Nominal strengths determined by test zz
1ER] X]TIW SJ ERGLSV FSPXW WYGL EW I\TERWMSR ERGLSVW
XSKKPIFSPXWWPIIZIERGLSVWIXGEVIRSXGSZIVIHF]'SHI
7IGXMSR  ERH XLIVIJSVI WYGL ERGLSVW QYWX FI
HIWMKRIH YWMRK XIWX HEXE 8IWXMRK QE] EPWS FI YWIH XS
IWXEFPMWL LMKLIV WXVIRKXLW XLER XLSWI GEPGYPEXIH F] 'SHI
7IGXMSR%781)VIUYMVIWSRP]XLVIIXIWXW8LI
ZEVMEFMPMX] SJ ERGLSV FSPX WXVIRKXL MR QEWSRV] ERH XLI
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY
CODE
JEMPYVIPSEHJVSQXLIXIWXW
3.1.6.3 Nominal strengths determined by
calculation for headed and bent-bar anchor bolts {
2SQMREP WXVIRKXLW SJ LIEHIH ERH FIRXFEV ERGLSV FSPXW
IQFIHHIH MR KVSYX WLEPP FI HIXIVQMRIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL
C-107
COMMENTARY
TSWWMFMPMX] XLEX ERGLSV FSPXW QE] FI YWIH MR E RSR
VIHYRHERXQERRIV[EVVERXWERMRGVIEWIXSXLIQMRMQYQSJ
JMZI XIWXW WXMTYPEXIH F] XLI 'SHI %WWYQMRK E RSVQEP
HMWXVMFYXMSRERHEGSIJJMGMIRXSJZEVMEXMSRSJTIVGIRXJSV
XLIXIWXHEXEEJMJXLTIVGIRXMPIZEPYIJSVRSQMREPWXVIRKXL
MW ETTVS\MQEXIP] SFXEMRIH EW  TIVGIRX SJ XLI EZIVEKI
WXVIRKXL ZEPYI *EMPYVI QSHIW SFXEMRIH JVSQ XIWXMRK
WLSYPH FI VITSVXIH ERH ETTVSTVMEXI  JEGXSVW YWIH [LIR
IWXEFPMWLMRKHIWMKRWXVIRKXLW
3.1.6.3 Nominal strength determined by
calculation for headed and bent-bar anchor bolts zz
(IWMKR IUYEXMSRW TVSZMHIH MR XLI 'SHI WXIQ JVSQ
VIWIEVGL GSRHYGXIHSRLIEHIHERGLSVFSPXWERHFIRX
XLITVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSRWXLVSYKL FEVERGLSVFSPXW.SV0FSPXW
IQFIHHIHMRKVSYX
3.1.6.3.1 Nominal tensile strength of headed 3.1.6.3.1 Nominal tensile strength of headed
and bent-bar anchor bolts { 8LI RSQMREP E\MEP XIRWMPI and bent-bar anchor bolts
WXVIRKXL SJ LIEHIH ERGLSV FSPXW WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH YWMRK
XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ 7IGXMSRW  8LI RSQMREP E\MEP
XIRWMPIWXVIRKXLSJFIRXFEVERGLSVFSPXWWLEPPFIGSQTYXIH
YWMRKXLITVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSR
3.1.6.3.1.1 Axial tensile strength of 3.1.6.3.1.1 Axial tensile strength of
headed anchor bolts zz8LIRSQMREPE\MEPXIRWMPIWXVIRKXLBan headed anchor bolts zz 8IRWMPI WXVIRKXL SJ E LIEHIH
SJLIEHIHERGLSVFSPXWIQFIHHIHMRKVSYXWLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIH ERGLSVFSPXMWKSZIVRIHF]]MIPHERHJVEGXYVISJXLIERGLSV
F] )UYEXMSR RSQMREPE\MEPXIRWMPIWXVIRKXLKSZIVRIHF] WXIIP )UYEXMSR  SV F] FVIEOSYX SJ ER ETTVS\MQEXIP]
QEWSRV] FVIEOSYX
 SV )UYEXMSR  RSQMREP E\MEP XIRWMPI GSRMGEPZSPYQISJQEWSRV]WXEVXMRKEXXLIERGLSVLIEHERH
WXVIRKXLKSZIVRIHF] WXIIP]MIPHMRK
8LIHIWMKRE\MEPXIRWMPI LEZMRK E JVEGXYVI WYVJEGI SVMIRXIH EX ETTVS\MQEXIP] 
WXVIRKXL BanWLEPPFIXLIWQEPPIVSJXLIZEPYIWSFXEMRIHJVSQ HIKVIIW XS XLI QEWSRV] WYVJEGI )UYEXMSR  7XIIP
)UYEXMSRWERHQYPXMTPMIHF]XLIETTPMGEFPI ZEPYI WXVIRKXLMWGEPGYPEXIHYWMRKXLIIJJIGXMZIXIRWMPIWXVIWWEVIE
SJ XLI ERGLSV XLEX MW MRGPYHMRK XLI VIHYGXMSR MR EVIE SJ
Banb  A pt f m  )UYEXMSR
 XLIERGLSVWLEROHYIXSXLVIEHW


B ans Ab f y  )UYEXMSR 
3.1.6.3.1.2 Axial tensile strength of 3.1.6.3.1.2 Axial tensile strength of
bent-bar anchor bolts z 8LI RSQMREP E\MEP XIRWMPI bent-bar anchor bolts z8LIXIRWMPIWXVIRKXLSJEFIRXFEV
WXVIRKXL BanJSVFIRXFEVERGLSVFSPXWIQFIHHIHMRKVSYX ERGLSVFSPX.SV0FSPX MWKSZIVRIHF]]MIPHERHJVEGXYVI
WLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHF])UYEXMSRRSQMREPE\MEPXIRWMPI SJXLIERGLSVWXIIP)UYEXMSRF]XIRWMPIGSRIFVIEOSYX
WXVIRKXL KSZIVRIH F] QEWSRV] FVIEOSYX  )UYEXMSR  SJ XLI QEWSRV] )UYEXMSR  SV F] WXVEMKLXIRMRK ERH
RSQMREP E\MEP XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL KSZIVRIH F] ERGLSV FSPX TYPPSYXSJXLIERGLSVFSPXJVSQXLIQEWSRV])UYEXMSR
TYPPSYX  SV )UYEXMSR  RSQMREP E\MEP XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL 'ETEGMXMIWGSVVIWTSRHMRKXSXLIJMVWXX[SJEMPYVIQSHIWEVI
KSZIVRIH F] WXIIP ]MIPHMRK  8LI HIWMKR E\MEP XIRWMPI GEPGYPEXIHEWJSVLIEHIHERGLSVFSPXW'SHI)UYEXMSR
WXVIRKXL BanWLEPPFIXLIWQEPPIWXSJXLIZEPYIWSFXEMRIH GSVVIWTSRHW XS ERGLSV FSPX TYPPSYX 8LI WIGSRH XIVQ MR
JVSQ)UYEXMSRWERHQYPXMTPMIHF]XLIETTPMGEFPI )UYEXMSRMWXLITSVXMSRSJXLIERGLSVFSPXGETEGMX]HYI
ZEPYI XS FSRH FIX[IIR FSPX ERH KVSYX %GGSVHMRKP]
7TIGMJMGEXMSR %VXMGPI & VIUYMVIW XLEX TVIGEYXMSRW FI
Banb  Apt f m  )UYEXMSR  XEOIR XS IRWYVI XLEX XLI WLEROW SJ XLI FIRXFEV ERGLSV
FSPXW EVI GPIER ERH JVII SJ HIFVMW XLEX [SYPH SXLIV[MWI
Banp  f m eb d b  l b eb db db MRXIVJIVI[MXLXLIFSRHFIX[IIRERGLSVFSPXERHKVSYX

)UYEXMSR 
Bans Ab f y  )UYEXMSR 
C-108 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

3.1.6.3.2 Shear strength of headed and 3.1.6.3.2 Shear strength of headed and
bent-bar anchor bolts — 8LIRSQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLBvn bent-bar anchor bolts -- 7LIEVWXVIRKXLSJELIEHIHSVFIRX
SJ LIEHIH ERH FIRXFEV ERGLSV FSPXW WLEPP FI HIXIVQMRIH FEV ERGLSV FSPX MW KSZIVRIH F] ]MIPH ERH JVEGXYVI SJ XLI
F] )UYEXMSR  RSQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL KSZIVRIH F] ERGLSVWXIIP)UYEXMSRF]QEWSRV]GVYWLMRK)UYEXMSR
QEWSRV]FVIEOSYX )UYEXMSRRSQMREP WLIEVWXVIRKXL  SV F] QEWSRV] WLIEV FVIEOSYX )UYEXMSR  7XIIP
KSZIVRIH F] QEWSRV] GVYWLMRK  )UYEXMSR  RSQMREP WXVIRKXL MW GEPGYPEXIHYWMRK XLIIJJIGXMZI XIRWMPIWXVIWWEVIE
WLIEV WXVIRKXL KSZIVRIH F] ERGLSV FSPX TV]SYX  SV XLEX MW XLVIEHW EVI GSRWIVZEXMZIP] EWWYQIH XS PMI MR XLI
)UYEXMSR  RSQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL KSZIVRIH F] WXIIP GVMXMGEPWLIEVTPERI 4V]SYXWII *MKYVI'' MWEPWSE
]MIPHMRK  8LI HIWMKR WLIEV WXVIRKXL Bvn WLEPP FI XLI TSWWMFPI JEMPYVIQSHI 8LI TV]SYXIUYEXMSR)UYEXMSR  
WQEPPIWX SJ XLI ZEPYIW SFXEMRIH JVSQ )UYEXMSRW   MWEHETXIHJVSQ%'-
ERHQYPXMTPMIHF]XLIETTPMGEFPI ZEPYI 9RHIV WXEXMG WLIEV PSEHMRK FIRXFEV ERGLSV FSPXW HS
RSX I\LMFMX WXVEMKLXIRMRK ERH TYPPSYX 9RHIV VIZIVWIH
B vnb  A pv f m  )UYEXMSR 
G]GPMG WLIEV LS[IZIV EZEMPEFPI VIWIEVGL WYKKIWXW XLEX
WXVEMKLXIRMRKERHTYPPSYXQE]SGGYV
Bvnc   f  m Ab  )UYEXMSR 

Bvnpry   Banb  A pt f m  )UYEXMSR 

Bvns  Ab f y  )UYEXMSR 

3.1.6.3.3 Combined axial tension and shear
z %RGLSV FSPXW WYFNIGXIH XS E\MEP XIRWMSR MR GSQFMREXMSR
[MXLWLIEVWLEPPWEXMWJ])UYEXMSR
baf bvf
3.1.6.3.3 Combined axial tension and
shear -- %RGLSVFSPXWWYFNIGXIHXSGSQFMRIHE\MEPXIRWMSR
ERH WLIEV QYWX WEXMWJ] XLI PMRIEV MRXIVEGXMSR IUYEXMSR
KMZIRF])UYEXMSR
 )UYEXMSR

Ban Bvn

3.1.7 Nominal bearing strength 3.1.7 Nominal bearing strength

8LI RSQMREP FIEVMRK WXVIRKXL SJ QEWSRV] WLEPP FI
GSQTYXIHEWf’mQYPXMTPMIHF]XLIFIEVMRKEVIEAbr EW
HIJMRIHMR7IGXMSR
3.1.8 Material properties
3.1.8.1 Compressive strength
3.1.8.1.1 Masonry compressive strength
{ 8LI WTIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ QEWSRV] f m 
'SQQIRXEV]7IGXMSRTVSZMHIWJYVXLIVMRJSVQEXMSR
3.1.8 Material properties
'SQQIRXEV]7IGXMSRTVSZMHIWEHHMXMSREPMRJSVQEXMSR
3.1.8.1 Compressive strength
3.1.8.1.1 Masonry compressive strengthzz
(IWMKR GVMXIVME EVI FEWIH SR VIWIEVGL GSRHYGXIH SR
WLEPPIUYEPSVI\GIIHTWM14E
8LIZEPYISJ WXVYGXYVEP QEWSRV] GSQTSRIRXW LEZMRK GSQTVIWWMZI
f m YWIH XS HIXIVQMRI RSQMREP WXVIRKXL ZEPYIW MR XLMW WXVIRKXLW JVSQ  XS  TWM  XS  14E

GLETXIV WLEPP RSX I\GIIH  TWM  14E
 JSV (IWMKRGVMXIVMEEVIFEWIHSRXLIWIVIWIEVGLVIWYPXW(IWMKR
GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] ERH WLEPP RSX I\GIIH  TWM ZEPYIW XLIVIJSVI EVI PMQMXIH XS GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXLW MR
14E
JSVGPE]QEWSRV] XLIVERKISJXS TWM XS14E
JSV
JSVGPE]QEWSRV]
3.1.8.1.2 Grout compressive strength {
*SVGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]XLIWTIGMJMIHGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL
SJ KVSYX f 'g  WLEPP IUYEP SV I\GIIH XLI WTIGMJMIH
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ QEWSRV] f 'm  FYX WLEPP RSX
GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] ERH  XS  TWM  XS
14E
3.1.8.1.2 Grout compressive strength zz
7MRGI QSWX IQTMVMGEPP] HIVMZIH HIWMKR IUYEXMSRW GEPGYPEXI
RSQMREPWXVIRKXLEWEJYRGXMSRSJXLIWTIGMJMIHGSQTVIWWMZI
WXVIRKXLSJXLIQEWSRV]XLIWTIGMJMIHGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL
I\GIIH  TWM  14E
 *SV GPE] QEWSRV] XLI SJXLIKVSYXMWVIUYMVIHXSFIEXPIEWXIUYEPXSXLIWTIGMJMIH
WTIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ KVSYX f 'g  WLEPP RSX GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL JSV GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] 8LMW
I\GIIHTWM14E
 VIUYMVIQIRX MW ER EXXIQTX XS IRWYVI XLEX [LIVI XLI KVSYX
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL QE] WMKRMJMGERXP] GSRXVSP XLI HIWMKR
WYGLEWERGLSVWIQFIHHIHMRKVSYX
XLIRSQMREPWXVIRKXL
[MPPRSXFIEJJIGXIH8LIPMQMXEXMSRSRXLIQE\MQYQKVSYX
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLMWHYIXSXLIPEGOSJEZEMPEFPIVIWIEVGL
YWMRKLMKLIVQEXIVMEPWXVIRKXLW
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY
CODE
3.1.8.2 Masonry modulus of rupture { 8LI
QSHYPYWSJVYTXYVIfr JSVQEWSRV]IPIQIRXWWYFNIGXIHXS
SYXSJTPERI SV MRTPERI FIRHMRK WLEPP FI MR EGGSVHERGI
[MXLXLIZEPYIWMR8EFPI*SVKVSYXIHQEWSRV]RSX
PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH XIRWMSR TEVEPPIP XS XLI FIH NSMRXW
WLEPP FI EWWYQIH XS FI VIWMWXIH SRP] F] XLI QMRMQYQ
GVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJGSRXMRYSYWKVSYXXLEXMWTEVEPPIPXS
XLIFIHNSMRXW
3.1.8.3 Reinforcement strength { 1EWSRV]
HIWMKRWLEPPFIFEWIHSREVIMRJSVGIQIRXWXVIRKXLIUYEPXS
XLI WTIGMJMIH ]MIPH WXVIRKXL SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX fy  [LMGL
C-109
COMMENTARY
3.1.8.2 Masonry modulus of rupture zz 8LI
QSHYPYWSJVYTXYVIZEPYIWTVSZMHIHMR'SHI8EFPI
EVIHMVIGXP]TVSTSVXMSREPXSXLIEPPS[EFPIWXVIWWZEPYIWJSV
JPI\YVEP XIRWMSR ;LMPI MX MW VIGSKRM^IH XLEX MRTPERI ERH
SYXSJTPERI WXVEMR KVEHMIRXW EVI HMJJIVIRX EX XLIWI PS[
WXVIWWPIZIPWXLMWIJJIGXWLSYPHFIWQEPP
,MWXSVMGEPP] QEWSRV] RSX PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH LEW
FIIR EWWYQIH XS LEZI RS JPI\YVEP FSRH WXVIRKXL EGVSWW
QSVXEVIHLIEHNSMRXWXLYWXLIKVSYXEVIEEPSRIMWYWIHXS
VIWMWX FIRHMRK )\EQTPIW SJ E GSRXMRYSYW KVSYX WIGXMSR
TEVEPPIPXSXLIFIHNSMRXWEVIWLS[RMR*MKYVI''
8LITVIWIRGISJJPEWLMRKERHSXLIVGSRHMXMSRWEXXLIFEWI
SJ XLI [EPP GER WMKRMJMGERXP] VIHYGI XLI JPI\YVEP FSRH 8LI
ZEPYIWMRXLMW8EFPIETTP]SRP]XSXLIJPI\YVEPXIRWMPIWXVIWWIW
HIZIPSTIHFIX[IIRQEWSRV]YRMXWQSVXEVERHKVSYX
3.1.8.3 Reinforcement strength zz 6IWIEVGL
GSRHYGXIHSRVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]GSQTSRIRXWYWIH+VEHI
 VIMRJSVGIQIRX 8S FI GSRWMWXIRX [MXL PEFSVEXSV]
WLEPPRSXI\GIIHTWM14E
8LIEGXYEP]MIPH HSGYQIRXIH MRZIWXMKEXMSRW HIWMKR MW FEWIHSRERSQMREP
WXVIRKXL WLEPP RSX I\GIIH  QYPXMTPMIH F] XLI WTIGMJMIH WXIIP ]MIPH WXVIRKXL SJ  TWM  14E
 8LI
]MIPHWXVIRKXL PMQMXEXMSRSRXLIWXIIP]MIPHWXVIRKXLSJTIVGIRXSJXLI
RSQMREP ]MIPH WXVIRKXL MW XS QMRMQM^I XLI SZIVWXVIRKXL
YRMRXIRXMSREPP]MRGSVTSVEXIHMRXSEHIWMKR

Table 3.1.8.2 — Modulus of rupture, fr , psi (kPa)

Direction of flexural tensile stress and Mortar types

masonry type
Portland cement/lime or mortar Masonry cement or air
cement entrained portland cement/lime
M or S N M or S N
2SVQEPXSFIHNSMRXW
7SPMHYRMXW        
,SPPS[YRMXW
9RKVSYXIH        
*YPP]KVSYXIH        
4EVEPPIPXSFIHNSMRXWMRVYRRMRKFSRH
7SPMHYRMXW        
,SPPS[YRMXW
9RKVSYXIHERHTEVXMEPP]KVSYXIH        
*YPP]KVSYXIH        
4EVEPPIPXSFIHNSMRXWMRQEWSRV]RSXPEMHMR
VYRRMRKFSRH
'SRXMRYSYWKVSYXWIGXMSRTEVEPPIPXSFIHNSMRXW        
3XLIV        

 *SV TEVXMEPP] KVSYXIH QEWSRV] QSHYPYW SJ VYTXYVI ZEPYIW WLEPP FI HIXIVQMRIH SR XLI FEWMW SJ PMRIEV MRXIVTSPEXMSR
FIX[IIRJYPP]KVSYXIHLSPPS[YRMXWERHYRKVSYXIHLSPPS[YRMXWFEWIHSREQSYRXTIVGIRXEKI SJKVSYXMRK
C-110 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

3.2 — Unreinforced (plain) masonry 3.2 –– Unreinforced (plain) masonry

3.2.1 Scope 3.2.1 Scope
 8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR  EVI MR EHHMXMSR XS XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ'LETXIVERH7IGXMSRERHKSZIVRQEWSRV]
HIWMKRMR[LMGLQEWSRV]MWYWIHXSVIWMWXXIRWMPIJSVGIW
3.2.1.1 Strength for resisting loads { 3.2.1.1 Strength for resisting loads
9RVIMRJSVGIHTPEMR
QEWSRV]QIQFIVWWLEPPFIHIWMKRIH
YWMRK XLIWXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV] YRMXW QSVXEV ERHKVSYX MR
VIWMWXMRKHIWMKRPSEHW
3.2.1.2 Strength contribution from 3.2.1.2 Strength contribution from
reinforcement { 7XVIWWIW MR VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP RSX FI reinforcement zz %PXLSYKL VIMRJSVGIQIRX QE] WXMPP FI
GSRWMHIVIHIJJIGXMZIMRVIWMWXMRKHIWMKRPSEHW TVIWIRX MR YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] MX MW RSX GSRWMHIVIH MR
GEPGYPEXMRKHIWMKRWXVIRKXL
3.2.1.3 Design criteria { 9RVIMRJSVGIH TPEMR
 3.2.1.3 Design criteria zz 8LI HIWMKR SJ
QEWSRV]QIQFIVWWLEPPFIHIWMKRIHXSVIQEMRYRGVEGOIH
3.2.2 Flexural and axial strength of unreinforced
(plain) masonry members
3.2.2.1 Design assumptions { 8LI JSPPS[MRK
EWWYQTXMSRWWLEPPETTP][LIRHIXIVQMRMRKXLIJPI\YVEPERH
YRVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]VIUYMVIWXLEXXLIWXVYGXYVITIVJSVQW
IPEWXMGEPP] YRHIV HIWMKR PSEHW 8LI W]WXIQ VIWTSRWI
JEGXSVWYWIHMRXLIHIWMKRSJYRVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]EWWYQI
ERIPEWXMGVIWTSRWI
3.2.2 Flexure and axial strength of unreinforced
(plain) masonry members
3.2.2.1 Design assumptions
E\MEPWXVIRKXLSJYRVIMRJSVGIHTPEMR
QEWSRV]QIQFIVW
E
 7XVIRKXL HIWMKR SJ QIQFIVW JSV JEGXSVIH JPI\YVI ERH
E\MEP PSEH WLEPP FI MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL TVMRGMTPIW SJ
IRKMRIIVMRKQIGLERMGW
F
 7XVEMRMRQEWSRV]WLEPPFIHMVIGXP]TVSTSVXMSREPXSXLI
HMWXERGIJVSQXLIRIYXVEPE\MW
G
 *PI\YVEP XIRWMSR MR QEWSRV] WLEPP FI EWWYQIH XS FI
HMVIGXP]TVSTSVXMSREPXSWXVEMR
H
 *PI\YVEPGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWMRGSQFMREXMSR[MXLE\MEP
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWMRQEWSRV]WLEPPFIEWWYQIHXSFI
HMVIGXP]TVSTSVXMSREPXSWXVEMR
3.2.2.2 Nominal strength{8LIRSQMREPWXVIRKXL 3.2.2.2 Nominal strength zz 8LMW WIGXMSR KMZIW
SJYRVIMRJSVGIHTPEMR
QEWSRV]GVSWWWIGXMSRWJSVGSQFMRIH VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV GSRWXVYGXMRK ER MRXIVEGXMSR HMEKVEQ JSV
JPI\YVIERHE\MEPPSEHWWLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHWSXLEX YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] QIQFIVW WYFNIGXIH XS GSQFMRIH
JPI\YVIERHE\MEPPSEHW8LIVIUYMVIQIRXWEVIMPPYWXVEXIHMR
E
 XLIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWHSIWRSXI\GIIHf 'm
*MKYVI '' %PWSWLS[R MR *MKYVI '' EVIXLI
F
 XLI XIRWMPI WXVIWW HSIW RSX I\GIIH XLI QSHYPYW SJ
VYTXYVIHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ7IGXMSR
3.2.2.3 Nominal axial strength { 8LIRSQMREP
E\MEP WXVIRKXL Pn WLEPP RSX FI XEOIR KVIEXIV XLER XLI
JSPPS[MRK
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR  [LMGL KMZI E QE\MQYQ
E\MEPJSVGI
3.2.2.3 Nominal axial strength zz 'SQQIRXEV]
7IGXMSRKMZIWEHHMXMSREPMRJSVQEXMSR
E
 *SVQIQFIVWLEZMRKERh/rVEXMSRSXKVIEXIVXLER

h
Pn   An f m  )UYEXMSR 

 r
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-111

COMMENTARY

Axial strength limit, Section 3.2.2.3

Compression controlled:
Compression stress does not
exceed 0.80 f m

Tension controlled:
Tension stress does not exceed
modulus of rupture, Table 3.1.8.2

Moment Strength

Figure CC-3.2-1 Interaction diagram for unreinforced masonry members

CODE COMMENTARY

F  *SVQIQFIVWLEZMRKERh/rVEXMSKVIEXIVXLER

 r
Pn   An f m  )UYEXMSR  
h

3.2.2.4 P-Delta effects 3.2.2.4 P-delta effects zz P-HIPXEIJJIGXW EVI IMXLIV

3.2.2.4.1 1IQFIVWWLEPPFIHIWMKRIHJSVXLI HIXIVQMRIH F] E WIGSRHSVHIV EREP]WMW [LMGL MRGPYHIW P-
JEGXSVIHE\MEPPSEHPu,ERHXLIQSQIRXQEKRMJMIHJSVXLI HIPXEIJJIGXWSVEJMVWXSVHIVEREP]WMW[LMGLI\GPYHIWP-HIPXE
IJJIGXWSJQIQFIVGYVZEXYVIMc. IJJIGXW ERH XLI YWI SJ QSQIRX QEKRMJMIV 8LI QSQIRX
QEKRMJMIVMWHIXIVQMRIHEW
3.2.2.4.2 8LI QEKRMJMIH QSQIRX Mc WLEPP
FI HIXIVQMRIH IMXLIV F] E WIGSRHSVHIV EREP]WMW SV F] E Cm
JMVWXSVHIVEREP]WMWERH)UYEXMSRWERH Pu

Mc Mu  )UYEXMSR   P
k euler

 [LIVI kMWEWXMJJRIWWVIHYGXMSRJEGXSVSVEVIWMWXERGIJEGXSV
 )UYEXMSR   XSEGGSYRXJSVZEVMEFMPMX]MRWXMJJRIWWCmMWEJEGXSVVIPEXMRK
Pu
  XLI EGXYEP QSQIRX HMEKVEQ XS ER IUYMZEPIRX YRMJSVQ
r QSQIRX HMEKVEQ ERH Peuler MW )YPIVvW FYGOPMRK PSEH *SV
An f  m
h VIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXIHIWMKREZEPYISJ k!MWYWIH

3.2.2.4.3 -XWLEPP FITIVQMXXIH XS XEOI ! )YPIVvW FYGOPMRK PSEH MW SFXEMRIH EW

JSVQIQFIVWMR[LMGL h  r   Peuler E m A n r   h   9WMRK E m  f m  [LMGL MW
XLI PS[IV ZEPYI SJ GPE] ERH GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] )YPIVvW
FYGOPMRKPSEHFIGSQIW
C-112 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

3.2.2.4.4 -XWLEPPFITIVQMXXIHXSXEOI ! 

E m An r 
JSV QIQFIVW MR [LMGL  h  r   TVSZMHIH XLEX XLI Peuler
h
RSQMREPWXVIRKXLHIJMRIHMR7IGXMSRMWVIHYGIHF] 

TIVGIRX  f  m An r   r
An f  m
h  h
 'YVVIRXHIWMKRTVSZMWMSRWGEPGYPEXIXLIE\MEPWXVIRKXL

SJ[EPPW[MXLh/r"EW An f  m r  h  7IGXMSR
SJXLI'SQQIRXEV]KMZIWXLIFEGOKVSYRHSJXLMWIUYEXMSR
-X MW FEWIH SR YWMRK Em!f’m RIKPIGXMRK XLI XIRWMPI
WXVIRKXL SJ XLI QEWSRV] ERH GSRWMHIVMRK ER EGGMHIRXEP
IGGIRXVMGMX]SJt-RWTMXISJXLIJEGXXLEXXLMWIUYEXMSR
[EWHIZIPSTIHYWMRKELMKLIVQSHYPYWXLERMRXLIGYVVIRX
GSHIXLIIUYEXMSRKMZIWEWXVIRKXLSJ  !SJ
)YPIVvWFYGOPMRKPSEHJSVGPE]QEWSRV]8LIZEPYISJ
MW ETTVS\MQEXIP] XLI ZEPYI SJ k XLEX LEW FIIR YWIH EW E
WXMJJRIWWVIHYGXMSRJEGXSV*SVIEWISJYWIERHFIGEYWISJ
HIWMKRIVvW JEQMPMEVMX] E ZEPYI SJ  r / h  MW YWIH JSV
)YPIVvW FYGOPMRK PSEH MRWXIEH SJ ER I\TPMGMX WXMJJRIWW
VIHYGXMSR JEGXSV *SV QSWX [EPPW Cm !  8LI QSQIRX
QEKRMJMIVGERXLYWFIHIXIVQMRIHEW


Pu
 
 r
An f  m
h
*MKYVI'' WLS[WXLI VEXMS SJ XLI WIGSRHSVHIV
P Mu
WXVIWW u  HMZMHIH F] XLI JMVWXSVHIV WXVIWW
An Sn
Pu M u
[LIRXLIWIGSRHSVHIVWXVIWWMWEXXLIWXVIRKXL
An Sn
HIWMKRPMQMX  f  m 8]TMGEPP]WPIRHIVRIWWIJJIGXWEVI
MKRSVIH MJXLI] GSRXVMFYXI PIWW XLER  TIVGIRX *VSQ
*MKYVI '' WPIRHIVRIWW IJJIGXW GSRXVMFYXI PIWW
XLERTIVGIRXJSVZEPYIWSJ h  r  %RMRXIVQIHMEXI
[EPP MW SRI [MXL E WPIRHIVRIWW h/r KVIEXIV XLER  FYX
RSX KVIEXIV XLER  7PIRHIVRIWW IJJIGXW GSRXVMFYXI
EFSYXTIVGIRXXSXLIHIWMKREXh/r !-RXIVQIHMEXI
[EPPW GER FI HIWMKRIH YWMRK IMXLIV XLI QSQIRX
QEKRMJMIVETTVSEGLSVEWMQTPMJMIHQIXLSHMR[LMGLXLI
RSQMREP WXVIWWIW EVI VIHYGIH F]  TIVGIRX 8EPP [EPPW
EVIXLSWI[MXLh/r "ERHQYWXFIHIWMKRIHYWMRKXLI
QSQIRXQEKRMJMIVETTVSEGL
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-113

COMMENTARY
1.4

1.35 Pu = 0.15 f m An

1.3
Pu = 0.20 f m An
1.25 Pu = 0.10 f m An

1.2 Pu = 0.25 f An
m

1.15

Pu = 0.05 f m An
1.1 Pu = 0.30 f m An
Pu = 0.35 f m An
1.05

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

h/r

Figure CC-3.2-2 Ratio of second-order stress to first-order stress

CODE COMMENTARY

3.2.3 Axial tension { 8LI XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL SJ 3.2.3 Axial tension
YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] WLEPP FI RIKPIGXIH MR HIWMKR [LIR 'SQQIRXEV] 7IGXMSR  TVSZMHIW JYVXLIV
XLIQEWSRV]MWWYFNIGXIHXSE\MEPXIRWMSRJSVGIW MRJSVQEXMSR
3.2.4 Nominal shear strength { 2SQMREP WLIEV
WXVIRKXL Vn  WLEPP FI XLI WQEPPIWX SJ E  F  ERH XLI
ETTPMGEFPIGSRHMXMSRSJG XLVSYKLJ 

E   An fm

F   An
G  *SVVYRRMRKFSRHQEWSRV]RSXJYPP]KVSYXIH
 An  N u

H  *SVQEWSRV]RSXPEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRHGSRWXVYGXIHSJ
STIRIRHYRMXWERHJYPP]KVSYXIH
 An  N u

I  *SVVYRRMRKFSRHQEWSRV]JYPP]KVSYXIH
 An  N u

J  *SVQEWSRV]RSXPEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRHGSRWXVYGXIHSJ
SXLIVXLERSTIRIRHYRMXWERHJYPP]KVSYXIH
 An
C-114 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

3.3 — Reinforced masonry 3.3 –– Reinforced masonry

3.3.1 Scope
 8LIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJXLMW7IGXMSREVIMREHHMXMSRXSXLI
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 'LETXIV  ERH 7IGXMSR  ERH KSZIVR
QEWSRV] HIWMKR MR [LMGL VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW YWIH XS VIWMWX
XIRWMPIJSVGIW
3.3.2 Design assumptions
8LI JSPPS[MRK EWWYQTXMSRW ETTP] XS XLI HIWMKR SJ
VIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]
3.3.1 Scope
6IMRJSVGIQIRX GSQTPIQIRXW XLI LMKL GSQTVIWWMZI
WXVIRKXL SJ QEWSRV] [MXL LMKL XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL -RGVIEWIH
WXVIRKXL ERH KVIEXIV HYGXMPMX] VIWYPX JVSQ XLI YWI SJ
VIMRJSVGIQIRXMRQEWSRV]WXVYGXYVIW
3.3.2 Design assumptions
8LI HIWMKR TVMRGMTPIW PMWXIH EVI XLSWI XLEX
XVEHMXMSREPP] LEZI FIIR YWIH JSV VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV]
QIQFIVW
E
 8LIVIMWWXVEMRGSQTEXMFMPMX]FIX[IIRXLI
VIMRJSVGIQIRXKVSYXERHQEWSRV] 8LIZEPYIW JSV XLI QE\MQYQ YWEFPI WXVEMREVIFEWIH
SRVIWIEVGLSRQEWSRV]QEXIVMEPW'SRGIVRLEWFIIR
F
 8LIRSQMREPWXVIRKXLSJVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]GVSWW
VEMWIHEWXSXLIMQTPMIHTVIGMWMSRSJXLIZEPYIW,S[IZIV
WIGXMSRWJSVGSQFMRIHJPI\YVIERHE\MEPPSEHWLEPPFI
XLI 'SQQMXXII EKVIIW XLEX XLI VITSVXIH ZEPYIW JSV XLI
FEWIHSRETTPMGEFPIGSRHMXMSRWSJIUYMPMFVMYQ
QE\MQYQ YWEFPI WXVEMR VIEWSREFP] VITVIWIRX XLSWI
G
 8LI QE\MQYQ YWEFPI WXVEMR mu  EX XLI I\XVIQI
QEWSRV] GSQTVIWWMSR JMFIV WLEPP FI EWWYQIH XS FI
 JSV GPE] QEWSRV] ERH  JSV GSRGVIXI
QEWSRV]
SFWIVZIHHYVMRKXIWXMRK
;LMPI XIRWMSR QE] HIZIPST MR XLI QEWSRV] SJ E
VIMRJSVGIH IPIQIRX XLI XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL SJ XLI QEWSRV]
MW RSX GSRWMHIVIH IJJIGXMZI MR GEPGYPEXMRK E\MEP ERH
H
 7XVEMRMRVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHQEWSRV]WLEPPFIEWWYQIH JPI\YVEPWXVIRKXL
XS FI HMVIGXP] TVSTSVXMSREP XS XLI HMWXERGI JVSQ XLI
RIYXVEPE\MW
I
 'SQTVIWWMSRERHXIRWMSRWXVIWWMRVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPP
FI XEOIR EW Es QYPXMTPMIH F] XLI WXIIP WXVEMR FYX RSX
KVIEXIV XLER fy  )\GITX EW TIVQMXXIH MR 7IGXMSR
 I
 JSV HIXIVQMREXMSR SJ QE\MQYQ EVIE SJ
JPI\YVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXXLIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWSJWXIIP
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI RIKPIGXIH YRPIWW PEXIVEP
VIWXVEMRMRK VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW TVSZMHIH MR GSQTPMERGI
[MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSR
J
 8LIXIRWMPIWXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]WLEPPFIRIKPIGXIHMR
GEPGYPEXMRKE\MEPERHJPI\YVEPWXVIRKXL
K
 8LIVIPEXMSRWLMTFIX[IIRQEWSRV]GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWW
ERHQEWSRV]WXVEMRWLEPPFIEWWYQIHXSFIHIJMRIHF]
XLIJSPPS[MRK
1EWSRV] WXVIWW SJ  f m WLEPP FI EWWYQIH
YRMJSVQP] HMWXVMFYXIH SZIV ER IUYMZEPIRX GSQTVIWWMSR
WXVIWW FPSGOFSYRHIHF]IHKIWSJ XLIGVSWW WIGXMSR ERH E
WXVEMKLXPMRIPSGEXIHTEVEPPIPXSXLIRIYXVEPE\MWERHPSGEXIH
EX E HMWXERGI a !  c JVSQ XLI JMFIV SJ QE\MQYQ
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVEMR 8LI HMWXERGI c JVSQ XLI JMFIV SJ
QE\MQYQ WXVEMR XS XLI RIYXVEP E\MW WLEPP FI QIEWYVIH
TIVTIRHMGYPEVXSXLIRIYXVEPE\MW
3.3.3 Reinforcement requirements and details 3.3.3 Reinforcement requirements and details
3.3.3.1 Reinforcing bar size limitations { 3.3.3.1 Reinforcing bar size limitations zz 8LI
6IMRJSVGMRKFEVWYWIHMRQEWSRV]WLEPPRSXFIPEVKIVXLER2S PMQMXSJYWMRKE2S1
FEVMWQSXMZEXIHF]XLIKSEP
 1
 8LI RSQMREP FEV HMEQIXIV WLEPPRSX I\GIIH SRI SJ LEZMRK E PEVKIV RYQFIV SJ WQEPPIV HMEQIXIV FEVW XS
IMKLXLSJXLIRSQMREPQIQFIVXLMGORIWWERHWLEPPRSXI\GIIH XVERWJIV WXVIWWIW VEXLIV XLER E JI[IV RYQFIV SJ PEVKIV
SRIUYEVXIVSJXLIPIEWXGPIEVHMQIRWMSRSJXLIGIPPGSYVWISV HMEQIXIV FEVW 7SQI VIWIEVGL MRZIWXMKEXMSRW LEZI
GSPPEVNSMRXMR[LMGLXLIFEVMWTPEGIH8LIEVIESJVIMRJSVGMRK GSRGPYHIHXLEXMRGIVXEMR ETTPMGEXMSRWQEWSRV]VIMRJSVGIH
FEVWTPEGIHMREGIPPSVMREGSYVWISJLSPPS[YRMXGSRWXVYGXMSR [MXL QSVI YRMJSVQP] HMWXVMFYXIH WQEPPIV HMEQIXIV FEVW
WLEPPRSXI\GIIHTIVGIRXSJXLIGIPPEVIE TIVJSVQW FIXXIV XLER WMQMPEVP] GSRJMKYVIH QEWSRV]
IPIQIRXW YWMRK JI[IV PEVKIV HMEQIXIV FEVW ;LMPI RSX
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY
CODE
3.3.3.2 Standard hooks { 7XERHEVH LSSOW MR
XIRWMSR WLEPP FI GSRWMHIVIH XS HIZIPST ER IUYMZEPIRX
IQIHQIRXPIRKXLle EWHIXIVQMRIHF])UYEXMSR
C-115
COMMENTARY
IZIV] MRZIWXMKEXMSR MW GSRGPYWMZI XLI 'SQQMXXII HSIW
EKVII XLEX MRGSVTSVEXMRK PEVKIV HMEQIXIV VIMRJSVGIQIRX
QE]HMGXEXIYRVIEWSREFPIGSZIVHMWXERGIWSVHIZIPSTQIRX
PIRKXLW 8LI PMQMXEXMSRW SR GPIEV WTEGMRK ERH TIVGIRXEKI
SJ GIPP EVIE EVI MRHMVIGX QIXLSHW SJ TVIZIRXMRK TVSFPIQW
EWWSGMEXIH [MXL SZIVVIMRJSVGMRK ERH KVSYX GSRWSPMHEXMSR
%X WIGXMSRW GSRXEMRMRK PET WTPMGIW XLI QE\MQYQ EVIE SJ
VIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHRSXI\GIIHTIVGIRXSJXLIGIPPEVIE
3.3.3.2 Standard hooks zz 6IJIV XS
'SQQIRXEV]7IGXMSRJSVJYVXLIVMRJSVQEXMSR
le  d b  )UYEXMSR

3.3.3.3 Development {8LIVIUYMVIHXIRWMSRSV
GSQTVIWWMSR VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI HIZIPSTIH MR
EGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRKTVSZMWMSRW
8LI VIUYMVIH HIZIPSTQIRX PIRKXL SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX
WLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHF])UYEXMSRFYXWLEPPRSXFIPIWW
3.3.3.3 Development zz 8LI GPIEV WTEGMRK
FIX[IIR EHNEGIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX HSIW RSX ETTP] XS XLI
VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW FIMRK WTPMGIH XSKIXLIV 6IJIV XS
'SQQIRXEV]JSVJYVXLIVMRJSVQEXMSR
7GLYPX^WXYHMIHXLITIVJSVQERGISJXLI17.'
XLERMRQQ
 JSVQYPE JSV WTPMGI PIRKXLW MR QEWSRV] VIPEXMZI XS E
HEXEFEWI SJ WTPMGI XIWXW GSRHYGXIH MR XLI 97   
 d b  f y 
ERH'EREHE7GLYPX^ JSYRHXLEXJSV
ld  )UYEXMSR
 GPIEV GSZIV MR I\GIWW SJ db XLI  17.' PET WTPMGI
K f m JSVQYPE KEMRW EGGYVEG] VIPEXMZI XS XLI I\TIVMQIRXEP
HEXEFEWI [LIR E db PMQMX MW RSX MQTSWIH SR XLI
K WLEPP RSX I\GIIH XLI WQEPPIWX SJ XLI JSPPS[MRK XLI
GSIJJMGMIRX%HHMXMSREPXIWXMRKERHWYFWIUYIRXEREP]WMWF]
QMRMQYQQEWSRV]GSZIVXLIGPIEVWTEGMRKFIX[IIREHNEGIRX
XLI2EXMSREP'SRGVIXI1EWSRV]%WWSGMEXMSREPWSJSYRH
VIMRJSVGIQIRXWTPMGIWERHdb 
XLI db SZIVP] GSRWIVZEXMZI ERH VIGSQQIRHIH XLEX XLI
 ! JSV2S1
XLVSYKL2S1
FEVW PMQMX SR K FI MRGVIEWIH XS  [LMGL MW VSYRHIH XS XLI
GYVVIRX db PMQMX8LI TIVGIRX MRGVIEWIMRHIZIPSTQIRX
 ! JSV2S1
XLVSYKL2S1
FEVW PIRKXLMWGSRWMWXIRX[MXLXLIMRGVIEWIVIUYMVIHMRXLI%'-
ERH  TVSZMWMSR  JSV ITS\]GSEXIH FEVW ERH HSIW RSX
ETTP]XSXLIMRQQ
QMRMQYQ
 ! JSV2S1
XLVSYKL2S1
FEVW
(IZIPSTQIRXPIRKXLSJITS\]GSEXIHVIMRJSVGMRKFEVW
WLEPPFIXEOIREWTIVGIRXSJXLIPIRKXLHIXIVQMRIHF]
)UYEXMSR
3.3.3.3.1 &EVW WTPMGIH F] RSRGSRXEGX PET 3.3.3.3.1 -J MRHMZMHYEP FEVW MR RSRGSRXEGX
WTPMGIWWLEPPRSXFIWTEGIHJEVXLIVETEVXXLERSRIJMJXLXLI PETWTPMGIWEVIXSS[MHIP]WTEGIHERYRVIMRJSVGIHWIGXMSRMW
VIUYMVIHPIRKXLSJPETRSVQSVIXLERMRQQ
 GVIEXIH [LMGL JSVGIW E TSXIRXMEP GVEGO XS JSPPS[ E ^MK^EK
3.3.3.3.2 7LIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP I\XIRH
XLIHITXLSJXLIQIQFIVPIWWGSZIVHMWXERGIW
3.3.3.3.2.1 )\GITXEX[EPPMRXIVWIGXMSRW
XLI IRH SJ E LSVM^SRXEP VIMRJSVGMRK FEV RIIHIH XS WEXMWJ]
WLIEV WXVIRKXL VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR  WLEPP FI
FIRX EVSYRHXLIIHKIZIVXMGEPVIMRJSVGMRKFEV[MXLE
HIKVIILSSO8LIIRHWSJWMRKPIPIKSV9WXMVVYTWWLEPPFI
ERGLSVIHF]SRISJXLIJSPPS[MRKQIERW
PMRI 0ET WTPMGIW QE] SGGYV [MXL XLI FEVW MR EHNEGIRX
KVSYXIHGIPPWMJXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJXLMWWIGXMSREVIQIX
3.3.3.3.2.1 8LI IHKIZIVXMGEPFEV MW XLI
PEWXVIMRJSVGMRKFEVMR[EPPW[MXLSYXMRXIVWIGXMRK[EPPWERH
MW XLI FEV EX XLI MRXIVWIGXMSR SJ [EPPW XLEX MRXIVWIGX
,SSOMRK XLI LSVM^SRXEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX EVSYRH E ZIVXMGEP
FEV PSGEXIH [MXLMR XLI [EPP VYRRMRK TEVEPPIP XS XLI
LSVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX[SYPHGEYWIXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXXS
TVSXVYHIJVSQXLI[EPP
E
 %WXERHEVHLSSO TPYWERIJJIGXMZIIQFIHQIRX SJ ld
8LIIJJIGXMZIIQFIHQIRXSJEWXMVVYTPIKWLEPPFIXEOIR
EWXLIHMWXERGIFIX[IIRXLIQMHHITXLSJXLIQIQFIV
dERHXLIWXEVXSJXLILSSOTSMRXSJXERKIRG]

C-116 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

F  *SV2S1 FEVWERHWQEPPIVFIRHMRKEVSYRH

PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX XLVSYKL EX PIEWX 
HIKVIIW TPYW ER IQFIHQIRX SJ ld 8LI ld
IQFIHQIRX SJ E WXMVVYT PIK WLEPP FI XEOIR EW XLI
HMWXERGIFIX[IIR QMHHITXL SJ XLI QIQFIV d ERH
XLIWXEVXSJXLILSSOTSMRXSJXERKIRG] 
G  &IX[IIR XLI ERGLSVIH IRHW IEGL FIRH MR XLI
GSRXMRYSYW TSVXMSR SJ E XVERWZIVWI 9WXMVVYT WLEPP
IRGPSWIEPSRKMXYHMREPFEV
3.3.3.3.2.2 %X [EPP MRXIVWIGXMSRW
LSVM^SRXEP VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW RIIHIH XS WEXMWJ] WLIEV
WXVIRKXL VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR  WLEPP FI FIRX
EVSYRHXLIIHKIZIVXMGEPVIMRJSVGMRKFEV[MXLEHIKVII
WXERHEVH LSSO ERH WLEPP I\XIRH LSVM^SRXEPP] MRXS XLI
MRXIVWIGXMRK [EPP E QMRMQYQ HMWXERGI EX PIEWX IUYEP XS
XLIHIZIPSTQIRXPIRKXL
3.3.3.4 Splices { 6IMRJSVGIQIRX WTPMGIW WLEPP 3.3.3.4 Spliceszz8LIVIUYMVIHPIRKXLSJXLIPET
GSQTP][MXLSRISJXLIJSPPS[MRK WTPMGIMWFEWIHSRHIZIPSTMRKEQMRMQYQVIMRJSVGMRKWXIIP
WXVIWW SJ fy  8LMW VIUYMVIQIRX TVSZMHIW EHIUYEXI
E  8LI QMRMQYQ PIRKXL SJ PET JSV FEVW WLEPP FI  MR
WXVIRKXL[LMPIQEMRXEMRMRKGSRWMWXIRXVIUYMVIQIRXWFIX[IIR
 QQ  SV XLI HIZIPSTQIRX PIRKXL HIXIVQMRIH F]
PETQIGLERMGEPERH[IPHIHWTPMGIW,MWXSVMGEPP]XLIPIRKXL
)UYEXMSR[LMGLIZIVMWKVIEXIV
SJPETLEWFIIRFEWIHSRXLIFSRHWXVIWWXLEXMWGETEFPISJ
F  ;LIVI VIMRJSVGIQIRX GSRWMWXMRK SJ 2S  1  SV FIMRK HIZIPSTIH FIX[IIR XLI VIMRJSVGMRK WXIIP ERH XLI
PEVKIVFEVWMWTPEGIH[MXLMRXLIPET[MXLEXPIEWXSRI WYVVSYRHMRKKVSYX8IWXMRKLEWWLS[RXLEX
FEVMRQQ SVPIWWJVSQIEGLIRHSJXLIPET FSRH WXVIWW JEMPYVI SV TYPPSYX SJ XLI VIMRJSVGMRK WXIIP  MW
XLI QMRMQYQ PIRKXL SJ PET JSV FEVW MR XIRWMSR SV SRP] SRI TSWWMFPI QSHI SJ JEMPYVI JSV PET WTPMGIW 3XLIV
GSQTVIWWMSRFIHIXIVQMRIHF])UYEXMSRWLEPPFI JEMPYVI QSHIW MRGPYHI VYTXYVI SJ XLI VIMRJSVGMRK WXIIP ERH
TIVQMXXIH XS FI VIHYGIH F] QYPXMTP]MRK XLI PSRKMXYHMREPWTPMXXMRKSJQEWSRV]EPSRKXLIPIRKXLSJXLIPET
GSRJMRIQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX JEGXSV  8LIGPIEVWTEGI )\TIVMQIRXEP VIWYPXW SJ WIZIVEP MRHITIRHIRX VIWIEVGL
FIX[IIRXLIXVERWZIVWIFEVWERHXLIPETTIHFEVWWLEPP TVSKVEQW [IVIGSQFMRIHERHEREP]^IHXS
RSX I\GIIH  MR  QQ  ERH XLI XVERWZIVWI FEVW TVSZMHIMRWMKLXMRXSTVIHMGXMRKXLIRIGIWWEV]PETPIRKXLWJSV
WLEPP FI JYPP] HIZIPSTIH MR KVSYXIH QEWSRV] 8LI VIMRJSVGIQIRXWTPMGIWMRQEWSRV]GSRWXVYGXMSR
VIHYGIHPETWTPMGIPIRKXLWLEPPRSXFIPIWWXLERdb
8S HIZIPST E VIEWSREFPI HIWMKR IUYEXMSR QYPXMTPI
 Asc VIKVIWWMSR EREP]WMW [EW YWIH XS JMRH XLI JSVQ SJ E KSSH
   )UYEXMSR   TVIHMGXMZI QSHIP 8LI JSPPS[MRK IUYEXMSR VIWYPXIH MR XLI
d b
FIWX TVIHMGXMSR SJ QIEWYVIH GETEGMXMIW SJ XLI XIWXIH
 Asc WTPMGIW
;LIVI 
d b Tr  l s d b   f mt ccl
AscMWXLIEVIESJXLIXVERWZIVWIFEVWEXIEGLIRHSJXLI
PETWTPMGIERHWLEPPRSXFIXEOIRKVIEXIVXLERMR Where:
QQ  Tr = TVIHMGXIHXIRWMPIWXVIRKXLSJXLIWTPMGIPF2 
G  %[IPHIHWTPMGIWLEPPLEZIXLIFEVWFYXXIHERH[IPHIH ls = XIWXIHPIRKXLSJPETWTPMGIMRQQ 
XSHIZIPST EX PIEWX  TIVGIRX SJ XLI ]MIPH WXVIRKXL f mt = XIWXIHGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]
fy SJXLIFEVMRXIRWMSRSVGSQTVIWWMSREWVIUYMVIH   TWM14E ERH
ccl = GSZIVSJWXVYGXYVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
H  1IGLERMGEP WTPMGIW WLEPP LEZI XLI FEVW GSRRIGXIH XS   MRQQ 
HIZIPSTEXPIEWXTIVGIRXSJXLI]MIPHWXVIRKXL fy 
SJXLIFEVMRXIRWMSRSVGSQTVIWWMSREWVIUYMVIH 8LI WUYEVI SJ XLI 4IEVWSR TVSHYGX QSQIRX
GSVVIPEXMSR GSIJJMGMIRX SJ XLMW IUYEXMSR MW  WLS[MRK
I\GIPPIRXGSVVIPEXMSRFIX[IIRXLIQIEWYVIHERHTVIHMGXIH
WXVIRKXLSJXLIWTPMGIW*MKYVI''KVETLMGEPP]WLS[W
XLI IUYEXMSR TVIHMGXMSRW GSQTEVIH XS VIWYPXW SJ XLI
MRHMZMHYEPXIWXTVSKVEQW
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-117

COMMENTARY
Multiple Linear Regression of Splice Capacities
Predicted Capacity = -17624.0 + 305.3 l s + 25204.3 d b2 + 321.7 (f mt)1/2 + 3331.7 c cl

100,000

90,000

80,000

70,000

60,000

50,000

40,000

30,000

20,000

10,000

0
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000
Predicted Capacity (lb)

WSU CPAR NCMA I NCMA II NCMA III NCMA IV Linear (Best Fit)

Figure CC-3.3-1 –– Relationship between measured and predicted splice capacities

CODE COMMENTARY

2I\X EJXIV VITPEGMRK XLI TVIHMGXIH WXVIRKXL SJ XLI

WTPMGI [MXL Ab fy MQTSWMRK XLI WEQI VIUYMVIQIRX SR
PETWTPMGIWEWVIUYMVIHJSVQIGLERMGEPERH[IPHIHWTPMGIW 
ERH WSPZMRK JSV XLI VIWYPXMRK WTPMGI PIRKXL XLI JSPPS[MRK
IUYEXMSRMWKIRIVEXIH

 Ab f y    d b 

  f mt  c cl
ls
 

7MRGI XLI JSVQ SJ XLMW IUYEXMSR MW MQTVEGXMGEP JSV HIWMKR
ETTPMGEXMSRW 'SHI )UYEXMSR  [EW JMXXIH XS XLI
IUYEXMSRWLS[REFSZI
%R I\XIRWMZI XIWXMRK TVSKVEQ GSRHYGXIH F] XLI
2EXMSREP'SRGVIXI1EWSRV]%WWSGMEXMSRERHEHHMXMSREP
XIWXMRKHSRIF];EWLMRKXSR7XEXI9RMZIVWMX]WLS[XLEX
VIMRJSVGIQIRXTVSZMHIHXVERWZIVWIXSPETTIHFEVWGSRXVSPW
PSRKMXYHMREP XIRWMPI WTPMXXMRK SJ XLI QEWSRV] EWWIQFP]
8LIWI FEVW MRGVIEWI XLI PET TIVJSVQERGI WMKRMJMGERXP] EW
PSRK EW XLIVI MW EX PIEWX SRI 2S  1  XVERWZIVWI
VIMRJSVGMRKFEVTPEGIH[MXLMRMRQQ SJIEGLIRH
SJ XLI WTPMGI 8LIWI FEVW QYWX FI  JYPP] HIZIPSTIH ERH
LEZI EGPIEV WTEGMRK FIX[IIR XLI XVERWZIVWI FEVW ERHXLI
PETTIH FEVW RSX I\GIIHMRK  MR  QQ  8IWXMRK EPWS
MRHMGEXIH XLEX XLI PET PIRKXL QYWX FI EX PIEWX db SV XLI
IJJIGX SJ XLI XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW QMRMQEP %W E
VIWYPXXLMWPMQMX[EWETTPMIHXSXLIPETPIRKXL
C-118 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

8LI XIWXMRK EPWS WLS[IH XLEX IZIR [LIR QSVI

XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW TVSZMHIH MX FIGSQIW
WMKRMJMGERXP] PIWW IJJIGXMZI MR UYERXMXMIW EFSZI  MR
 QQ
 8LYW XLI XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX EVIE EX
IEGLIRHSJXLIPETAscMWPMQMXIHXSMRQQ

IZIRMJQSVIMWTVSZMHIH
3.3.3.5 Maximum area of flexural tensile 3.3.3.5 Maximum area of flexural tensile
reinforcement reinforcement zz 0SRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR JPI\YVEP
3.3.3.5.1 *SV QEWSRV] QIQFIVW [LIVI QIQFIVW MWPMQMXIHXS E QE\MQYQ EQSYRXXS IRWYVI XLEX
MuVudv
 XLI GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ JPI\YVEP XIRWMPI
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP RSX I\GIIH XLI EVIE VIUYMVIH XS
QEMRXEMRE\MEPIUYMPMFVMYQYRHIVXLIJSPPS[MRKGSRHMXMSRW
QEWSRV] GSQTVIWWMZI WXVEMRW [MPP RSX I\GIIH YPXMQEXI
ZEPYIW -R SXLIV [SVHW XLI GSQTVIWWMZI ^SRI SJ XLI
QIQFIV [MPP RSX GVYWL FIJSVI XLI XIRWMPI VIMRJSVGIQIRX
HIZIPSTWXLIMRIPEWXMGWXVEMRGSRWMWXIRX[MXLXLIGYVZEXYVI
E
%WXVEMRKVEHMIRXWLEPPFIEWWYQIHGSVVIWTSRHMRKXSE HYGXMPMX]MQTPMIHF]XLIR ZEPYIYWIHMRHIWMKR
WXVEMR MR XLI I\XVIQI XIRWMPI VIMRJSVGIQIRX IUYEP XS
 QYPXMTPMIH F] XLI ]MIPH WXVEMR ERH E QE\MQYQ *SV QEWSRV] GSQTSRIRXW XLEXEVITEVX SJ XLI PEXIVEP
WXVEMRMRXLIQEWSRV]EWKMZIRF]7IGXMSRG
 JSVGIVIWMWXMRKW]WXIQQE\MQYQVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWPMQMXIH
MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL E TVIWGVMFIH WXVEMR HMWXVMFYXMSR FEWIH
F
8LIHIWMKREWWYQTXMSRWSJ7IGXMSRWLEPPETTP] SR E XIRWMPI WXVEMR IUYEPXSEJEGXSV XMQIWXLI ]MIPH WXVEMR
G
8LIWXVIWWMRXLIXIRWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPFIXEOIR JSVXLIVIMRJSVGMRKFEVGPSWIWXXSXLIIHKISJXLIQIQFIV
EWXLITVSHYGXSJXLIQSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]SJXLIWXIIP ERH E QE\MQYQ QEWSRV] GSQTVIWWMZI WXVEMR IUYEP XS
ERH XLI WXVEMR MR XLI VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH RIIH RSX FI  JSV GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] SV  JSV GPE]YRMX
XEOIREWKVIEXIVXLERfy  QEWSRV] &] PMQMXMRK PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR XLMW
QERRIV MRIPEWXMG GYVZEXYVI GETEGMX] MW HMVIGXP] VIPEXIH XS
H
%\MEP JSVGIW WLEPP FI XEOIR JVSQ XLI PSEHMRK XLIWXVEMRKVEHMIRX
GSQFMREXMSRKMZIRF]D L QE 
8LIXIRWMPIWXVEMRJEGXSVZEVMIWMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLI
I
8LI IJJIGX SJ GSQTVIWWMSR VIMRJSVGIQIRX [MXL SV EQSYRX SJ GYVZEXYVI HYGXMPMX] I\TIGXIH ERH VERKIW JVSQ
[MXLSYX PEXIVEP VIWXVEMRMRK VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI  XS  JSV WTIGMEPP] VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW
TIVQMXXIH XS FI MRGPYHIH JSV TYVTSWIW SJ GEPGYPEXMRK )\TIGXIH GYVZEXYVI HYGXMPMX] GSRXVSPPIH F] XLI JEGXSV SR
QE\MQYQJPI\YVEPXIRWMPIVIMRJSVGIQIRX XIRWMPI ]MIPH WXVEMR MW EWWYQIH XS FI EWWSGMEXIH HMVIGXP]
3.3.3.5.2 *SV MRXIVQIHMEXI VIMRJSVGIH [MXLXLIHMWTPEGIQIRXHYGXMPMX]SVXLIZEPYISJCdEWKMZIR
QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW WYFNIGX XS MRTPERI PSEHW [LIVI JSVXLIX]TISJGSQTSRIRX*SVI\EQTPIEWXVEMRJEGXSVSJ
MuVudv
EWXVEMRKVEHMIRXGSVVIWTSRHMRKXSEWXVEMRMR  JSV MRXIVQIHMEXI VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW
XLII\XVIQIXIRWMPIVIMRJSVGIQIRXIUYEPXSQYPXMTPMIHF] GSVVIWTSRHWXSXLIWPMKLXP]WQEPPIVCdJEGXSVSJERHE
XLI ]MIPH WXVEMR ERH E QE\MQYQ WXVEMR MR XLI QEWSRV] EW WXVEMR JEGXSV SJ  JSV WTIGMEPP] VIMRJSVGIH [EPPW
KMZIRF] 7IGXMSRG
 WLEPP FI YWIH *SV MRXIVQIHMEXI GSVVIWTSRHWXSXLIWPMKLXP]WQEPPIVCdJEGXSVSJ
VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW WYFNIGX XS SYXSJTPERI 8LI QE\MQYQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW HIXIVQMRIH F]
PSEHWXLITVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSRWLEPPETTP] GSRWMHIVMRKXLITVIWGVMFIHWXVEMRHMWXVMFYXMSRHIXIVQMRMRK
3.3.3.5.3 *SV WTIGMEP VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] XLIGSVVIWTSRHMRKWXVIWWERHJSVGIHMWXVMFYXMSRERHYWMRK
WLIEV[EPPWWYFNIGXXSMRTPERIPSEHW[LIVIMuVudv
 WXEXMGW XSWYQ E\MEPJSVGIW*SV I\EQTPI GSRWMHIV EJYPP]
EWXVEMRKVEHMIRX GSVVIWTSRHMRKXS EWXVEMRMRXLII\XVIQI KVSYXIH WLIEV [EPP WYFNIGXIH XS MRTPERI PSEHW [MXL
XIRWMPI VIMRJSVGIQIRX IUYEP XS  QYPXMTPMIH F] XLI ]MIPH YRMJSVQP] HMWXVMFYXIH VIMRJSVGIQIRX 8LI WXVEMR
WXVEMR ERH E QE\MQYQ WXVEMR MR XLI QEWSRV] EW KMZIR F] HMWXVMFYXMSR MWWLS[R MR *MKYVI'' [LIVI y MW XLI
7IGXMSR G
 WLEPP FI YWIH *SV WTIGMEP VIMRJSVGIH ]MIPHWXVEMRERH MW EXIRWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXWXVEMRJEGXSV
QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW WYFNIGX XS SYXSJTPERI PSEHW XLI
TVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSRWLEPPETTP]
8LIQEWSRV]JSVGICm XLIWXIIPXIRWMSRJSVGI
3.3.3.5.4 *SV QEWSRV] QIQFIVW [LIVI
 JSV MRXIVQIHMEXI VIMRJSVGIH WLIEV [EPPW  JSV WTIGMEP
VIMRJSVGIH WLIEV [EPPW ERH  JSV SXLIV QEWSRV]
IPIQIRXW
Ts ERHXLIWXIIPGSQTVIWWMSRJSVGICs EVIHIXIVQMRIHEW
MuVudv
ERH[LIRHIWMKRIHYWMRKR XLIVIMWRS
YTTIVPMQMXXSXLIQE\MQYQJPI\YVEPXIRWMPIVIMRJSVGIQIRX mu
*SV QEWSRV] QIQFIVW [LIVI MuVudv
  ERH [LIR Cm  f m  dv b
mu y
HIWMKRIHYWMRKR  XLI TVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSR 
WLEPPETTP]
y y y  y
Ts f y As
mu y y  y
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-119

CODE COMMENTARY

mu mu y  y
Cs f y As
mu y mu  mu

&]WXEXMGWP = Cs + Cm -Ts [LIVI

P = D + L + QE 
8LI QE\MQYQ EVIE SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX TIV YRMX PIRKXL
SJ[EPPMWHIXIVQMRIHEW

mu P
 f m b
As mu y dv
dv y mu
fy
mu y

*SV E JYPP] KVSYXIH QIQFIV [MXL SRP] GSRGIRXVEXIH

XIRWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXXLIQE\MQYQVIMRJSVGIQIRXMW

mu P
 f m
As mu y bd
bd fy

Strain mu

fy 0.8f’m

Steel in tension

fy
Stress Steel in
compression

Figure CC-3.3-2 zz Prescribed strain distribution and

corresponding stress distribution.

-J XLIVI MW GSRGIRXVEXIH GSQTVIWWMSR VIMRJSVGIQIRX

[MXL ER EVIE IUYEP XS XLI GSRGIRXVEXIH XIRWMSR
VIMRJSVGIQIRXAsXLIQE\MQYQVIMRJSVGIQIRXMW

mu P
  f m
As mu y bd
bd d 
fy QMR mu mu y  y Es
d

[LIVI d  MW XLI HMWXERGI JVSQ XLI I\XVIQI

C-120 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

GSQTVIWWMSR JMFIV XS XLI GIRXVSMH SJ XLI GSQTVIWWMSR

VIMRJSVGIQIRX
*SV TEVXMEPP] KVSYXIH GVSWWWIGXMSRW WYFNIGXIH XS SYX
SJTPERIPSEHWXLIQE\MQYQVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWHIXIVQMRIH
FEWIH SR E JYPP] KVSYXIH QIQFIV [MXL XIRWMSR
VIMRJSVGIQIRXSRP]TVSZMHIHXLEXXLIRIYXVEPE\MWMWMRXLI
JPERKI -J XLI RIYXVEP E\MW MW MR XLI [IF XLI QE\MQYQ
VIMRJSVGIQIRXMWHIXIVQMRIHEW
As
bd
mu bw b bw P
  f m   f m t fs
mu y b bd bd
fy

[LIVI bw MW XLI [MHXL SJ XLI GSQTVIWWMSR WIGXMSR QMRYW
XLI WYQ SJ XLI PIRKXL SJ YRKVSYXIH GIPPW ERH tfs MW XLI
WTIGMJMIHJEGIWLIPPXLMGORIWWJSVLSPPS[QEWSRV]YRMXW
&IGEYWI E\MEP JSVGI MW MQTPMGMXP] GSRWMHIVIH MR XLI
HIXIVQMREXMSR SJ QE\MQYQ PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX
MRIPEWXMG GYVZEXYVI GETEGMX] GER FI VIPMIH SR RS QEXXIV
[LEX XLI PIZIP SJ E\MEP GSQTVIWWMZI JSVGI 8LYW XLI
WXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSVW JSVE\MEPPSEHERHJPI\YVIGERFI
XLI WEQI EW JSV JPI\YVI EPSRI %PWS GSRJMRIQIRX
VIMRJSVGIQIRXMWRSXVIUYMVIHFIGEYWIXLIQE\MQYQQEWSRV]
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVEMR[MPPFIPIWWXLERYPXMQEXIZEPYIW
8LI E\MEP JSVGI MW XLI I\TIGXIH PSEH EX XLI XMQI SJ XLI
HIWMKR IEVXLUYEOI -X MW HIVMZIH JVSQ %7')  %PPS[EFPI
7XVIWW 0SEH 'SQFMREXMSR  ERH GSRWMHIVEXMSR SJ XLI
LSVM^SRXEP GSQTSRIRX SJ XLI WIMWQMG PSEHMRK8LI ZIVXMGEP
GSQTSRIRXSJXLIIEVXLUYEOIPSEHEvWLSYPHRSXFIMRGPYHIH
MR GEPGYPEXMRK XLI E\MEP JSVGI JSV TYVTSWIW SJ HIXIVQMRMRK
QE\MQYQEVIESJJPI\YVEPXIRWMPIVIMRJSVGIQIRX
*SV WXVYGXYVIW I\TIGXIH XS VIWTSRH MRIPEWXMGEPP] XLI
QEWSRV] GSQTVIWWMZI JSVGI MW IWXMQEXIH YWMRK E
VIGXERKYPEVWXVIWWFPSGOHIJMRIH[MXLTEVEQIXIVWFEWIHSR
VIWIEVGL GEVVMIH SYX XLVSYKL XLI 8IGLRMGEP 'SSVHMREXMRK
'SQQMXXII JSV 1EWSRV] 6IWIEVGL 8''1E6
 *SV
WXVYGXYVIW MRXIRHIH XS YRHIVKS WMKRMJMGERX MRIPEWXMG
VIWTSRWI 7IGXMSRW   ERH  EVI
XIGLRMGEPP] WSYRH[E]WSJEGLMIZMRK XLIHIWMKRSFNIGXMZI
SJ MRIPEWXMG HIJSVQEXMSR GETEGMX] 8LI] EVI LS[IZIV
YRRIGIWWEVMP] VIWXVMGXMZI JSV XLSWI WXVYGXYVIW RSX VIUYMVIH
XS YRHIVKS WMKRMJMGERX MRIPEWXMG HIJSVQEXMSR YRHIV XLI
HIWMKR IEVXLUYEOI ERH 7IGXMSR  EHHVIWWIW E
VIPE\EXMSRSJXLIQE\MQYQVIMRJSVGIQIRXPMQMXW
*SV JYVXLIV HMWGYWWMSR WII 6IJIVIRGI  6ITSVX
2SWE
G
G
 ERH
3.3.3.6 Bundling of reinforcing
6IMRJSVGMRKFEVWWLEPPRSXFIFYRHPIH
bars { 3.3.3.6 Bundling of reinforcing bars zz 8LMW
VIUYMVIQIRX WXIQW JVSQ XLI PEGO SJVIWIEVGL SR QEWSRV]
[MXLFYRHPIHFEVW
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY
CODE
3.3.4 Design of beams, piers, and columns
 1IQFIV HIWMKR JSVGIW WLEPP FI FEWIH SR ER
EREP]WMW XLEX GSRWMHIVW XLI VIPEXMZI WXMJJRIWW SJ WXVYGXYVEP
QIQFIVW 8LI GEPGYPEXMSR SJ PEXIVEP WXMJJRIWW WLEPP MRGPYHI
XLI GSRXVMFYXMSR SJ EPP FIEQW TMIVW ERH GSPYQRW 8LI
IJJIGXWSJGVEGOMRKSRQIQFIVWXMJJRIWWWLEPPFIGSRWMHIVIH
3.3.4.1 Nominal strength
3.3.4.1.1 Nominal axial and flexural
strength{8LIRSQMREPE\MEPWXVIRKXLPn ERHXLIRSQMREP
JPI\YVEPWXVIRKXLMn SJEGVSWWWIGXMSRWLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIH
MREGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI HIWMKR EWWYQTXMSRWSJ7IGXMSR 
ERH XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ XLMW 7IGXMSR 8LI RSQMREP JPI\YVEP
WXVIRKXLEXER]WIGXMSREPSRKEQIQFIVWLEPPRSXFIPIWWXLER
SRIJSYVXLSJXLIQE\MQYQRSQMREPJPI\YVEPWXVIRKXLEXXLI
GVMXMGEPWIGXMSR
 8LIRSQMREPE\MEPGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLWLEPPRSX
C-121
COMMENTARY
3.3.4 Design of beams, piers, and columns
3.3.4.1 Nominal strength
3.3.4.1.1 Nominal axial and flexural
strength zz 8LI RSQMREP JPI\YVEP WXVIRKXL SJ E QIQFIV
QE] FI GEPGYPEXIHYWMRK XLI EWWYQTXMSRSJ ER IUYMZEPIRX
VIGXERKYPEV WXVIWW FPSGO EW SYXPMRIH MR 7IGXMSR 
'SQQIRXEV] 7IGXMSR  KMZIW JYVXLIV MRJSVQEXMSR
VIKEVHMRK WPIRHIVRIWW IJJIGXW SR E\MEP PSEH WXVIRKXL EW
XEOIR MRXS EGGSYRX [MXL XLI YWI SJ )UYEXMSR  ERH
)UYEXMSR )UYEXMSR ERH)UYEXMSR ETTP]XS
WMQTP] WYTTSVXIH IRH GSRHMXMSRW ERH XVERWZIVWI PSEHMRK
[LMGLVIWYPXWMREW]QQIXVMGHIJPIGXMSRGYVZEXYVI
EFSYX
I\GIIH)UYEXMSR
SV)UYEXMSR
EWETTVSTVMEXI
XLI QMHLIMKLX SJ XLI IPIQIRX MJ TVIWIRX ;LIVI SXLIV
E
 *SVQIQFIVWLEZMRKERhrVEXMSRSXKVIEXIVXLER WYTTSVX GSRHMXMSRW SV PSEHMRK WGIREVMSW EVI ORS[R XS
I\MWX )UYEXMSR  ERH )UYEXMSR  WLSYPH FI

h QSHMJMIHEGGSVHMRKP]XSEGGSYRXJSVXLIIJJIGXMZILIMKLXSJ
Pn   f m An Ast f y Ast  XLIIPIQIRXSVWLETISJXLIFIRHMRKQSQIRXHMEKVEQSZIV
r
XLI GPIEV WTER SJ XLI IPIQIRX 8LI [IEOE\MW VEHMYW SJ
)UYEXMSR 
 K]VEXMSR WLSYPH FI YWIH MR GEPGYPEXMRK WPIRHIVRIWW
F
 *SVQIQFIVWLEZMRKERhrVEXMSKVIEXIVXLER HITIRHIRXVIHYGXMSRJEGXSVW8LIJMVWXGSIJJMGMIRXMR
 )UYEXMSR  ERH )UYEXMSR  EGGSYRXW JSV
 r
Pn   f m An Ast f y Ast YREZSMHEFPIQMRMQYQIGGIRXVMGMX]MRXLIE\MEPPSEH
h
  )UYEXMSR 

3.3.4.1.2 Nominal shear strength { 3.3.4.1.2 Nominal shear strength zz 8LI
2SQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL Vn  WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH YWMRK WLIEV WXVIRKXL IUYEXMSRW MR 7IGXMSR  EVI HIVMZIH
)UYEXMSR ERHIMXLIV)UYEXMSR SV)UYEXMSR  JVSQVIWIEVGL8LIIUYEXMSRWLEZIFIIRGSQTEVIH[MXL
EWETTVSTVMEXI VIWYPXWJVSQJMJX]WM\XIWXWSJ QEWSRV][EPPWJEMPMRKMRMR
TPERI WLIEV 8LI XIWX HEXE IRGSQTEWWIH FSXL GSRGVIXI
Vn Vnm V ns  )UYEXMSR 
 QEWSRV][EPPWERHGPE]QEWSRV][EPPWEPPSJ[LMGL[IVI
[LIVIVnWLEPPRSXI\GIIHXLIJSPPS[MRK JYPP]KVSYXIH8LIEZIVEKIVEXMSSJXLIXIWXGETEGMX]XSXLI
GEPGYPEXIH GETEGMX] [EW  [MXL E GSIJJMGMIRX SJ
E
 ;LIVIMuVu dv
  ZEVMEXMSRSJ

Vn  Anv fm  )UYEXMSR   8LIPMQMXEXMSRWSRQE\MQYQRSQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLEVI

MRGPYHIHXSTVIGPYHIGVMXMGEPFVMXXPI WLIEVVIPEXIHJEMPYVIW
F  ;LIVIMuVu dv  8LI TVSZMWMSRW SJ XLMW 7IGXMSR [IVI HIZIPSTIH
XLVSYKL XLI WXYH] SJ ERH GEPMFVEXIH XS GERXMPIZIVIH WLIEV
Vn  Anv fm  )UYEXMSR  
[EPPW8LI VEXMSMuVu dv  GER FIHMJJMGYPX XS MRXIVTVIXSV
G  8LI QE\MQYQ ZEPYI SJ Vn JSV MuVu dv  FIX[IIR ETTP] GSRWMWXIRXP] JSV SXLIV GSRHMXMSRW WYGL EW JSV E
 ERH  WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH XS FI PMRIEVP] YRMJSVQP] PSEHIH WMQTP] WYTTSVXIH FIEQ 'SRGYVVIRX
MRXIVTSPEXIH ZEPYIWSJMuERHVu dv QYWX FIGSRWMHIVIHEXETTVSTVMEXI
PSGEXMSRW EPSRK WLIEV QIQFIVW WYGL EW FIEQW XS
H  MuVu dv  WLEPP FI XEOIR EW E TSWMXMZI RYQFIV ERH HIXIVQMRI XLI GVMXMGEP MuVu dv  VEXMS 8S WMQTPMJ] XLI
RIIHRSXFIXEOIRKVIEXIVXLER EREP]XMGEP TVSGIWW HIWMKRIVW EVI TIVQMXXIH XS YWI
MuVu dv !
3.3.4.1.2.1 Nominal masonry shear 3.3.4.1.2.1 Nominal masonry shear
strength{7LIEVWXVIRKXLTVSZMHIHF]XLIQEWSRV]Vnm  strength zz )UYEXMSR  MW IQTMVMGEPP] HIVMZIH JVSQ
WLEPPFIGSQTYXIHYWMRK)UYEXMSR VIWIEVGL
C-122 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

Mu
V nm   Anv f m Pu
Vu d v

)UYEXMSR

3.3.4.1.2.2 Nominal shear strength 3.3.4.1.2.2 Nominal shear strength
provided by reinforcement { 2SQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL provided by reinforcement zz)UYEXMSR  MW IQTMVMGEPP]
TVSZMHIH F] WLIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX Vns  WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH HIVMZIH JVSQ VIWIEVGL 8LI RSQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL
EWJSPPS[W TVSZMHIHF]WLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRX)UYEXMSRVITVIWIRXW
LEPJ XLI XLISVIXMGEP GSRXVMFYXMSR -R SXLIV [SVHW XLI
Av RSQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL MW HIXIVQMRIH EW XLI JYPP QEWSRV]
V ns   fy dv  )UYEXMSR 

s GSRXVMFYXMSR TPYW SRILEPJ XLI GSRXVMFYXMSR JVSQ XLI WLIEV
 FYX XLI FIWX JMX XS XLI I\TIVMQIRXEP HEXE [EW
3.3.4.2 Beams { (IWMKR SJ FIEQW WLEPP QIIX
XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR  ERH XLI EHHMXMSREP
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRW XLVSYKL
3.3.4.2.1 8LI JEGXSVIH E\MEP GSQTVIWWMZI
JSVGISREFIEQWLEPPRSXI\GIIHAn f 'm 
3.3.4.2.2 Longitudinal reinforcement
3.3.4.2.2.1 8LI ZEVMEXMSR MR
PSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGMRKFEVWMREFIEQWLEPPRSXFIKVIEXIV
XLER SRI FEV WM^I 2SX QSVI XLER X[S FEV WM^IW WLEPP FI
YWIHMREFIEQ
3.3.4.2.2.2 8LI RSQMREP JPI\YVEP
WXVIRKXLSJEFIEQWLEPPRSXFIPIWWXLERQYPXMTPMIHF]
XLI RSQMREP GVEGOMRK QSQIRX SJ XLI FIEQ Mcr  8LI
QSHYPYW SJ VYTXYVI fr  JSV XLMW GEPGYPEXMSR WLEPP FI
HIXIVQMRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL 7IGXMSR
3.3.4.2.2.3 8LIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSR
RIIHRSXFIETTPMIHMJEXIZIV]WIGXMSRXLIEVIE
SJ XIRWMPI VIMRJSVGIQIRX TVSZMHIH MW EX PIEWX SRIXLMVH
KVIEXIVXLERXLEXVIUYMVIHF]EREP]WMW
3.3.4.2.3 Transverse reinforcement {
8VERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH [LIVI Vu
I\GIIHW Vnm  8LI JEGXSVIH WLIEV Vu  WLEPP MRGPYHI XLI
IJJIGXW SJ PEXIVEP PSEH ;LIR XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW
VIUYMVIHXLIJSPPS[MRKTVSZMWMSRWWLEPPETTP]
VIMRJSVGIQIRX 3XLIVGSIJJMGMIRXW [IVIIZEPYEXIH  
ERH 
SFXEMRIHYWMRKXLIJEGXSV
3.3.4.2 Beams zz 8LMW WIGXMSR ETTPMIW XS XLI
HIWMKRSJPMRXIPWERHFIEQW
3.3.4.2.2 Longitudinal reinforcement
3.3.4.2.2.1 6IWXVMGXMRK XLI ZEVMEXMSR SJ
FEVWM^IWMREFIEQMWMRGPYHIHXSMRGVIEWIXLIHITXLSJXLI
QIQFIV GSQTVIWWMSR ^SRI ERH XS MRGVIEWI QIQFIV
HYGXMPMX] ;LIR MRGSVTSVEXMRK X[S FEVW SJ WMKRMJMGERXP]
HMJJIVIRX WM^IW MR E WMRKPI FIEQ XLI PEVKIVFEV VIUYMVIW E
QYGL LMKLIV PSEH XS VIEGL ]MIPH WXVEMR MR IJJIGX
wWXMJJIRMRKxXLIFIEQ
3.3.4.2.2.2 8LI VIUYMVIQIRX XLEX XLI
RSQMREP JPI\YVEP WXVIRKXL SJ E FIEQ RSX FI PIWW XLER 
QYPXMTPMIH F] XLIRSQMREP GVEGOMRK QSQIRX MWMQTSWIHXS
TVIZIRX FVMXXPI JEMPYVIW 8LMW WMXYEXMSR QE] SGGYV [LIVI E
FIEQ MW WS PMKLXP] VIMRJSVGIH XLEX XLI FIRHMRK QSQIRX
VIUYMVIHXSGEYWI]MIPHMRKSJXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWPIWWXLER
XLIFIRHMRKQSQIRXVIUYMVIHXSGEYWIGVEGOMRK
3.3.4.2.2.3 8LMW I\GITXMSR TVSZMHIW
WYJJMGMIRXEHHMXMSREPVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRQIQFIVWMR[LMGLXLI
EQSYRX SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX VIUYMVIH F] 7IGXMSR 
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3.3.4.2.3 Transverse reinforcementzz&IEQW
VIGSKRM^IHMRXLMWWIGXMSRSJXLI'SHIEVISJXIRHIWMKRIHXS
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BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-123

CODE COMMENTARY

F  8VERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPFILSSOIHEVSYRHXLI F 8LI VIUYMVIQIRX XLEX WLIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX FI LSSOIH

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3.3.4.2.4 Construction { &IEQW WLEPP FI 3.3.4.2.4 Construction zz %PXLSYKL FIEQW
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3.3.4.2.5 Dimensional limits { 8LI 3.3.4.2.5 Dimensional limits zz-RWYJJMGMIRX
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3.3.4.3 Piers
3.3.4.3.1 8LI JEGXSVIH E\MEP GSQTVIWWMSR
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TMIVWYFNIGXIHXSMRTPERIWXVIWWVIZIVWEPWWLEPPFIVIMRJSVGIH
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3.3.4.3 Piers
3.3.4.3.1 (YI XS XLI PIWW WIZIVI
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3.3.4.3.2 Longitudinal reinforcement zz
8LIWI TVSZMWMSRW EVI TVIHSQMRERXP] WIMWQMGVIPEXIH ERH
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8LI QMRMQYQ EVIE SJ PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX
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 8LIHMWXERGIFIX[IIRPEXIVEPWYTTSVXWSJETMIVWLEPPRSX
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I\GITXEWTVSZMHIHJSVMR7IGXMSRG

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 8LI RSQMREP PIRKXL SJ E TMIV WLEPP RSX FI PIWW XLER
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RSQMREPPIRKXL
Exception ;LIR XLI JEGXSVIH E\MEP JSVGI EX XLI PSGEXMSR SJ
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3.3.5.3 Walls with factored axial stress of
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TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
COMMENTARY
3.3.5 Wall design for out-of-plane loads
3.3.5.1 Scope
3.3.5.2 Moment and deflection calculations zz
8LITVSZMWMSRWSJXLMWWIGXMSREVIHIVMZIHJVSQVIWYPXWSJ
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3.3.5.4 Nominal axial and flexural strength { 3.3.5.4 Nominal axial and flexural strength {
8LI RSQMREP E\MEP WXVIRKXL Pn  ERH XLI RSQMREP ;LIR XLI HITXL SJ XLI IUYMZEPIRX WXVIWW FPSGO MW MR XLI
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BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-125

CODE COMMENTARY

SJ 7IGXMSR  8LI RSQMREP E\MEP GSQTVIWWMZI t sp a t sp

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As f y Pu 
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GSQQMXXIILEWGLSWIREQSVIWXVMRKIRXZEPYISJh.
s   h  )UYEXMSR  
8LI'SHIPMQMXWXLIPEXIVEPHIJPIGXMSRYRHIVEPPS[EFPI
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 M ser h  YRGVEGOIH WIGXMSR ERH )UYEXMSR  MW JSV QMHLIMKLX
s  )UYEXMSR  HIJPIGXMSR JSV E GVEGOIH WIGXMSR % [EPP MW EWWYQIH XS
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HIJPIGXEWERYRGVEGOIHWIGXMSRYRXMPXLIQSHYPYWSJVYTXYVI
MWVIEGLIHEJXIV[LMGLMXMWEWWYQIHXSHIJPIGXEWEGVEGOIH
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 M cr h   M ser M cr h  EWWYQIH XS ETTP] SZIV XLI IRXMVI LIMKLX SJ XLI [EPP 8LI
s  )UYEXMSR 
 E m I g  E m I cr GVEGOIH QSQIRX SJ MRIVXME Icr  JSV E JYPP] KVSYXIH SV
TEVXMEPP]KVSYXIHGVSWWWIGXMSRMWYWYEPP]XLIWEQIEWXLEXJSV
8LIGVEGOMRKQSQIRXSJXLI[EPPWLEPPFIGSQTYXIHYWMRK
E LSPPS[ WIGXMSR FIGEYWI XLI GSQTVIWWMSR WXVIWW FPSGO MW
XLIQSHYPYWSJVYTXYVIfr XEOIRJVSQ8EFPI
KIRIVEPP][MXLMRXLIXLMGORIWWSJXLIJEGIWLIPP
8LIRIYXVEPE\MWJSVHIXIVQMRMRKXLIGVEGOIHQSQIRX
8LIWIJSVQYPEWVITVIWIRXKSSHETTVS\MQEXMSRWXSXIWX
SJ MRIVXME Icr WLEPP FI HIXIVQMRIHMR EGGSVHERGI[MXL XLI
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FSXXSQERHMWWYFNIGXIHXSEYRMJSVQP]HMWXVMFYXIHPEXIVEP
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8LI GVEGOMRK QSQIRX Mcr  MW XLI GEPGYPEXIH QSQIRX
Pu t sp bc GSVVIWTSRHMRKXSJMVWXGVEGOMRK8LI GVEGOMRKQSQIRX[EW

I cr n As d c  )UYEXMSR   TVIZMSYWP] KMZIR MR XLI 'SHI EW XLI WIGXMSR QSHYPYW
f y d  QYPXMTPMIH F] XLI QSHYPYW SJ VYTXYVI 8LI 'SHI LEW FIIR
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As f y Pu JSVGIMRXLIGEPGYPEXMSRSJXLIGVEGOMRKQSQIRX
c )UYEXMSR  
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GEPGYPEXI XLI GVEGOIH QSQIRX SJ MRIVXME FI HIXIVQMRIH
C-126 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

YWMRK XLI WXVEMR HMWXVMFYXMSR EX YPXMQEXI GETEGMX] %QVLIMR

ERH 0II 
 YWIH XLMW GSRHMXMSR XS HIZIPST XLI
SVMKMREPWPIRHIV[EPPHIWMKRTVSZMWMSRW
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RSRGIRXIVIHZIVXMGEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX8LIQSHMJMGEXMSRXIVQ
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GSRXVMFYXMSR SJ XLI E\MEP PSEH XS XLI GVEGOIH QSQIRX SJ
MRIVXME[LIRXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWRIEVXLIJEGISJXLI[EPP
3.3.6 Wall design for in-plane loads 3.3.6 Wall design for in-plane loads
3.3.6.1 Scope { 8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR
EVIJSVXLIHIWMKRSJ[EPPWXSVIWMWXMRTPERIPSEHW
3.3.6.2 Reinforcement { 6IMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP
FITVSZMHIHTIVTIRHMGYPEVXSXLIWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXERH
WLEPPFIEXPIEWXIUYEPXSSRIXLMVH Av 8LIVIMRJSVGIQIRX
WLEPP FI YRMJSVQP] HMWXVMFYXIH ERH WLEPP RSX I\GIIH E
WTEGMRKSJJXQ

3.3.6.3 Flexural and axial strength { 8LI
RSQMREPJPI\YVEPERHE\MEPWXVIRKXLWLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHMR
EGGSVHERGI[MXL7IGXMSR
3.3.6.4 Shear strength { 8LI RSQMREP WLIEV
WXVIRKXL WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL 7IGXMSR

3.3.6.5 8LI QE\MQYQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX 3.3.6.5 8LI QE\MQYQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR WLEPPRSX ETTP]MJEWLIEV VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSR EVIMRXIRHIHXSIRWYVIXLEX
[EPP MW HIWMKRIH XS WEXMWJ] XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ  ERMRXIVQIHMEXISVEWTIGMEPVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]WLIEV[EPP
XLVSYKL LEW WYJJMGMIRX MRIPEWXMG HIJSVQEXMSR GETEGMX] YRHIV XLI
HIWMKRFEWMWIEVXLUYEOISJ%7')SVXLIQSHIPFYMPHMRK
GSHIW -RIPEWXMG HIJSVQEFMPMX] MW XLI EFMPMX] SJ E WXVYGXYVI
SV WXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRX XS GSRXMRYI XS WYWXEMR KVEZMX] PSEHW
EW MX HIJSVQW PEXIVEPP] YRHIV IEVXLUYEOI SV WSQI SXLIV
X]TISJ
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XLIWXVYGXYVISVXLIWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXXSXLEXI\GMXEXMSRMW
 -R XLI EPXIVREXMZI WLIEV [EPP HIWMKR ETTVSEGL
3.3.6.5.1 7TIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRXW RIIH
RSX FI TVSZMHIH MR WLIEV [EPPW QIIXMRK XLI JSPPS[MRK
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Mu
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SJ WTIGMEPP] GSRJMRIH FSYRHEV] IPIQIRXW QEOMRK MX
YRRIGIWWEV] XS GSQTP] [MXL XLI QE\MQYQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX
VIUYMVIQIRXW8LIWIVIUYMVIQIRXWEVIXLIVIJSVI[EMZIH
3.3.6.5.1 8LMW WYFWIGXMSR WIXW YT WSQI
wWGVIIRWx [MXL XLI I\TIGXEXMSR XLEX QER] MJ RSX QSWX
WTIGMEPFSYRHEV]IPIQIRXW[SYPHFIVIUYMVIH8LMW[MPPFI
XLIGEWI[LIREWLIEV[EPPMWPMKLXP]E\MEPP]PSEHIHERHMX
MW IMXLIV WLSVX SV MW QSHIVEXI MR LIMKLX ERH MW WYFNIGX XS
SRP]QSHIVEXIWLIEVWXVIWWIW
8LI XLVIWLSPH ZEPYIW EVI EHETXIH JVSQ XLI HIWMKR
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[LIR XLMW TVSGIHYVI SJ XLI  9&' [EW JMVWX FIMRK
HIZIPSTIHEREHLSGWYFGSQQMXXII[MXLMRXLI7IMWQSPSK]
 SV 'SQQMXXII SJ XLI 7XVYGXYVEP )RKMRIIVW %WWSGMEXMSR SJ
'EPMJSVRME LEH PMQMXIH YRTYFPMWLIH TEVEQIXVMG WXYHMIW
HSRIWLS[MRKXLEXEVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXIWLIEV[EPPTEWWMRK
 &9-0(-2+'3()6)59-6)1)287*361%7326=7869'896)7817%'-%7')
 '

CODE COMMENTARY

 1Y XLVSYKL XLI wWGVIIRWx GSYPH RSX HIZIPST WYJJMGMIRXP] LMKL

  ERH  GSQTVIWWMZI WXVEMRW MR XLI GSRGVIXI XS [EVVERX WTIGMEP
:Y H Z
GSRJMRIQIRX -R XLI GEWI SJ QEWSRV] WXVEMRW VIUYMVMRK
WTIGMEP GSRJMRIQIRX [SYPH FI ZEPYIW I\GIIHMRK XLI

  8LI RIIH JSV WTIGMEP FSYRHEV]
IPIQIRXWEXXLIIHKIWSJWLIEV[EPPWWLEPPFIIZEPYEXIHMR
EGGSVHERGI [MXL 7IGXMSR  SV  8LI
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRWLEPPEPWSFIWEXMWJMIH
QE\MQYQYWEFPIWXVEMRWSJ7IGXMSRG
  8[S ETTVSEGLIW JSV IZEPYEXMRK
HIXEMPMRK VIUYMVIQIRXW EX [EPP FSYRHEVMIW EVI MRGPYHIH MR
7IGXMSR  7IGXMSR  EPPS[W XLI YWI SJ
HMWTPEGIQIRXFEWIH HIWMKR SJ [EPPW MR [LMGL XLI
WXVYGXYVEP HIXEMPW EVI HIXIVQMRIH HMVIGXP] SR XLI FEWMW SJ
XLI I\TIGXIH PEXIVEP HMWTPEGIQIRXW SJ XLI [EPP YRHIV XLI
HIWMKRFEWMW IEVXLUYEOI 8LMW ETTVSEGL [EW JMVWX
MRXVSHYGIH MR %'-  JSV XLI HIWMKR SJ WTIGMEP
VIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXIWLIEV[EPPW8LITVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSR
 EVIWMQMPEVXSXLSWISJ ERHIEVPMIVIHMXMSRW
 ERH
  8LMW 7IGXMSR ETTPMIW XS [EPPW
FIRHMRK MR WMRKPI GYVZEXYVI MR [LMGL XLI JPI\YVEP PMQMX
WXEXI VIWTSRWI MW KSZIVRIH F] ]MIPHMRK EX XLI FEWI SJ XLI
[EPP ;EPPW RSX WEXMWJ]MRK XLSWI VIUYMVIQIRXW WLEPP FI
SJ %'-  VIXEMRIH MR %'-  ERH 
LEZI FIIR MRGPYHIH FIGEYWI XLI] EVI GSRWIVZEXMZI JSV
EWWIWWMRK VIUYMVIH XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX EX [EPP
FSYRHEVMIW JSV QER] [EPPW 8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR
 ETTP] XS WLIEV [EPPW HIWMKRIH F] IMXLIV 7IGXMSR
SV
  7IGXMSR MWFEWIH SR XLI
EWWYQTXMSR XLEX MRIPEWXMG VIWTSRWI SJ XLI [EPP MW HSQMREXIH
F]JPI\YVEPEGXMSREXEGVMXMGEP]MIPHMRKWIGXMSRzX]TMGEPP]EX
XLIFEWI8LI[EPPWLSYPHFITVSTSVXMSRIHWSXLEXXLIGVMXMGEP
HIWMKRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL7IGXMSR WIGXMSRSGGYVW[LIVIMRXIRHIHEXXLIFEWI

E
 7TIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRXW WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH SZIV E
 8LIJSPPS[MRKI\TPEREXMSRMRGPYHMRK*MKYVI''
TSVXMSRWSJGSQTVIWWMSR^SRIW[LIVI MWEHETXIHJVSQETETIVF];EPPEGI[LMGLTVSZMHIW
FEGOKVSYRH XS XLI HIWMKR TVSZMWMSRW JSV WTIGMEP
VIMRJSVGIH WLIEV [EPPW SJ %'-  VIXEMRIH
  YRGLERKIH MR %'- 
 8LI VIPEXMSRWLMT FIX[IIR
XLI[EPPXSTHMWTPEGIQIRXERH[EPPGYVZEXYVIJSVE[EPP
ERH  MW GEPGYPEXIH JSV XLI  KMZIR F] %7')  SJYRMJSVQGVSWWWIGXMSR[MXLEWMRKPIGVMXMGEPWIGXMSREX
7XVIRKXL (IWMKR 0SEH 'SQFMREXMSR  XLIFEWIMWTVIWIRXIHMR*MKYVI''8LI%'-
   
 SV XLI GSVVIWTSRHMRK TVSZMWMSRW EW [IPP EW XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ XLMW 'SHI EVI
WXVIRKXL HIWMKR PSEH GSQFMREXMSR SJ XLI PIKEPP] FEWIHSREWMQTPMJMIHZIVWMSRSJXLIQSHIPTVIWIRXIHMR
EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK GSHI ERH XLI GSVVIWTSRHMRK *MKYVI ''E
 8LI WMQTPMJMIH QSHIP WLS[R MR
RSQMREP QSQIRX WXVIRKXL  EX XLI FEWI GVMXMGEP *MKYVI''F
RIKPIGXWXLIGSRXVMFYXMSRSJIPEWXMG
WIGXMSR 8LI PSEH JEGXSV SR  MR 'SQFMREXMSR  MW HIJSVQEXMSRW XS XLI XST HMWTPEGIQIRX ERH QSZIW XLI
VIHYGMFPIXSEWTIVI\GITXMSRWXS7IGXMSRSJ GIRXIVSJXLITPEWXMGLMRKIXSXLIFEWISJXLI[EPP&EWIH
%7') SR XLI QSHIP SJ *MKYVI '' XLI VIPEXMSRWLMT
FIX[IIR XLI XSTHMWTPEGIQIRX ERH XLIGYVZEXYVI EX XLI
FEWISJXLI[EPPMW

! ! !

)UYEXMSR  
EWWYQMRK XLEX !    EW MW TIVQMXXIH XS FI
EWWYQIHF]XLI9&'
[LIVI !YPXMQEXIGYVZEXYVIERH

!TPEWXMGVSXEXMSREXXLIFEWISJXLI[EPP

-JEX XLIWXEKI[LIVIXLIXSTHIJPIGXMSRSJ XLI[EPP MW

C-128 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

ne XLII\XVIQIJMFIVGSQTVIWWMZIWXVEMREXXLIGVMXMGEP
WIGXMSR EX XLI FEWI HSIW RSX I\GIIH mu  RS WTIGMEP
GSRJMRIQIRX[SYPHFIVIUYMVIHER][LIVIMRXLI[EPP
*MKYVI''MPPYWXVEXIWWYGLEWXVEMRHMWXVMFYXMSREX
XLI GVMXMGEP WIGXMSR 8LI RIYXVEP E\MW HITXL
GSVVIWTSRHMRKXSXLMWWXVEMRHMWXVMFYXMSRMWccr ERHXLI
GSVVIWTSRHMRK YPXMQEXI GYVZEXYVI MW u mu  c cr 
*VSQ)UYEXMSR 

mu w
Cd ne hw  )UYEXMSRE 
c cr 

mu w
SV c cr  )UYEXMSR F
 C d ne  hw

-X JSPPS[W JVSQ XLIEFSZI WII *MKYVI ''  XLEX

WTIGMEPHIXEMPMRK[SYPHFIVIUYMVIHMJ

mu w  w
c
 C d ne  hw  C d ne  hw
w w
 C d ne  hw  C d ne  hw

FIGEYWIMJXLIRIYXVEPE\MWHITXLI\GIIHIHXLIGVMXMGEP
ZEPYI XLI I\XVIQI JMFIV GSQTVIWWMZI WXVEMR [SYPH
I\GIIHXLI QE\MQYQ YWEFPIWXVEMR mu  *SV TYVTSWIW
SJXLMWHIVMZEXMSRERHXSEZSMHLEZMRKWITEVEXIWIXWSJ
HVMJXVIPEXIH VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV GPE] ERH GSRGVIXI
QEWSRV] E WMRKPI YWIJYP WXVEMR SJ  MW YWIH
VITVIWIRXMRKEREZIVEKISJXLIHIWMKRZEPYIWSJ
JSVGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]ERHJSVGPE]QEWSRV]-R
%'-  XLI XIVQ Cd ne  hw  QYWX IUYEP SV
I\GIIH  %GGSVHMRK XS ;EPPEGI w8LMW PS[IV
PMQMXSRXLIQIERHVMJXVEXMSMWMRGPYHIHXSIRWYVIXLEX
[EPPW GSRXVSPPIH F] JPI\YVI LEZI QSHIWX HIJSVQEXMSR
GETEGMXMIWEW[IPPEWXSKYEVHEKEMRWXQSHIPMRKIVVSVW
XLEX QMKLX YRHIVIWXMQEXI XLI HIWMKR HMWTPEGIQIRXx
8LMWPS[IVPMQMXSR Cd ne  hw LEWRSXFIIREHSTXIH
JSVVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV][EPPWFIGEYWI
MWEVFMXVEV]ERHETTIEVWXSFIXSSLMKLJSVE
W]WXIQ[MXLEQE\MQYQHVMJXSJ
9&'GSRGVIXITVSZMWMSRWHSRSXMRGPYHIXLMW
VIUYMVIQIRXERH
QER] HIWMKRWEVI EPVIEH]WXMJJWMRGI QEWSRV]LEW
RIZIV LEH FSYRHEV] IPIQIRXW *YVXLIVQSVI
WXMJJIRMRK XLI WXVYGXYVI MW E VIEWSREFPI HIWMKR
EPXIVREXMZI XLEX WLSYPH RSX FI TVIGPYHIH SV
PMQMXIH  *YVXLIV FEGOKVSYRH VIPEXIH XS GSRGVIXI
QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW MW TVSZMHIH MR 6IJIVIRGIW
 ERH
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-129

COMMENTARY
LOAD WALL ELASTIC CURVATURE INELASTIC CURVATURE INELASTIC CURVATURE
& DISPLACEMENT & DISPLACEMENT & DISPLACEMENT
dY
dinelastic dinelastic

hw

qp
lp
lp qp
fu - fy
lw fy fu
M

(a) Theoretical Model (b) Simplified Model

Figure CC-3.3-3 Wall curvature and displacement

ccr

mu
mm

c
c
Figure CC-3.3-4 Strain distribution at critical section

CODE COMMENTARY

F
 ;LIVI WTIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRXW EVI VIUYMVIH F] F
 ;LIVI WTIGMEP HIXEMPMRK MW VIUYMVIH EX XLI [EPP
7IGXMSR E
 XLI WTIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX FSYRHEV]MXQYWXFII\XIRHIHZIVXMGEPP]EHMWXERGIRSX
VIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPI\XIRHZIVXMGEPP]JVSQXLIGVMXMGEP PIWWXLERXLIPEVKIVSJlwERHMu VuJVSQXLIGVMXMGEP
WIGXMSR E HMWXERGI RSX PIWW XLER XLI PEVKIV SJ lw SV WIGXMSR 8LIWI PIRKXLW EPWS WTIGMJMIH MR %'- 
MuVu  [LIVI MRXIRHIH XS FI ER YTTIVFSYRH IWXMQEXI SJ XLI
TPEWXMGLMRKIPIRKXLJSVWTIGMEP VIMRJSVGIH GSRGVIXI
WLIEV [EPPW 8LI WEQI PIRKXLW LEZI FIIR EHSTXIH JSV
MRXIVQIHMEXIERHWTIGMEPQEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPW
3.3.6.5.4 7LIEV [EPPW RSX HIWMKRIH F] 3.3.6.5.4 % WXVIWWFEWIH ETTVSEGL [EW
7IGXMSRWLEPPLEZIWTIGMEPFSYRHEV] IPIQIRXW EX MRGPYHIHMR%'-XSEHHVIWW[EPPGSRJMKYVEXMSRWXS
FSYRHEVMIW ERH IHKIW EVSYRH STIRMRKW MR WLIEV [EPPW [LMGL XLI ETTPMGEXMSR SJ HMWTPEGIQIRXFEWIH ETTVSEGL MW
[LIVI XLI QE\MQYQ I\XVIQI JMFIV GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW
GSVVIWTSRHMRK XS JEGXSVIH JSVGIW MRGPYHMRK IEVXLUYEOI

IJJIGX I\GIIHW  f 'm  8LI WTIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX
WLEPPFITIVQMXXIHXSFIHMWGSRXMRYIH[LIVIXLIGEPGYPEXIH
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWW MWPIWWXLERf m 7XVIWWIWWLEPPFI
GEPGYPEXIH JSV XLI JEGXSVIH JSVGIW YWMRK E PMRIEVP] IPEWXMG
QSHIP ERH KVSWW WIGXMSR TVSTIVXMIW *SV [EPPW [MXL
JPERKIW ER IJJIGXMZI JPERKI [MHXL EW HIJMRIH MR 7IGXMSR
WLEPPFIYWIH
RSX ETTVSTVMEXI JSV I\EQTPI [EPPW [MXL STIRMRKW [EPPW
[MXL WIXFEGOW [EPPW RSX GSRXVSPPIH F] JPI\YVI
1EMRXEMRMRK XLI WXVIWWFEWIH ETTVSEGL EPWS TVSZMHIH
GSRXMRYMX] FIX[IIR %'-  ERH IEVPMIV IHMXMSRW SJ
%'-  LS[IZIV QSHMJMGEXMSRW [IVI MRXVSHYGIH XS
EHHVIWWQENSVWLSVXGSQMRKWSJXLIHIWMKRETTVSEGLMRTVI
IHMXMSRWSJ%'-
8LIWXVIWWPMQMXEX[LMGLWTIGMEPHIXEMPMRKMWVIUYMVIH
EX XLI FSYRHEVMIW SJ VIMRJSVGIH GSRGVIXI WLIEV [EPPW [EW
PIJX YRGLERKIH MR %'-  EX  f c  E ZEPYI GEVVMIH
SZIV JVSQ TVMSV IHMXMSRW SJ XLI 'SHI 8LI WTIGMEP
HIXEMPMRK [LIVI VIUYMVIH QYWX FI I\XIRHIH SZIV XLI
LIMKLX SJ XLI [EPP JVSQ XLI GVMXMGEP WIGXMSR YRXMP XLI
GEPGYPEXIH WXVIWW HVSTW FIPS[  f c  SRGI EKEMR XLI
WEQIZEPYIEWMRTVMSVIHMXMSRWSJ%'-
C-130 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

% QENSV HMJJIVIRGI FIX[IIR %'-  ERH TVMSV

IHMXMSRWSJ %'-  MW MR XLI [E] E WLIEV[EPP VIUYMVMRK
WTIGMEPP]HIXEMPIHFSYRHEV]IPIQIRXWMWXSFIHIWMKRIHJSV
JPI\YVI ERH E\MEP PSEHW %'-  VIUYMVIH XLEX XLI
FSYRHEV] IPIQIRXW FI HIWMKRIH XS VIWMWX EW WLSVX
GSPYQRW
 XLI XVMFYXEV] KVEZMX] PSEH TPYW XLI GSQTVIWWMZI
VIWYPXERX EWWSGMEXIH [MXL XLI SZIVXYVRMRK QSQIRX EX XLI
 8LI
3.3.6.5.5 ;LIVI WTIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRXW
EVIVIUYMVIHF]7IGXMSRSVVIUYMVIQIRXW
FEWI SJ XLI [EPP FSXL XEOIR EX JEGXSVIH ZEPYIW
ETTPMGEXMSR SJ XLMW VIUYMVIQIRX X]TMGEPP] VIWYPXIH MR WEJI
FSYRHEV] IPIQIRXW GSRXEMRMRK LMKL TIVGIRXEKIW SJ
VIMRJSVGIQIRX VIWYPXMRK MR E WYFWXERXMEP MRGVIEWI MR [EPP
JPI\YVEPWXVIRKXL'SRWXVYGXEFMPMX]WYJJIVIHEWEVIWYPXFYX
QSVI MQTSVXERXP] FVMXXPI WLIEV JEMPYVI TVIGIHMRK HYGXMPI
JPI\YVEPJEMPYVIFIGEQIQSVIPMOIP]FIGEYWI[EPPWLEZMRK
I\GIWWMZIJPI\YVEPWXVIRKXL[SYPHHVE[PEVKIVWLIEVJSVGIW
MRERIEVXLUYEOIIZIRXERHXLI'SHIHMHRSXVIUYMVIWLIEV
WXVIRKXLXSFIMRGVIEWIHTVSTSVXMSREPP][MXLXLIMRGVIEWIMR
JPI\YVEP WXVIRKXL %'-  HSIW RSX VIUYMVI XLI
FSYRHEV] IPIQIRXW XS VIWMWX XLI IRXMVI Pu ERH Mu IZIR
[LIR XLI WXVIWWFEWIH ETTVSEGL MW YWIH -R JEGX E WLIEV
[EPPMWHIWMKRIH MRI\EGXP]XLIWEQI[E]JSVJPI\YVIERH
E\MEPPSEHMVVIWTIGXMZISJ[LIXLIVXLIHMWTPEGIQIRXFEWIH
ETTVSEGL SV XLI WXVIWWFEWIH ETTVSEGL MW YWIH XS XVMKKIV
WTIGMEPFSYRHEV]IPIQIRXW
8LI 'SHI LEW EHSTXIH XLI WXVIWWFEWIH XVMKKIVW SJ
%'-  JSV GEWIW [LIVI XLI HMWTPEGIQIRXFEWIH
ETTVSEGLMWRSXETTPMGEFPIWMQTP]GLERKMRKXLIXLVIWLSPH
ZEPYIWSJ f cERH f cJSVVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPW
XS  f m ERH  f m  VIWTIGXMZIP] JSV VIMRJSVGIH
QEWSRV][EPPW3XLIVEWTIGXWSJXLI%'-ETTVSEGL
EVI VIXEMRIH (IWMKR JSV JPI\YVI ERH E\MEP PSEHW HSIW RSX
GLERKI HITIRHMRK SR [LIXLIV XLI RIYXVEP E\MWFEWIH
XVMKKIVSVXLIWXVIWWFEWIHXVMKKIVMWYWIH
3.3.6.5.5 9RPMOI MR XLI GEWI SJ GSRGVIXI
[LIVI TVIWGVMTXMZI HIXEMPMRK VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV XLI WTIGMEPP]
E
 XLVSYKL H
 MR XLMW WIGXMSR WLEPP FI WEXMWJMIH ERH XIWXW GSRJMRIH FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX EVI KMZIR MR %'-  XLMW
WLEPP FI TIVJSVQIH XS ZIVMJ] XLI WXVEMR GETEGMX] SJ XLI 'SHI VIUYMVIW XLEX XIWXMRK FI HSRI XS ZIVMJ] XLEX XLI
IPIQIRX HIXEMPMRK TVSZMHIH WLEPP FI GETEFPI SJ HIZIPSTMRK E WXVEMR
GETEGMX]MRXLIFSYRHEV]IPIQIRXXLEX[SYPHFIMRI\GIWWSJ
XLI QE\MQYQ MQTSWIH WXVEMR -X MW LSTIH XLEX VIEWSREFP]
I\XIRWMZIXIWXW[MPPFIGSRHYGXIHMRXLIRIEVJYXYVIPIEHMRK
XS XLI HIZIPSTQIRX SJ TVIWGVMTXMZI HIXEMPMRK VIUYMVIQIRXW
JSVWTIGMEPP]GSRJMRIHFSYRHEV]IPIQIRXWSJMRXIVQIHMEXIEW
[IPPEWWTIGMEPVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPW
E
 8LI WTIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX WLEPP I\XIRH E
 *MKYVI '' WLS[W XLEX [LIR XLI RIYXVEP E\MW
LSVM^SRXEPP] JVSQ XLI I\XVIQI GSQTVIWWMSR JMFIV E HITXLcI\GIIHWXLIGVMXMGEPRIYXVEPE\MWHITXLccr XLI
HMWXERGIRSXPIWWXLERXLIPEVKIVSJc lw
ERHc I\XVIQI GSQTVIWWMSR JMFIV WXVEMR MR XLI QEWSRV]
VIEGLIWEZEPYI mmMRI\GIWWSJXLIQE\MQYQYWEFPI
WXVEMR mu  8LI GSVVIWTSRHMRK YPXMQEXI GYVZEXYVI  MW
mu c&EWIHSRXLIQSHIPSJ*MKYVI''F


mm w
Cd ne p hw  u p hw hw
c 

)UYEXMSR 
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-131

CODE COMMENTARY

*VSQ)UYEXMSR 

C d ne c
mm   )UYEXMSR 
hw w

8LI[EPPPIRKXLSZIV[LMGLXLIWXVEMRWI\GIIHXLI
PMQMXMRKZEPYISJ muHIRSXIHEWc''GERFIHIXIVQMRIH
YWMRKWMQMPEVXVMERKPIWJVSQ*MKYVI''

mu
c c   )UYEXMSR 
mm

%R I\TVIWWMSR JSV XLI VIUYMVIH PIRKXL SJ

GSRJMRIQIRX GER FI HIZIPSTIH F] GSQFMRMRK
)UYEXMSRW ERH
c c mu 
 )UYEXMSR 
w w Cd ne  hw

8LI XIVQ c  w  MR )UYEXMSR  EGGSYRXW JSV XLI

MRJPYIRGI SJ QEXIVMEP TVSTIVXMIW  f m  fy  E\MEP PSEH
KISQIXV] ERH UYERXMXMIW ERH HMWXVMFYXMSR SJ
VIMRJSVGIQIRX [LIVIEW XLI XIVQ
mu    C d ne  hw EGGSYRXW JSV XLI MRJPYIRGI SJ
W]WXIQ VIWTSRWI VSSJ HMWTPEGIQIRX  ERH XLI
QE\MQYQYWEFPIWXVEMRSJQEWSRV]
8LI [EPP PIRKXL SZIV [LMGL WTIGMEP XVERWZIVWI
VIMRJSVGIQIRXQYWXFITVSZMHIHMWFEWIHSR)UYEXMSR
[MXLEZEPYISJ Cd ne  hw !

c c    c c
 )UYEXMSR 
w w  w 

8LIZEPYISJ C d ne  hw [EWWIPIGXIHXSTVSZMHIER
YTTIVFSYRH IWXMQEXI SJ XLI QIER HVMJX VEXMS SJ X]TMGEP
WLIEV[EPPFYMPHMRKWGSRWXVYGXIHMRXLI9RMXIH7XEXIWSJ
%QIVMGE 8LYW XLI PIRKXL SJ XLI [EPP XLEX QYWX FI
GSRJMRIH MWGSRWIVZEXMZIJSV QER]FYMPHMRKW8LI ZEPYI
SJ c VITVIWIRXW E QMRMQYQ PIRKXL SJ GSRJMRIQIRX MW
EHSTXIHJVSQ%'-ERHMWEVFMXVEV]
F
 -R JPERKIH WIGXMSRW XLI WTIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX F
 8LMWVIUYMVIQIRXSVMKMREXIHMRXLI9&'ERHLEW
WLEPP MRGPYHI XLI IJJIGXMZI JPERKI [MHXL MR FIIR GEVVMIH SZIV MRXS %'-  ERH  ;LIVI
GSQTVIWWMSRERHWLEPPI\XIRHEXPIEWXMRQQ
 JPERKIWEVILIEZMP]WXVIWWIHMRGSQTVIWWMSRXLI[IF
MRXSXLI[IF
XSJPERKIMRXIVJEGIMWPMOIP]XSFILIEZMP]WXVIWWIHERH
QE] WYWXEMR PSGEP GVYWLMRK JEMPYVI YRPIWW WTIGMEP
FSYRHEV]IPIQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXI\XIRHWMRXSXLI[IF
G
 7TIGMEPFSYRHEV]IPIQIRXXVERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRXEX 
 8LI WEQI I\XIRWMSR MW VIUYMVIH JSV WTIGMEP FSYRHEV]
XLI[EPPFEWIWLEPPI\XIRHMRXSXLIWYTTSVXEQMRMQYQ
SJ XLIHIZIPSTQIRXPIRKXLSJXLI PEVKIWXPSRKMXYHMREP
VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR XLI FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX YRPIWW XLI
WTIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX XIVQMREXIW SR E JSSXMRK SV
QEX [LIVI WTIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX XVERWZIVWI
G
IPIQIRX XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR WTIGMEP VIMRJSVGIH
GSRGVIXI WLIEV [EPPW ERH JSV WTIGMEP XVERWZIVWI
VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR VIMRJSVGIH GSRGVIXI GSPYQRW
WYTTSVXMRK VIEGXMSRW JVSQ HMWGSRXMRYIH WXMJJ QIQFIVW
MRFYMPHMRKWEWWMKRIHXSLMKLWIMWQMGHIWMKRGEXIKSVMIW
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP I\XIRH EX PIEWX  MR  QQ

MRXSXLIJSSXMRKSVQEX
C-132 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

H
 ,SVM^SRXEPWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRXLI[EPP[IFWLEPP 
 &IGEYWI LSVM^SRXEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW PMOIP] XS EGX EW
FI ERGLSVIH XS HIZIPST XLI WTIGMJMIH ]MIPH WXVIRKXL
fy [MXLMRXLIGSRJMRIHGSVISJXLIFSYRHEV]IPIQIRX
H
[IF VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR [EPPW VIUYMVMRK FSYRHEV]
IPIQIRXW MX RIIHW XS FI JYPP] ERGLSVIH MR FSYRHEV]
IPIQIRXW XLEX EGX EW JPERKIW %GGSVHMRK XS XLI
'SQQIRXEV] XS %'-  EGLMIZIQIRX SJ XLMW
ERGLSVEKI MW HMJJMGYPX [LIR PEVKI XVERWZIVWI GVEGOW
SGGYV MR XLI FSYRHEV] IPIQIRXW 8LEX 'SQQIRXEV]
VIGSQQIRHWXLIYWISJWXERHEVHHIKVIILSSOWSV
QIGLERMGEP ERGLSVEKI WGLIQIW MRWXIEH SJ WXVEMKLX
FEVHIZIPSTQIRX
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-133

CHAPTER 4
PRESTRESSED MASONRY

CODE COMMENTARY

4.1 — General 4.1 — General

4.1.1 Scope
8LMW GLETXIV TVSZMHIW VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV HIWMKR SJ
QEWSRV] [EPPW XLEX EVI TVIWXVIWWIH [MXL FSRHIH SV
YRFSRHIHTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRW
4.1.1 Scope
4VIWXVIWWMRK JSVGIW EVI YWIH MR QEWSRV] [EPPW XS
VIHYGI SV IPMQMREXI XIRWMPI WXVIWWIW HYI XS I\XIVREPP]
ETTPMIH PSEHW F] YWMRK GSRXVSPPIH TVIGSQTVIWWMSR 8LI
TVIGSQTVIWWMSR MW KIRIVEXIH F] TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW
IMXLIV FEVW [MVIW SV WXVERHW XLEX EVI GSRXEMRIH MR
STIRMRKW MR XLI QEWSRV] [LMGL QE] FI KVSYXIH 8LI
TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWGERFITVIXIRWMSRIHWXVIWWIHEKEMRWX
I\XIVREPEFYXQIRXWTVMSVXSTPEGMRKXLIQEWSRV]
SVTSWX
XIRWMSRIH WXVIWWIH EKEMRWX XLI QEWSRV] EJXIV MX LEW FIIR
TPEGIH
7MRGIQSWXVIWIEVGLERHETTPMGEXMSRWXSHEXILEZI
JSGYWIH SR [EPPW XLI GLETXIV ETTPMIW SRP] XS [EPPW RSX
GSPYQRW FIEQW RSV PMRXIPW 4VSZMWMSRW JSV GSPYQRW
FIEQWERHPMRXIPW[MPPFIHIZIPSTIHMRJYXYVIIHMXMSRWSJ
XLI'SHI

1SWX GSRWXVYGXMSRETTPMGEXMSRW XSHEXILEZIMRZSPZIH
TSWXXIRWMSRIH YRKVSYXIH QEWSRV] JSV MXW IEWI SJ
GSRWXVYGXMSR ERH SZIVEPP IGSRSQ] 'SRWIUYIRXP] XLIWI
GSHI TVSZMWMSRW TVMQEVMP] JSGYW SR TSWXXIRWMSRIH
QEWSRV] %PXLSYKL RSXZIV] GSQQSRTVIXIRWMSRMRK LEW
FIIR YWIH XS GSRWXVYGX TVIJEFVMGEXIH QEWSRV] TERIPW %
QSVIHIXEMPIHVIZMI[SJTVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]W]WXIQWERH
ETTPMGEXMSRWMWKMZIRIPWI[LIVI
8LVSYKLSYXXLMW'SHIERH7TIGMJMGEXMSRVIJIVIRGIWXS
wVIMRJSVGIQIRXx ETTP] XS RSRTVIWXVIWWIH VIMRJSVGIQIRX
8LIWI VIJIVIRGIW HS RSX ETTP] XS TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW
I\GITXEWI\TPMGMXP]RSXIHMR'LETXIV6IUYMVIQIRXWJSV
TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW YWI XLI XIVQW wTVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRx
SVwXIRHSRx8LITVSZMWMSRWSJ'LETXIVHSRSXVIUYMVIE
QERHEXSV] UYERXMX] SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX SV FSRHIH
TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWJSVTVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV][EPPW
%RGLSVEKIJSVGIWEVIHMWXVMFYXIH[MXLMRE[EPPWMQMPEV
XSXLI[E]MR[LMGLGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHWEVIHMWXVMFYXIHEW
HIWGVMFIH MR 7IGXMSR  WII *MKYVI ''

,S[IZIV VIWIEVGL LEW MRHMGEXIH XLEX TVIWXVIWW PSWWIW
GERHMWXVMFYXIXSEHNEGIRXXIRHSRWEWJEVPEXIVEPP]JVSQXLI
ERGLSVEKIEWXLILIMKLXSJXLI[EPP
4.1.2 ;EPPW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH JSV WXVIRKXL
VIUYMVIQIRXWERHGLIGOIHJSVWIVZMGIPSEHVIUYMVIQIRXW
4.1.3 8LI[EPPTVSZMWMSRWSJ'LETXIVERH7IGXMSR
WLEPPETTP]XSTVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV][EPPW
4.1.4 8LITVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSR WLEPPETTP]JSV
XLIGSQTYXEXMSRSJRSQMREPQSQIRXWXVIRKXL
4.1.5 1EWSRV]WLEPPFIPEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRHYRPIWW
E FSRH FIEQ SV SXLIV XIGLRMUYI MW YWIH XS HMWXVMFYXI
ERGLSVEKIJSVGIW
C-134
CODE
4.1.6 *SV TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] QIQFIVW XLI
TVIWXVIWWMRK JSVGI WLEPP FI EHHIH XS PSEH GSQFMREXMSRW
I\GITXEWQSHMJMIHF]7IGXMSR
4.2 — Design methods
4.2.1 General
4VIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] QIQFIVW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH F]
IPEWXMG EREP]WMW YWMRK PSEHMRK ERH PSEH GSQFMREXMSRW MR
EGGSVHERGI[MXLXLITVSZMWMSRWSJ 7IGXMSRWERH
I\GITXEWRSXIHMR7IGXMSR
4.2.2 After transfer
-QQIHMEXIP] EJXIV XLI XVERWJIV SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK JSVGI XS XLI
QEWSRV] PMQMXEXMSRW SR QEWSRV] WXVIWWIW KMZIR MR XLMW
GLETXIVWLEPPFIFEWIHYTSRf 'mi.
TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
COMMENTARY
4.2 — Design methods
3VMKMREPP] TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] [EW HIWMKRIH YWMRK
EPPS[EFPIWXVIWWHIWMKR[MXLEQSQIRXWXVIRKXLGLIGOJSV
[EPPW [MXL PEXIVEPP] VIWXVEMRIH XIRHSRW 8LI &VMXMWL GSHI
JSVTVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]ERHI\XIRWMZIVIWIEVGLSRXLI
FILEZMSV SJ TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] [IVI GSRWMHIVIH
7YQQEVMIWSJTVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]VIWIEVGLERHTVSTSWIH
HIWMKRGVMXIVMEEVIEZEMPEFPIMRXLIPMXIVEXYVI   (IWMKR
QIXLSHW EVI RS[ FEWIH YTSR WXVIRKXL TVSZMWMSRW [MXL
WIVZMGIEFMPMX]GLIGOW
3JXIR E QEWSRV] [EPP MW TVIWXVIWWIH TVMSV XS  HE]W
EJXIV GSRWXVYGXMSR 8LI WTIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ
XLI QEWSRV] EX XLI XMQI SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK f 'mi
 MW YWIH XS
HIXIVQMRIEPPS[EFPI TVIWXVIWWMRK PIZIPW8LMW WXVIRKXL[MPP
PMOIP] FI E JVEGXMSR SJ XLI HE] WTIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI
WXVIRKXL %WWIWWQIRX SJ QEWSRV] GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL
MQQIHMEXIP] FIJSVI XLI XVERWJIV SJ TVIWXVIWW WLSYPH FI F]
XIWXMRK SJ QEWSRV] TVMWQW SV F] E VIGSVH SJ WXVIRKXL KEMR
SZIV XMQI SJ QEWSRV] TVMWQW GSRWXVYGXIH SJ WMQMPEV
QEWSRV]YRMXWQSVXEVERHKVSYX[LIRWYFNIGXIHXSWMQMPEV
GYVMRKGSRHMXMSRW

4.3 — Permissible stresses in prestressing tendons 4.3 — Permissible stresses in prestressing tendons
%PPS[EFPI TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSR WXVIWWIW EVI FEWIH SR
GVMXIVMEIWXEFPMWLIHJSVTVIWXVIWWIHGSRGVIXI%PPS[EFPI
TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWXVIWWIWEVIJSVNEGOMRKJSVGIWERHJSV
XLI WXEXI SJ WXVIWW MR XLITVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR MQQIHMEXIP]
EJXIV XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK LEW FIIR ETTPMIH SV XVERWJIVVIH XS
XLI QEWSRV] ;LIR GSQTYXMRK XLI TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSR
WXVIWW MQQIHMEXIP]EJXIVXVERWJIV SJTVIWXVIWWGSRWMHIV EPP
WSYVGIW SJ WLSVX XIVQ TVIWXVIWW PSWWIW 8LIWI WSYVGIW
MRGPYHI WYGL MXIQW EW ERGLSVEKI WIEXMRK PSWW IPEWXMG
WLSVXIRMRKSJQEWSRV]ERHJVMGXMSRPSWWIW
4.3.1 Jacking force
8LIWXVIWW MR TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW HYI XS XLI NEGOMRK
JSVGI WLEPP RSX I\GIIH fpy  RSV fpu  RSV XLI
QE\MQYQZEPYIVIGSQQIRHIHF]XLIQERYJEGXYVIVSJXLI
TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWSVERGLSVEKIW
4.3.2 Immediately after transfer
8LI WXVIWW MR XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW MQQIHMEXIP]
EJXIVXVERWJIVSJXLITVIWXVIWWMRKJSVGIXSXLIQEWSRV]WLEPP
RSXI\GIIHfpyRSVfpu 
4.3.3 Post-tensioned masonry members
%X XLI XMQI SJ ETTPMGEXMSR SJ TVIWXVIWW XLI WXVIWW MR
TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWEXERGLSVEKIWERHGSYTPIVW WLEPP RSX
I\GIIHfpyRSVfpu 
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-135

CODE COMMENTARY

4.3.4 Effective prestress 4.3.4 Effective prestress

8LI GSQTYXIH IJJIGXMZI WXVIWW MR XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK 8LIWXEXISJWXVIWWMRETVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV][EPPQYWX
XIRHSRW YRHIV WIVZMGI PSEHW fse  WLEPP MRGPYHI XLI IJJIGXW FI GLIGOIH JSV IEGL WXEKI SJ PSEHMRK *SV IEGL PSEHMRK
SJXLIJSPPS[MRK GSRHMXMSRXLIIJJIGXMZIPIZIPSJTVIWXVIWWWLSYPHFIYWIHMR
XLI GSQTYXEXMSR SJ WXVIWWIW ERH [EPP WXVIRKXL )JJIGXMZI
E  ERGLSVEKIWIEXMRKPSWWIW
TVIWXVIWWMWRSXEJM\IHUYERXMX]SZIVXMQI6IWIEVGLSRXLI
F  IPEWXMGWLSVXIRMRKSJQEWSRV] PSWW ERH KEMR SJ TVIWXVIWW MR TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] MW
G  GVIITSJQEWSRV] I\XIRWMZI ERH MRGPYHIW XIWXMRK SJ XMQIHITIRHIRX
TLIRSQIREWYGLEWGVIITWLVMROEKIQSMWXYVII\TERWMSR
H  WLVMROEKISJGSRGVIXIQEWSRV] ERHTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWXVIWWVIPE\EXMSR
I  VIPE\EXMSRSJTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWXVIWW -RWXERXERISYW HIJSVQEXMSR SJ QEWSRV] HYI XS XLI
J  JVMGXMSRPSWWIW ETTPMGEXMSRSJ TVIWXVIWWQE] FIGSQTYXIH F]XLI QSHYPYWSJ
IPEWXMGMX]SJQEWSRV]KMZIRMR7IGXMSR'VIITWLVMROEKI
K  MVVIZIVWMFPIQSMWXYVII\TERWMSRSJGPE]QEWSRV]ERH ERHQSMWXYVII\TERWMSRSJQEWSRV]QE]FIGSQTYXIHF]XLI
L  XLIVQEPIJJIGXW GSIJJMGMIRXWKMZIRMR7IGXMSR'LERKIMRIJJIGXMZITVIWXVIWW
HYI XS IPEWXMG HIJSVQEXMSR GVIIT WLVMROEKI ERH QSMWXYVI
I\TERWMSRWLSYPHFIFEWIHSRVIPEXMZIQSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]SJ
QEWSRV]ERHTVIWXVIWWMRKWXIIP
8LI WXVIWWMRK STIVEXMSR ERH VIPEXMZI TPEGIQIRX SJ
TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIH MR GEPGYPEXMRK
PSWWIW )PEWXMG WLSVXIRMRK HYVMRK TSWXXIRWMSRMRK GER
VIHYGI XLI WXVIWW MR EHNEGIRX XIRHSRW XLEX LEZI EPVIEH]
FIIRWXVIWWIH'SRWIUYIRXP]IPEWXMGWLSVXIRMRKSJXLI[EPP
WLSYPH FI GEPGYPEXIH GSRWMHIVMRK XLI MRGVIQIRXEP
ETTPMGEXMSR SJ TSWXXIRWMSRMRK 8LEX IPEWXMG WLSVXIRMRK
WLSYPHXLIRFIYWIHXSIWXMQEXIXLIXSXEPPSWWSJTVIWXVIWW
%PXIVREXMZIP] TSWXXIRWMSRMRK XIRHSRW GER FI TVIWXVIWWIH
XS GSQTIRWEXI JSV XLI IPEWXMG WLSVXIRMRK GEYWIH F] XLI
MRGVIQIRXEPWXVIWWMRKSTIVEXMSR
4VIWXVIWWMRKWXIIPXLEXMWWXVIWWIHXSEPEVKIJVEGXMSRSJMXW
]MIPHWXVIWWERHLIPHEXEGSRWXERXWXVEMR[MPPVIPE\VIUYMVMRK
PIWWWXVIWWXSQEMRXEMREGSRWXERXWXVEMR8LITLIRSQIRSRSJ
WXVIWW VIPE\EXMSR MW EWWSGMEXIH [MXL TPEWXMG HIJSVQEXMSR ERH
MXWQEKRMXYHIMRGVIEWIW[MXLWXIIPWXVIWWEWEJVEGXMSRSJWXIIP
WXVIRKXL %781 % % ERH %  
TVIWXVIWWMRK WXIIPW EVI WXEFMPM^IH JSV PS[ VIPE\EXMSR PSWWIW
HYVMRK TVSHYGXMSR 3XLIV WXIIP X]TIW XLEX HS RSX LEZI XLMW
WXEFMPM^EXMSR XVIEXQIRX QE] I\LMFMX GSRWMHIVEFP] LMKLIV
VIPE\EXMSR PSWWIW 8LIMV VIPE\EXMSR PSWWIW QYWX FI GEVIJYPP]
EWWIWWIH F] XIWXMRK 8LI PSWW SJ IJJIGXMZI TVIWXVIWW HYI XS
WXVIWW VIPE\EXMSR SJ XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR MW HITIRHIRX
YTSR XLI PIZIP SJ TVIWXVIWW [LMGL GLERKIW [MXL XMQI
HITIRHIRX TLIRSQIRSR WYGL EW GVIIT WLVMROEKI ERH
QSMWXYVII\TERWMSRSJXLIQEWSRV]%RETTVSTVMEXIJSVQYPE
JSV TVIHMGXMRK TVIWXVIWW PSWW HYI XS VIPE\EXMSR LEW FIIR
HIZIPSTIH {  %PXIVREXIP] HMVIGX EHHMXMSR SJ XLI WXIIP
WXVIWWVIPE\EXMSRZEPYITVSZMHIHF]XLIQERYJEGXYVIVGERFI
YWIHXSGSQTYXITVIWXVIWWPSWWIWERHKEMRW
*VMGXMSR PSWWIW EVI QMRMQEP SV RSRI\MWXIRX JSV QSWX
TSWXXIRWMSRIH QEWSRV] ETTPMGEXMSRW FIGEYWI TVIWXVIWWMRK
XIRHSRW EVI YWYEPP] WXVEMKLX ERH GSRXEMRIH MR GEZMXMIW *SV
ERGLSVEKI PSWWIW QERYJEGXYVIVW MRJSVQEXMSR WLSYPH FI
YWIHXSGSQTYXITVIWXVIWWPSWWIW'LERKIWMRTVIWXVIWWHYI
XS XLIVQEP JPYGXYEXMSRW QE] FI RIKPIGXIH MJ QEWSRV] MW
C-136 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

TVIWXVIWWIH [MXL LMKLWXVIRKXL TVIWXVIWWMRK WXIIPW 0SWW SJ

TVIWXVIWWMRK WLSYPH FI GEPGYPEXIH JSV IEGL HIWMKR XS
HIXIVQMRIIJJIGXMZITVIWXVIWW'EPGYPEXMSRWWLSYPHFIFEWIH
SRXLITEVXMGYPEVGSRWXVYGXMSRQEXIVMEPWERHQIXLSHWEW[IPP
EW XLI GPMQEXI ERH IRZMVSRQIRXEP GSRHMXMSRW 'SQQMXXII
I\TIVMIRGI VIWIEVGL ERH JMIPH I\TIVMIRGI [MXL TSWX
XIRWMSRIH [EPP HIWMKRW JVSQ 7[MX^IVPERH +VIEX &VMXEMR
%YWXVEPME ERH 2I[ >IEPERH LEW MRHMGEXIH XLEX TVIWXVIWW
PSWWIWEVII\TIGXIHXSFIMRXLIJSPPS[MRKVERKIW
E
-RMXMEPPSWWEJXIVNEGOMRKz XS 
F
8SXEP PSWWIW EJXIV PSRKXIVQ WIVZMGI JSV GSRGVIXI
QEWSRV]z XS 
G
8SXEP PSWWIW EJXIV PSRKXIVQ WIVZMGI JSV GPE]
QEWSRV]z XS 
8LI ZEPYIW MRF
ERH G
 MRGPYHIFSXL XLI WLSVXXIVQ
4.4 — Axial compression and flexure
4.4.1 General
4.4.1.1 ;EPPW WYFNIGXIH XS E\MEP GSQTVIWWMSR
JPI\YVI SV XS GSQFMRIH E\MEP GSQTVIWWMSR ERH JPI\YVI
WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH EGGSVHMRK XS XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ 7IGXMSR
 I\GITX EW RSXIH MR 7IGXMSR   
ERH
4.4.1.2 8LIEPPS[EFPIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWIWHYI
XSE\MEPPSEHWFa ERHJPI\YVIFb ERHXLIEPPS[EFPIE\MEP
JSVGIMR)UYEXMSR WLEPPFITIVQMXXIHXSFIMRGVIEWIH
F]  TIVGIRX JSV XLI WXVIWW GSRHMXMSR MQQIHMEXIP] EJXIV
XVERWJIVSJTVIWXVIWW
4.4.1.3 1EWSRV] WLEPP RSX FI WYFNIGXIH XS
JPI\YVEPXIRWMPIWXVIWWJVSQXLIGSQFMREXMSRSJTVIWXVIWWMRK
JSVGIERHHIEHPSEH
ERH PSRKXIVQ PSWWIW I\TIGXIH JSV TSWXXIRWMSRMRK 8LI
'SQQMXXII FIPMIZIW XLIWI VERKIW TVSZMHI VIEWSREFPI
IWXMQEXIWJSVX]TMGEP[EPPETTPMGEXMSRWYRPIWWGEPGYPEXMSRW
I\TIVMIRGI SV GSRWXVYGXMSR XIGLRMUYIW MRHMGEXI HMJJIVIRX
PSWWIWEVII\TIGXIH
4.4 — Axial compression and flexure
4.4.1 General
8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] [EPPW
WYFNIGXIH XS E\MEP GSQTVIWWMSR ERH JPI\YVI EVI WITEVEXIH
MRXS XLSWI [MXL PEXIVEPP] YRVIWXVEMRIH TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW
ERH XLSWI [MXL PEXIVEPP] VIWXVEMRIH TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW
8LMWWITEVEXMSR[EWRIGIWWEV]FIGEYWIXLIJPI\YVEPFILEZMSV
SJ E TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] [EPP WMKRMJMGERXP] HITIRHW YTSR
XLI PEXIVEP VIWXVEMRX SJ XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR 0EXIVEP
VIWXVEMRX SJ E TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR MW X]TMGEPP] TVSZMHIH F]
KVSYXMRK XLI GIPP SV ZSMH GSRXEMRMRK XLI XIRHSR FIJSVI SV
EJXIV XVERWJIV SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK JSVGI XS XLI QEWSRV]
%PXIVREXMZIP]PEXIVEPVIWXVEMRXQE]FITVSZMHIHF]FYMPHMRK
XLI QEWSRV]MRXSGSRXEGX[MXLXLI XIRHSRSVXLITVSXIGXMZI
WLIEXLMRK SJ XLI XIRHSR EX TIVMSHMG MRXIVZEPW EPSRK XLI
PIRKXLSJXLITVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSR
%PPS[EFPI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWWIW JSV TVIWXVIWWIH
QEWSRV] EHHVIWW X[S HMWXMRGX PSEHMRK WXEKIW WXVIWWIW
MQQIHMEXIP] EJXIV XVERWJIV SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK JSVGI XS XLI
QEWSRV] [EPP ERH WXVIWWIW EJXIV EPP TVIWXVIWW PSWWIW ERH
KEMRW LEZI XEOIR TPEGI 8LI QEKRMXYHI SJ EPPS[EFPI E\MEP
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWERHFIRHMRKGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWEJXIVEPP
TVIWXVIWW PSWWIW ERH KEMRW EVI GSRWMWXIRX [MXL XLSWI JSV
YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] MR 7IGXMSR  -QQIHMEXIP] EJXIV
XVERWJIVSJTVIWXVIWWMRKEPPS[EFPIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWIWERH
ETTPMIH E\MEP PSEH WLSYPH FI FEWIH YTSR f mi ERH QE] FI
MRGVIEWIH F]  TIVGIRX 8LMW QIERW XLEX XLI JEGXSVW SJ
WEJIX]EXXLIXMQISJXLIXVERWJIVSJTVIWXVIWWQE]FIPS[IV
XLER XLSWI EJXIV TVIWXVIWW PSWWIW ERH KEMRW SGGYV 8LI JMVWX
VIEWSRJSVXLMWMWXLEXXLIIJJIGXMZITVIGSQTVIWWMSRWXVIWWEX
XLI XMQI SJ XVERWJIV SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK EPQSWX GIVXEMRP]
HIGVIEWIW SZIV XMQI ERH QEWSRV] GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL
QSWXPMOIP]MRGVIEWIWSZIVXMQI7IGSRHPSEHWEXXLIXMQISJ
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY
CODE
4.4.2 Service load requirements
4.4.2.1 *SV [EPPW [MXL PEXIVEPP] YRVIWXVEMRIH
TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK JSVGI Pps  WLEPP FI
MRGPYHIH MR XLI GSQTYXEXMSR SJ XLI E\MEP PSEH P MR
)UYEXMSR  ERHMR XLI GSQTYXEXMSRSJXLIIGGIRXVMGMX]
SJXLIE\MEPPSEHeMR)UYEXMSR 
4.4.2.2 *SV [EPPW [MXL PEXIVEPP] VIWXVEMRIH
TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWXLITVIWXVIWWMRKJSVGIPps WLEPPRSX
FIGSRWMHIVIHJSVXLIGSQTYXEXMSRSJXLIE\MEPPSEHPMR
)UYEXMSR  8LI TVIWXVIWWMRK JSVGI Pps  WLEPP FI
GSRWMHIVIH JSV XLI GSQTYXEXMSR SJ XLI IGGIRXVMGMX] SJ XLI
E\MEPVIWYPXERXPSEHeMR)UYEXMSR 
C-137
COMMENTARY
XVERWJIV SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK REQIP] TVIWXVIWW JSVGI ERH HIEH
PSEHWEVIORS[RQSVITVIGMWIP]XLERPSEHWXLVSYKLSYXXLI
VIQEMRHIVSJWIVZMGIPMJI
'VEGOMRKSJTVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]YRHIVTIVQERIRXPSEHW
MWXSFIEZSMHIH8LITVIWXVIWWMRKJSVGIERHXLIHIEH[IMKLX
SJXLI [EPPEVITIVQERIRXPSEHW'VEGOMRKYRHIVTIVQERIRX
PSEHMRK GSRHMXMSRW MW RSX HIWMVEFPI HYI XS XLI TSXIRXMEP JSV
WMKRMJMGERX [EXIV TIRIXVEXMSR [LMGL QE] TVIGMTMXEXI
GSVVSWMSR SJ XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW ERH EGGIWWSVMIW ERH
HEQEKI XS MRXIVMSV JMRMWLIW 1EWSRV] TVSZMHIW E WMKRMJMGERX
JPI\YVEP XIRWMPI VIWMWXERGI XS GVEGOMRK EW VIJPIGXIH F] XLI
EPPS[EFPIJPI\YVEPXIRWMPIWXVIWWZEPYIWWXEXIHMR7IGXMSR
'SRWIUYIRXP]IPMQMREXMSRSJXIRWMPIWXVIWWYRHIVTVIWXVIWWMRK
JSVGIERHHIEHPSEHWEPSRIMWEGSRWIVZEXMZIQIEWYVIFYXSRI
XLI GSQQMXXII HIIQIH VIEWSREFPI ERH VIJPIGXMZI SJ GYVVIRX
TVEGXMGIJSVTVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]QIQFIVW
4.4.2 Service load requirements
7MRGI QEWSRV] [EPPW [MXL PEXIVEPP] YRVIWXVEMRIH
TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW EVI IUYMZEPIRX XS QEWSRV] [EPPW
WYFNIGXIH XS ETTPMIH E\MEP PSEHW XLI HIWMKR ETTVSEGL JSV
YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] MR 7IGXMSR  LEW FIIR EHSTXIH JSV
GSRZIRMIRGI ERH GSRWMWXIRG] &YGOPMRK SJ QEWSRV] [EPPW
YRHIV TVIWXVIWWMRK JSVGI QYWX FI EZSMHIH JSV [EPPW [MXL
PEXIVEPP]YRVIWXVEMRIHTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRW8LITVIWXVIWWMRK
JSVGI Pps  MW XS FI EHHIH XS XLI HIWMKR E\MEP PSEH P JSV
WXVIWWERHPSEHGSQTYXEXMSRWERHMRXLIGSQTYXEXMSRSJXLI
IGGIRXVMGMX]SJXLIE\MEPVIWYPXERXe
0EXIVEP VIWXVEMRX SJ E TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR MW X]TMGEPP]
TVSZMHIHF]KVSYXMRK XLIGIPPSVZSMHGSRXEMRMRK XLIXIRHSR
FIJSVISVEJXIVXVERWJIVSJTVIWXVIWWMRKJSVGIXSXLIQEWSRV]
%PXIVREXMZIP] PEXIVEP VIWXVEMRX QE] FI TVSZMHIH F] FYMPHMRK
XLI QEWSRV] MRXS GSRXEGX [MXL XLI XIRHSR SV XLI XIRHSRvW
TVSXIGXMZIWLIEXLEXTIVMSHMGMRXIVZEPWEPSRKXLIPIRKXLSJXLI
TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSR-RKIRIVEPXLVIIMRXIVQIHMEXIGSRXEGXW
[MXLMR E PEXIVEPP] YRWYTTSVXIH [EPP PIRKXL SV LIMKLX GER FI
GSRWMHIVIHXSTVSZMHIJYPPPEXIVEPWYTTSVXSJXLIXIRHSR
4VIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] [EPPW [MXL PEXIVEPP] VIWXVEMRIH
TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW VIUYMVI E QSHMJMIH HIWMKR ETTVSEGL
JVSQXLIGVMXIVMEMR7IGXMSR-JXLITVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRMW
PEXIVEPP] VIWXVEMRIH XLI [EPP GERRSX FYGOPI YRHIV MXW S[R
TVIWXVIWWMRK JSVGI %R] XIRHIRG] XS FYGOPI YRHIV
TVIWXVIWWMRK JSVGI MRHYGIW E PEXIVEP HIJSVQEXMSR XLEX MW
VIWMWXIHF]ERIUYEPERHSTTSWMXIVIWXVEMRMRKJSVGITVSZMHIH
F] XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR 7YGL [EPPW EVI WYWGITXMFPI XS
FYGOPMRKYRHIVE\MEPPSEHWSXLIVXLERTVIWXVIWWMRKLS[IZIV
ERH XLMW PSEHMRK GSRHMXMSR QYWX FI GLIGOIH *SV XLMW
GSRHMXMSR [MXL FSXL GSRGIRXVMGEPP] ERH IGGIRXVMGEPP]
TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] [EPPW XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK JSVGI QYWX FI
GSRWMHIVIH MR XLI GSQTYXEXMSR SJ XLI IGGIRXVMGMX] SJ XLMW
E\MEP VIWYPXERX e MR )UYEXMSR  SJ XLI 'SHI 8LI
JPI\YVEP WXVIWW MRHYGIH F] IGGIRXVMG TVIWXVIWWMRK GEYWIW ER
MRGVIEWI SV HIGVIEWI MRXLIE\MEP FYGOPMRKPSEH HITIRHMRK
YTSR XLIPSGEXMSRERH QEKRMXYHI SJ XLIETTPMIH E\MEP PSEH
VIPEXMZIXSXLITVIWXVIWWMRKJSVGI
C-138
CODE
4.4.3 Strength requirements
4.4.3.1 6IUYMVIH WXVIRKXL WLEPP FI HIXIVQMRIH MR
EGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIJEGXSVIHPSEHGSQFMREXMSRWSJXLIPIKEPP]
EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK GSHI ;LIR XLI PIKEPP] EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK
GSHIHSIWRSXTVSZMHIJEGXSVIHPSEHGSQFMREXMSRWWXVYGXYVIW
ERH QIQFIVWWLEPPFIHIWMKRIHXSVIWMWX XLIGSQFMREXMSRSJ
PSEHWWTIGMJMIHMR%7')JSVWXVIRKXLHIWMKR;EPPWWYFNIGX
XSGSQTVIWWMZI E\MEPPSEHWLEPP FIHIWMKRIHJSVXLIJEGXSVIH
HIWMKR QSQIRX ERH XLI EGGSQTER]MRK JEGXSVIH E\MEP PSEH
TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
COMMENTARY
4.4.3 Strength requirements
'SQTYXEXMSR SJ XLI QSQIRX WXVIRKXL SJ TVIWXVIWWIH
QEWSRV] [EPPW MW WMQMPEV XS XLI QIXLSH JSV TVIWXVIWWIH
GSRGVIXI *SV FSRHIH XIRHSRW XLI WMQTPMJMGEXMSR SJ
XEOMRKXLIXIRHSRWXVIWWEXRSQMREPQSQIRXWXVIRKXLIUYEP
XSXLI]MIPHWXVIWWGERFIQSVIGSRWIVZEXMZIJSVFEVWXLERJSV
WXVERHW FIGEYWI XLI ]MIPH WXVIWW SJ E TVIWXVIWWMRK FEV MW E
WQEPPIVTIVGIRXEKISJXLIYPXMQEXIWXVIRKXLSJXLIXIRHSR
8LI VIWTSRWI QSHMJMGEXMSR GSIJJMGMIRX R
 ERH
8LIJEGXSVIHQSQIRXMu WLEPPMRGPYHIXLIQSQIRXMRHYGIH
HIJPIGXMSREQTPMJMGEXMSR JEGXSVCd
YWIHJSVYRVIMRJSVGIH
F]VIPEXMZIPEXIVEPHMWTPEGIQIRX
QEWSRV] EVI EPWS YWIH MR XLI HIWMKR SJ TVIWXVIWWIH
4.4.3.2 :EPYIW SJ XLI VIWTSRWI QSHMJMGEXMSR QEWSRV] 8LMW VIUYMVIQIRX IRWYVIW XLEX XLI WXVYGXYVEP
GSIJJMGMIRX R
 ERH XLI HIJPIGXMSR EQTPMJMGEXMSR JEGXSV VIWTSRWI SJ TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] WXVYGXYVIW HIWMKRIH MR
Cd
MRHMGEXIHMR%7')8EFPIJSVSVHMREV]TPEMR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLIWI TVSZMWMSRW [MPP IWWIRXMEPP] VIQEMR
YRVIMRJSVGIH
 QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW WLEPP FI YWIH MR MR XLI IPEWXMG VERKI ;LIR QSVI I\TIVMQIRXEP ERH JMIPH
HIXIVQMRMRKFEWIWLIEVERHHIWMKRWXSV]HVMJX HEXE EVI EZEMPEFPI SR XLI HYGXMPMX] SJ FSXL YRFSRHIH ERH
FSRHIHW]WXIQWR ERHCd JEGXSVWGERFIVIZMI[IH
4.4.3.3 8LI HIWMKR QSQIRX WXVIRKXL WLEPP FI
XEOIREWXLIRSQMREPQSQIRXWXVIRKXLMn QYPXMTPMIHF] 8LI IUYEXMSR JSV XLI YRFSRHIH TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR
EWXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSV
SJ WXVIWW fps  EXXLIQSQIRXWXVIRKXLGSRHMXMSR)UYEXMSR

 MW FEWIH SR XIWXW SJ TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] [EPPW [LMGL
4.4.3.4 *SV GVSWW WIGXMSRW [MXL YRMJSVQ [MHXL [IVI PSEHIH SYXSJTPERI )UYEXMSR  MW YWIH JSV
bSZIVXLIHITXLSJXLIGSQTVIWWMSR^SRIXLIHITXLSJXLI GEPGYPEXMRK YRFSRHIH XIRHSR WXVIWW EX RSQMREP QSQIRX
IUYMZEPIRX GSQTVIWWMSR WXVIWW FPSGO a WLEPP FI GETEGMX] JSV QIQFIVW PSEHIH SYXSJTPERI GSRXEMRMRK
HIXIVQMRIHF]XLIJSPPS[MRKIUYEXMSR IMXLIVPEXIVEPP]VIWXVEMRIHSVPEXIVEPP]YRVIWXVEMRIHXIRHSRW
f ps A ps + f y A s + Pu 8LMWIUYEXMSR TVSZMHIW MQTVSZIHIWXMQEXIW SJ XLIXIRHSR
a=  )UYEXMSR 
 WXVIWWIWEXYPXMQEXIGETEGMX]SZIVTVIZMSYWIUYEXMSRWMRXLI
 f m b
'SHI )UYEXMSRGERFIWSPZIHMXIVEXMZIP]JSVfps
*SVSXLIVGVSWWWIGXMSRW)UYEXMSR
WLEPPFIQSHMJMIH *SV XLI JMVWXMXIVEXMSR fps MR XLI TEVIRXLIXMGEP XIVQ GER FI
XSGSRWMHIVXLIZEVMEFPI[MHXLSJGSQTVIWWMSR^SRI XEOIRIUYEPXSfse
4.4.3.5 *SV[EPPW[MXLE
YRMJSVQ[MHXL bF
 8LIIUYEXMSRJSVXLIRSQMREPQSQIRXWXVIRKXLMn MW
GSRGIRXVMGVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWERHG
 JSVXLIKIRIVEPGEWISJEQEWSRV][EPP[MXLGSRGIRXVMGEPP]
GSRGIRXVMG E\MEP PSEH XLI RSQMREP QSQIRX WXVIRKXL Mn  ETTPMIH E\MEP PSEH ERH GSRGIRXVMG XIRHSRW ERH
WLEPPFIGSQTYXIHF]XLIJSPPS[MRKIUYEXMSR VIMRJSVGIQIRX 8LMW MW VITVIWIRXEXMZI SJ QSWX TVIWXVIWWIH
QEWSRV] ETTPMGEXMSRW XS HEXI *SV SXLIV GSRHMXMSRW XLI
a HIWMKRIV WLSYPH VIJIV XS JMVWX TVMRGMTPIW SJ WXVYGXYVEP
M n = f ps Aps + f y As + Pu d  )UYEXMSR 
 QIGLERMGW XS HIXIVQMRI XLI RSQMREP QSQIRX WXVIRKXL SJ

4.4.3.5.1 8LI UYERXMX] a WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH
EGGSVHMRK XS 7IGXMSR  ERH fps WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH
EGGSVHMRKXS7IGXMSR
4.4.3.5.2 8LI RSQMREP QSQIRX WXVIRKXL JSV
SXLIV GSRHMXMSRW WLEPP FI FEWIH SR WXEXMG QSQIRX
IUYMPMFVMYQTVMRGMTPIW
4.4.3.5.3 8LI HMWXERGI d WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH
EWXLIEGXYEPHMWXERGIJVSQXLIGIRXIVPMRISJXLIXIRHSRXS
XLI GSQTVIWWMSR JEGI SJ XLI QIQFIV *SV [EPPW [MXL
XLI[EPP
8LIHITXLSJXLIIUYMZEPIRXGSQTVIWWMSRWXVIWWFPSGO
QYWXFIHIXIVQMRIH[MXLGSRWMHIVEXMSRSJXLIGVSWWWIGXMSR
SJ XLI [EPP XLI XIRWMPI VIWMWXERGI SJ XIRHSRW ERH
VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH XLI JEGXSVIHHIWMKR E\MEP PSEH Pu  Pu
MW ER EHHMXMZI UYERXMX] MR 'SHI )UYEXMSRW  ERH 
4VIWXVIWWMRK EHHW XS XLI VIWMWXERGI JSV YPXMQEXI WXVIRKXL
IZEPYEXMSRWERHMWYWIH[MXLEPSEHJEGXSVSJ)UYEXMSR
 HIJMRMRK XLI HITXL SJ XLI IUYMZEPIRX GSQTVIWWMSR
WXVIWW FPSGO a MW QSHMJMIH XS QEXGL XLI ZEPYI JSV XLI
IUYMZEPIRXYRMJSVQWXVIWWTEVEQIXIVWTIGMJMIHMR'LETXIV
PEXIVEPP]YRVIWXVEMRIHTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWERHPSEHIHSYX 7XVIRKXL (IWMKR SJ 1EWSRV]
 SJ XLI 'SHI  f m
 %
SJ TPERI d WLEPP RSX I\GIIH XLI JEGIWLIPP XLMGORIWW TPYW VIZMI[ SJ I\MWXMRK XIWXW SJ TSWXXIRWMSRIH QEWSRV] [EPPW
SRILEPJXLIXIRHSRHMEQIXIVTPYWMRQQ
 MRHMGEXIW XLEX XLI JPI\YVEP WXVIRKXL SJ XLI [EPPW MW QSVI
EGGYVEXIP] GEPGYPEXIH YWMRK YRMJSVQ WXVIWWIW WQEPPIV XLER
4.4.3.5.4 ;LIR XIRHSRW EVI RSX TPEGIH MR XLIZEPYIWTIGMJMIHMR'LETXIVMRTVIZMSYWIHMXMSRWSJXLI
XLI GIRXIV SJ XLI [EPP d WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH MR IEGL
'SHI f m

HMVIGXMSRJSVSYXSJTPERIFIRHMRK
8LIVEXMSa/dMWPMQMXIHXSEWWYVIHYGXMPITIVJSVQERGI
4.4.3.6 8LIVEXMSa/dWLEPPRSXI\GIIH
MRJPI\YVI[LIR YWMRK XIRHSRW JEFVMGEXIH JVSQ WXIIP [MXL
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-139

CODE COMMENTARY

4.4.3.7 Computation of fps for out-of-plane ]MIPH WXVIRKXLW FIX[IIR  OWM  14E
 ERH  OWM
bending  14E
 %W [MXL VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] HIWMKRIH MR
4.4.3.7.1 *SV[EPPW[MXLFSRHIHTVIWXVIWWMRK EGGSVHERGI[MXL'LETXIVWERHXLIGEPGYPEXIHHITXLMR
XIRHSRW fps WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH FEWIH SR WXVEMR GSQTVIWWMSRWLSYPHFIGSQTEVIHXSXLIHITXLEZEMPEFPIXS
GSQTEXMFMPMX]SVWLEPPFIXEOIRIUYEPXSfpy  VIWMWX GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWWIW *SV WIGXMSRW [MXL YRMJSVQ
[MHXLXLIZEPYISJXLIGSQTVIWWMSRFPSGOHITXLaWLSYPH
4.4.3.7.2 *SV [EPPW [MXL PEXIVEPP] VIWXVEMRIH
FIGSQTEVIHXSXLIWSPMHFIEVMRKHITXLEZEMPEFPIXSVIWMWX
SV PEXIVEPP] YRVIWXVEMRIH YRFSRHIH TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWWIW *SV LSPPS[ WIGXMSRW XLEX EVI
XLI JSPPS[MRK IUYEXMSR WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH XS FI YWIH
YRKVSYXIHSVTEVXMEPP]KVSYXIHXLIEZEMPEFPIHITXLQE]FI
MRWXIEHSJEQSVIEGGYVEXIHIXIVQMREXMSRSJfps
PMQMXIH XS XLI JEGI WLIPP XLMGORIWW SJ XLI QEWSRV] YRMXW
TEVXMGYPEVP] MJ XLI [IFW EVI RSX QSVXEVIH 8LI a/d
E ps d A ps f ps P PMQMXEXMSRMWMRXIRHIHXSIRWYVIWMKRMJMGERX]MIPHMRKSJXLI
f ps f se   
lp f m bd TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWTVMSVXSQEWSRV]GSQTVIWWMSRJEMPYVI
-R WYGL E WMXYEXMSR XLI RSQMREP QSQIRX WXVIRKXL MW
 )UYEXMSR 
HIXIVQMRIH F] XLI WXVIRKXL SJ XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR
4.4.3.7.3 -R )UYEXMSR  XLI ZEPYI SJ fps
WLEPPFIRSXPIWWXLERfse  ERHRSXPEVKIVXLERfpy 
4.4.3.8 Computation of fps for shear walls{*SV
[EPPW[MXLFSRHIHTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWfps WLEPPFIGSQTYXIH
FEWIHSRWXVEMR GSQTEXMFMPMX]SVWLEPPFI XEOIRIUYEPXSfpy 
-RWXIEH SJ E QSVI EGGYVEXI HIXIVQMREXMSR fps JSV QIQFIVW
[LMGLMWXLIFEWMWJSVEWXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSVIUYEPXS
8LMWHYGXMPMX]PMQMX[EW HIXIVQMRIHJSVWIGXMSRW[MXL
FSRHIH XIRHSRW ERH [LIR QSVI I\TIVMQIRXEP ERH JMIPH
HEXE EVI EZEMPEFPI SR XLI HYGXMPMX] SJ FSXL YRFSRHIH ERH
FSRHIHW]WXIQWXLMWPMQMX[MPPEKEMRFIVIZMI[IH
8LIGEPGYPEXMSRSJXLMWPMQMXEWWYQIWXLEXXLIIJJIGXMZI
TVIWXVIWWMRK WXVIWW MW IUYMZEPIRX XS  fy -J XLI
[MXLYRFSRHIHTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWWLEPPFIfse  QEKRMXYHISJXLIMRMXMEPIJJIGXMZITVIWXVIWWMIfse
MWPIWW
XLER fyXLIRXLIWXVEMRMRXLIWXIIPEXYPXMQEXIWXVIRKXL
sWLSYPHFIGSQTEVIHXSXLI]MIPHWXVEMRMI y!fy Es

8LI WXIIP WXVEMR EX YPXMQEXI WXVIRKXL s GER FI
ETTVS\MQEXIHF]EWWYQMRKXLIWXVEMRMRXLIWXIIP MWIUYEP
XSERMRMXMEPWXVEMRHYIXSXLIIJJIGXMZITVIWXVIWWMRK s,i!fse
/Es
 TPYW EHHMXMSREP WXVEMR HYI XS JPI\YVI  s,flex !
»dza
a


4.5 — Axial tension 4.5 — Axial tension

%\MEP XIRWMSR WLEPP FI VIWMWXIH F] VIMRJSVGIQIRX
TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWSVFSXL
8LIE\MEPXIRWMPIWXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]MRETVIWXVIWWIH
QEWSRV] [EPP MW XS FI RIKPIGXIH [LMGL MW E GSRWIVZEXMZI
QIEWYVI 8LMW VIUYMVIQIRX MW GSRWMWXIRX [MXL XLEX SJ
7IGXMSR-JE\MEPXIRWMSRHIZIPSTWJSVI\EQTPIHYIXS
[MRHYTPMJXSRXLIVSSJWXVYGXYVIXLIE\MEPXIRWMSRQYWXFI
VIWMWXIHF]VIMRJSVGIQIRXXIRHSRWSVFSXL

4.6 — Shear 4.6 — Shear

4.6.1 *SV [EPPW [MXLSYX FSRHIH QMPH
VIMRJSVGIQIRX RSQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL Vn  WLEPP FI
GSQTYXIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL 7IGXMSRW E F
GERHI NuWLEPPMRGPYHIXLIIJJIGXMZITVIWXVIWW
JSVGIAps fse 
4.6.2 *SV [EPPW [MXL FSRHIH QMPH VIMRJSVGIQIRX
RSQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL Vn  WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH MR
EGGSVHERGI[MXL7IGXMSR
8LMWWIGXMSRETTPMIWXSFSXLMRTPERIERHSYXSJTPERI
WLIEV
8LI WLIEV GETEGMX] SJ TVIWXVIWWIH [EPPW MW GEPGYPEXIH
YWMRKXLITVSZMWMSRWSJXLI'LETXIV'EPGYPEXMSRSJWLIEV
GETEGMX]MWHMGXEXIHF]XLITVIWIRGISVEFWIRGISJFSRHIH
QMPH VIMRJSVGIQIRX ;LMPI XLI 17.' EGORS[PIHKIW XLEX
TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] [EPPW EVI VIMRJSVGIH JSV [EPPW
[MXLSYX FSRHIH QMPH VIMRJSVGIQIRX XLI YRVIMRJSVGIH
TPEMR
QEWSRV]WLIEVTVSZMWMSRWSJ'LETXIVEVIYWIHXS
4.6.2.1 2SQMREP QEWSRV] WLIEV WXVIRKXL Vnm 
GEPGYPEXIWLIEVGETEGMX];LIRFSRHIHQMPHVIMRJSVGIQIRX
WLEPPFIGSQTYXIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL7IGXMSR
MWTVSZMHIHXLIRXLIVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]WLIEVTVSZMWMSRW
PuWLEPPMRGPYHIXLIIJJIGXMZITVIWXVIWWJSVGIAps fse 
SJ 'LETXIVEVIYWIHXSGEPGYPEXIWLIEVGETEGMX]
C-140 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

4.6.2.2 2SQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL TVSZMHIH F] 2SWLIEVWXVIRKXLIRLERGIQIRXHYIXSEVGLMRKEGXMSR

VIMRJSVGIQIRXVns WLEPPFIGSQTYXIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL SJXLIQEWSRV]MWVIGSKRM^IHMRXLMW'SHIJSVTVIWXVIWWIH
7IGXMSR QEWSRV] [EPPW 8LI JSVQEXMSR SJ GSQTVIWWMSR WXVYXW ERH
XIRWMSR XMIW MR TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] MW TSWWMFPI FYX XLMW
TLIRSQIRSRLEWRSXFIIRGSRWMHIVIH

4.7 — Deflection 4.7 — Deflection

'SQTYXEXMSR SJ QIQFIV HIJPIGXMSR WLEPP MRGPYHI
GEQFIV XLI IJJIGXW SJ XMQIHITIRHIRX TLIRSQIRE ERH
4HIPXEIJJIGXW
-R EGGSVHERGI [MXL 'LETXIV  TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV]
[EPP HIJPIGXMSR WLSYPH FI GSQTYXIH FEWIH SR YRGVEGOIH
WIGXMSR TVSTIVXMIW 'SQTYXEXMSR SJ [EPP HIJPIGXMSR QYWX
MRGPYHIXLIIJJIGXSJXMQIHITIRHIRXTLIRSQIRSRWYGLEW
GVIIT ERH WLVMROEKI SJ QEWSRV] ERH VIPE\EXMSR SJ
TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW 8LIVI EVI RS PMQMXW JSV XLI SYXSJ
TPERI HIJPIGXMSR SJ TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] [EPPW 8LMW MW
FIGEYWI ETTVSTVMEXI SYXSJTPERI HIJPIGXMSR PMQMXW EVI
TVSNIGXWTIGMJMG 8LI HIWMKRIV WLSYPH GSRWMHIV XLI
TSXIRXMEPJSVHEQEKIXSMRXIVMSVJMRMWLIWERHWLSYPHPMQMX
HIJPIGXMSRWEGGSVHMRKP]

4.8 — Prestressing tendon anchorages, 4.8 — Prestressing tendon anchorages, couplers,

couplers, and end blocks and end blocks
4.8.1 4VIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW MR QEWSRV] GSRWXVYGXMSR 8LITVSZMWMSRWSJXLMWWIGXMSRSJXLI'SHIEVIYWIHXS
WLEPPFIERGLSVIHF]IMXLIV HIWMKRXLIXIRHSRERGLSVEKIWGSYTPIVWERHIRHFPSGOWXS
[MXLWXERH XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK STIVEXMSR ERH IJJIGXMZIP]
E
 QIGLERMGEP ERGLSVEKI HIZMGIW FIEVMRK HMVIGXP] SR
XVERWJIV TVIWXVIWW JSVGI XS XLI QEWSRV] [EPP [MXLSYX
QEWSRV]SVTPEGIHMRWMHIERIRHFPSGOSJGSRGVIXISV
HMWXVIWW XS XLI QEWSRV] SV XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK EGGIWWSVMIW
JYPP]KVSYXIHQEWSRV]SV
%RGLSVEKIW EVI HIWMKRIH JSV EHIUYEXI TYPPSYX WXVIRKXL
F
 FSRHMRVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXIIRHFPSGOWSVQIQFIVW
4.8.2 %RGLSVEKIW ERH GSYTPIVW JSV TVIWXVIWWMRK
XIRHSRW WLEPPHIZIPST EX PIEWX  TIVGIRX SJ XLI WTIGMJMIH
XIRWMPIWXVIRKXLSJXLITVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRW[LIRXIWXIHMR
ERYRFSRHIHGSRHMXMSR[MXLSYXI\GIIHMRKERXMGMTEXIHWIX
4.8.3 6IMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH MR QEWSRV]
QIQFIVW RIEV ERGLSVEKIW MJ XIRWMPI WXVIWWIW GVIEXIH F]
FYVWXMRK WTPMXXMRK ERH WTEPPMRK JSVGIW MRHYGIH F] XLI
TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRI\GIIHXLIGETEGMX]SJXLIQEWSRV]
4.8.4 Bearing stresses
4.8.4.1 -R TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR ERGLSVEKI
^SRIW PSGEP FIEVMRK WXVIWW SR XLI QEWSRV] WLEPP FI
GSQTYXIH FEWIH SR XLIGSRXEGX WYVJEGIFIX[IIR QEWSRV]
ERHXLIQIGLERMGEPERGLSVEKIHIZMGISVFIX[IIRQEWSRV]
ERHXLIIRHFPSGO
4.8.4.2 &IEVMRK WXVIWWIW HYI XS QE\MQYQ
NEGOMRK JSVGI SJ XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR WLEPP RSX I\GIIH
f mi
4.9 — Protection of prestressing tendons and
accessories
4.9.1 4VIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW ERGLSVEKIW GSYTPIVW
ERH IRH JMXXMRKW MR I\XIVMSV [EPPW I\TSWIH XS IEVXL SV
[IEXLIV SV [EPPW I\TSWIH XS E QIER VIPEXMZI LYQMHMX]
I\GIIHMRKTIVGIRXWLEPPFIGSVVSWMSRTVSXIGXIH
4.9.2 'SVVSWMSR TVSXIGXMSR SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW
JVSQXLIMVJSYRHEXMSRW
&IGEYWI XLI EGXYEP WXVIWWIW EVI UYMXI GSQTPMGEXIH
EVSYRH TSWXXIRWMSRMRK ERGLSVEKIW I\TIVMQIRXEP HEXE SV
E VIJMRIH EREP]WMW WLSYPH FI YWIH [LIRIZIV TSWWMFPI
%TTVSTVMEXI JSVQYPEW JVSQ XLI VIJIVIRGIW WLSYPH FI
YWIH EW E KYMHI XS WM^I TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR ERGLSVEKIW
[LIR I\TIVMQIRXEP HEXE SV QSVI VIJMRIH EREP]WMW EVI RSX
EZEMPEFPI %HHMXMSREP KYMHERGI SR HIWMKR ERH HIXEMPW JSV
TSWXXIRWMSRMRK ERGLSVEKI ^SRIW MW KMZIR MR XLI
VIJIVIRGIW
4.9 — Protection of prestressing tendons and
accessories
'SVVSWMSR TVSXIGXMSR SJ XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR ERH
EGGIWWSVMIWMWVIUYMVIHMRQEWSRV][EPPWWYFNIGXXSEQSMWX
ERH GSVVSWMZI IRZMVSRQIRX 1IXLSHW SJ GSVVSWMSR
TVSXIGXMSREVIEHHVIWWIHMRXLI7TIGMJMGEXMSR1EWSRV]ERH
KVSYX GSZIV MW RSX GSRWMHIVIH EHIUYEXI TVSXIGXMSR HYI XS
ZEVMEFPI TIVQIEFMPMX] ERH XLI WIRWMXMZMX] SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY
CODE
WLEPPRSXVIP]WSPIP]SRQEWSRV]GSZIV
4.9.3 4EVXW SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW RSX IQFIHHIH MR
QEWSRV]WLEPPFITVSZMHIH[MXLQIGLERMGEPERHJMVITVSXIGXMSR
IUYMZEPIRXXSXLEXSJXLIIQFIHHIHTEVXWSJXLIXIRHSR
4.10 — Development of bonded tendons
(IZIPSTQIRX SJ FSRHIH TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW MR
KVSYXIH GSVVYKEXIH HYGXW ERGLSVIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL
7IGXMSRHSIWRSXRIIHXSFIGEPGYPEXIH
C-141
COMMENTARY
XIRHSRWXSGSVVSWMSR8LIQIXLSHWSJGSVVSWMSRTVSXIGXMSR
KMZIR MR XLI 7TIGMJMGEXMSR TVSZMHI E QMRMQYQ PIZIP SJ
GSVVSWMSR TVSXIGXMSR 8LI HIWMKRIV QE] [MWL XS MQTSWI
QSVI WYFWXERXMEP GSVVSWMSR TVSXIGXMSR VIUYMVIQIRXW
IWTIGMEPP]MRLMKLP]GSVVSWMZIIRZMVSRQIRXW
4.10 — Development of bonded tendons
'SRWMWXIRX [MXL HIWMKR TVEGXMGI MR TVIWXVIWWIH
GSRGVIXI HIZIPSTQIRX SJ TSWXXIRWMSRIH XIRHSRW E[E]
JVSQXLIERGLSVEKIHSIWRSXRIIHXSFIGEPGYPEXIH
C-142 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

8LMWTEKIMWMRXIRXMSREPP]PIJXFPERO
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-143

CHAPTER 5
EMPIRICAL DESIGN OF MASONRY

CODE COMMENTARY

5.1 — General 5.1 — General

5.1.1 Scope
8LMW GLETXIV TVSZMHIW VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV IQTMVMGEP
HIWMKRSJQEWSRV]
5.1.1.1 8LI TVSZMWMSRW SJ 'LETXIV  I\GPYHMRK
)QTMVMGEPVYPIWERHJSVQYPEWJSVXLIHIWMKRSJQEWSRV]
WXVYGXYVIW[IVIHIZIPSTIHF]I\TIVMIRGI8LIWIEVITEVXSJ
XLI PIKEG] SJ QEWSRV]W PSRK YWI TVIHEXMRK IRKMRIIVMRK
EREP]WMW(IWMKRMWFEWIHSRXLIGSRHMXMSRXLEXKVEZMX]PSEHW
EVIVIEWSREFP]GIRXIVIHSRXLIFIEVMRK[EPPWERHJSYRHEXMSR
7IGXMSRW G
   ERH  WLEPP ETTP] XS
IQTMVMGEPHIWMKRI\GITXEWWTIGMJMGEPP]WXEXIHLIVI
5.1.1.2 %VXMGPI SJ 817%'- %7')
WLEPPRSXETTP]XSIQTMVMGEPP]HIWMKRIHQEWSRV]
5.1.2 Limitations
5.1.2.1 Gravity Loads { 8LI VIWYPXERX SJ
KVEZMX]PSEHWWLEPPFITPEGIH[MXLMRXLIGIRXIVXLMVHSJXLI
[EPP XLMGORIWW ERH [MXLMR XLI GIRXVEP EVIE FSYRHIH F]
PMRIW EX SRIXLMVH SJ IEGL GVSWWWIGXMSREP HMQIRWMSR SJ
JSYRHEXMSRTMIVW
5.1.2.2 Seismic { )QTMVMGEP VIUYMVIQIRXW WLEPP
RSX ETTP] XS XLI HIWMKR SV GSRWXVYGXMSR SJ QEWSRV] JSV
FYMPHMRKWTEVXW SJFYMPHMRKW SVSXLIVWXVYGXYVIWMR 7IMWQMG
(IWMKR 'EXIKSVMIW ( ) SV * EW HIJMRIH MR %7')  ERH
WLEPP RSX ETTP] XS XLI HIWMKRSJXLI WIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRK
W]WXIQJSVWXVYGXYVIWMR7IMWQMG(IWMKR'EXIKSVMIW&SV'
5.1.2.3 Wind { )QTMVMGEP VIUYMVIQIRXW WLEPP
FITIVQMXXIHXSFIETTPMIHXSXLIHIWMKRERH GSRWXVYGXMSR
SJ QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW HIJMRIH F] 8EFPI  FEWIH SR
FYMPHMRKLIMKLXERHFEWMG[MRHWTIIHXLEXEVIETTPMGEFPIXS
XLIFYMPHMRK
TMIVW *MKYVI '' MPPYWXVEXIW XLI PSGEXMSR SJ XLI
VIWYPXERXSJKVEZMX]PSEHWSRJSYRHEXMSRTMIVW8LIIJJIGXSJ
ER]WXIIPVIMRJSVGIQIRXMJYWIHMWRIKPIGXIH8LIQEWSRV]
WLSYPH FI PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH 7TIGMJMG PMQMXEXMSRW SR
FYMPHMRK LIMKLX WIMWQMG [MRH ERH LSVM^SRXEP PSEHW I\MWX
&YMPHMRKWEVI SJPMQMXIH LIMKLX 1IQFIVWRSXTEVXMGMTEXMRK
MR XLI PEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ SJ E FYMPHMRK QE] FI
IQTMVMGEPP]HIWMKRIHIZIRXLSYKLXLIPEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK
W]WXIQMWHIWMKRIHYRHIV'LETXIV
8LIWI TVSGIHYVIW LEZI FIIR GSQTMPIH XLVSYKL XLI
]IEVW 8LI QSWX VIGIRX SJ XLIWI HSGYQIRXW MW XLI
FEWMWJSVXLMWGLETXIV
)QTMVMGEP HIWMKR MW E TVSGIHYVI SJ WM^MRK ERH
TVSTSVXMSRMRKQEWSRV]IPIQIRXW-XMWRSXHIWMKREREP]WMW
8LMW TVSGIHYVI MW GSRWIVZEXMZI JSV QSWX QEWSRV]
GSRWXVYGXMSR)QTMVMGEPHIWMKRSJQEWSRV][EWHIZIPSTIH
JSVFYMPHMRKWSJWQEPPIVWGEPI[MXLQSVIQEWSRV]MRXIVMSV
[EPPWERHWXMJJIVJPSSVW]WXIQWXLERFYMPXXSHE]8LYWXLI
PMQMXWMQTSWIHEVIZEPMH
7MRGI IQTMVMGEPP] HIWMKRIH QEWSRV] MW FEWIH SR XLI
KVSWWGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJXLIYRMXWXLIVIMWRSRIIHXS
WTIGMJ]XLIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]
5.1.2.3 Wind { 8LIVI MW E GLERKI MR XLI [MRH
WTIIHZEPYIWPMWXIHMRXLIXEFPIJVSQTVIZMSYWZIVWMSRWSJ
XLI 'SHI 8LI ZEPYIW PMWXIH [IVI EHNYWXIH XS WXVIRKXL
PIZIPWJSVYWI[MXL%7')[MRHWTIIHQETWERHEVI
HIWMKRIHXSQEMRXEMRXLIWXVIRKXLPIZIPZIPSGMX]TVIWWYVIW
FIPS[ETTVS\MQEXIP]TWJO4E
JSVE[MHIVERKISJ
5.1.2.4 Buildings and other structures in Risk
FYMPHMRKGSRJMKYVEXMSRW
Category IV{)QTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXWWLEPPRSXETTP]XS
XLIHIWMKRSVGSRWXVYGXMSRSJQEWSRV]JSVFYMPHMRKWTEVXW
SJ FYMPHMRKW SV SXLIV WXVYGXYVIW MR 6MWO 'EXIKSV] -: EW
HIJMRIHMR%7')
5.1.2.5 Other horizontal loads { )QTMVMGEP
VIUYMVIQIRXW WLEPP RSX ETTP] XS WXVYGXYVIW VIWMWXMRK
LSVM^SRXEP PSEHW SXLIV XLER TIVQMXXIH [MRH SV WIMWQMG
PSEHWSVJSYRHEXMSR[EPPWEWTVSZMHIHMR7IGXMSR
5.1.2.6 Glass unit masonry — 8LITVSZMWMSRWSJ
'LETXIVWLEPPRSXETTP]XSKPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]
5.1.2.7 AAC masonry — 8LI TVSZMWMSRW SJ
'LETXIVWLEPPRSXETTP]XS%%'QEWSRV]
C-144 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

Table 5.1.1 Limitations based on building height and basic wind speed
Basic Wind Speed, mph (mps)1
Building 3ZIV 3ZIV
Element Description 0IWWXLERSV
Height, ft (m)  ERHPIWW  ERHPIWW 3ZIV
IUYEPXS
XLERSVIUYEP XLERSVIUYEP  
 
XS  XS 
1EWSRV]IPIQIRXWXLEXEVITEVXSJ 2SX
 ERHPIWW 4IVQMXXIH
XLIPEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRKW]WXIQ 4IVQMXXIH
3ZIV  2SX4IVQMXXIH
3ZIV ERH
-RXIVMSVQEWSRV]IPIQIRXWXLEXEVI PIWWXLERSVIUYEP 4IVQMXXIH 2SX4IVQMXXIH
RSXTEVXSJXLIPEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK XS 
W]WXIQMRFYMPHMRKWSXLIVXLER 3ZIV ERH
IRGPSWIHEWHIJMRIHF]%7') PIWWXLERSVIUYEP 4IVQMXXIH 2SX4IVQMXXIH
XS 
 ERHPIWW 4IVQMXXIH 2SX4IVQMXXIH
3ZIV  2SX4IVQMXXIH
3ZIV ERH
)\XIVMSVQEWSRV]IPIQIRXWXLEXEVI PIWWXLERSVIUYEP 4IVQMXXIH 2SX4IVQMXXIH
RSXTEVXSJXLIPEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK XS 
W]WXIQ 3ZIV ERH
PIWWXLERSVIUYEP 4IVQMXXIH 2SX4IVQMXXIH
XS 
)\XIVMSVQEWSRV]IPIQIRXW  ERHPIWW 4IVQMXXIH 2SX4IVQMXXIH

&EWMG[MRHWTIIHEWKMZIRMR%7')

COMMENTARY

T/3

T/3 Thickness, T

T/3

W/3 W/3 W/3

Permitted area for
Width, W axial load resultant

Figure CC-5.1-1 - Area for gravity loads applied to foundation piers

BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-145

CODE COMMENTARY

5.2 — Height 5.2 — Height

&YMPHMRKW VIP]MRK SR QEWSRV] [EPPW EW TEVX SJ XLIMV
PEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ WLEPP RSX I\GIIH  JX
Q MRLIMKLX
5.3 — Lateral stability 5.3 — Lateral stability
5.3.1 Shear walls 0EXIVEP WXEFMPMX] VIUYMVIQIRXW EVI E OI] TVSZMWMSR SJ
;LIVI XLI WXVYGXYVI HITIRHW YTSR QEWSRV] [EPPW JSV IQTMVMGEP HIWMKR 3FZMSYWP] WLIEV [EPPW QYWX FI MR X[S
PEXIVEPWXEFMPMX]WLIEV[EPPWWLEPPFITVSZMHIHTEVEPPIPXSXLI HMVIGXMSRWXSTVSZMHIWXEFMPMX]&IEVMRK[EPPWGERWIVZIEW
HMVIGXMSRSJXLIPEXIVEPJSVGIWVIWMWXIH WLIEV [EPPW 8LI LIMKLX SJ E [EPP VIJIVW XS XLI WLSVXIWX
YRWYTTSVXIH LIMKLX MR XLI TPERI SJ XLI [EPP WYGL EW XLI
5.3.1.1 -R IEGL HMVIGXMSR MR [LMGL WLIEV [EPPW
WLSVXIVSJE[MRHS[NEQFSRSRIWMHIERHEHSSVNEQFSR
EVI VIUYMVIH JSV PEXIVEP WXEFMPMX] WLIEV [EPPW WLEPP FI
XLI SXLIV 7II *MKYVI '' JSV GYQYPEXMZI PIRKXL SJ
TSWMXMSRIHMREXPIEWXX[SWITEVEXITPERIWTEVEPPIP[MXLXLI
WLIEV [EPPW 7II *MKYVI '' JSV HMETLVEKQ TERIP
HMVIGXMSR SJ XLI PEXIVEP JSVGI 8LI QMRMQYQ GYQYPEXMZI
PIRKXLXS[MHXLVEXMSHIXIVQMREXMSR
PIRKXL SJ WLIEV [EPPW TVSZMHIH EPSRK IEGL TPERI WLEPP FI
 QYPXMTPMIH F] XLI PSRK HMQIRWMSR SJ XLI FYMPHMRK
'YQYPEXMZI PIRKXL SJ WLIEV [EPPW WLEPP RSX MRGPYHI
STIRMRKW SV ER] IPIQIRX [LSWI PIRKXL MW PIWW XLER SRI
LEPJMXWLIMKLX
5.3.1.2 7LIEV [EPPW WLEPP FI WTEGIH WS XLEX XLI
PIRKXLXS[MHXL VEXMS SJ IEGL HMETLVEKQ XVERWJIVVMRK
PEXIVEP JSVGIW XS XLI WLIEV [EPPW HSIW RSX I\GIIH ZEPYIW
KMZIRMR8EFPI
5.3.2 Roofs
8LI VSSJ GSRWXVYGXMSR WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH WS EW RSX XS
MQTEVX SYXSJTPERI PEXIVEP XLVYWX XS XLI [EPPW YRHIV VSSJ
KVEZMX]PSEH

Table 5.3.1 — Diaphragm length-to-width ratios

Maximum length-to-width ratio of
Floor or roof diaphragm construction
diaphragm panel
'EWXMRTPEGIGSRGVIXI 
4VIGEWXGSRGVIXI 
1IXEPHIGO[MXLGSRGVIXIJMPP 
1IXEPHIGO[MXLRSJMPP 
;SSH 
C-146 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

COMMENTARY
6’ – 8” 8’ – 0” 6’ – 8” 8’ – 0” 6’ – 8” 8’ – 0” 6’ – 8”

Three Bay Automotive Garage Plan

12 “ (205 mm) Composite Masonry Walls
Wall Height = 12’ (3.7 m)

6’ – 8” 8’ – 0” 6’ – 8” 8’ – 0” 5’ – 4” 10’ – 8” 5’ – 4”

50’ – 8”

1 2

Minimum Cumulative Shear Wall Length Along Each Plane = 0.2 x Long Dimension

Min. l = 0.2(50.67') = 10.13' (3.09 m)

Wall line 1: l = (24.67 + 7.33) = 32.0´ > 10.13´ OK

l = (7.52 m + 2.23 m) = 9.75 m > 3.09 m OK

Wall line 2: l = (6.0´ + 6.0´ + 6.0´ + 6.0') = 24.0´ > 10.13´ OK

l = (1.83 m + 1.83 m + 1.83 m + 1.83 m) = 7.32 m > 3.09 m OK

Wall line A: Note, 5'-4"(1.62 m) wall segments not included as they are less than ½ of 12' (3.66 m) wall height
l = (6.67´ + 6.67´) = 13.33´ > 10.13´ OK
l = (2.03 m + 2.03 m) = 4.06 m > 3.09 m OK

Wall line B: l = (6.67´ + 6.67´ + 6.67´ + 6.67') = 26.67´ > 10.13´ OK

l = (2.03 m + 2.03 m + 2.03 m + 2.03 m) = 8.13 m > 3.09 m OK

Figure CC-5.3-1 — Cumulative length of shear walls

BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-147

COMMENTARY

Shear Wall D Shear Wall E

Diaphragm Panel 1 Diaphragm Panel 2

Shear Wall F Shear Wall G

X1 X2

Diaphragm Panel Length = Dimension perpendicular to the resisting shear wall

Diaphragm Panel Width = Dimension parallel to the resisting shear wall
For example:
For Shear Walls A and B, the diaphragm panel length to width ratio is X 1/Y
For Shear Walls D and F, the diaphragm panel length to width ratio is Y/X 1
Note: Shear walls should be placed on all four sides of the diaphragm panel or the resulting torsion should be accounted for.

Figure CC-5.3-2 — Diaphragm panel length to width ratio determination for shear wall spacing

CODE COMMENTARY

5.4 — Compressive stress requirements 5.4 — Compressive stress requirements

5.4.1 Calculations
(IEH ERH PMZI PSEHW WLEPP FI MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI
PIKEPP]EHSTXIHFYMPHMRKGSHISJ[LMGLXLMW'SHIJSVQWE
TEVX[MXLWYGLPMZIPSEHVIHYGXMSRWEWEVITIVQMXXIHMRXLI
PIKEPP] EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK GSHI 'SQTVIWWMZI WXVIWWIW MR
8LIWI EVI EZIVEKI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWWIW FEWIH SR
KVSWW EVIE YWMRK WTIGMJMIH HMQIRWMSRW 8LI JSPPS[MRK
GSRHMXMSRW WLSYPH FI YWIH EW KYMHIPMRIW [LIR
GSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHWEVITPEGIHSRQEWSRV]
QEWSRV] HYI XS ZIVXMGEP HIEH TPYW PMZI PSEHW I\GPYHMRK *SV GSRGIRXVEXIH PSEHW EGXMRK SR XLI JYPP [EPP
[MRHSVWIMWQMGPSEHW
WLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHMREGGSVHERGI XLMGORIWW XLI EPPS[EFPI WXVIWWIW YRHIV XLI PSEH
[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRK QE]FIMRGVIEWIHF]TIVGIRX

E 7XVIWWIW WLEPP FI GEPGYPEXIH FEWIH SR WTIGMJMIH *SV GSRGIRXVEXIH PSEHW EGXMRK SR GSRGIRXVMGEPP]
HMQIRWMSRW TPEGIH FIEVMRK TPEXIW KVIEXIV XLER SRILEPJ FYX
PIWWXLERJYPPEVIEXLIEPPS[EFPIWXVIWWYRHIVXLI
F  'EPGYPEXIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWWIW JSV WMRKPI []XLI FIEVMRKTPEXIQE]FIMRGVIEWIHF]TIVGIRX
[EPPW ERH JSV QYPXM[]XLI GSQTSWMXI QEWSRV] [EPPW
WLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHF]HMZMHMRKXLIHIWMKRPSEHF]XLI 8LIGSYVWIMQQIHMEXIP]YRHIVXLITSMRXSJFIEVMRKWLSYPH
KVSWWGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJXLIQIQFIV8LIEVIESJ FIEWSPMHYRMXSVJYPP]JMPPIH[MXLQSVXEVSVKVSYX
STIRMRKW GLEWIW SV VIGIWWIW MR [EPPW WLEPP RSX FI
MRGPYHIHMRXLIKVSWWGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJXLI[EPP
5.4.2 Allowable compressive stresses
8LIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWIWMRQEWSRV]WLEPPRSXI\GIIH
XLIZEPYIW KMZIR MR 8EFPI -R QYPXM[]XLI [EPPWXLI
EPPS[EFPI WXVIWWIW WLEPP FI FEWIH SR XLI [IEOIWX
GSQFMREXMSRSJXLIYRMXWERHQSVXEVYWIHMRIEGL[]XLI
C-148 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

Table 5.4.2 — Allowable compressive stresses for empirical design of masonry

Construction; compressive strength of masonry unit, Allowable compressive stresses1 based

gross area, psi (MPa) on gross cross-sectional area,
psi (MPa)
Type M or S Type N
mortar mortar
7SPMHQEWSRV]SJFVMGOERHSXLIVWSPMHYRMXWSJGPE]SVWLEPIWERH
PMQISVGSRGVIXIFVMGO
  SVKVIEXIV    
      
      
      
+VSYXIHQEWSRV]SJGPE]SVWLEPIWERHPMQISVGSRGVIXI
  SVKVIEXIV    
      
      
7SPMHQEWSRV]SJWSPMHGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]YRMXW
  SVKVIEXIV    
      
      
1EWSRV]SJLSPPS[PSEHFIEVMRKYRMXWSJGPE]SVWLEPI 
  SVKVIEXIV    
      
      
      
1EWSRV]SJLSPPS[PSEHFIEVMRKGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]YRMXWYTXSERH
MRGPYHMRKMRQQ RSQMREPXLMGORIWW
  SVKVIEXIV    
      
      
      
1EWSRV]SJLSPPS[PSEHFIEVMRKGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]YRMXWKVIEXIV
XLERERHYTXSMRXSQQ RSQMREPXLMGORIWW
  SVKVIEXIV    
      
      
     
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-149

Table 5.4.2 (continued) — Allowable compressive stresses for empirical design

of masonry

Construction; compressive strength of masonry unit, Allowable compressive stresses1 based

gross area, psi (MPa) on gross cross-sectional area,
psi (MPa)
Type M or S Type N
mortar mortar
1EWSRV]SJLSPPS[PSEHFIEVMRKGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]YRMXWMR
QQ RSQMREPXLMGORIWWERHKVIEXIV
  SVKVIEXIV    
      
      
      
1YPXM[]XLIRSRGSQTSWMXI[EPPW
 7SPMHYRMXW
   SVKVIEXIV    
       
 ,SPPS[YRMXWSJGPE]SVWLEPI    
 ,SPPS[YRMXWSJGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]SJRSQMREPXLMGORIWW
  YTXSERHMRGPYHMRKMRQQ      
  KVIEXIVXLERERHYTXSMRQQ     
  MRQQ ERHKVIEXIV    
7XSRIEWLPEVQEWSRV]
 +VERMXI    
 0MQIWXSRISVQEVFPI    
 7ERHWXSRISVGEWXWXSRI    
6YFFPIWXSRIQEWSRV]
 'SYVWIHVSYKLSVVERHSQ    
 0MRIEV MRXIVTSPEXMSR WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH JSV HIXIVQMRMRK EPPS[EFPI WXVIWWIW JSV QEWSRV] YRMXW LEZMRK
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLW[LMGLEVIMRXIVQIHMEXIFIX[IIRXLSWIKMZIRMRXLIXEFPI
-RRSRGSQTSWMXI[EPPW[LIVIJPSSVERHVSSJPSEHWEVIGEVVMIHYTSRSRI[]XLIXLIKVSWWGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIE
MWXLEX SJXLI[]XLIYRHIVPSEHMJFSXL[]XLIWEVIPSEHIHXLIKVSWWGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIEMWXLEXSJXLI[EPP
QMRYWXLIEVIESJXLIGEZMX]FIX[IIRXLI[]XLIW
C-150 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

5.5 — Lateral support 5.5 — Lateral support

5.5.1 Maximum l/t and h/t 0EXIVEPWYTTSVXVIUYMVIQIRXWEVIMRGPYHIHXSPMQMXXLI
1EWSRV] [EPPW [MXLSYX STIRMRKW WLEPP FI PEXIVEPP] JPI\YVEP XIRWMPI WXVIWWHYI XS SYXSJTPERI PSEHW 1EWSRV]
WYTTSVXIH MR IMXLIV XLI LSVM^SRXEP SV XLI ZIVXMGEP HMVIGXMSR WS LIEHIVW VIWMWX WLIEV WXVIWW ERH TIVQMX XLI IRXMVI GVSWW
XLEX l/tSVh/t HSIWRSXI\GIIHXLIZEPYIWKMZIRMR8EFPI WIGXMSRXSTIVJSVQEWEWMRKPIIPIQIRX8LMWMWRSXXLIGEWI
JSV RSRGSQTSWMXI [EPPW GSRRIGXIH [MXL [EPP XMIW *SV
1EWSRV][EPPW[MXLWMRKPISVQYPXMTPISTIRMRKWWLEPP
WYGL RSRGSQTSWMXI [EPPW XLI YWI SJ XLI WYQ SJ XLI
FI PEXIVEPP] WYTTSVXIH MR IMXLIV XLI LSVM^SRXEP SV ZIVXMGEP
XLMGORIWWIWSJXLI[]XLIWLEWFIIRYWIHWYGGIWWJYPP]JSVE
HMVIGXMSRWSXLEXl/tSVh/tHSIWRSXI\GIIHXLIZEPYIWKMZIR
PSRK XMQI ERH MW E XVEHMXMSREP ETTVSEGL XLEX MW EGGITXEFPI
MR8EFPIHMZMHIHF] WT  WS  [MXLMR XLI PMQMXW MQTSWIH F] 'SHI 8EFPI 
6IUYMVIQIRXW [IVI EHHIH MR XLI  IHMXMSR XS TVSZMHI
WS MW XLI HMQIRWMSR SJ XLI WXVYGXYVEP [EPP WXVMT VIPEXMZI SYXSJTPERI VIWMWXERGI XLEX PMQMX XLI QE\MQYQ
QIEWYVIH TIVTIRHMGYPEV XS XLI WTER SJ XLI [EPP WXVMT ERH [MHXL SJ STIRMRK ERH TVSZMHI WYJJMGMIRX QEWSRV] WIGXMSRW
TIVTIRHMGYPEVXSXLIXLMGORIWWEWWLS[RMR*MKYVI FIX[IIRXLISTIRMRKW
WSMWQIEWYVIHJVSQXLIIHKISJXLISTIRMRKWSWLEPPFI
RSPIWWXLERtSRIEGLWMHISJIEGLSTIRMRK8LIVIJSVIEX
[EPPW[MXLQYPXMTPISTIRMRKWNEQFWWLEPPFIRSPIWWXLER
t FIX[IIR STIRMRKW *SV HIWMKR TYVTSWIW XLI IJJIGXMZI
WS WLEPP RSX FI EWWYQIH XS FI KVIEXIV XLER t %X RSR
QEWSRV] PMRXIPW XLI IHKI SJ XLI STIRMRK WLEPP FI
GSRWMHIVIH XLI IHKI SJ XLI RSRQEWSRV] PMRXIP WS WLEPP
SGGYVYRMRXIVVYTXIHSZIVXLIJYPPWTERSJXLI[EPP
WTMWXLIHMQIRWMSRTEVEPPIPXSWSJVSQXLIGIRXIVSJ
XLISTIRMRKXSXLISTTSWMXIIRHSJWSEWWLS[RMR*MKYVI
 ;LIVIXLIVIEVI QYPXMTPISTIRMRKWTIVTIRHMGYPEV
XS WS WT WLEPP FI QIEWYVIH JVSQ XLI GIRXIV SJ E ZMVXYEP
STIRMRK XLEX IRGSQTEWWIW WYGL STIRMRKW 1EWSRV]
IPIQIRXW [MXLMR XLI ZMVXYEP STIRMRK QYWX FI HIWMKRIH MR
EGGSVHERGI[MXL'LETXIVSV
*SV [EPPW [MXL STIRMRKW XLEX WTER RS QSVI XLER 
JIIXTEVEPPIPXSWSMJWSMWRSPIWWXLERJIIX XLIRMXWLEPP
FITIVQMXXIHXSMKRSVIXLIIJJIGXSJXLSWISTIRMRKW
8LIWTERSJSTIRMRKWTEVEPPIPXSWSWLEPPFIPMQMXIH
WS XLEX XLI WTER HMZMHIH F] t HSIW RSX I\GIIH XLI ZEPYIW
KMZIRMR8EFPI
-REHHMXMSRXSXLIWIPMQMXEXMSRWPMRXIPWWLEPPFIHIWMKRIH
JSVKVEZMX]PSEHWMREGGSVHERGI[MXL7IGXMSR

Table 5.5.1 — Wall lateral support requirements

Construction Maximum l/t or h/t
&IEVMRK[EPPW
7SPMHYRMXWSVJYPP]KVSYXIH 
3XLIVXLERWSPMHYRMXWSVJYPP]KVSYXIH 
2SRFIEVMRK[EPPW
)\XIVMSV 
-RXIVMSV 
-RGSQTYXMRKXLIVEXMSJSVQYPXM[]XLI[EPPWYWIXLIJSPPS[MRKXLMGORIWW
 8LIRSQMREP [EPP XLMGORIWWIWJSV WSPMH[EPPW ERHJSV LSPPS[ [EPPWFSRHIH[MXL QEWSRV]
LIEHIVW7IGXMSR 
 8LIWYQSJXLIRSQMREPXLMGORIWWIWSJXLI[]XLIWJSVRSRGSQTSWMXI[EPPWGSRRIGXIH[MXL
[EPPXMIW7IGXMSR 
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-151

Length of Span, l

Non-masonry
Lintel

Open
WT WT WT WT

Support Line
Non-masonry
Lintel
WS WS WS Masonry WS
Lintel Masonry
Equal Equal Lintel
Open Open

Open

Support Line

WSERHWTJSV;EPPW7TERRMRK:IVXMGEPP] WSERHWTJSV;EPPW7TERRMRK,SVM^SRXEPP]

Figure 5.5.1-1 — Graphical representation of WS and WT

CODE COMMENTARY

5.5.2 Cantilever walls

)\GITX JSV TEVETIXW XLI VEXMS SJ LIMKLXXSRSQMREP
XLMGORIWWJSVGERXMPIZIV[EPPWWLEPPRSXI\GIIHJSVWSPMH
QEWSRV] SV  JSV LSPPS[ QEWSRV] *SV TEVETIXW WII
7IGXMSR
5.5.3 Support elements
0EXIVEP WYTTSVX WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH F] GVSWW [EPPW
TMPEWXIVW SV WXVYGXYVEP JVEQI QIQFIVW [LIR XLI PMQMXMRK
HMWXERGIMWXEOIRLSVM^SRXEPP]SVF]JPSSVWVSSJWEGXMRKEW
HMETLVEKQW SV WXVYGXYVEP JVEQI QIQFIVW [LIR XLI
PMQMXMRKHMWXERGIMWXEOIRZIVXMGEPP]

5.6 — Thickness of masonry 5.6 — Thickness of masonry

5.6.1 General
1MRMQYQ XLMGORIWW VIUYMVIQIRXW WLEPP FI FEWIH SR
RSQMREPHMQIRWMSRWSJQEWSRV]
5.6.2 Minimum thickness
5.6.2.1 Bearing Walls — 8LI QMRMQYQ
XLMGORIWW SJ FIEVMRK [EPPW SJ SRI WXSV] FYMPHMRKW WLEPP FI
5.6.1 General
)\TIVMIRGI SJ XLI GSQQMXXII LEW WLS[R XLEX XLI
TVIWIRX %27- %  XLMGORIWW VEXMSW EVI RSX EP[E]W
GSRWIVZEXMZI8LIWIVIUYMVIQIRXWVITVIWIRXXLIGSRWIRWYW
SJXLIGSQQMXXIIJSVQSVIGSRWIVZEXMZIHIWMKR
MRQQ
8LIQMRMQYQXLMGORIWWSJFIEVMRK[EPPWSJ
FYMPHMRKWQSVIXLERSRIWXSV]LMKLWLEPPFIMRQQ

5.6.2.2 Rubble stone walls { 8LI QMRMQYQ
XLMGORIWWSJVSYKLVERHSQSVGSYVWIHVYFFPIWXSRI[EPPW
WLEPPFIMRQQ

5.6.2.3 Shear walls{ 8LIQMRMQYQXLMGORIWW
SJQEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPWWLEPPFIMRQQ

C-152 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

5.6.2.4 Foundation walls { 8LI QMRMQYQ

XLMGORIWWSJJSYRHEXMSR[EPPWWLEPPFIMRQQ 
5.6.2.5 Foundation piers { 8LI QMRMQYQ 5.6.2.5 Foundation piers — 9WI SJ IQTMVMGEPP]
XLMGORIWWSJJSYRHEXMSRTMIVWWLEPPFIMRQQ  HIWMKRIHJSYRHEXMSRTMIVWLEWFIIRGSQQSRTVEGXMGIMRQER]
EVIEWSJXLIGSYRXV]JSVQER]]IEVW%27-%TVSZMWMSRW
JSV IQTMVMGEPP] HIWMKRIH TMIVW 7IGXMSR   MRGPYHIW E
VIUYMVIQIRX JSV E QE\MQYQ h/t VEXMS SJ  8LI QMRMQYQ
LIMKLXXSXLMGORIWW VEXMS SJ KVIEXIV XLER  JSV GSPYQRW MW
VIUYMVIHXSGPIEVP]HMJJIVIRXMEXIEGSPYQRJVSQETMIV
5.6.2.6 Parapet walls { 8LI QMRMQYQ
XLMGORIWWSJTEVETIX[EPPWWLEPPFIMRQQ 
5.6.2.7 Change in thickness — ;LIVI [EPPW SJ
QEWSRV]SJLSPPS[YRMXWSVQEWSRV]FSRHIHLSPPS[[EPPWEVI
HIGVIEWIH MR XLMGORIWW E GSYVWI SVGSYVWIW SJ WSPMH QEWSRV]
YRMXWSVJYPP]KVSYXIHLSPPS[QEWSRV]YRMXWWLEPPFIMRXIVTSWIH
FIX[IIRXLI[EPPFIPS[ERHXLIXLMRRIV[EPPEFSZISVWTIGMEP
YRMXWSVGSRWXVYGXMSRWLEPPFIYWIHXSXVERWQMXXLIPSEHWJVSQ
JEGIWLIPPWSV[]XLIWEFSZIXSXLSWIFIPS[
5.6.3 Foundation walls 5.6.3 Foundation walls
5.6.3.1 *SYRHEXMSR[EPPW WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI )QTMVMGEP GVMXIVME JSV QEWSRV] JSYRHEXMSR [EPP
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ8EFPI[LMGLEVIETTPMGEFPI[LIR XLMGORIWWVIPEXIHXSXLIHITXLSJYRFEPERGIHJMPPLEZIFIIR
GSRXEMRIH MR FYMPHMRK GSHIW ERH JIHIVEP KSZIVRQIRX
E  XLI JSYRHEXMSR[EPPHSIWRSXI\GIIHJX Q  MR
WXERHEVHWJSVQER]]IEVW8LIYWISJ'SHI8EFPI
LIMKLXFIX[IIRPEXIVEPWYTTSVXW
[LMGL PMWXW XLI XVEHMXMSREP EPPS[EFPI FEGOJMPP HITXLW MW
F  XLIXIVVEMRWYVVSYRHMRK JSYRHEXMSR[EPPWMWKVEHIHXS PMQMXIH F] E RYQFIV SJ VIUYMVIQIRXW XLEX [IVI RSX
HVEMRWYVJEGI[EXIVE[E]JVSQJSYRHEXMSR[EPPW WTIGMJMIH MR TVIZMSYW GSHIW ERH WXERHEVHW 8LIWI
G  FEGOJMPPMWHVEMRIHXSVIQSZIKVSYRH[EXIVE[E]JVSQ VIWXVMGXMSRW EVI IRYQIVEXIH MR 7IGXMSR  *YVXLIV
JSYRHEXMSR[EPPW TVIGEYXMSRW EVI VIGSQQIRHIH XS KYEVH EKEMRWX EPPS[MRK
LIEZ] IEVXLQSZMRK SV SXLIV IUYMTQIRX RIEV IRSYKL XS
H  PEXIVEP WYTTSVX MW TVSZMHIH EX XLI XST SJ JSYRHEXMSR
XLI JSYRHEXMSR [EPP XS HIZIPST LMKL IEVXL TVIWWYVIW
[EPPWTVMSVXSFEGOJMPPMRK
)\TIVMIRGI[MXLPSGEPGSRHMXMSRWWLSYPHFIYWIHXSQSHMJ]
I  XLIPIRKXLSJJSYRHEXMSR[EPPWFIX[IIRTIVTIRHMGYPEV XLIZEPYIWMR8EFPI[LIRETTVSTVMEXI
QEWSRV] [EPPW SV TMPEWXIVW MW E QE\MQYQ SJ 
QYPXMTPMIHF]XLIFEWIQIRX[EPPLIMKLX
J  XLIFEGOJMPPMWKVERYPEVERHWSMPGSRHMXMSRWMRXLIEVIE
EVIRSRI\TERWMZIERH
K QEWSRV]MWPEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRHYWMRK8]TI1SV7QSVXEV
5.6.3.2 ;LIVI XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR
EVIRSXQIXJSYRHEXMSR[EPPWWLEPPFIHIWMKRIHMR
EGGSVHERGI[MXL'LETXIVERH 'LETXIV SV

Table 5.6.3.1 — Foundation wall construction

Wall construction Nominal wall Maximum depth of
thickness, in. (mm) unbalanced backfill, ft (m)
,SPPS[YRMXQEWSRV]    
   
   
7SPMHYRMXQEWSRV]    
   
   
*YPP]KVSYXIHQEWSRV]    
   
   
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-153

CODE COMMENTARY

5.6.4 Parapet walls

8LI LIMKLX SJ TEVETIX [EPPW WLEPP RSX I\GIIH 
QYPXMTPMIHF]XLIMVXLMGORIWW

5.7 — Bond 5.7 — Bond

5.7.1 General *MKYVI''HITMGXWXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWPMWXIH;EPP
;]XLIW SJ QYPXMTPI []XLI QEWSRV] [EPPW WLEPP FI XMIW[MXLHVMTWEVIRSXTIVQMXXIHFIGEYWISJXLIMVVIHYGIH
FSRHIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR PSEHGETEGMX]
7IGXMSRSV7IGXMSR
5.7.2 Bonding with masonry headers
5.7.2.1 Solid units{;LIVIEHNEGIRX[]XLIWSJ
WSPMH QEWSRV] [EPPW EVI FSRHIH F] QIERW SJ QEWSRV]
LIEHIVWRSPIWWXLERTIVGIRXSJXLI[EPPWYVJEGIEVIESJ
IEGLJEGIWLEPPFIGSQTSWIHSJLIEHIVWI\XIRHMRKRSXPIWW
XLER  MR  QQ  MRXS IEGL []XLI 8LI HMWXERGI
FIX[IIR EHNEGIRX JYPPPIRKXL LIEHIVW WLEPP RSX I\GIIH
MRQQ IMXLIVZIVXMGEPP]SVLSVM^SRXEPP]-R[EPPW
MR[LMGLEWMRKPILIEHIVHSIWRSXI\XIRHXLVSYKLXLI[EPP
LIEHIVWJVSQXLISTTSWMXIWMHIWWLEPPSZIVPETEXPIEWXMR
QQ  SV LIEHIVW JVSQ STTSWMXI WMHIW WLEPP FI
GSZIVIH [MXL ERSXLIV LIEHIV GSYVWI SZIVPETTMRK XLI
LIEHIVFIPS[EXPIEWXMRQQ 
5.7.2.2 Hollow units { ;LIVI X[S SV QSVI
[]XLIW EVI GSRWXVYGXIH YWMRK LSPPS[ YRMXW XLI WXVIXGLIV
GSYVWIWWLEPPFIFSRHIHEXZIVXMGEPMRXIVZEPWRSXI\GIIHMRK
MRQQ F]PETTMRKEXPIEWXMRQQ SZIV
XLI YRMX FIPS[ SV F] PETTMRK EX ZIVXMGEP MRXIVZEPW RSX
I\GIIHMRKMRQQ [MXLYRMXW[LMGLEVIEXPIEWX
TIVGIRXKVIEXIVMRXLMGORIWWXLERXLIYRMXWFIPS[
5.7.3 Bonding with wall ties or joint reinforcement
5.7.3.1 ;LIVI EHNEGIRX []XLIW SJ QEWSRV]
[EPPW EVIFSRHIH[MXL [MVI WM^I; 1;  [EPP XMIW
SV QIXEP [MVI SJ IUYMZEPIRX WXMJJRIWW IQFIHHIH MR XLI
LSVM^SRXEP QSVXEV NSMRXWXLIVI WLEPP FI EX PIEWX SRIQIXEP
XMIJSVIEGLJXQ SJ[EPPEVIE8LIQE\MQYQ
ZIVXMGEP HMWXERGI FIX[IIR XMIW WLEPP RSX I\GIIH MR
QQ ERHXLIQE\MQYQLSVM^SRXEPHMWXERGIWLEPPRSX
I\GIIHMR  QQ  6SHW SV XMIW FIRX XS VIGXERKYPEV
WLETI WLEPP FI YWIH [MXL LSPPS[ QEWSRV] YRMXW PEMH [MXL
XLIGIPPWZIVXMGEP -RSXLIV[EPPW XLIIRHWSJXMIWWLEPPFI
FIRX XS HIKVII ERKPIW XS TVSZMHI LSSOW RS PIWW XLER
MR QQ  PSRK ;EPP XMIW WLEPP FI [MXLSYX HVMTW
%HHMXMSREP FSRHMRK XMIW WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH EX STIRMRKW
WTEGIH RSX QSVI XLER  JX  Q  ETEVX EVSYRH XLI
TIVMQIXIVERH[MXLMRMRQQ SJXLISTIRMRK
5.7.3.2 ;LIVI EHNEGIRX []XLIW SJ QEWSRV] EVI
FSRHIH[MXLTVIJEFVMGEXIHNSMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXXLIVIWLEPPFI
EX PIEWX SRI GVSWW [MVI WIVZMRK EW E XMI JSV IEGL  JX
Q  SJ [EPP EVIE 8LI ZIVXMGEP WTEGMRK SJ XLI NSMRX
VIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPRSXI\GIIHMRQQ 'VSWW[MVIW
SRTVIJEFVMGEXIHNSMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPFIRSXWQEPPIVXLER
[MVI WM^I ; 1;  ERH WLEPP FI [MXLSYX HVMTW 8LI
PSRKMXYHMREP[MVIWWLEPPFIIQFIHHIHMRXLIQSVXEV
C-154 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

COMMENTARY

Header (4% of
wall area)

Header (4% of
wall area)

Header

Lapping with Units at Least 3 in. Lapping with Units at Least 3 in.
(76.2 mm) over Units Below (76.2 mm) over Units Below

a. Solid Units b. Solid Units

Header Course

Header Course

Header Course Header Course

Lapping with Unit at

Least 50% Greater Lapping with Units
than Units Below

c. Hollow Units d. Hollow Units

Figure CC-5.7-1 — Cross section of wall elevations

BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-155

CODE COMMENTARY

5.7.4 Natural or cast stone

5.7.4.1 Ashlar masonry — -R EWLPEV QEWSRV]
YRMJSVQP]HMWXVMFYXIHFSRHIVYRMXWWLEPPFITVSZMHIHXSXLI
I\XIRX SJ RSX PIWW XLER  TIVGIRX SJ XLI [EPP EVIE 7YGL
FSRHIVYRMXWWLEPPI\XIRHRSXPIWWXLERMRQQ MRXS
XLIFEGOMRK[EPP
5.7.4.2 Rubble stone masonry — 6YFFPI WXSRI
QEWSRV]  MR  QQ  SV PIWW MR XLMGORIWW WLEPP LEZI
FSRHIV YRMXW [MXL E QE\MQYQ WTEGMRK SJ JX  Q 
ZIVXMGEPP] ERH  JX  Q  LSVM^SRXEPP] ERH MJ XLI
QEWSRV] MW SJ KVIEXIV XLMGORIWW XLER  MR QQ 
WLEPPLEZISRIFSRHIVYRMXJSVIEGLJXQ SJ[EPP
WYVJEGISRFSXLWMHIW

5.8 — Anchorage 5.8 — Anchorage

5.8.1 General 8LIVIUYMVIQIRXW SJ7IGXMSRW  XLVSYKL 
1EWSRV] IPIQIRXW WLEPP FI ERGLSVIH MR EGGSVHERGI EVI PIWW WXVMRKIRX XLER XLSWI SJ 7IGXMSR 
[MXLXLMWWIGXMSR %RGLSVEKIVIUYMVIQIRXWMR7IGXMSREVIMRXIRHIHXS
5.8.2 Intersecting walls GSQTP] [MXL XLI 7XIIP .SMWX -RWXMXYXIvW 7XERHEVH
1EWSRV][EPPWHITIRHMRKYTSRSRIERSXLIVJSVPEXIVEP 7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSVIRHERGLSVEKISJWXIIPNSMWXW
WYTTSVX WLEPP FI ERGLSVIH SV FSRHIH EX PSGEXMSRW [LIVI
XLI]QIIXSVMRXIVWIGXF]SRISJXLIJSPPS[MRKQIXLSHW
5.8.2.1 *MJX] TIVGIRX SJ XLI YRMXW EX XLI
MRXIVWIGXMSR WLEPP FI PEMH MR ER SZIVPETTMRK QEWSRV]
FSRHMRK TEXXIVR [MXL EPXIVREXI YRMXW LEZMRK E FIEVMRK SJ
RSXPIWWXLERMRQQ SRXLIYRMXFIPS[
5.8.2.2 ;EPPW WLEPP FI ERGLSVIH F] WXIIP
GSRRIGXSVWLEZMRKEQMRMQYQ WIGXMSRSJ MR QQ 
F]  MR  QQ  [MXL IRHW FIRX YT EX PIEWX MR
QQ  SV [MXL GVSWW TMRW XS JSVQ ERGLSVEKI 7YGL
ERGLSVW WLEPP FI EX PIEWX  MR  QQ  PSRK ERH XLI
QE\MQYQWTEGMRKWLEPPFIJXQ 
5.8.2.3 ;EPPW WLEPP FI ERGLSVIH F] NSMRX
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WTEGIH EX E QE\MQYQ HMWXERGI SJ MR
QQ 0SRKMXYHMREP[MVIWSJWYGLVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPP
FI EX PIEWX [MVI WM^I ; 1;  ERH WLEPP I\XIRH EX
PIEWXMRQQ MRIEGLHMVIGXMSREXXLIMRXIVWIGXMSR
5.8.2.4 -RXIVMSV RSRPSEHFIEVMRK [EPPW WLEPP FI
ERGLSVIH EX XLIMV MRXIVWIGXMSR EX ZIVXMGEP MRXIVZEPW SJ RSX
QSVI XLER  MR  QQ  [MXL NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX SV

 MRQQ QIWLKEPZERM^IHLEVH[EVIGPSXL
5.8.2.5 3XLIV QIXEP XMIW NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX SV
ERGLSVWMJYWIHWLEPPFIWTEGIHXSTVSZMHIIUYMZEPIRXEVIE
SJERGLSVEKIXSXLEXVIUYMVIHF]7IGXMSRWXLVSYKL

5.8.3 Floor and roof anchorage
*PSSV ERH VSSJ HMETLVEKQW TVSZMHMRK PEXIVEP WYTTSVX
XS QEWSRV] WLEPP FI GSRRIGXIH XS XLI QEWSRV] F] SRI SJ
XLIJSPPS[MRKQIXLSHW
5.8.3.1 6SSJPSEHMRKWLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHF]XLI
TVSZMWMSRW SJ 7IGXMSR  ERH [LIVI RIX YTPMJX SGGYVW
YTPMJX WLEPP FI VIWMWXIH IRXMVIP] F] ER ERGLSVEKI W]WXIQ
HIWMKRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLITVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSRW
C-156 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

ERH7IGXMSRWERHSV'LETXIV
5.8.3.2 ;SSH JPSSV NSMWXW FIEVMRK SR QEWSRV]
[EPPW WLEPP FI ERGLSVIH XS XLI [EPP EX MRXIVZEPW RSX XS
I\GIIHJXQ F]QIXEPWXVETERGLSVW.SMWXWTEVEPPIP
XSXLI[EPPWLEPPFIERGLSVIH[MXLQIXEPWXVETWWTEGIHRSX
QSVIXLERJXQ SRGIRXIVWI\XIRHMRKSZIVSVYRHIV
ERHWIGYVIHXSEXPIEWXNSMWXW&PSGOMRKWLEPPFITVSZMHIH
FIX[IIRNSMWXWEXIEGLWXVETERGLSV
5.8.3.3 7XIIP NSMWXW XLEX EVI WYTTSVXIH F]
QEWSRV] [EPPW WLEPP FIEV SR ERH FI GSRRIGXIH XS WXIIP
FIEVMRK TPEXIW 1E\MQYQ NSMWX WTEGMRK WLEPP FI JX
Q  SR GIRXIV )EGL FIEVMRK TPEXI WLEPP FI ERGLSVIH
XS XLI [EPP [MXL E QMRMQYQ SJ X[S ¡ MR  QQ 
HMEQIXIV FSPXW SV XLIMV IUYMZEPIRX ;LIVI WXIIP NSMWXW EVI
TEVEPPIP XS XLI [EPP ERGLSVW WLEPP FI PSGEXIH [LIVI NSMWX
FVMHKMRK XIVQMREXIW EX XLI [EPP ERH EHHMXMSREP ERGLSVEKI
WLEPPFITVSZMHIHXSGSQTP][MXL7IGXMSR
5.8.3.4 6SSJ ERH JPSSV HMETLVEKQW WLEPP FI
ERGLSVIH XS QEWSRV] [EPPW [MXL E QMRMQYQ SJ ¡MR
QQ  HMEQIXIV FSPXW EX E QE\MQYQ WTEGMRK SJ JX
Q SRGIRXIVSVXLIMVIUYMZEPIRX
5.8.3.5 &SPXW ERH ERGLSVW VIUYMVIH F] 7IGXMSRW
ERHWLEPPGSQTP][MXLXLIJSPPS[MRK
E &SPXW ERH ERGLSVW EX WXIIP JPSSV NSMWXW ERH JPSSV
HMETLVEKQW WLEPP FI IQFIHHIHMR XLIQEWSRV]EX PIEWX
MRQQ SVWLEPPGSQTP][MXL7IGXMSRG 
F &SPXWEXWXIIPVSSJNSMWXWERHVSSJHMETLVEKQWWLEPPFI
IQFIHHIHMRXLIQEWSRV]EXPIEWXMRQQ SV
WLEPPGSQTP][MXL7IGXMSRG 
G -R PMIY SJ XLI IQFIHQIRX PIRKXLW PMWXIH MR 7IGXMSRW
E  ERH F  FSPXWWLEPP FITIVQMXXIH XSFI
LSSOIHSV[IPHIHXSRSXPIWWXLERMRQQ SJ
FSRH FIEQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX TPEGIH RSX PIWW XLER MR
QQ FIPS[NSMWXFIEVMRKSVFSXXSQSJHMETLVEKQ
5.8.4 Walls adjoining structural framing
;LIVI[EPPWEVIHITIRHIRXYTSRXLIWXVYGXYVEPJVEQIJSV
PEXIVEP WYTTSVX XLI] WLEPP FI ERGLSVIH XS XLI WXVYGXYVEP
QIQFIVW [MXL QIXEP ERGLSVW SV SXLIV[MWI OI]IH XS XLI
WXVYGXYVEP QIQFIVW 1IXEP ERGLSVW WLEPP GSRWMWX SJ MR
QQ FSPXWWTEGIHEXJXQ SRGIRXIVIQFIHHIH
MRQQ MRXSXLIQEWSRV]SVXLIMVIUYMZEPIRXEVIE

5.9 — Miscellaneous requirements

5.9.1 Chases and recesses
1EWSRV]HMVIGXP]EFSZIGLEWIWSVVIGIWWIW[MHIVXLER
MRQQ WLEPPFIWYTTSVXIHSRPMRXIPW
5.9.2 Lintels
8LIHIWMKRSJQEWSRV]PMRXIPWWLEPPFIMREGGSVHERGI
[MXLXLITVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSRSV7IGXMSR
5.9.3 Support on wood
2S QEWSRV] WLEPP FI WYTTSVXIH SR [SSH KMVHIVW SV
SXLIVJSVQWSJ[SSHGSRWXVYGXMSR
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-157

CHAPTER 6
VENEER

CODE COMMENTARY

6.1 — General 6.1 — General

6.1.1 Scope
8LMW GLETXIV TVSZMHIW VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV HIWMKR ERH
HIXEMPMRK SJ ERGLSVIH QEWSRV] ZIRIIV ERH EHLIVIH
QEWSRV]ZIRIIV
6.1.1 Scope
%HLIVIH ERH ERGLSVIH ZIRIIV HIJMRMXMSRW KMZIR MR
7IGXMSR  EVI WXVEMKLXJSV[EVH EHETXEXMSRW SJ I\MWXMRK
HIJMRMXMSRW 7II *MKYVIW '' ERH '' JSV
X]TMGEP I\EQTPIW SJ ERGLSVIH ERH EHLIVIH ZIRIIV
VIWTIGXMZIP]
8LI XVEHMXMSREP HIJMRMXMSR SJ ZIRIIV EW ER IPIQIRX
[MXLSYX VIWMWXERGI XS MQTSWIH PSEH MW EHSTXIH 8LI
HIJMRMXMSRKMZIRMWEZEVMEXMSRSJXLEXYWIHMRQSHIPFYMPHMRK
GSHIW1SHMJMGEXMSRWLEZI FIIR QEHI XSXLI HIJMRMXMSRW XS
GPIEVP]WXEXILS[XLIZIRIIVMWLERHPIHMRHIWMKR
8LI HIWMKR SJ XLI FEGOMRK WLSYPH FI MR GSQTPMERGI
[MXLXLIETTVSTVMEXIWXERHEVHJSVXLEXQEXIVMEP

1-in. (25-mm)
Minimum Air Steel Studs
Space

Exterior-grade Sheathing

Building Paper 6-in.

(150-mm) Minimum Lap

Weepholes

Flashing
Foundation

Figure CC-6.1-1 — Anchored veneer

C-158 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

COMMENTARY
Concrete Masonry Wall

Type S Mortar

Neat Portland Cement Paste

Veneer Unit with

Neat Portland Cement Paste

Type S Mortar
Applied to Unit 3/8 to 1-1/2 in. (9.5 to 38.1 mm)

Figure CC-6.1-2 — Adhered veneer

CODE COMMENTARY
6.1.1.1 8LI TVSZMWMSRW SJ 'LETXIV  I\GPYHMRK 6.1.1.1 7MRGIXLIVIMWRSGSRWMHIVEXMSRSJWXVIWW
7IGXMSRW G
  ERH  WLEPP ETTP] XS HIWMKR SJ MRXLIZIRIIVXLIVIMWRSRIIHXSWTIGMJ]XLIGSQTVIWWMZI
ERGLSVIHERHEHLIVIHZIRIIVI\GITXEWWTIGMJMGEPP]WXEXIHLIVI
6.1.1.2 7IGXMSR  WLEPP RSX ETTP] XS EHLIVIH
ZIRIIV
6.1.1.3 %VXMGPIW%ERH&ERH'SJ817
%'- %7')  WLEPP RSX ETTP] XS ER] ZIRIIV
%VXMGPIW  & ERH * WLEPP RSX ETTP] XS ERGLSVIH ZIRIIV
%VXMGPIW  & ERH  % & ) ERH * WLEPP RSX ETTP] XS
EHLIVIHZIRIIV
6.1.2 Design of anchored veneer
%RGLSVIH ZIRIIV WLEPP QIIX XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ
7IGXMSR ERH WLEPP FI HIWMKRIHVEXMSREPP] F] 7IGXMSR
 SV HIXEMPIH F] XLI TVIWGVMTXMZI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ
7IGXMSR
 8LIZIRIIVQE]GVEGOMRJPI\YVIYRHIVWIVZMGIPSEH
 (IJPIGXMSR SJ XLI FEGOMRK WLSYPH FI PMQMXIH XS
WXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]
6.1.1.3 8LI 7TIGMJMGEXMSR [EW [VMXXIR JSV
GSRWXVYGXMSR SJ QEWSRV] WYFNIGXIH XS HIWMKR WXVIWWIW MR
EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI SXLIV GLETXIVW SJ XLMW 'SHI 1EWSRV]
ZIRIIVEWHIJMRIHF]XLMW'SHIMWRSXWYFNIGXXSXLSWIHIWMKR
TVSZMWMSRW8LI7TIGMJMGEXMSREVXMGPIWXLEXEVII\GPYHIHGSZIV
QEXIVMEPWERHVIUYMVIQIRXWXLEXEVIRSXETTPMGEFPIXSZIRIIV
GSRWXVYGXMSRSVEVIMXIQWGSZIVIHF]WTIGMJMGVIUYMVIQIRXWMR
XLMW'LETXIVERHEVITYXLIVIXSFIMRGPYWMZI
6.1.2 Design of anchored veneer
-QTPMGMX [MXLMR XLIWI VIUYMVIQIRXW MW XLI ORS[PIHKI
XLEX XLI ZIRIIV XVERWJIVW SYXSJTPERI PSEHW XLVSYKL XLI
ZIRIIV ERGLSVW XS XLI FEGOMRK 8LI FEGOMRK EGGITXW ERH
VIWMWXWXLIERGLSVPSEHWERHMWHIWMKRIHXSVIWMWXXLISYXSJ
TPERIPSEHW
;LIR YXMPM^MRK ERGLSVIH QEWSRV] ZIRIIV XLI
HIWMKRIV WLSYPH GSRWMHIV XLI JSPPS[MRK GSRHMXMSRW ERH
EWWYQTXMSRW
E
F
GSRXVSP GVEGO [MHXL MR XLI ZIRIIV ERH XS TVSZMHI ZIRIIV
WXEFMPMX]
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-159

CODE COMMENTARY

G
 'SRRIGXMSRWSJXLIERGLSVXSXLIZIRIIVERHXSXLI
FEGOMRKWLSYPHFIWYJJMGMIRXXSXVERWJIVETTPMIHPSEHW
H
 (MJJIVIRXMEP QSZIQIRX WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIH MR
XLIHIWMKRHIXEMPMRKERHGSRWXVYGXMSR
I
 ;EXIV [MPP TIRIXVEXI XLI ZIRIIV ERH XLI [EPP
W]WXIQ WLSYPH FI HIWMKRIH HIXEMPIH ERH GSRWXVYGXIH XS
TVIZIRX[EXIVTIRIXVEXMSRMRXSXLIFYMPHMRK
J
 6IUYMVIQIRXW JSV GSVVSWMSR TVSXIGXMSR ERH JMVI
VIWMWXERGIQYWXFIMRGPYHIH
-J XLI FEGOMRK MW QEWSRV] ERH XLI I\XIVMSV QEWSRV]
[]XLIMWRSXGSRWMHIVIHXSEHHXSXLIWXVIRKXLSJXLI[EPPMR
VIWMWXMRK SYXSJTPERI PSEH XLI I\XIVMSV []XLI MW QEWSRV]
ZIRIIV,S[IZIVMJXLII\XIVMSV[]XLIMWGSRWMHIVIHXSEHH
XSXLIWXVIRKXLSJXLI[EPPMRVIWMWXMRKSYXSJTPERIPSEHXLI
[EPP MW TVSTIVP] XIVQIH E QYPXM[]XLI RSRGSQTSWMXI [EPP
VEXLIVXLEREZIRIIV[EPP
1ERYJEGXYVIVW SJ WXIIP WXYHW ERH WLIEXLMRK QEXIVMEPW
LEZITYFPMWLIHPMXIVEXYVISRXLIHIWMKRSJWXIIPWXYHFEGOMRK
JSVERGLSVIHQEWSRV]ZIRIIV7SQIVIGSQQIRHEXMSRWLEZI
MRGPYHIHGSQTSWMXIEGXMSRFIX[IIRXLIWXYHERHXLIWLIEXLMRK
ERH PSEH GEVV]MRK TEVXMGMTEXMSR F] XLI ZIRIIV 8LI 1IXEP
0EXL7XIIP *VEQMRK %WWSGMEXMSR LEW TVSQSXIH E HIJPIGXMSR
PMQMX SJ WXYH WTER PIRKXL HMZMHIH F]  8LI &VMGO
-RHYWXV] %WWSGMEXMSR LEW LIPH XLEXERETTVSTVMEXI HIJPIGXMSR
PMQMXWLSYPH FI MR XLIVERKI SJWXYH WTER PIRKXLHMZMHIHF]
XS8LIHIJPIGXMSRMWGSQTYXIHEWWYQMRKXLEXEPPSJ
XLIPSEHMWVIWMWXIHF]XLIWXYHW2IMXLIVWIXSJEWWYQTXMSRW
[MPPRIGIWWEVMP]IRWYVIXLEXXLIZIRIIVVIQEMRWYRGVEGOIHEX
WIVZMGI PSEH -R JEGX XLI TVSFEFMPMX] SJ GVEGOMRK QE] FI
LMKL,S[IZIVTSWXGVEGOMRKTIVJSVQERGIMWWEXMWJEGXSV]MJ
XLI [EPP MW TVSTIVP] HIWMKRIH GSRWXVYGXIH ERH QEMRXEMRIH
[MXLETTVSTVMEXIQEXIVMEPW4PERIJVEQIGSQTYXIVTVSKVEQW
EVI EZEMPEFPI JSV XLI VEXMSREP WXVYGXYVEP HIWMKR SJ ERGLSVIH
QEWSRV]ZIRIIV
%HIJPIGXMSRPMQMXSJWXYHWTERPIRKXLHMZMHIHF]
QYPXMTPMIH F] XLI WTIGMJMIH ZIRIIV XLMGORIWW TVSZMHIW E
QE\MQYQ YRMJSVQ GVEGO [MHXL JSV ZEVMSYW LIMKLXW ERH
ZEVMSYWZIRIIVXLMGORIWWIW(IJPIGXMSRPMQMXWHSRSXVIJPIGX
XLIEGXYEPHMWXVMFYXMSRSJPSEH8LI]EVIWMQTP]EQIERWSJ
SFXEMRMRK E QMRMQYQ FEGOMRK WXMJJRIWW 8LI 2EXMSREP
'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV] %WWSGMEXMSR TVSZMHIW E HIWMKR
QIXLSHSPSK] F] [LMGL XLI WXMJJRIWW TVSTIVXMIW SJ XLI
QEWSRV] ZIRIIV ERH MXW FEGOMRK EVI TVSTSVXMSRIH XS
EGLMIZIGSQTEXMFMPMX]
1EWSRV] ZIRIIV [MXL [SSH JVEQI FEGOMRK LEW FIIR
YWIH WYGGIWWJYPP] SR SRI ERH X[SJEQMP] VIWMHIRXMEP
GSRWXVYGXMSR JSV QER] ]IEVW 1SWX SJ XLIWI ETTPMGEXMSRW
EVIMRWXEPPIH[MXLSYXEHIJPIGXMSREREP]WMW
C-160
CODE
6.1.3 Design of adhered veneer
%HLIVIH ZIRIIV WLEPP QIIX XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ
7IGXMSRERHWLEPPFIHIWMKRIHVEXMSREPP]F]7IGXMSR
 SV HIXEMPIH F] XLI TVIWGVMTXMZI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ
7IGXMSR
6.1.4 Dimension stone
8LI TVSZMWMSRW SJ 7IGXMSRW   ERH  WLEPP
ETTP] XS HIWMKR SJ EHLIVIH HMQIRWMSR WXSRI ZIRIIV
%RGLSVIH HMQIRWMSR WXSRI ZIRIIV MW RSX GSZIVIH YRHIV
XLMW 'SHI 7YGL E ZIRIIV W]WXIQ WLEPP FI GSRWMHIVIH E
7TIGMEP7]WXIQERHGSRWMHIVEXMSRJSVETTVSZEPSJMXWYWI
WLEPPFIWYFQMXXIHXSXLI&YMPHMRK3JJMGMEP
6.1.5 Autoclaved aerated concrete masonry veneer
%YXSGPEZIH EIVEXIH GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] EW E ZIRIIV
[]XLI MW RSX GSZIVIH F] XLMW 'LETXIV 7YGL E ZIRIIV
W]WXIQ WLEPP FI GSRWMHIVIH E 7TIGMEP 7]WXIQ ERH
GSRWMHIVEXMSRJSVETTVSZEPSJMXWYWIWLEPPFIWYFQMXXIHXS
XLI&YMPHMRK3JJMGMEP
6.1.6 General design requirements
6.1.6.1 (IWMKRERHHIXEMPXLIFEGOMRKW]WXIQSJ
I\XIVMSV ZIRIIV XS VIWMWX [EXIV TIRIXVEXMSR )\XIVMSV
WLIEXLMRK WLEPP FI GSZIVIH [MXL E [EXIVVIWMWXERX
QIQFVERIYRPIWWXLIWLIEXLMRKMW[EXIVVIWMWXERXERHXLI
NSMRXWEVIWIEPIH
6.1.6.2 (IWMKR ERH HIXEMP JPEWLMRK ERH [IIT
LSPIW MR I\XIVMSV ZIRIIV [EPP W]WXIQW XS VIWMWX [EXIV
TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
COMMENTARY
6.1.3 Design of adhered veneer
%HLIVIH ZIRIIV HMJJIVW JVSQ ERGLSVIH ZIRIIV MR MXW
QIERW SJ EXXEGLQIRX 8LI HIWMKRIV WLSYPH GSRWMHIV
GSRHMXMSRW ERH EWWYQTXMSRW KMZIR MR 'SHI 7IGXMSR 
[LIRHIWMKRMRKEHLIVIHZIRIIV
6.1.4 Dimension stone
%RGLSVIHHMQIRWMSRWXSRIZIRIIVWLSYPHFIGSZIVIHEW
E7TIGMEP7]WXIQSJ'SRWXVYGXMSRYRHIV'SHI7IGXMSR
6.1.5 Autoclaved aerated concrete masonry veneer
:IRIIVERGLSVWHIWGVMFIHMR 'LETXIVEVIRSXWYMXEFPI
JSV YWIMR%%'QEWSRV]FIGEYWI SJXLIREVVS[NSMRXW2S
XIWXMRK SJ WYGL ERGLSVW LEW FIIR TIVJSVQIH JSV %%'
QEWSRV] 8LIVIJSVI %%' QEWSRV] ERGLSVIH ZIRIIV QYWX
FI GSRWMHIVIH E 7TIGMEP 7]WXIQ 8LI QIXLSH SJ EHLIVMRK
ZIRIIVEWHIWGVMFIHMR7TIGMJMGEXMSR %VXMGPI'LEWRSX
FIIR IZEPYEXIH [MXL %%' QEWSRV] ERH WLIEV WXVIRKXL
VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV EHLIWMSR SJ %%' QEWSRV] ZIRIIV LEZI
RSX FIIR IWXEFPMWLIH 8LIVIJSVI %%' QEWSRV] EHLIVIH
ZIRIIVQYWXFIGSRWMHIVIHE7TIGMEP7]WXIQ
6.1.6 General design requirements
;EXIV TIRIXVEXMSR XLVSYKL XLI I\XIVMSV ZIRIIV MW
I\TIGXIH 8LI [EPP W]WXIQ QYWX FI HIWMKRIH ERH
GSRWXVYGXIHXSTVIZIRX[EXIVJVSQIRXIVMRKXLIFYMPHMRK
8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW KMZIR LIVI ERH XLI QMRMQYQ EMV
WTEGI HMQIRWMSRW SJ 7IGXMSRW   ERH
 EVI XLSWI VIUYMVIH JSV E HVEMREKI [EPP W]WXIQ
4VSTIVHVEMREKIVIUYMVIW[IITLSPIWERHEGPIEVEMVWTEGI-X
QE]FIHMJJMGYPXXSOIITEMRQQ
EMVWTEGIJVIIJVSQ
TIRIXVEXMSRMRXSXLIFYMPHMRKMRXIVMSV;IITLSPIWWLEPPFI
QSVXEV FVMHKMRK 3XLIV STXMSRW EVI XS TVSZMHI E [MHIV EMV
EXPIEWX MRQQ
MRHMEQIXIVERHWTEGIHPIWWXLER
WTEGIEZIRXIHEMVWTEGISVXSYWIXLIVEMRWGVIIRTVMRGMTPI
MRQQ
SRGIRXIV
1EWSRV] ZIRIIV GER FI HIWMKRIH [MXL LSVM^SRXEP ERH
6.1.6.3 (IWMKR ERH HIXEMP XLI ZIRIIV XS ZIVXMGEPFERHWSJHMJJIVIRXQEXIVMEPW8LIHMWWMQMPEVTL]WMGEP
EGGSQQSHEXIHMJJIVIRXMEPQSZIQIRX TVSTIVXMIW SJ XLI QEXIVMEPW WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIH [LIR
HIGMHMRKLS[XSEGGSQQSHEXIHMJJIVIRXMEPQSZIQIRX
-RHYWXV] VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW EVI EZEMPEFPI VIKEVHMRK
LSVM^SRXEP FERHW SJ GPE] ERH GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] ERH
EHHVIWWWYGLMXIQWEWNSMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXWPMTNSMRXWERH
WIEPERX NSMRXW    :IVXMGEP QSZIQIRX NSMRXW GER FI
YWIH XS EGGSQQSHEXI HMJJIVIRXMEP QSZIQIRX FIX[IIR
ZIVXMGEPFERHWSJHMWWMQMPEVQEXIVMEPW
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-161

CODE COMMENTARY

6.2 — Anchored veneer 6.2 — Anchored veneer

6.2.1 Alternative design of anchored masonry veneer 6.2.1 Alternative design of anchored masonry veneer
8LI EPXIVREXMZI HIWMKR SJ ERGLSVIH ZIRIIV [LMGL MW 8LIVIEVIRSVEXMSREP HIWMKR TVSZMWMSRW JSV ERGLSVIH
TIVQMXXIH YRHIV 7IGXMSR  WLEPP WEXMWJ] XLI JSPPS[MRK ZIRIIVMRER]GSHISVWXERHEVH8LIMRXIRXSJ7IGXMSR
GSRHMXMSRW MW XS TIVQMX XLI HIWMKRIV XS YWI EPXIVREXMZI QIERW SJ
WYTTSVXMRK ERH ERGLSVMRK QEWSRV] ZIRIIV 7II
E  0SEHW WLEPP FI HMWXVMFYXIH XLVSYKL XLI ZIRIIV XS XLI
'SQQIRXEV]7IGXMSRJSVGSRHMXMSRWERHEWWYQTXMSRW
ERGLSVWERHXLIFEGOMRKYWMRKTVMRGMTPIWSJQIGLERMGW
XS GSRWMHIV 8LI HIWMKRIV QE] GLSSWI XS RSX GSRWMHIV
F  3YXSJTPERI HIJPIGXMSR SJ XLI FEGOMRK WLEPP FI WXVIWWIW MR XLI ZIRIIV SV QE] PMQMX XLIQ XS E WIPIGXIH
PMQMXIHXSQEMRXEMRZIRIIVWXEFMPMX] ZEPYI WYGL EW XLI EPPS[EFPI WXVIWWIW SJ 7IGXMSR  XLI
ERXMGMTEXIH GVEGOMRK WXVIWW SV WSQI SXLIV PMQMXMRK
G  1EWSRV]SXLIVXLERZIRIIVWLEPPQIIXXLITVSZMWMSRW GSRHMXMSR 8LI VEXMSREP EREP]WMW YWIH XS HMWXVMFYXI XLI
SJ7IGXMSRI\GPYHMRKWYFTEVEKVETLWI ERHJ  PSEHWQYWX FIGSRWMWXIRX [MXLXLIEWWYQTXMSRWQEHI7II
H  8LIZIRIIVMWRSXWYFNIGXXSXLIJPI\YVEPXIRWMPIWXVIWW 'SQQIRXEV]7IGXMSRJSVMRJSVQEXMSRSRERGLSVW
TVSZMWMSRW SJ 7IGXMSR SV XLI RSQMREP JPI\YVEP 8LI HIWMKRIV WLSYPH TVSZMHI WYTTSVX SJ XLI ZIRIIV
XIRWMPIWXVIRKXLTVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSR GSRXVSP HIJPIGXMSR SJ XLI FEGOMRK GSRWMHIV ERGLSV PSEHW
I  8LI TVSZMWMSRW SJ 'LETXIV  I\GPYHMRK 7IGXMSR WXMJJRIWW WXVIRKXL ERH GSVVSWMSR [EXIV TIRIXVEXMSR ERH
G  7IGXMSR  I\GPYHMRK 7IGXMSR  EMVERHZETSVXVERWQMWWMSR
7IGXMSRERH7IGXMSRWLEPPETTP]
6.2.2 Prescriptive requirements for anchored 6.2.2 Prescriptive requirements for anchored
masonry veneer masonry veneer
8LI TVSZMWMSRW EVI FEWIH SR XLI WYGGIWWJYP
TIVJSVQERGI SJ ERGLSVIH QEWSRV] ZIRIIV 8LIWI LEZI
FIIR GSPPIGXIH JVSQ E ZEVMIX] SJ WSYVGIW ERH VIJPIGX
GYVVIRX MRHYWXV] TVEGXMGIW 'LERKIW VIWYPX JVSQ PSKMGEP
GSRGPYWMSRW FEWIH SR IRKMRIIVMRK GSRWMHIVEXMSR SJ XLI
FEGOMRKERGLSVERHZIRIIVTIVJSVQERGI

6.2.2.1 )\GITX EW TVSZMHIH MR 7IGXMSR  6.2.2.1 8LI [MRH WTIIH XVMKKIVW YWIH MR XLI
TVIWGVMTXMZI VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV ERGLSVIH QEWSRV] ZIRIIV  17.' [IVI VITPEGIH [MXL WXVIRKXL PIZIP ZIPSGMX]
WLEPPRSXFIYWIHMREVIEW[LIVIXLIZIPSGMX]TVIWWYVIqz TVIWWYVIW MR XLI  IHMXMSR 8LIWI ZIPSGMX] TVIWWYVI
I\GIIHWTWJO4E
EWKMZIRMR%7') XVMKKIVW [IVI FEWIH SR XLI  TWJ  O4E
 ZIPSGMX]
6.2.2.2 'SRRIGX ERGLSVIHZIRIIV XS XLI FEGOMRK
[MXL ERGLSVW XLEXGSQTP] [MXL 7IGXMSR  ERH%VXMGPI
SJ817%'-%7')
6.2.2.3 Vertical support of anchored masonry
veneer
6.2.2.3.1 8LI[IMKLXSJERGLSVIHZIRIIVWLEPP
FIWYTTSVXIHZIVXMGEPP]SRGSRGVIXISVQEWSRV]JSYRHEXMSRWSV
SXLIVRSRGSQFYWXMFPIWXVYGXYVEPWYTTSVXWI\GITXEWTIVQMXXIH
MR7IGXMSRWERH
6.2.2.3.1.1 %RGLSVIH ZIRIIV MW TIVQMXXIH
XS FI WYTTSVXIH ZIVXMGEPP] F] TVIWIVZEXMZIXVIEXIH [SSH
JSYRHEXMSRW 8LI LIMKLX SJ ZIRIIV WYTTSVXIH F] [SSH
TVIWWYVI XLEX LEH FIIR YWIH MR TVIZMSYW IHMXMSRW SJ XLMW
'SHI8LI[SVOMRKWXVIWWPIZIPTVIWWYVI[EWQYPXMTPMIHF]
XSGSRZIVXXSWXVIRKXLPIZIPW
6.2.2.3 Vertical support of anchored masonry
veneer — 8LIWI VIUYMVIQIRXW EVI FEWIH SR GYVVIRX
MRHYWXV] TVEGXMGI ERH GYVVIRX QSHIP FYMPHMRK GSHIW
7YTTSVX HSIW RSX RIIH XS SGGYV EX XLI JPSSV PIZIP MX GER
SGGYVEXE[MRHS[LIEHSVSXLIVGSRZIRMIRXPSGEXMSR
8LI JYPP TVSZMWMSRW JSV TVIWIVZEXMZIXVIEXIH [SSH
JSYRHEXMSRW EVI KMZIR MR XLI 2EXMSREP *SVIWX 4VSHYGXW
%WWSGMEXMSR8IGLRMGEP6ITSVX
8LIVIEVIRSVIWXVMGXMSRWSRXLILIMKLXPMQMXSJZIRIIV
JSYRHEXMSRWWLEPPRSXI\GIIHJXQ
EFSZIXLIWYTTSVX
6.2.2.3.1.2 %RGLSVIH ZIRIIV [MXL E
FEGOMRKSJ[SSHJVEQMRKWLEPPRSXI\GIIHXLILIMKLXEFSZI
XLIRSRGSQFYWXMFPIJSYRHEXMSRKMZIRMR8EFPI
FEGOIH F] QEWSRV] SV GSRGVIXI RSV EVI XLIVI ER]
VIUYMVIQIRXW XLEX XLI ZIRIIV [IMKLX FI GEVVMIH F]
MRXIVQIHMEXI WYTTSVXW 8LI HIWMKRIV WLSYPH GSRWMHIV XLI
IJJIGXW SJ HMJJIVIRXMEP QSZIQIRX SR XLI ERGLSVW ERH
GSRRIGXMSRSJXLIZIRIIVXSSXLIVFYMPHMRKGSQTSRIRXW
C-162 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

Table 6.2.2.3.1 — Height limit from foundation 7YTTSVX SJ ERGLSVIHZIRIIVSR [SSHMW TIVQMXXIH MR
TVIZMSYW QSHIP FYMPHMRK GSHIW 8LI ZIVXMGEP QSZIQIRX
Height at plate, ft (m) Height at gable, ft (m) NSMRXFIX[IIRXLIZIRIIVSRHMJJIVIRXWYTTSVXWVIHYGIWXLI
    TSWWMFMPMX] SJ GVEGOMRK HYIXS HMJJIVIRXMEP WIXXPIQIRX 8LI
LIMKLX PMQMX SJ  JX  Q  [EW GSRWMHIVIH XS FI XLI
QE\MQYQ WMRKPI WXSV] LIMKLX ERH MW GSRWMHIVIH XS FI E
VIEWSREFPIJMVIWEJIX]VMWO
6.2.2.3.1.3 -J ERGLSVIH ZIRIIV [MXL E
FEGOMRK SJ GSPHJSVQIH WXIIP JVEQMRK I\GIIHW XLI LIMKLX
EFSZI XLI RSRGSQFYWXMFPI JSYRHEXMSR KMZIR MR 8EFPI
 XLI [IMKLX SJ XLI ZIRIIV WLEPP FI WYTTSVXIH F]
RSRGSQFYWXMFPIGSRWXVYGXMSRJSVIEGLWXSV]EFSZIXLILIMKLX
PMQMXKMZIRMR8EFPI
6.2.2.3.1.4 ;LIR ERGLSVIH ZIRIIV MW
YWIH EW ER MRXIVMSV JMRMWL SR [SSH JVEQMRK MX WLEPP LEZI E
[IMKLX SJ  TWJ  OKQ  SV PIWW ERH FI MRWXEPPIH MR
GSRJSVQERGI[MXLXLITVSZMWMSRWSJXLMW'LETXIV
6.2.2.3.1.5 )\XIVMSV QEWSRV] ZIRIIV
LEZMRK ER MRWXEPPIH [IMKLX SJ  TWJ  OKQ  SV PIWW ERH
LIMKLXSJ RSQSVI XLER JX  Q  WLEPP FITIVQMXXIH XS FI
WYTTSVXIHSR[SSHGSRWXVYGXMSR%ZIVXMGEP QSZIQIRXNSMRXMR
XLIQEWSRV]ZIRIIVWLEPPFIYWIHXSMWSPEXIXLIZIRIIVWYTTSVXIH
F] [SSH GSRWXVYGXMSR JVSQ XLEX WYTTSVXIH F] XLI JSYRHEXMSR
1EWSRV]WLEPPFIHIWMKRIHERHGSRWXVYGXIH WSXLEXQEWSRV]MW
RSX MR HMVIGX GSRXEGX [MXL [SSH 8LI LSVM^SRXEPP] WTERRMRK
IPIQIRXWYTTSVXMRKXLIQEWSRV]ZIRIIVWLEPPFIHIWMKRIHWSXLEX
HIJPIGXMSRHYIXSHIEHTPYWPMZIPSEHWHSIWRSXI\GIIHlSV
MRQQ 
6.2.2.3.2 ;LIR ERGLSVIH ZIRIIV MW
WYTTSVXIH F] JPSSV GSRWXVYGXMSR XLI JPSSV WLEPP FI
HIWMKRIH XS PMQMX HIJPIGXMSR EW VIUYMVIH MR 7IGXMSR

6.2.2.3.3 4VSZMHI RSRGSQFYWXMFPI PMRXIPW SV
WYTTSVXWEXXEGLIH XSRSRGSQFYWXMFPIJVEQMRKSZIVSTIRMRKW
[LIVI XLI ERGLSVIH ZIRIIV MW RSX WIPJWYTTSVXMRK 0MRXIPW
WLEPPLEZIEPIRKXLSJFIEVMRKRSXPIWWXLERMRQQ 
8LIHIJPIGXMSRSJWYGLPMRXIPWSVWYTTSVXWWLEPPGSRJSVQXSXLI
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSR
6.2.2.4 Masonry units — 1EWSRV]YRMXWWLEPPFI
EXPIEWXMRQQ MREGXYEPXLMGORIWW
6.2.2.5 Anchor requirements 6.2.2.5 Anchor requirements — -X GSYPH FI
6.2.2.5.1 Corrugated sheet-metal anchors EVKYIHXLEXXLIHIZMGIFIX[IIRXLIZIRIIVERHMXWFEGOMRK
6.2.2.5.1.1'SVVYKEXIH WLIIXQIXEPERGLSVW MW RSX ER ERGLSV EW HIJMRIH MR XLI 'SHI 8LEX HIZMGI MW
WLEPP FI EX PIEWX  MR  QQ  [MHI LEZI E FEWI QIXEP SJXIRVIJIVVIHXSEWEXMI,S[IZIVXLIXIVQERGLSVMWYWIH
XLMGORIWW SJ EX PIEWX  MR  QQ  ERH WLEPP LEZI FIGEYWI SJ XLI [MHIWTVIEH YWI SJ ERGLSVIH ZIRIIV MR
GSVVYKEXMSRW [MXL E [EZIPIRKXL SJ  XS  MR  XS QSHIP FYMPHMRK GSHIW ERH MRHYWXV] TYFPMGEXMSRW ERH XLI
QQ  ERH ER EQTPMXYHI SJ  XS  MR  XS HIWMVIXSHMJJIVIRXMEXIJVSQXMIEWYWIHMRSXLIVGLETXIVW
QQ 
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-163

CODE COMMENTARY

6.2.2.5.1.2'SVVYKEXIH WLIIXQIXEPERGLSVW ;LIR JMVWX MRXVSHYGIH MR  97 MRHYWXV] TVEGXMGI
WLEPPFITPEGIHEWJSPPS[W [EW GSQFMRIH [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLI 'EREHMER
7XERHEVHW%WWSGMEXMSRXSTVSHYGIXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWKMZIR
E
 ;MXL WSPMH YRMXW IQFIH ERGLSVW MR XLI QSVXEV NSMRX
EX XLEX XMQI )EGL ERGLSV X]TI LEW TL]WMGEP VIUYMVIQIRXW
ERH I\XIRH MRXS XLI ZIRIIV E QMRMQYQ SJ  MR
XLEXQYWXFIQIX1MRMQYQIQFIHQIRXVIUYMVIQIRXWLEZI
QQ
 [MXL EX PIEWX MR QQ
 QSVXEV
FIIR WIX JSV IEGL SJ XLI ERGLSV X]TIW XS IRWYVI PSEH
GSZIVXSXLISYXWMHIJEGI
VIWMWXERGI EKEMRWX TYWLXLVSYKL SV TYPPSYX SJ XLI QSVXEV
F
 ;MXLLSPPS[YRMXWIQFIHERGLSVWMRQSVXEVSVKVSYX NSMRX 1E\MQYQ EMV WTEGI HMQIRWMSRW EVI WIX MR 7IGXMSRW
ERH I\XIRH MRXS XLI ZIRIIV E QMRMQYQ SJ  MR XLVSYKL
QQ
 [MXL EX PIEWX MR QQ
 QSVXEV SV
8LIVI EVI RS TIVJSVQERGI VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV ZIRIIV
KVSYXGSZIVXSXLISYXWMHIJEGI
ERGLSVW MR TVIZMSYW GSHIW -RHIIH XLIVI EVI RSRI MR XLI
6.2.2.5.2 Sheet-metal anchors MRHYWXV] 8IWXW SR ERGLSVW LEZI FIIR VITSVXIH 
6.2.2.5.2.1 7LIIXQIXEP ERGLSVW WLEPP 1ER] ERGLSV QERYJEGXYVIVW LEZI WXVIRKXL ERH WXMJJRIWW
FIEXPIEWX MRQQ
[MHIWLEPPLEZIEFEWIQIXEP HEXEJSVXLIMVTVSTVMIXEV]ERGLSVW
XLMGORIWWSJEXPIEWXMRQQ
ERHWLEPP
:IRIIVERGLSVWX]TMGEPP]EPPS[JSVQSZIQIRXMRXLITPERI
E
 LEZIGSVVYKEXMSRWEWKMZIRMR7IGXMSRSV SJXLI [EPP FYX VIWMWXQSZIQIRX TIVTIRHMGYPEV XSXLI ZIRIIV
8LIQIGLERMGEPTPE]MREHNYWXEFPIERGLSVWERHXLIWXMJJRIWWSJ
F
 FI FIRX RSXGLIH SV TYRGLIH XS TVSZMHI IUYMZEPIRX
TIVJSVQERGIMRTYPPSYXSVTYWLXLVSYKL
6.2.2.5.2.2 7LIIXQIXEP ERGLSVW WLEPP
FITPEGIHEWJSPPS[W
XLIERGLSVMRJPYIRGIPSEHXVERWJIVFIX[IIRXLIZIRIIVERHXLI
FEGOMRK7XMJJERGLSVW[MXLQMRMQEPQIGLERMGEPTPE]TVSZMHI
QSVIYRMJSVQXVERWJIVSJPSEHMRGVIEWIXLIWXVIWWMRXLIZIRIIV
ERHVIHYGIZIRIIVHIJPIGXMSR
E
 ;MXL WSPMH YRMXW IQFIH ERGLSVW MR XLI QSVXEV NSMRX :IRIIV ERGLSVW SJ [MVI [MXL HVMTW EVI RSX TIVQMXXIH
ERH I\XIRH MRXS XLI ZIRIIV E QMRMQYQ SJ  MR FIGEYWISJXLIMVVIHYGIHPSEHGETEGMX]8LIERGLSVWPMWXIH
QQ
 [MXL EX PIEWX MR QQ
 QSVXEV MR 7IGXMSR  EVI XLSYKLX XS LEZI PS[IV WXVIRKXL
GSZIVXSXLISYXWMHIJEGI SV WXMJJRIWW XLER XLI QSVI VMKMH TPEXIX]TI ERGLSVW 8LYW
JI[IV TPEXIX]TI ERGLSVW EVI VIUYMVIH 8LIWI TVSZMWMSRW
F
 ;MXLLSPPS[YRMXWIQFIHERGLSVWMRQSVXEVSVKVSYX QE] VIWYPX MR ER MRGVIEWI MR XLI RYQFIV SJ ERGLSVW
ERH I\XIRH MRXS XLI ZIRIIV E QMRMQYQ SJ  MR VIUYMVIH[LIRGSQTEVIHXSXLIIHMXMSRWSJXLI&3'%ERH
QQ
 [MXL EX PIEWX MR QQ
 QSVXEV SV 7&''-QSHIPFYMPHMRKGSHIWTYFPMWLIHMRERH
KVSYXGSZIVXSXLISYXWMHIJEGI VIWTIGXMZIP]  8LI RYQFIV SJ ERGLSVW VIUYMVIH F]
6.2.2.5.3 Wire anchors XLMW 'SHI MW FEWIH SR XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLI 
6.2.2.5.3.1 ;MVI ERGLSVW WLEPP FI EX 9&' 8LI RYQFIV SJ VIUYMVIH ERGLSVW MW MRGVIEWIH MR
PIEWX[MVIWM^I;1;
ERHLEZIIRHWFIRXXSJSVQ XLILMKLIV7IMWQMG(IWMKR'EXIKSVMIW%RGLSV WTEGMRKMW
ERI\XIRWMSRJVSQXLIFIRHEXPIEWXMRQQ
PSRK MRHITIRHIRXSJFEGOMRKX]TI
;MVIERGLSVWWLEPPFI[MXLSYXHVMTW %RGLSVJVIUYIRG]WLSYPHFIGEPGYPEXIHMRHITIRHIRXP]
6.2.2.5.3.2 ;MVI ERGLSVW WLEPP FI JSV XLI [EPP WYVJEGI MR IEGL TPERI 8LEX MW LSVM^SRXEP
TPEGIHEWJSPPS[W WTEGMRK SJ ZIRIIV ERGLSVW WLSYPH RSX FI GSRXMRYIH JVSQ
SRITPERISJXLIZIRIIVXSERSXLIV
E
 ;MXL WSPMH YRMXW IQFIH ERGLSVW MR XLI QSVXEV NSMRX
ERH I\XIRH MRXS XLI ZIRIIV E QMRMQYQ SJ  MR 8LI XIVQ wSJJWIXx MR 'SHI 7IGXMSR  VIJIVW
QQ
 [MXL EX PIEWX MR QQ
 QSVXEV XS XLI ZIVXMGEP HMWXERGI FIX[IIR E [MVI I]I ERH XLI
GSZIVXSXLISYXWMHIJEGI LSVM^SRXEPPIKSJEFIRX[MVIXMI MRWIVXIHMRXSXLEXI]ISV
XLI ZIVXMGEP HMWXERGI FIX[IIR JYRGXMSREPP] WMQMPEV
F
 ;MXLLSPPS[YRMXWIQFIHERGLSVWMRQSVXEVSVKVSYX GSQTSRIRXWSJETMRXPIERGLSV
ERH I\XIRH MRXS XLI ZIRIIV E QMRMQYQ SJ  MR
QQ
 [MXL EX PIEWX MR QQ
 QSVXEV SV
KVSYXGSZIVXSXLISYXWMHIJEGI
6.2.2.5.4 Joint reinforcement
6.2.2.5.4.1 0EHHIVX]TISVXEFX]TINSMRX
VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW TIVQMXXIH 'VSWW [MVIW YWIH XS ERGLSV
QEWSRV] ZIRIIV WLEPP FI EX PIEWX [MVI WM^I ; 1;

ERHWLEPPFIWTEGIHEXE QE\MQYQSJ MR QQ
SR
GIRXIV 'VSWW [MVIW WLEPP FI [IPHIH XS PSRKMXYHMREP [MVIW
[LMGLWLEPPFIEXPIEWX[MVIWM^I;1;
'VSWW[MVIW
C-164 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

ERHXEFWWLEPPFI[MXLSYXHVMTW
6.2.2.5.4.2 )QFIH PSRKMXYHMREP [MVIW
SJ NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR XLI QSVXEV NSMRX [MXL EX PIEWX

MRQQ QSVXEVGSZIVSRIEGLWMHI
6.2.2.5.5 Adjustable anchors
6.2.2.5.5.1 7LIIXQIXEP ERH [MVI
GSQTSRIRXW SJ EHNYWXEFPI ERGLSVW WLEPP GSRJSVQ XS XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR   SV 
%HNYWXEFPI ERGLSVW [MXL NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP EPWS
QIIXXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSR
6.2.2.5.5.2 1E\MQYQGPIEVERGIFIX[IIR
GSRRIGXMRKTEVXWSJXLIXMIWLEPPFIMRQQ 
6.2.2.5.5.3 %HNYWXEFPI ERGLSVW WLEPP FI
HIXEMPIHXSTVIZIRXHMWIRKEKIQIRX
6.2.2.5.5.4 4MRXPI ERGLSVW WLEPP LEZI
SRI SV QSVI TMRXPI PIKW SJ [MVI WM^I ; 1;  ERH
WLEPPLEZIERSJJWIXRSXI\GIIHMRK MRQQ 
6.2.2.5.5.5 %HNYWXEFPI ERGLSVW SJ
IUYMZEPIRX WXVIRKXL ERH WXMJJRIWW XS XLSWI WTIGMJMIH MR
7IGXMSRWXLVSYKLEVITIVQMXXIH
6.2.2.5.6 Anchor spacing
6.2.2.5.6.1 *SV EHNYWXEFPI X[STMIGI
ERGLSVWERGLSVWSJ[MVIWM^I;1; ERH KEKI
 QQ  GSVVYKEXIH WLIIXQIXEP ERGLSVW TVSZMHI EX PIEWX
SRIERGLSVJSVIEGLJXQ SJ[EPPEVIE
6.2.2.5.6.2 *SV SXLIV ERGLSVW TVSZMHI
EXPIEWXSRIERGLSVJSVIEGLJXQ SJ[EPPEVIE
6.2.2.5.6.3 7TEGI ERGLSVW EX E
QE\MQYQ SJ  MR  QQ  LSVM^SRXEPP] ERH  MR
QQ  ZIVXMGEPP] FYX RSX XS I\GIIH XLI ETTPMGEFPI
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRSV
6.2.2.5.6.4 4VSZMHI EHHMXMSREP ERGLSVW
EVSYRH STIRMRKW PEVKIV XLER  MR  QQ  MR IMXLIV
HMQIRWMSR7TEGIERGLSVWEVSYRHTIVMQIXIVSJSTIRMRKEX
E QE\MQYQ SJ  JX  Q  SR GIRXIV 4PEGI ERGLSVW
[MXLMRMRQQ SJSTIRMRKW
6.2.2.5.7 Joint thickness for anchors {
1SVXEV FIH NSMRX XLMGORIWW WLEPP FI EX PIEWX X[MGI XLI
XLMGORIWWSJXLIIQFIHHIHERGLSV
6.2.2.6 Masonry veneer anchored to wood backing 6.2.2.6 Masonry veneer anchored to wood backing
— 8LIWI VIUYMVIQIRXW EVI WMQMPEV XS XLSWI YWIH F]
6.2.2.6.1 :IRIIV WLEPP FI EXXEGLIH[MXL ER]
MRHYWXV]ERHKMZIRMRQSHIPFYMPHMRKGSHIWJSV]IEVW8LI
ERGLSVTIVQMXXIHMR7IGXMSR
PMQMXEXMSRSRJEWXIRMRKGSVVYKEXIHERGLSVWEXEQE\MQYQ
6.2.2.6.2 %XXEGL IEGL ERGLSV XS[SSH WXYHW HMWXERGIJVSQXLIFIRHMWRI[-XMWEHHIHXSEGLMIZIFIXXIV
SV [SSH JVEQMRK [MXL E GSVVSWMSRVIWMWXERX H GSQQSR TIVJSVQERGI8LIQE\MQYQHMWXERGIWFIX[IIRXLIZIRIIV
REMP SV [MXL E JEWXIRIV LEZMRK IUYMZEPIRX SV KVIEXIV ERH XLI WLIEXLMRK SV [SSH WXYH MW TVSZMHIH MR SVHIV XS
TYPPSYX WXVIRKXL *SV GSVVYKEXIH WLIIXQIXEP ERGLSVW SFXEMRQMRMQYQGSQTVIWWMSRGETEGMX]SJERGLSVW
PSGEXIXLIREMPSVJEWXIRIV[MXLMR  MR QQ SJ XLI
HIKVIIFIRHMRXLIERGLSV
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-165

CODE COMMENTARY

6.2.2.6.3 ;LIR GSVVYKEXIH WLIIX QIXEP

ERGLSVWEVIYWIHEQE\MQYQHMWXERGIFIX[IIRXLIMRWMHI
JEGISJXLIZIRIIVERHSYXWMHIJEGISJXLIWSPMHWLIEXLMRK
SJMRQQ
WLEPPFIWTIGMJMIH;LIRSXLIVERGLSVW
EVIYWIHEQE\MQYQHMWXERGIFIX[IIRXLIMRWMHIJEGISJ
XLIZIRIIVERHXLI[SSHWXYHSV[SSHJVEQMRKSJ¡ MR
QQ
WLEPPFIWTIGMJMIH%MRQQ
QMRMQYQ
EMVWTEGIWLEPPFIWTIGMJMIH
6.2.2.7 Masonry veneer anchored to steel backing 6.2.2.7 Masonry veneer anchored to steel
6.2.2.7.1 %XXEGL ZIRIIV [MXL EHNYWXEFPI backing — 1SWX SJ XLIWIVIUYMVIQIRXWEVIRI[ FYX XLI]
ERGLSVW KIRIVEPP] JSPPS[ VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW MR GYVVIRX YWI 
8LI QMRMQYQ FEWI QIXEP XLMGORIWW MW KMZIR XS TVSZMHI
6.2.2.7.2 %XXEGL IEGL ERGLSV XS WXIIP
WYJJMGMIRXTYPPSYXVIWMWXERGISJWGVI[W
JVEQMRK [MXL EX PIEWX E 2S  GSVVSWMSRVIWMWXERX WGVI[
RSQMREPWLEROHMEQIXIVSJMRQQ

SV[MXLE
JEWXIRIVLEZMRKIUYMZEPIRXSVKVIEXIVTYPPSYXWXVIRKXL
6.2.2.7.3 'SPHJSVQIHWXIIPJVEQMRKWLEPPFI
GSVVSWMSR VIWMWXERX ERH LEZI E QMRMQYQ FEWI QIXEP
XLMGORIWWSJMRQQ

6.2.2.7.4 % ¡ MR QQ
 QE\MQYQ
HMWXERGI FIX[IIR XLI MRWMHI JEGI SJ XLI ZIRIIV ERH XLI
WXIIP JVEQMRK WLEPP FI WTIGMJMIH % MR QQ

QMRMQYQEMVWTEGIWLEPPFIWTIGMJMIH
6.2.2.8 Masonry veneer anchored to masonry or 6.2.2.8 Masonry veneer anchored to masonry or
concrete backing concrete backing — 8LIWIVIUYMVIQIRXWEVIWMQMPEVXSXLSWI
6.2.2.8.1 %XXEGLZIRIIVXSQEWSRV]FEGOMRK YWIH F] MRHYWXV] ERH LEZI FIIR KMZIR MR QSHIP FYMPHMRK
[MXL [MVI ERGLSVW EHNYWXEFPI ERGLSVW SV NSMRX GSHIWJSVQER]]IEVW
VIMRJSVGIQIRX %XXEGL ZIRIIV XS GSRGVIXI FEGOMRK [MXL
EHNYWXEFPIERGLSVW
6.2.2.8.2 % ¡ MR QQ
 QE\MQYQ
HMWXERGIFIX[IIRXLIMRWMHIJEGISJXLIZIRIIVERHXLISYXWMHI
JEGISJXLIQEWSRV]SVGSRGVIXIFEGOMRKWLEPPFIWTIGMJMIH%
MR-QQ
QMRMQYQEMVWTEGIWLEPPFIWTIGMJMIH
6.2.2.9 Veneer not laid in running bond {
%RGLSVIH ZIRIIV RSX PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH WLEPP LEZI
NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX SJ EX PIEWX SRI [MVI SJ WM^I ;
6.2.2.9 Veneer not laid in running bond —
1EWSRV] RSX PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH LEW WMQMPEV
VIUYMVIQIRXW MR 7IGXMSR  8LI EVIE SJ NSMRX
1;
 WTEGIH EX E QE\MQYQ SJ  MR  QQ
 SR VIMRJSVGIQIRX VIUYMVIHMR 7IGXMSRMWIUYMZEPIRX XS
GIRXIVZIVXMGEPP]
[]XLI
6.2.2.10 Requirements in seismic areas
6.2.2.10.1 Seismic Design Category C
6.2.2.10.1.1 8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLMW
WIGXMSRETTP]XSERGLSVIHZIRIIVJSVFYMPHMRKWMR7IMWQMG
(IWMKR'EXIKSV]'
6.2.2.10.1.2 -WSPEXIXLIWMHIWERHXSTSJ
ERGLSVIH ZIRIIV JVSQ XLI WXVYGXYVI WS XLEX ZIVXMGEP ERH
PEXIVEP WIMWQMG JSVGIW VIWMWXIH F] XLI WXVYGXYVI EVI RSX
MQTEVXIHXSXLIZIRIIV
6.2.2.10.2 Seismic Design Category D
6.2.2.10.2.1 8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV
7IMWQMG (IWMKR 'EXIKSV] ' ERH XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLMW
WIGXMSRETTP]XSERGLSVIHZIRIIVJSVFYMPHMRKWMR7IMWQMG
(IWMKR'EXIKSV](
XLEXMR7IGXMSRJSVERSQMREPMRQQ
6.2.2.10 Requirements in seismic areas — 8LIWI
VIUYMVIQIRXW TVSZMHI WIZIVEP GYQYPEXMZI IJJIGXW XS
MQTVSZIZIRIIVTIVJSVQERGIYRHIVWIMWQMGPSEH1ER]SJ
XLIQEVI FEWIH SR WMQMPEVVIUYMVIQIRXWKMZIR MR 'LETXIV
 SJ XLI 9RMJSVQ &YMPHMRK 'SHI 8LI MWSPEXMSR JVSQ
XLIWXVYGXYVIVIHYGIWEGGMHIRXEPPSEHMRKERHTIVQMXWPEVKIV
FYMPHMRK HIJPIGXMSRW XS SGGYV [MXLSYX ZIRIIV HEQEKI
7YTTSVX EX IEGL JPSSV EVXMGYPEXIW XLI ZIRIIV ERH VIHYGIW
XLI WM^I SJ TSXIRXMEPP] HEQEKIH EVIEW %R MRGVIEWIH
RYQFIVSJERGLSVWMRGVIEWIWZIRIIV WXEFMPMX]ERHVIHYGIW
XLI TSWWMFMPMX] SJ JEPPMRK HIFVMW .SMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX
TVSZMHIW HYGXMPMX] ERH TSWXGVEGOMRK WXVIRKXL %HHIH
I\TERWMSR NSMRXW JYVXLIV EVXMGYPEXI XLI ZIRIIV TIVQMX
KVIEXIV FYMPHMRK HIJPIGXMSR [MXLSYX ZIRIIV HEQEKI ERH
PMQMXWXVIWWHIZIPSTQIRXMRXLIZIRIIV
C-166
CODE
6.2.2.10.2.2 6IHYGI XLI QE\MQYQ [EPP
EVIEWYTTSVXIHF]IEGLERGLSVXSTIVGIRXSJXLEXVIUYMVIH
MR 7IGXMSRWERH1E\MQYQLSVM^SRXEP
ERHZIVXMGEPWTEGMRKWEVIYRGLERKIH
6.2.2.10.2.3 *SV QEWSRV] ZIRIIV
ERGLSVIH XS [SSH FEGOMRK EXXEGL IEGL ZIRIIV ERGLSV XS
[SSHWXYHWSV[SSHJVEQMRK[MXLEGSVVSWMSRVIWMWXERXH
VMRKWLEROREMPE2SGSVVSWMSRVIWMWXERXWGVI[[MXLE
TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
COMMENTARY
7LEOI XEFPI XIWXW SJ TERIP ERH JYPPWGEPI [SSH
JVEQIFVMGOZIRIIVFYMPHMRKWLEZIHIQSRWXVEXIHXLEXH
REMPW EVI RSX WYJJMGMIRX XS VIWMWX WIMWQMG PSEHMRK YRHIV
GIVXEMR GSRHMXMSRW 6MRKWLERO REMPW SV  WGVI[W [IVI
VIGSQQIRHIH F] XLI VIWIEVGLIVW JSV YWI MR EVIEW SJ
WMKRMJMGERXWIMWQMGPSEHMRK
QMRMQYQ RSQMREP WLERO HMEQIXIV SJ  MR  QQ

SV [MXL E JEWXIRIV LEZMRK IUYMZEPIRX SV KVIEXIV TYPPSYX
WXVIRKXL
6.2.2.10.3 Seismic Design Categories E and F
6.2.2.10.3.1 8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV
7IMWQMG (IWMKR 'EXIKSV] ( ERH XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLMW
WIGXMSRETTP]XSERGLSVIHZIRIIVJSVFYMPHMRKWMR7IMWQMG
(IWMKR'EXIKSVMIW)ERH*
6.2.2.10.3.2 7YTTSVX XLI [IMKLX SJ
ERGLSVIHZIRIIVJSVIEGLWXSV]MRHITIRHIRXSJSXLIVWXSVMIW
6.2.2.10.3.3 4VSZMHI GSRXMRYSYW WMRKPI
[MVI NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX SJ [MVI WM^I ; 1;
 EX E
QE\MQYQWTEGMRKSJMRQQ
SRGIRXIVZIVXMGEPP]
1IGLERMGEPP] EXXEGL ERGLSVW XS XLI NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX
[MXLGPMTWSVLSSOW
6.2.2.11 Requirements in areas of high winds 6.2.2.11 Requirements in areas of high winds
{ 8LI JSPPS[MRK VIUYMVIQIRXW ETTP] MR EVIEW [LIVI XLI —8LIWI VIHYGXMSRW [IVI LMWXSVMGEPP] FEWIH SR XLI VEXMS SJ
ZIPSGMX] TVIWWYVI qz I\GIIHW  TWJ  O4E
FYX HSIW 
 XLI WUYEVI SJ XLI VEXMS SJ [MRH WTIIH MR XLI X[S
RSXI\GIIHTWJO4E
ERHXLIFYMPHMRKvWQIERVSSJ PSGEXMSRW8LITVSZMWMSRWMRXLMWWIGXMSRMRXLIIHMXMSREVI
LIMKLXMWPIWWXLERSVIUYEPXSJXQ
 FEWIH SR E VIHYGXMSR MR XVMFYXEV] EVIE F]   8LI ZIPSGMX]
TVIWWYVIXVMKKIV[EWXLIVIJSVIVEMWIHF]ERHVSYRHIHXS
E
 6IHYGI XLI QE\MQYQ [EPP EVIE WYTTSVXIH F] IEGL
TWJO4E

ERGLSV XS  TIVGIRX SJ XLEX VIUYMVIH MR 7IGXMSRW
ERH
F
 7TEGI ERGLSVW EX E QE\MQYQ  MR  QQ

LSVM^SRXEPP]ERHZIVXMGEPP]
G
 4VSZMHI EHHMXMSREP ERGLSVW EVSYRH STIRMRKW PEVKIV
XLER  MR  QQ
 MR IMXLIV HMVIGXMSR 7TEGI
ERGLSVW EVSYRH TIVMQIXIV SJ STIRMRK EX E QE\MQYQ
SJMRQQ
SRGIRXIV4PEGIERGLSVW[MXLMR
MRQQ
SJSTIRMRKW
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-167

CODE COMMENTARY

6.3 — Adhered veneer 6.3 — Adhered veneer

6.3.1 Alternative design of adhered masonry veneer 6.3.1 Alternative design of adhered masonry veneer
8LI EPXIVREXMZI HIWMKR SJ EHLIVIH ZIRIIV [LMGL MW 8LIVI EVI RS VEXMSREP HIWMKR TVSZMWMSRW JSV EHLIVIH
TIVQMXXIH YRHIV 7IGXMSR  WLEPP WEXMWJ] XLI JSPPS[MRK ZIRIIVMRER]GSHISVWXERHEVH8LIMRXIRXSJ7IGXMSR
GSRHMXMSRW MWXSTIVQMXXLIHIWMKRIVXSYWIEPXIVREXMZIYRMXXLMGORIWWIW
ERHEVIEWJSVEHLIVIHZIRIIV8LIHIWMKRIVWLSYPHTVSZMHI
E
 0SEHW WLEPP FI HMWXVMFYXIH XLVSYKL XLI ZIRIIV XS XLI
JSVEHLIWMSRSJXLIYRMXWGSRXVSPGYVZEXYVISJXLIFEGOMRK
FEGOMRKYWMRKTVMRGMTPIWSJQIGLERMGW
ERH GSRWMHIV JVII^IXLE[ G]GPMRK [EXIV TIRIXVEXMSR ERH
F
 3YXSJTPERI GYVZEXYVI WLEPP FI PMQMXIH XS TVIZIRX EMV ERHZETSV XVERWQMWWMSR 8LI8MPI 'SYRGMPSJ%QIVMGE
ZIRIIVYRMXWITEVEXMSRJVSQXLIFEGOMRK PMQMXW XLI HIJPIGXMSR SJ XLI FEGOMRK WYTTSVXMRK GIVEQMG
XMPIWXSWTERPIRKXLHMZMHIHF]
G
 1EWSRV]SXLIVXLERZIRIIVWLEPPQIIXXLITVSZMWMSRW
SJ7IGXMSRI\GPYHMRKWYFTEVEKVETLWI
ERHJ

H
 8LIZIRIIVMWRSXWYFNIGXXSXLIJPI\YVEPXIRWMPIWXVIWW
TVSZMWMSRW SJ 7IGXMSR  SV XLI RSQMREP JPI\YVEP
XIRWMPIWXVIRKXLTVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSR
I
 8LI TVSZMWMSRW SJ 'LETXIV  I\GPYHMRK 7IGXMSR
G
 ERH 7IGXMSR  I\GPYHMRK 7IGXMSR 
WLEPPETTP]
6.3.2 Prescriptive requirements for adhered 6.3.2 Prescriptive requirements for adhered
masonry veneer masonry veneer
7MQMPEVVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVEHLIVIHZIRIIVLEZIFIIRMR
XLI 9RMJSVQ &YMPHMRK 'SHI WMRGI  8LI
GSRWXVYGXMSR VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV EHLIVIH ZIRIIV MR XLI
7TIGMJMGEXMSRLEZITIVJSVQIHWYGGIWWJYPP]
6.3.2.1 Unit sizes{%HLIVIHZIRIIVYRMXWWLEPP 6.3.2.1 Unit sizes — 8LI HMQIRWMSR EVIE ERH
RSXI\GIIH MRQQ
MRWTIGMJMIHXLMGORIWWMR [IMKLX PMQMXW EVI MQTSWIH XS VIHYGI XLI HMJJMGYPXMIW SJ
 QQ
 MR ER] JEGI HMQIRWMSR RSV QSVI XLER JX LERHPMRKERHMRWXEPPMRKPEVKIYRMXWERHXSEWWYVIKSSHFSRH
Q
MRXSXEPJEGIEVIEERHWLEPPRSX[IMKLQSVIXLER
TWJOKQ

6.3.2.2 Wall area limitations { 8LI LIMKLX
PIRKXL ERH EVIE SJ EHLIVIH ZIRIIV WLEPP RSX FI PMQMXIH
I\GITX EW VIUYMVIH XS GSRXVSP VIWXVEMRIH HMJJIVIRXMEP
QSZIQIRXWXVIWWIWFIX[IIRZIRIIVERHFEGOMRK
6.3.2.3 Backing { &EGOMRK WLEPP TVSZMHI E
GSRXMRYSYW QSMWXYVIVIWMWXERX WYVJEGI XS VIGIMZI XLI
EHLIVIH ZIRIIV &EGOMRK MW TIVQMXXIH XS FI QEWSRV]
GSRGVIXISVQIXEPPEXLERHTSVXPERHGIQIRXTPEWXIVETTPMIH
XSQEWSRV]GSRGVIXIWXIIPJVEQMRKSV[SSHJVEQMRK
6.3.2.4 %HLIWMSR HIZIPSTIH FIX[IIR EHLIVIH
6.3.2.2 Wall area limitations{7IPIGXMRKTVSTIV
PSGEXMSRJSVQSZIQIRXNSMRXWMRZSPZIWQER]ZEVMEFPIW8LIWI
MRGPYHIGLERKIWMRQSMWXYVIGSRXIRXMRLIVIRXQSZIQIRXSJ
QEXIVMEPW XIQTIVEXYVI I\TSWYVI XIQTIVEXYVI HMJJIVIRXMEPW
WXVIRKXLSJYRMXWERHWXMJJRIWWSJXLIFEGOMRK
6.3.2.3 Backing { 8LIWI WYVJEGIW LEZI
HIQSRWXVEXIHXLIEFMPMX]XSTVSZMHIXLIRIGIWWEV]EHLIWMSR
[LIR YWMRK XLI GSRWXVYGXMSR QIXLSH HIWGVMFIH MR XLI
7TIGMJMGEXMSR1SHIPFYMPHMRKGSHIWGSRXEMRTVSZMWMSRWJSV
QIXEP PEXL ERH TSVXPERH GIQIRX TPEWXIV *SV QEWSRV] SV
GSRGVIXIFEGOMRKMXQE]FI HIWMVEFPIXSETTP]QIXEP PEXL
ERHTPEWXIV%PWS VIJIVXS %'- 6 w+YMHI XS 4SVXPERH
'IQIRX 4PEWXIVMRKx JSV QIXEP PEXL EGGIWWSVMIW ERH
XLIMV MRWXEPPEXMSR 8LIWI TYFPMGEXMSRW EPWS GSRXEMR
VIGSQQIRHEXMSRWJSVGSRXVSPSJGVEGOMRK
6.3.2.4 8LI VIUYMVIH WLIEV WXVIRKXL SJ TWM
ZIRIIVYRMXWERHFEGOMRKWLEPPLEZIEWLIEVWXVIRKXLSJEX O4E
 MW ER IQTMVMGEP ZEPYI FEWIH SR NYHKQIRX HIVMZIH
PIEWX  TWM  O4E
 FEWIH SR KVSWW YRMX WYVJEGI EVIE JVSQLMWXSVMGEPYWISJEHLIVIHZIRIIVW]WXIQWWMQMPEVXSXLSWI
[LIR XIWXIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL %781'SVWLEPP FI TIVQMXXIHF]%VXMGPI'SJ817%'-%7')
EHLIVIH MR GSQTPMERGI [MXL %VXMGPI  ' SJ 817 8LMW ZEPYI MW IEWMP] SFXEMRIH [MXL [SVOQERWLMT GSQTP]MRK
%'-%7') [MXL XLI 7TIGMJMGEXMSR -X MW ERXMGMTEXIH XLEX XLI TWM
O4E
 [MPP EGGSYRX JSV HMJJIVIRXMEP WLIEV WXVIWW FIX[IIR
XLI ZIRIIV ERH MXW FEGOMRK MR EHLIVIH ZIRIIV W]WXIQW
C-168 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

TIVQMXXIHF]XLMW'SHIERH7TIGMJMGEXMSR
8LI XIWX QIXLSH MW YWIH XS ZIVMJ] WLIEV WXVIRKXL SJ
EHLIVIH ZIRIIV W]WXIQW XLEX HS RSX GSQTP] [MXL XLI
GSRWXVYGXMSR VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLI 7TIGMJMGEXMSR SV EW E
UYEPMX]EWWYVERGIXIWXJSVW]WXIQWXLEXHSGSQTP]
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-169

CHAPTER 7
GLASS UNIT MASONRY

CODE COMMENTARY

7.1 — General 7.1 — General

7.1.1 Scope
8LMW GLETXIV TVSZMHIW VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV IQTMVMGEP
HIWMKRSJKPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]EWRSRPSEHFIEVMRKIPIQIRXW
MRI\XIVMSVSVMRXIVMSV[EPPW
7.1.1.1 8LI TVSZMWMSRW SJ 'LETXIV  I\GPYHMRK
7.1.1 Scope
+PEWW YRMX QEWSRV] MW YWIH EW E RSRPSEHFIEVMRK
IPIQIRX MR MRXIVMSV ERHI\XIVMSV[EPPWTEVXMXMSRW[MRHS[
STIRMRKW ERH EW ER EVGLMXIGXYVEP JIEXYVI (IWMKR
TVSZMWMSRWMRXLI'SHIEVIIQTMVMGEP8LIWITVSZMWMSRWEVI
GMXIH MR TVIZMSYW GSHIW EVI FEWIH SR WYGGIWWJYP
TIVJSVQERGIERHEVIVIGSQQIRHIHF]QERYJEGXYVIVW
7.1.1.1 7MRGIXLIVIMWRSGSRWMHIVEXMSRSJWXVIWW
7IGXMSRW G
   ERH  WLEPP ETTP] XS HIWMKR MR KPEWW YRMX QEWSRV] XLIVI MW RS RIIH XS WTIGMJ] XLI
SJKPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]I\GITXEWWXEXIHMRXLMW'LETXIV GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]

7.1.1.2 %VXMGPI  SJ 817 %'-

%7')WLEPPRSXETTP]XSKPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]
7.1.2 General design requirements
(IWMKRERHHIXEMPKPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]XSEGGSQQSHEXI
HMJJIVIRXMEPQSZIQIRX

7.1.3 Units
7.1.3.1 ,SPPS[ SV WSPMH KPEWW FPSGO YRMXW WLEPP
FIWXERHEVHSVXLMRYRMXW
7.1.3.2 8LIWTIGMJMIHXLMGORIWWSJWXERHEVHYRMXW
WLEPPFIEXPIEWXMRQQ 
7.1.3.3 8LI WTIGMJMIH XLMGORIWW SJ XLMR YRMXW
WLEPP FI  MR QQ  JSV LSPPS[ YRMXW SV  MR
QQ JSVWSPMHYRMXW

7.2 — Panel size 7.2 — Panel size

8LI 'SHI PMQMXEXMSRW SR TERIP WM^I EVI FEWIH SR
WXVYGXYVEPERHTIVJSVQERGIGSRWMHIVEXMSRW,IMKLX PMQMXWEVI
QSVI VIWXVMGXMZI XLER PIRKXL PMQMXW FEWIH SR LMWXSVMGEP
VIUYMVIQIRXW VEXLIV XLER EGXYEP JMIPH I\TIVMIRGI SV
IRKMRIIVMRK TVMRGMTPIW *MVI VIWMWXERGI VEXMRK XIWXW SJ
EWWIQFPMIW QE] EPWS IWXEFPMWL PMQMXEXMSRW SR TERIP WM^I
'SRXEGXKPEWWFPSGOQERYJEGXYVIVW JSVXIGLRMGEPHEXESRXLI
JMVIVIWMWXERGIVEXMRKWSJTERIPWSVVIJIVXSXLIPEXIWXMWWYISJ
90 *MVI 6IWMWXERGI (MVIGXSV] z :SPYQI  ERH XLI PSGEP
FYMPHMRKGSHI
7.2.1 Exterior standard-unit panels 7.2.1 Exterior standard-unit panels
8LI QE\MQYQ EVIE SJ IEGL MRHMZMHYEP WXERHEVHYRMX 8LI [MRH PSEH VIWMWXERGI GYVZI  *MKYVI
TERIP WLEPP FI FEWIH SR XLI HIWMKR [MRH TVIWWYVI MR '' MWVITVIWIRXEXMZISJXLIYPXMQEXIPSEHPMQMXWJSVE
EGGSVHERGI [MXL *MKYVI  8LI QE\MQYQ HMQIRWMSR ZEVMIX] SJ TERIP GSRHMXMSRW ,MWXSVMGEPP] E JX
FIX[IIR WXVYGXYVEP WYTTSVXW WLEPP FI  JX  Q  Q EVIEPMQMXLEWFIIRVIJIVIRGIHMRFYMPHMRKGSHIW
LSVM^SRXEPP]SVJXQ ZIVXMGEPP] EW XLI QE\MQYQ EVIE TIVQMXXIH MR I\XIVMSV ETTPMGEXMSRW
[MXLSYX VIJIVIRGI XS ER] WEJIX] JEGXSV SV HIWMKR [MRH
TVIWWYVI 8LI JXQ  EVIE EPWSVIJPIGXW XLIWM^I
SJ TERIPW XIWXIH F] XLI 2EXMSREP 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]
C-170 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

%WWSGMEXMSR 8LI JX Q  EVIE PMQMXEXMSR

TVSZMHIW E WEJIX] JEGXSV SJ  [LIR XLI HIWMKR [MRH
TVIWWYVIMWTWJ4E 
%7')  [MRH WTIIH QETW [IVI GLERKIH JVSQ
XLSWI MR %7')  %7')  [MRH WTIIH QETW
MRGSVTSVEXIEWXVIRKXLHIWMKRETTVSEGL[LIVIXLIPSEH
JEGXSVMWMRGPYHIHMRXLIQETW8LI17.'ETTPMIHE
 JEGXSV XS XLI [MRH TVSZMWMSRW MR XLI  17.'
IHMXMSR XS GSRZIVX WIVZMGI PIZIP HIWMKR [MRH TVIWWYVI XS
JEGXSVIH PIZIP HIWMKR [MRH TVIWWYVI -R XLI  'SHI
IHMXMSR XLI VIJIVIRGIH [MRH WTIIHW JVSQ %7')  EVI
WXVIRKXL PIZIPW XLYW XS YWI *MKYVI '' XLI JEGXSVIH
HIWMKR [MRH TVIWWYVIW [SYPH LEZI XS FIHMZMHIH F] XS
HIXIVQMRIERIJJIGXMZIJEGXSVSJWEJIX]

112
(5.8)

96
(4.6)
80
(3.8)

64
(3.0)

48
(2.2)

32
(1.5)

16
(0.8)

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 (ft2)
4.6 9.3 13.9 18.6 23.2 27.9 (m2)

Area of Panel
Figure 7.2-1 — Factored design wind pressure for glass unit masonry
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-171

COMMENTARY
160
(7.7) 5’ x 10’

140
(6.7)

120
(5.7)

100
(4.8)
10’ x 10’ 14’ x 7’
7 -4”
80
(3.8)

60 12’ x 12’
(2.9)

40
(1.9)
10’ x 20’

20 16’ x 16’
(.96)

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 (ft 2)
1.9 3.7 5.6 7.4 9.3 11.1 13.0 14.9 16.7 18.6 20.4 22.3 24.2 (m 2)

Area of Panel, ft 2 (m 2)

Example of how to use wind-load resistance curve: If using a factored strength level design wind pressure of 32 psf
(1,532 Pa), divide this by 1.6 to give 20 psf (958 Pa), then multiply by a safety factor of 2.7. Locate 54 psf (2,586 Pa)
2 2
wind pressure (on vertical axis), read across to curve and read corresponding 144 -ft (13.37-m ) maximum area per
panel (on horizontal axis).

Figure CC-7.2-1 — Glass masonry ultimate wind load resistance

CODE COMMENTARY

7.2.2 Exterior thin-unit panels 7.2.2 Exterior thin-unit panels

8LIQE\MQYQEVIESJIEGLMRHMZMHYEPXLMRYRMXTERIP 8LIVIMWPMQMXIHLMWXSVMGEPHEXEJSVHIZIPSTMRKEGYVZI
WLEPP FI  JX  Q  8LI QE\MQYQ HMQIRWMSR JSV XLMR YRMXW 8LI 'SQQMXXII VIGSQQIRHW PMQMXMRK XLI
FIX[IIRWXVYGXYVEPWYTTSVXWWLEPPFIJXQ [MHISV I\XIVMSV YWI SJ XLMR YRMXW XS EVIEW [LIVI XLI JEGXSVIH
 JX  Q  LMKL 8LMR YRMXW WLEPP RSX FI YWIH MR HIWMKR[MRHTVIWWYVIHSIWRSXI\GIIHTWJ4E 
ETTPMGEXMSRW [LIVI XLI JEGXSVIH HIWMKR [MRH TVIWWYVI
TIV%7')I\GIIHWTWJ4E 
7.2.3 Interior panels
7.2.3.1 ;LIR XLI JEGXSVIH [MRH TVIWWYVI HSIW
RSX I\GIIH TWJ  4E  XLI QE\MQYQ EVIE SJ IEGL
MRHMZMHYEP WXERHEVHYRMX TERIP WLEPP FI  JX  Q
ERH XLI QE\MQYQ EVIE SJ IEGL XLMRYRMX TERIP WLEPP FI
JX  Q  8LI QE\MQYQ HMQIRWMSR FIX[IIR
WXVYGXYVEP WYTTSVXW WLEPP FI JX  Q  [MHI SV  JX
Q LMKL
7.2.3.2 ;LIR XLI JEGXSVIH [MRH TVIWWYVI
I\GIIHW  TWJ 4E  WXERHEVHYRMX TERIPW WLEPP FI
HIWMKRIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL 7IGXMSR  ERH XLMRYRMX
TERIPWWLEPPFIHIWMKRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL7IGXMSR
C-172 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

7.2.4 Curved panels

8LI [MHXL SJ GYVZIH TERIPW WLEPP GSRJSVQ XS XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSRW   ERH  I\GITX
EHHMXMSREP WXVYGXYVEP WYTTSVXW WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH EX
PSGEXMSRW [LIVI E GYVZIH WIGXMSR NSMRW E WXVEMKLX WIGXMSR
ERHEXMRJPIGXMSRTSMRXWMRQYPXMGYVZIH[EPPW

7.3 — Support 7.3 — Support

7.3.1 General requirements
+PEWWYRMXQEWSRV]TERIPWWLEPPFIMWSPEXIHWSXLEXMR
TPERIPSEHWEVIRSXMQTEVXIHXSXLITERIP
7.3.2 Vertical
7.3.2.1 1E\MQYQ XSXEP HIJPIGXMSR SJ WXVYGXYVEP
QIQFIVW WYTTSVXMRK KPEWW YRMX QEWSRV] WLEPP RSX I\GIIH
l
7.3.2.2 +PEWW YRMX QEWSRV] LEZMRK ER MRWXEPPIH
7.3.1 General requirements
7.3.2 Vertical
7YTTSVX SJ KPEWW YRMX QEWSRV] SR [SSH LEW
LMWXSVMGEPP] FIIR TIVQMXXIH MR QSHIP FYMPHMRK GSHIW 8LI
'SHI VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV I\TERWMSR NSMRXW ERH JSV EWTLEPX
IQYPWMSR EX XLI WMPP MWSPEXI XLI KPEWW YRMX QEWSRV] [MXLMR
XLI [SSH JVEQMRK 8LIWI VIUYMVIQIRXW EPWS VIHYGI XLI
[IMKLX SJ  TWJ  OKQ
 SV PIWW ERH E QE\MQYQ
TSWWMFMPMX]SJGSRXEGXSJXLIKPEWWYRMXWERHQSVXEV[MXLXLI
LIMKLXSJJXQ
WLEPPFITIVQMXXIHXSFIWYTTSVXIH
[SSH JVEQMRK 8LI LIMKLX PMQMX SJ  JX  Q
 [EW
SR[SSHGSRWXVYGXMSR
GSRWMHIVIHXSFIXLIQE\MQYQWMRKPIWXSV]LIMKLX
7.3.2.3 % ZIVXMGEP I\TERWMSR NSMRX MR XLI KPEWW
YRMX QEWSRV] WLEPP FI YWIH XS MWSPEXI XLI KPEWW YRMX
QEWSRV] WYTTSVXIH F] [SSH GSRWXVYGXMSR JVSQ XLEX
WYTTSVXIHF]SXLIVX]TIWSJGSRWXVYGXMSR
7.3.3 Lateral 7.3.3 Lateral
7.3.3.1 +PEWWYRMXQEWSRV]TERIPWQSVIXLERSRI 8LI 'SHI VIUYMVIW KPEWW YRMX QEWSRV] TERIPW XS FI
YRMX[MHISVSRIYRMXLMKLWLEPPFIPEXIVEPP]WYTTSVXIHEPSRK PEXIVEPP] WYTTSVXIH F] TERIP ERGLSVW SV GLERRIPX]TI
XLI XST ERH WMHIW SJ XLI TERIP 0EXIVEP WYTTSVX WLEPP FI VIWXVEMRXW 7II *MKYVIW '' ERH '' JSV TERIP
TVSZMHIHF]TERIPERGLSVWEPSRKXLIXSTERHWMHIWWTEGIHRSX ERGLSV GSRWXVYGXMSR ERH GLERRIPX]TI VIWXVEMRX
QSVI XLER  MR  QQ
 SR GIRXIV SV F] GLERRIPX]TI GSRWXVYGXMSRVIWTIGXMZIP]+PEWWYRMXQEWSRV]TERIPWQE]
VIWXVEMRXW+PEWWYRMXQEWSRV]TERIPWWLEPPFIVIGIWWIHEXPIEWX FIPEXIVEPP]WYTTSVXIHF] IMXLIVGSRWXVYGXMSRX]TISVF]E
 MR  QQ
 [MXLMR GLERRIPW ERH GLEWIW 'LERRIPX]TI GSQFMREXMSR SJ GSRWXVYGXMSR X]TIW 8LI GLERRIPX]TI
VIWXVEMRXW QYWX FI SZIVWM^IH XS EGGSQQSHEXI I\TERWMSR VIWXVEMRXGSRWXVYGXMSRGERFIQEHISJER]GLERRIPWLETIH
QEXIVMEPMRXLISTIRMRKERHTEGOMRKERHWIEPERXFIX[IIRXLI GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] QIXEP SV [SSH IPIQIRXW WS PSRK EW
JVEQMRKVIWXVEMRXWERHXLIKPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]TIVMQIXIVYRMXW XLI]TVSZMHIXLIVIUYMVIHPEXIVEPWYTTSVX
0EXIVEP WYTTSVXW JSV KPEWW YRMX QEWSRV] TERIPW WLEPP FI
HIWMKRIHXSVIWMWXETTPMIHPSEHWSVEQMRMQYQSJPFTIV
PMRIEPJX2Q
SJTERIP[LMGLIZIVMWKVIEXIV
7.3.3.2 +PEWW YRMX QEWSRV] TERIPW XLEX EVI RS
QSVIXLERSRIYRMX[MHIWLEPPGSRJSVQXSXLIVIUYMVIQIRXW
SJ7IGXMSRI\GITXXLEXPEXIVEPWYTTSVXEXXLIXSTSJ
XLITERIPMWRSXVIUYMVIH

7.3.3.3 +PEWW YRMX QEWSRV] TERIPW XLEX EVI RS

QSVIXLERSRIYRMXLMKLWLEPPGSRJSVQXSXLIVIUYMVIQIRXW
SJ 7IGXMSR I\GITXXLEX PEXIVEP WYTTSVXEXXLIWMHIW
SJXLITERIPWMWRSXVIUYMVIH
7.3.3.4 +PEWW YRMX QEWSRV] TERIPW XLEX EVI E
WMRKPI KPEWW QEWSRV] YRMX WLEPP GSRJSVQ XS XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRI\GITXXLEXPEXIVEPWYTTSVX
WLEPPRSXFITVSZMHIHF]TERIPERGLSVW
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-173

COMMENTARY
16 in. (406 mm) o. c. max.
spacing at head and jamb

Expansion Strip

Two fasteners per Sealant (both sides)

Panel Anchor

Sealant (both sides)

Panel Reinforcement at
16 in. o. c. (406 mm)
Maximum Spacing
Expansion strip

Panel Anchor with 12-in.

(305-mm) Minimum Glass Unit
Embedment into Mortar Masonry
Joint

Asphalt Emulsion

Mortar

Figure CC-7.3-1 — Panel anchor construction

Expansion strip
Recess unit 1 in. (25.4 mm)
Channel-type Minimum into Restraint
Restraint
Packing and Sealant
(Both Sides)

Packing and Sealant

(Both Sides) Joint Reinforcement
at 16 in. (406 mm)
Maximum Spacing

Expansion strip

Channel fastener Asphalt emulsion

Mortar

Figure CC-7.3-2 — Channel-type restraint construction

C-174 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

7.4 — Expansion joints 7.4 — Expansion joints

+PEWW YRMX QEWSRV] TERIPW WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH [MXL
I\TERWMSR NSMRXW EPSRK XLI XST ERH WMHIW EX WXVYGXYVEP
WYTTSVXW)\TERWMSR NSMRXW WLEPP LEZIWYJJMGMIRX XLMGORIWW
XS EGGSQQSHEXI HMWTPEGIQIRXW SJ XLI WYTTSVXMRK
WXVYGXYVI FYX WLEPP RSX FI PIWW XLER  MR  QQ
 MR
XLMGORIWW)\TERWMSRNSMRXWWLEPPFIIRXMVIP]JVIISJQSVXEV
SVSXLIVHIFVMWERHWLEPPFIJMPPIH[MXLVIWMPMIRXQEXIVMEP
7.5 — Base surface treatment
8LI WYVJEGI SR [LMGL KPEWW YRMX QEWSRV] TERIPW EVI
TPEGIH WLEPP FI GSEXIH [MXL E [EXIVFEWIH EWTLEPXMG
IQYPWMSR SV SXLIV IPEWXMG [EXIVTVSSJMRK QEXIVMEP TVMSV XS
PE]MRKXLIJMVWXGSYVWI
7.5 — Base surface treatment
'YVVIRXMRHYWXV]TVEGXMGIERHVIGSQQIRHEXMSRWF]KPEWW
FPSGO QERYJEGXYVIVW WXEXI XLEX WYVJEGIW SR [LMGL KPEWW YRMX
QEWSRV] MWTPEGIH FI GSEXIH [MXLER EWTLEPXIQYPWMSR 
8LIEWTLEPXIQYPWMSRTVSZMHIWEWPMTTPERIEXXLITERIPFEWI
8LMW MW MR EHHMXMSR XS XLI I\TERWMSR TVSZMWMSRW EXLIEH ERH
NEQF PSGEXMSRW 8LI EWTLEPX IQYPWMSR EPWS [EXIVTVSSJW
TSVSYWTERIPFEWIW
+PEWW YRMX QEWSRV] TERIPW WYFNIGXIH XS WXVYGXYVEP
MRZIWXMKEXMSR XIWXW F] XLI 2EXMSREP 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]
%WWSGMEXMSRXSGSRJMVQXLIZEPMHMX]ERHYWISJXLI+PEWW9RMX
1EWSRV] (IWMKR ;MRH 0SEH 6IWMWXERGI GLEVX *MKYVI
''
SJXLI'SHI[IVIGSRWXVYGXIHSRFEWIWGSEXIH[MXL
EWTLEPX IQYPWMSR %WTLEPX IQYPWMSR SR KPEWW YRMX QEWSRV]
TERIPFEWIWMWRIIHIHXSFIGSRWMWXIRX[MXLXLIWIXIWXW

7.6 — Mortar
+PEWW YRMX QEWSRV] WLEPP FI PEMH [MXL 8]TI 7 SV 2
QSVXEV
7.7 — Reinforcement
+PEWWYRMXQEWSRV]TERIPWWLEPPLEZILSVM^SRXEPNSMRX
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WTEGIH RSX QSVI XLER  MR  QQ  SR
GIRXIVPSGEXIHMRXLIQSVXEVFIHNSMRXERHI\XIRHMRKXLI
IRXMVIPIRKXLSJXLITERIPFYXRSXEGVSWWI\TERWMSRNSMRXW
0SRKMXYHMREP [MVIW WLEPP FI PETTIH E QMRMQYQ SJ MR
QQ EXWTPMGIW.SMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPFITPEGIHMR
XLI FIH NSMRX MQQIHMEXIP] FIPS[ ERH EFSZI STIRMRKW MR
XLITERIP8LIVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPLEZIRSXPIWWXLERX[S
TEVEPPIPPSRKMXYHMREP[MVIWSJWM^I;1; ERHLEZI
[IPHIHGVSWW[MVIWSJWM^I;1; 
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-175

CHAPTER 8
STRENGTH DESIGN OF AUTOCLAVED AERATED CONCRETE (AAC)
MASONRY

CODE COMMENTARY

8.1 — General 8.1 — General

8.1.1 Scope 8.1.1 Scope
8LMW 'LETXIV TVSZMHIW QMRMQYQ VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV 6IJIV XS 7IGXMSR  JSV VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV GSVFIPW
HIWMKRSJ%%'QEWSRV] GSRWXVYGXIHSJ%%'QEWSRV]
8.1.1.1 )\GITX EW WXEXIH IPWI[LIVI MR XLMW
'LETXIV HIWMKR SJ %%' QEWSRV] WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 'LETXIV  I\GPYHMRK 7IGXMSRW 
H
ERH
8.1.1.2  (IWMKR SJ %%' QEWSRV] WLEPP GSQTP]
[MXL 7IGXMSRW  XLVSYKL  ERH IMXLIV 7IGXMSR 
SV
8.1.2 Required strength
6IUYMVIH WXVIRKXL WLEPP FI HIXIVQMRIH MR EGGSVHERGI
[MXL XLI WXVIRKXL HIWMKR PSEH GSQFMREXMSRW SJ XLI PIKEPP]
EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK GSHI ;LIR XLI PIKEPP] EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK
GSHI HSIW RSX TVSZMHI PSEH GSQFMREXMSRW WXVYGXYVIW ERH
QIQFIVWWLEPPFIHIWMKRIHXSVIWMWXXLIGSQFMREXMSRSJPSEHW
WTIGMJMIHMR%7')1IQFIVWWYFNIGXXSGSQTVIWWMZIE\MEP
PSEH WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH JSV XLI QE\MQYQ HIWMKR QSQIRX
EGGSQTER]MRKXLIE\MEPPSEH8LIJEGXSVIHQSQIRXMu,WLEPP
MRGPYHIXLIQSQIRXMRHYGIHF]VIPEXMZIPEXIVEPHMWTPEGIQIRX
8.1.3 Design strength
%%'QEWSRV]QIQFIVWWLEPPFITVSTSVXMSRIHWSXLEX
XLI HIWMKR WXVIRKXL IUYEPW SV I\GIIHW XLI VIUYMVIH
WXVIRKXL (IWMKR WXVIRKXL MW XLI RSQMREP WXVIRKXL
QYPXMTPMIHF]XLIWXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSV EWWTIGMJMIH
MR 7IGXMSR
8.1.4 Strength of joints 8.1.4 Strength of joints
%%' QEWSRV] QIQFIVW WLEPP FI QEHI SJ %%' (IWMKR TVSZMWMSRW SJ 'LETXIV  ERH TVIWGVMTXMZI
QEWSRV]YRMXW8LIXIRWMPIFSRHWXVIRKXLSJ%%'QEWSRV] WIMWQMG VIMRJSVGIQIRX VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR  EVI
NSMRXW WLEPP RSX FI XEOIR KVIEXIV XLER XLI PMQMXW SJ 7IGXMSR FEWIH SR QSRSPMXLMG FILEZMSV SJ %%' QEWSRV] 8LI
;LIR%%'QEWSRV]YRMXW[MXLEQE\MQYQLIMKLX VIHYGXMSR MR WLIEV WXVIRKXL SJ %%' QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW
SJMRQQ
RSQMREP
EVIYWIHLIEHNSMRXWWLEPPFI PEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRH[MXLYRJMPPIHLIEHNSMRXWMWEGGSYRXIH
TIVQMXXIH XS FI PIJX YRJMPPIH FIX[IIR %%' QEWSRV] YRMXW JSV MR )UYEXMSR F %%' QEWSRV] [EPPW GSRWXVYGXIH
PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH TVSZMHIH XLEX WLIEV GETEGMX] MW [MXL %%' QEWSRV] YRMXW KVIEXIV MR LIMKLX XLER  MR
GEPGYPEXIHYWMRKXLIJSVQYPEWSJXLMW'SHIGSVVIWTSRHMRKXS QQ
 RSQMREP
 [MXL YRJMPPIH LIEH NSMRXW ERH %%'
XLEX GSRHMXMSR 3TIR LIEH NSMRXW WLEPP RSX FI TIVQMXXIH MR
%%'QEWSRV]RSXPEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRH
QEWSRV][EPPWRSXPEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRH[MXLYRJMPPIHLIEH
NSMRXW HS RSX LEZI WYJJMGMIRX XIWX HEXE XS HIZIPST HIWMKR
TVSZMWMSRWERHXLYWEVIRSXTIVQMXXIHEXXLMWXMQI
C-176
CODE
8.1.5 Strength-reduction factors
8.1.5.1 Anchor bolts { *SV GEWIW [LIVI XLI
RSQMREPWXVIRKXLSJER ERGLSVFSPXMWGSRXVSPPIH F]%%'
QEWSRV] FVIEOSYX  WLEPP FI XEOIR EW  *SV GEWIW
[LIVIXLIRSQMREPWXVIRKXLSJERERGLSVFSPXMWGSRXVSPPIH
F] ERGLSV FSPX WXIIP  WLEPP FI XEOIR EW  *SV GEWIW
[LIVIXLIRSQMREPWXVIRKXLSJERERGLSVFSPXMWGSRXVSPPIH
F]ERGLSVTYPPSYX WLEPPFIXEOIREW
8.1.5.2 Bearing {*SVGEWIW MRZSPZMRKFIEVMRK
SR%%'QEWSRV] WLEPPFIXEOIREW
8.1.5.3 Combinations of flexure and axial load
in unreinforced AAC masonry{8LIZEPYISJ WLEPPFI
XEOIREWJSVYRVIMRJSVGIH%%'QEWSRV]HIWMKRIHXS
VIWMWXJPI\YVIE\MEPPSEHSVGSQFMREXMSRWXLIVISJ
TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
COMMENTARY
8.1.5 Strength-reduction factors
8LIWXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSVMRGSVTSVEXIWXLIHMJJIVIRGI
FIX[IIR XLI RSQMREP WXVIRKXL TVSZMHIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL
XLITVSZMWMSRWSJ'LETXIVERHXLII\TIGXIHWXVIRKXLSJXLI
EWFYMPX %%' QEWSRV] 8LI WXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSR JEGXSV EPWS
EGGSYRXW JSV XLI YRGIVXEMRXMIW MR GSRWXVYGXMSR QEXIVMEP
TVSTIVXMIW GEPGYPEXIH ZIVWYW EGXYEP QIQFIV WXVIRKXLW ERH
ERXMGMTEXIHQSHISJJEMPYVI
8.1.5.1 Anchor bolts{%RGLSVFSPXWIQFIHHIH
MRKVSYX MR%%'QEWSRV]FILEZIPMOI XLSWIEHHVIWWIHMR
'LETXIVERHEVIHIWMKRIHMHIRXMGEPP]%RGLSVWJSVYWIMR
%%' QEWSRV] YRMXW EVI EZEMPEFPI JVSQ E ZEVMIX] SJ
QERYJEGXYVIVWERHRSQMREPVIWMWXERGIWLSYPHFIFEWIHSR
XIWXIHGETEGMXMIW
8.1.5.2 Bearing { 8LI ZEPYI SJ XLI WXVIRKXL
VIHYGXMSR JEGXSV YWIH MR FIEVMRK EWWYQIW XLEX WSQI
HIKVEHEXMSRLEWSGGYVVIH[MXLMRXLIQEWSRV]QEXIVMEP
8.1.5.3 Combinations of flexure and axial load
in unreinforced AAC masonry { 8LI WEQI WXVIRKXL
VIHYGXMSRJEGXSVMWYWIHJSVXLIE\MEPPSEHERHXLIJPI\YVEP
XIRWMSR SV GSQTVIWWMSR MRHYGIH F] FIRHMRK QSQIRX MR
YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW 8LI PS[IV WXVIRKXL
VIJPIGXWERMRGVIEWIMR
8.1.5.4 Combinations of flexure and axial load
in reinforced AAC masonry { 8LI ZEPYI SJ  WLEPP FI
XEOIR EW  JSV VIMRJSVGIH %%' QEWSRV] HIWMKRIH XS
VIWMWXJPI\YVIE\MEPPSEHSVGSQFMREXMSRWXLIVISJ
VIHYGXMSRJEGXSVEWWSGMEXIH[MXLYRVIMRJSVGIHIPIQIRXWMR
GSQTEVMWSRXSVIMRJSVGIHIPIQIRXW
XLI GSIJJMGMIRX SJ ZEVMEXMSR SJ XLI QIEWYVIH WXVIRKXLW SJ
YRVIMRJSVGIH IPIQIRXW [LIR GSQTEVIH XS WMQMPEVP]
GSRJMKYVIHVIMRJSVGIHIPIQIRXW
8.1.5.4 Combinations of flexure and axial load
in reinforced AAC masonry { 8LI WEQI WXVIRKXL
VIHYGXMSRJEGXSVMWYWIHJSVXLIE\MEPPSEHERHXLIJPI\YVEP
XIRWMSR SV GSQTVIWWMSR MRHYGIH F] FIRHMRK QSQIRX MR
VIMRJSVGIH %%' QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW 8LI LMKLIV WXVIRKXL
 VIJPIGXW E HIGVIEWI
8.1.5.5 Shear { 8LIZEPYISJ  WLEPP FI XEOIR
EWJSV%%'QEWSRV]HIWMKRIHXSVIWMWXWLIEV
8.1.6 Deformation requirements
8.1.6.1 Deflection of unreinforced (plain) AAC
masonry { (IJPIGXMSR GEPGYPEXMSRW JSV YRVIMRJSVGIH
VIHYGXMSR JEGXSV EWWSGMEXIH [MXL VIMRJSVGIH IPIQIRXW MR
GSQTEVMWSR XS YRVIMRJSVGIH IPIQIRXW
MRXLIGSIJJMGMIRXSJZEVMEXMSRSJXLIQIEWYVIHWXVIRKXLWSJ
VIMRJSVGIH IPIQIRXW [LIR GSQTEVIH XS WMQMPEVP]
GSRJMKYVIHYRVIMRJSVGIHIPIQIRXW
8.1.5.5 Shear { 7XVIRKXLVIHYGXMSR JEGXSVW JSV
GEPGYPEXMRKXLIHIWMKR WLIEVWXVIRKXL EVIGSQQSRP]QSVI
GSRWIVZEXMZIXLERXLSWIEWWSGMEXIH[MXLXLIHIWMKRJPI\YVEP
WXVIRKXL ,S[IZIV XLI GETEGMX] HIWMKR TVSZMWMSRW SJ
'LETXIVVIUYMVIXLEXWLIEVGETEGMX]WMKRMJMGERXP]I\GIIH
JPI\YVEPGETEGMX],IRGIXLIWXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSVJSV
WLIEV MWXEOIREW EZEPYI TIVGIRX PEVKIV XLERXLI
LMWXSVMGEPZEPYI
8.1.6 Deformation requirements
8.1.6.1 Deflection of unreinforced (plain) AAC
masonry { 8LI HIJPIGXMSR GEPGYPEXMSRW SJ YRVIMRJSVGIH
TPEMR
 %%' QEWSRV] QIQFIVW WLEPP FI FEWIH SR QEWSRV]EVIFEWIHSRIPEWXMGTIVJSVQERGISJXLIQEWSRV]
YRGVEGOIHWIGXMSRTVSTIVXMIW EWWIQFPEKI EW SYXPMRIH MR XLI HIWMKR GVMXIVME SJ 7IGXMSR

BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-177

CODE COMMENTARY

8.1.6.2 Deflection of reinforced AAC masonry 8.1.6.2 Deflection of reinforced AAC

{ (IJPIGXMSR GEPGYPEXMSRW JSV VIMRJSVGIH %%' QEWSRV]
QIQFIVW WLEPP FI FEWIH SR GVEGOIH WIGXMSR TVSTIVXMIW
MRGPYHMRK XLI VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH KVSYX 8LI JPI\YVEP ERH
WLIEV WXMJJRIWW TVSTIVXMIW EWWYQIH JSV HIJPIGXMSR
GEPGYPEXMSRWWLEPPRSXI\GIIHSRILEPJSJXLIKVSWWWIGXMSR
TVSTIVXMIWYRPIWWEGVEGOIHWIGXMSREREP]WMWMWTIVJSVQIH
8.1.7 Anchor bolts
,IEHIHERHFIRXFEVERGLSVFSPXWWLEPPFIIQFIHHIH
MRKVSYXERHWLEPPFIHIWMKRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL7IGXMSR
 YWMRK f K MRWXIEH SJ f m ERH RIKPIGXMRK XLI
GSRXVMFYXMSRSJ%%'XSXLIIHKIHMWXERGIERHIQFIHQIRX
HITXL%RGLSVWIQFIHHIHMR%%'[MXLSYXKVSYXWLEPPFI
HIWMKRIHYWMRKRSQMREPGETEGMXMIWTVSZMHIHF]XLIERGLSV
QERYJEGXYVIV ERH ZIVMJMIH F] ER MRHITIRHIRX XIWXMRK
EKIRG]
8.1.8 Material properties
8.1.8.1 Compressive strength
8.1.8.1.1 Masonry compressive strength{
8LI WTIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ %%' QEWSRV]
masonry {:EPYIWSJIeffEVIX]TMGEPP]EFSYXSRILEPJSJIg
JSV GSQQSR GSRJMKYVEXMSRW SJ IPIQIRXW XLEX EVI JYPP]
KVSYXIH'EPGYPEXMRKEQSVIEGGYVEXIIJJIGXMZIQSQIRXSJ
MRIVXME YWMRK E QSQIRX GYVZEXYVI EREP]WMW QE] FI
HIWMVEFPI JSV WSQI GMVGYQWXERGIW ,MWXSVMGEPP] ER
IJJIGXMZIQSQIRXSJMRIVXMELEWFIIRGEPGYPEXIHYWMRKRIX
GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE TVSTIVXMIW ERH XLI VEXMS SJ XLI
GVEGOMRK QSQIRX WXVIRKXL FEWIH SR ETTVSTVMEXI QSHYPYW
SJ VYTXYVI ZEPYIW XS XLI ETTPMIH QSQIRX VIWYPXMRK JVSQ
YRJEGXSVIHPSEHWEWWLS[RMRXLIJSPPS[MRKIUYEXMSR8LMW
IUYEXMSR LEW WYGGIWWJYPP] FIIR YWIH JSV IWXMQEXMRK XLI
TSWXGVEGOMRK JPI\YVEP WXMJJRIWW SJ FSXL GSRGVIXI ERH
QEWSRV]
 
M cr M cr
I eff In I cr  In   I g
Ma Ma
8.1.7 Anchor bolts
,IEHIH ERH FIRXFEV ERGLSV FSPXW IQFIHHIH MR KVSYX
MR%%'QEWSRV]FILEZIPMOIXLSWIEHHVIWWIHMR'LETXIV
ERH EVI HIWMKRIH MHIRXMGEPP] %RGLSVW JSV YWI MR %%'
QEWSRV] YRMXW EVI EZEMPEFPI JVSQ E ZEVMIX] SJ
QERYJEGXYVIVW
8.1.8 Material properties
8.1.8.1 Compressive strength
8.1.8.1.1 Masonry compressive strength{
6IWIEVGL    LEW FIIR GSRHYGXIH SR WXVYGXYVEP
f AAC WLEPPIUYEPSVI\GIIHTWM14E
 GSQTSRIRXWSJ%%'QEWSRV][MXLEGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL
(IWMKRGVMXIVMEEVI
8.1.8.1.2 Grout compressive strength {
8LI WTIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ KVSYX f g  WLEPP
SJXSTWMXS14E
FEWIHSRXLIWIVIWIEVGLVIWYPXW
8.1.8.1.2 Grout compressive strength {
7MRGIQSWXIQTMVMGEPP]HIVMZIHHIWMKRIUYEXMSRWVIPEXIXLI
IUYEPSVI\GIIHTWM14E
ERHWLEPPRSXI\GIIH GEPGYPEXIHRSQMREPWXVIRKXLEWEJYRGXMSRSJXLIWTIGMJMIH
TWM14E
 GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ XLI QEWSRV] XLI WTIGMJMIH
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJXLIKVSYXMWVIUYMVIHXSFIEXPIEWX
IUYEPXSXLIWTIGMJMIHGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL%HHMXMSREPP]
HYI XS XLI L]HVSTLMPMG REXYVI SJ %%' QEWSRV] GEVI
WLSYPHFIXEOIRXSGSRXVSPKVSYXWLVMROEKIF]TVI[IXXMRK
GIPPWXSFIKVSYXIHSVF]YWMRKSXLIVQIERWWYGLEWRSR
WLVMROEHQM\XYVIW&SRHFIX[IIRKVSYXERH%%'YRMXWMW
IUYMZEPIRX XS FSRH FIX[IIR KVSYX ERH SXLIV QEWSRV]
YRMXW
8.1.8.2 Masonry splitting tensile strength {8LI 8.1.8.2 Masonry splitting tensile strength — 8LI
WTPMXXMRK XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL ft AAC WLEPP FI HIXIVQMRIH F] IUYEXMSR JSV WTPMXXMRK XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL MW FEWIH SR %781
)UYEXMSR 'XIWXW

f t AAC  f  AAC )UYEXMSR  

8.1.8.3 Masonry modulus of rupture { 8LI 8.1.8.3 Masonry modulus of rupture { 8LI
QSHYPYW SJ VYTXYVI frAAC  JSV %%' QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW QSHYPYW SJ VYTXYVI MW FEWIH SR XIWXW GSRHYGXIH MR
WLEPP FI XEOIR EW X[MGI XLI QEWSRV] WTPMXXMRK XIRWMPI EGGSVHERGI [MXL %781 ' SR %%' QEWSRV] [MXL
WXVIRKXL ftAAC  -J E WIGXMSR SJ %%' QEWSRV] GSRXEMRW E HMJJIVIRX GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXLW 1SHYPYW SJ
C-178 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

8]TI1 SV8]TI7LSVM^SRXEPPIZIPMRKFIHSJQSVXEVXLI VYTXYVI XIWXW WLS[ XLEX E XLMRFIH QSVXEV NSMRX GER JEMP
ZEPYI SJ frAAC WLEPP RSX I\GIIH  TWM  O4E
 EX XLEX FIJSVI XLI %%' QEXIVMEP MRHMGEXMRK XLEX XLI XIRWMPIFSRH
WIGXMSR-JEWIGXMSRSJ%%'QEWSRV]GSRXEMRWELSVM^SRXEP WXVIRKXLSJXLIXLMRFIHQSVXEVMWPIWWXLERXLIQSHYPYWSJ
FIHNSMRX SJ XLMRFIH QSVXEV ERH%%' XLIZEPYI SJ frAAC VYTXYVISJXLI%%'8LMWGVMXMGEPZEPYIMWTWMO4E

WLEPPRSXI\GIIHTWMO4E
EXXLEXWIGXMSR 8LI HEXE EVI GSRWMWXIRX [MXL XLI JSVQEXMSR SJ GVEGOW MR
8.1.8.4 Masonry direct shear strength { 8LI
HMVIGX WLIEV WXVIRKXL fv  EGVSWW ER MRXIVJEGI SJ %%'
QEXIVMEPWLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHF])UYEXMSRERHWLEPPFI
XLMRFIH QSVXEV NSMRXW SFWIVZIH MR %%' WLIEV [EPP
XIWXW 7LIEV [EPP XIWXW WLS[ XLEX [LIR E PIZIPMRK
FIH MW TVIWIRX JPI\YVEP GVEGOMRK GETEGMX] QE] FI
GSRXVSPPIHF]XLIXIRWMPIFSRHWXVIRKXLEGVSWWXLIMRXIVJEGI
FIX[IIR XLI %%' ERH XLI PIZIPMRK QSVXEV [LMGL MW
YWYEPP] PIWW XLER XLI QSHYPYW SJ VYTXYVI SJ XLI %%'
QEXIVMEPMXWIPJ
8.1.8.4 Masonry direct shear strength — 8LI
IUYEXMSR JSV HMVIGX WLIEV WXVIRKXL MW FEWIH SR WLIEV
XIWXW &EWIH SR XIWXW F] /MRKWPI] IX EP MRXIVJEGI
XEOIR EW  TWM  O4E
 EGVSWW ER MRXIVJEGI FIX[IIR WLIEV WXVIRKXL FIX[IIR KVSYX ERH GSRZIRXMSREP QEWSRV]
KVSYXERH%%'QEXIVMEP YRMXW ZEVMIW JVSQ  XS  TWM  XS  O4%


&EWIH SR XIWXW F] 8ERRIV MRXIVJEGI WLIEV WXVIRKXL
fv  f AAC  )UYEXMSR 
 FIX[IIRKVSYXERH%%'QEXIVMEPLEHE JVEGXMPIPS[IV
GLEVEGXIVMWXMG
 ZEPYI SJ  TWM  O4E
 &EWIH SR
MWTVSFEFP]
8.1.8.5 Coefficient of friction { 8LIGSIJJMGMIRX
SJ JVMGXMSR FIX[IIR %%' ERH %%' WLEPP FI  8LI
GSIJJMGMIRX SJ JVMGXMSR FIX[IIR %%' ERH XLMRFIH QSVXEV
SVFIX[IIR%%'ERHPIZIPMRKFIHQSVXEVWLEPPFI
8.1.8.6 Reinforcement strength { 1EWSRV]
HIWMKRWLEPPFIFEWIHSREVIMRJSVGIQIRXWXVIRKXLIUYEPXS
XLI WTIGMJMIH ]MIPH WXVIRKXL SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX fy  [LMGL
/MRKWPI]vW[SVOXLIZEPYISJTWMO4E
EGSRWIVZEXMZIFSYRHXSXLIEGXYEPZEPYIMXGERWEJIP]ERH
ETTVSTVMEXIP]FIYWIHJSV%%'QEWSRV]
8.1.8.5 Coefficient of friction — 8LIGSIJJMGMIRX
SJ JVMGXMSR FIX[IIR %%' ERH %%' MW FEWIH SR HMVIGX
WLIEVXIWXWTIVJSVQIHEX8LI9RMZIVWMX]SJ8I\EWEX%YWXMR
ERHXLIGSIJJMGMIRXSJJVMGXMSRFIX[IIR%%'ERHPIZIPMRK
QSVXEV MW FEWIH SR XIWXW SR WLIEV [EPPW EX XLI WEQI
MRWXMXYXMSR
8.1.8.6 Reinforcement strength { 6IWIEVGL
GSRHYGXIHSRVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]GSQTSRIRXWYWIH+VEHI
WXIIP 8S FI GSRWMWXIRX [MXL PEFSVEXSV] HSGYQIRXIH
WLEPPRSXI\GIIHTWM14E
8LIEGXYEP]MIPH MRZIWXMKEXMSRWHIWMKRMWFEWIHSRERSQMREPWXIIP]MIPHWXVIRKXL
WXVIRKXL WLEPP RSX I\GIIH  QYPXMTPMIH F] XLI WTIGMJMIH
 8LI PMQMXEXMSR SR XLI WXIIP ]MIPH
]MIPHWXVIRKXL
8.1.9 Nominal bearing strength
8.1.9.1 8LI RSQMREP FIEVMRK WXVIRKXL SJ %%'
QEWSRV] WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH EW f AAC QYPXMTPMIH F] XLI
FIEVMRKEVIEAbrEWHIJMRIHMR7IGXMSR
8.1.9.2 Bearing for simply supported precast
floor and roof members on AAC masonry shear walls {
8LIJSPPS[MRK QMRMQYQVIUYMVIQIRXW WLEPPETTP]WS XLEX
EJXIVXLIGSRWMHIVEXMSRSJXSPIVERGIWXLIHMWXERGIJVSQXLI
IHKI SJ XLI WYTTSVXMRK [EPP XS XLI IRH SJ XLI TVIGEWX
QIQFIVMRXLIHMVIGXMSRSJXLIWTERMWRSXPIWWXLER
SJ TWM  14E
WXVIRKXLSJTIVGIRXSJXLIRSQMREP]MIPHWXVIRKXLPMQMXWXLI
SZIVWXVIRKXLXLEXQE]FITVIWIRXMRXLIGSRWXVYGXMSR
8.1.9 Nominal bearing strength
8.1.9.1 'SQQIRXEV]7IGXMSRKMZIWJYVXLIV
MRJSVQEXMSR
8.1.9.2 Bearing for simply supported precast
floor and roof members on AAC shear walls { &IEVMRK
WLSYPHFIGLIGOIH[LIVIZIVJPSSVSVVSSJIPIQIRXWVIWXSR
%%'[EPPW8LIGVMXMGEPIHKIHMWXERGIJSVFIEVMRKERHXLI
GVMXMGEPWIGXMSRJSVWLIEVXSFIYWIHMRXLMWGEPGYPEXMSREVI
WLS[RMR*MKYVI''
 *SV%%'JPSSVTERIPW MRQQ

 *SVWSPMHSVLSPPS[GSVIWPEFW MRQQ

 *SVFIEQWSVWXIQQIHQIQFIVW MRQQ

BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-179

COMMENTARY

Ru
AAC floor or roof panel
Critical
section
Vu 45o angle

AAC wall
Vnu

critical edge distance for bearing

Figure CC-8.1-1 Critical section at bearing of AAC floor or roof panel on AAC wall

CODE COMMENTARY

8.1.10 Corbels { 0SEH FIEVMRK GSVFIPW SJ %%' 8.1.10 Corbels { 0SEH FIEVMRK GSVFIPW SJ %%'
QEWSRV] WLEPP RSX FITIVQMXXIH 2SRPSEHFIEVMRK GSVFIPW QEWSRV] EVI RSX TIVQMXXIH HYI XS XLI TSWWMFMPMX] SJ E
SJ %%' QEWSRV] WLEPP GSRJSVQ XS XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ FVMXXPI WLIEV JEMPYVI 2SRPSEH FIEVMRK GSVFIPW SJ %%'
7IGXMSR E  XLVSYKL G  8LI FEGO WIGXMSR SJ QEWSRV] EVITIVQMXXIH TVSZMHIH XLEX XLI FEGO WIGXMSRSJ
XLIGSVFIPPIHWIGXMSRWLEPPVIQEMR[MXLMR MRGLSJTPERI XLI GSVFIPPIH [EPP VIQEMRW TPERI [MXLMR XLI GSHI PMQMXW
8LIVIPEXMZIIEWIMR [LMGL%%'QEWSRV]GER FIGYX ERH
WLETIHQEOIWXLMWVIUYMVIQIRXTVEGXMGEP

8.2 —Unreinforced (plain) AAC masonry 8.2 —Unreinforced (plain) AAC masonry
8.2.1 Scope
8LIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSREVIMREHHMXMSRXSXLI
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 'LETXIV  ERH 7IGXMSR  ERH KSZIVR
QEWSRV] HIWMKR MR [LMGL %%' QEWSRV] MWYWIH XS VIWMWX
XIRWMPIJSVGIW
8.2.1.1 Strength for resisting loads {
9RVIMRJSVGIH TPEMR  %%' QEWSRV] QIQFIVW WLEPP FI
HIWMKRIHYWMRKXLIWXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]YRMXWQSVXEVERH
KVSYXMRVIWMWXMRKHIWMKRPSEHW
8.2.1.2 Strength contribution from
reinforcement { 7XVIWWIW MR VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP RSX FI
GSRWMHIVIHIJJIGXMZIMRVIWMWXMRKHIWMKRPSEHW
8.2.1.3 Design criteria { 9RVIMRJSVGIH TPEMR 
%%' QEWSRV] QIQFIVW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH XS VIQEMR
YRGVEGOIH
8.2.2 Flexural strength of unreinforced (plain)
AAC masonry members
8LI JSPPS[MRK EWWYQTXMSRW WLEPP ETTP] [LIR
HIXIVQMRMRK XLI JPI\YVEP WXVIRKXL SJ YRVIMRJSVGIH TPEMR 
%%'QEWSRV]QIQFIVW
E  7XVIRKXL HIWMKRSJQIQFIVW JSVJEGXSVIH JPI\YVI ERH
E\MEP PSEH WLEPP FI MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL TVMRGMTPIW SJ
IRKMRIIVMRKQIGLERMGW
C-180 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

F  7XVEMRMRQEWSRV]WLEPPFIHMVIGXP]TVSTSVXMSREPXSXLI
HMWXERGIJVSQXLIRIYXVEPE\MW
G  *PI\YVEP XIRWMSR MR QEWSRV] WLEPP FI EWWYQIH XS FI
HMVIGXP]TVSTSVXMSREPXSWXVEMR
H  *PI\YVEPGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWMRGSQFMREXMSR[MXLE\MEP
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWMRQEWSRV]WLEPPFIEWWYQIHXSFI
HMVIGXP] TVSTSVXMSREP XS WXVEMR 2SQMREP GSQTVIWWMZI
WXVIRKXL WLEPP RSX I\GIIH E WXVIWW GSVVIWTSRHMRK XS
f AAC 
I  8LI RSQMREP JPI\YVEP XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL SJ %%'
QEWSRV]WLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ7IGXMSR
8.2.3 Nominal axial strength of unreinforced
(plain) AAC masonry members
2SQMREP E\MEP WXVIRKXL Pn  WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH YWMRK
)UYEXMSR SV)UYEXMSR 
E  *SVQIQFIVWLEZMRKERh/rVEXMSRSXKVIEXIVXLER

h
Pn    An f AAC 
 r

)UYEXMSR  
F  *SVQIQFIVWLEZMRKERh/rVEXMSKVIEXIVXLER


 r
Pn   An f AAC  )UYEXMSR 
h

8.2.4 Axial tension 8.2.4 Axial tension

8LI XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL SJ YRVIMRJSVGIH %%' QEWSRV] 'SQQIRXEV]7IGXMSRTVSZMHIWJYVXLIVMRJSVQEXMSR
WLEPP FI RIKPIGXIH MR HIWMKR [LIR XLI QEWSRV] MW
WYFNIGXIHXSE\MEPXIRWMSRJSVGIW
8.2.5 Nominal shear strength of unreinforced
(plain) AAC masonry members
 8LIRSQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLSJ%%'QEWSRV]VnAAC 
WLEPP FI XLI PIEWX SJ XLI ZEPYIW GSQTYXIH F] 7IGXMSRW
 XLVSYKL  -R IZEPYEXMRK RSQMREP
WLIEV WXVIRKXL F] 7IGXMSR  IJJIGXW SJ
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI RIKPIGXIH 8LI TVSZMWMSRW SJ
 WLEPP ETTP] XS %%' WLIEV [EPPW RSX PEMH MR
VYRRMRKFSRH
8.2.6 Flexural cracking
8LI JPI\YVEP GVEGOMRK WXVIRKXL WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH MR
EGGSVHERGI[MXL7IGXMSR
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-181

CODE COMMENTARY

8.3 — Reinforced AAC masonry 8.3 — Reinforced AAC masonry

4VSZMWMSRW EVI MHIRXMGEP XS XLSWI SJ GSRGVIXI SV GPE]
QEWSRV] [MXL E JI[ I\GITXMSRW 3RP] XLSWI I\GITXMSRW
EVIEHHVIWWIHMRXLMW'SQQIRXEV]
8.3.1 Scope
8LIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJXLMWWIGXMSREVIMREHHMXMSRXSXLI
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 'LETXIV  ERH 7IGXMSR  ERH KSZIVR
%%' QEWSRV] HIWMKR MR [LMGL VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW YWIH XS
VIWMWXXIRWMPIJSVGIW
8.3.2 Design assumptions 8.3.2 Design assumptions
8LI JSPPS[MRK EWWYQTXMSRW ETTP] XS XLI HIWMKR SJ *SV %%' XIWX VIWYPXW MRHMGEXI XLEX mu JSV 'PEWW 
VIMRJSVGIH%%'QEWSRV] %%' QEWSRV] ERH LMKLIV MW  ERH XLI ZEPYI SJ XLI
WXVIWW MR XLI IUYMZEPIRX VIGXERKYPEV WXVIWW FPSGO MW 
E  8LIVI MW WXVEMR GSQTEXMFMPMX] FIX[IIR XLI
VIMRJSVGIQIRXKVSYXERH%%'QEWSRV] f AAC [MXL a ! c    %HHMXMSREP XIWXMRK LEW
MRHMGEXIHE muSJJSV'PEWW%%'QEWSRV]
F  8LI RSQMREP WXVIRKXL SJ VIMRJSVGIH %%' QEWSRV]
GVSWW WIGXMSRW JSV GSQFMRIH JPI\YVI ERH E\MEP PSEH
WLEPP FI FEWIH SR ETTPMGEFPI GSRHMXMSRW SJ
IUYMPMFVMYQ
G  8LI QE\MQYQ YWEFPI WXVEMR mu  EX XLI I\XVIQI %%'
QEWSRV] GSQTVIWWMSR JMFIV WLEPP FI EWWYQIH XS FI

H  7XVEMR MR VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH %%' QEWSRV] WLEPP FI
EWWYQIH XS FI HMVIGXP] TVSTSVXMSREP XS XLI HMWXERGI
JVSQXLIRIYXVEPE\MW
I  8IRWMSR ERH GSQTVIWWMSR WXVIWWIW MR VIMRJSVGIQIRX
WLEPPFIGEPGYPEXIHEWXLITVSHYGXSJWXIIPQSHYPYWSJ
IPEWXMGMX] Es  ERH WXIIP WXVEMR s FYX WLEPP RSX FI
KVIEXIVXLERfy  )\GITXEWTIVQMXXIHMR7IGXMSR
JSV HIXIVQMREXMSR SJ QE\MQYQ EVIE SJ JPI\YVEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRX XLI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW SJ WXIIP
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI RIKPIGXIH YRPIWW PEXIVEP
VIWXVEMRMRK VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW TVSZMHIH MR GSQTPMERGI
[MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSR
J  8LI XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL SJ %%' QEWSRV] WLEPP FI
RIKPIGXIHMRGEPGYPEXMRKE\MEPERHJPI\YVEPWXVIRKXL
K  8LI VIPEXMSRWLMT FIX[IIR %%' QEWSRV] GSQTVIWWMZI
WXVIWWERHQEWSRV]WXVEMRWLEPPFIEWWYQIHXSFIHIJMRIH
F] XLI JSPPS[MRK %%' QEWSRV] WXVIWW SJ f AAC
WLEPP FI EWWYQIH YRMJSVQP] HMWXVMFYXIH SZIV ER
IUYMZEPIRX GSQTVIWWMSR WXVIWW FPSGO FSYRHIH F] IHKIW
SJ XLI GVSWW WIGXMSR ERH E WXVEMKLX PMRI TEVEPPIP XS XLI
RIYXVEPE\MWERHPSGEXIHEXEHMWXERGIa !cJVSQXLI
JMFIV SJ QE\MQYQ GSQTVIWWMZI WXVEMR 8LI HMWXERGI c
JVSQ XLI JMFIV SJ QE\MQYQ WXVEMR XS XLI RIYXVEP E\MW
WLEPPFIQIEWYVIHTIVTIRHMGYPEVXSXLIRIYXVEPE\MW
8.3.3 Reinforcement requirements and details 8.3.3 Reinforcement requirements and details
8.3.3.1 Reinforcing bar size limitations { 8.3.3.1 Reinforcing bar size limitations {
6IMRJSVGMRK FEVW YWIH MR %%' QEWSRV] WLEPP RSX FI PEVKIV +VSYX WTEGIW QE] MRGPYHI FYX EVI RSX PMQMXIH XS GSVIW
XLER 2S  1  8LI RSQMREP FEV HMEQIXIV WLEPP RSX FSRH FIEQW ERH GSPPEV NSMRXW %X WIGXMSRW GSRXEMRMRK PET
I\GIIH SRIIMKLXL SJ XLI RSQMREP QIQFIV XLMGORIWW ERH WTPMGIW XLI QE\MQYQ EVIE SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX WTIGMJMIH MR
WLEPPRSX I\GIIH SRIUYEVXIVSJXLI PIEWX GPIEVHMQIRWMSRSJ
C-182 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

XLIKVSYXWTEGIMR[LMGLMXMWTPEGIH-RTPEWXMGLMRKI^SRIW XLI'SHIQE]FIHSYFPIH
XLIEVIESJVIMRJSVGMRKFEVWTPEGIHMREKVSYXWTEGIWLEPPRSX
I\GIIHTIVGIRXSJXLIKVSYXWTEGIEVIE-RSXLIVXLERTPEWXMG
LMRKI ^SRIW XLI EVIE SJ VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW TPEGIH MR E KVSYX
WTEGIWLEPPRSXI\GIIHTIVGIRXSJXLIKVSYXWTEGIEVIE
8.3.3.2 Standard hooks { 8LI IUYMZEPIRX
IQFIHQIRX PIRKXL XS HIZIPST WXERHEVH LSSOW MR XIRWMSR
le WLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHF])UYEXMSR
le  d b  )UYEXMSR 
8.3.3.3 Development
8.3.3.3.1 Development of tension and
compression reinforcement { 8LI VIUYMVIH XIRWMSR SV
GSQTVIWWMSR VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI HIZIPSTIH MR
EGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRKTVSZMWMSRW
8LI VIUYMVIH HIZIPSTQIRX PIRKXL SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX
8.3.3.3.1 Development of tension and
compression reinforcement {(IZIPSTQIRXERHPETWTPMGI
HIXEMPMRK TVSZMWMSRW JSV GSRZIRXMSREP QEWSRV] EVI
GEPMFVEXIH XS XLI QEWSRV] EWWIQFP] WXVIRKXL f m [LMGL
MRGPYHIW XLI GSRXVMFYXMSR SJ IEGL GSRWXMXYIRX QEXIVMEP
YRMX KVSYX ERH QSVXEV
 (YI XS XLI PS[ GSQTVIWWMZI
WLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHF])UYEXMSR FYXWLEPPRSXFIPIWW
WXVIRKXLSJ%%'LS[IZIVXLI%%'QEWSRV]GSQTSRIRX
XLERMRQQ

MWMKRSVIHERHXLIGEPMFVEXMSRMWFEWIHSRf g
 d b  f y
ld  )UYEXMSR 

K AAC f g

KAAC WLEPP RSX I\GIIH XLI WQEPPIWX SJ XLI JSPPS[MRK

XLI QMRMQYQ KVSYX GSZIV XLI GPIEV WTEGMRK FIX[IIR
EHNEGIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXWTPMGIWERHdb 
 !JSV2S1 XLVSYKL2S1 FEVW
 !JSV2S1 XLVSYKL2S1 FEVW
ERH
 !JSV2S1 XLVSYKL2S1 FEVW
8.3.3.3.2 Development of shear
reinforcement { 7LIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP I\XIRH XLI
HITXLSJXLIQIQFIVPIWWGSZIVHMWXERGIW
8.3.3.3.2.1 )\GITXEX[EPPMRXIVWIGXMSRW
XLIIRHSJELSVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGMRKFEVRIIHIHXSWEXMWJ]WLIEV
WXVIRKXL VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR  WLEPP FI FIRX
EVSYRH XLI IHKI ZIVXMGEP VIMRJSVGMRK FEV [MXL E HIKVII
LSSO8LIIRHWSJWMRKPIPIKSV9WXMVVYTWWLEPPFIERGLSVIH
F]SRISJXLIJSPPS[MRKQIERW
E  %WXERHEVHLSSOTPYWERIJJIGXMZIIQFIHQIRXSJld
8LI IJJIGXMZI IQFIHQIRX SJ E WXMVVYT PIK WLEPP FI
XEOIR EW XLI HMWXERGI FIX[IIR XLI QMHHITXL SJ XLI
QIQFIV d ERH XLI WXEVX SJ XLI LSSO TSMRX SJ
XERKIRG] 
F  *SV2S1 FEVWERHWQEPPIVFIRHMRKEVSYRH
PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX XLVSYKL EX PIEWX 
HIKVIIW TPYW ER IQFIHQIRX SJ ld 8LI ld
IQFIHQIRX SJ E WXMVVYT PIK WLEPP FI XEOIR EW XLI
HMWXERGIFIX[IIRQMHHITXL SJ XLIQIQFIV dERH
XLIWXEVXSJXLILSSOTSMRXSJXERKIRG] 
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-183

CODE COMMENTARY

G  &IX[IIR XLI ERGLSVIH IRHW IEGL FIRH MR XLI

GSRXMRYSYW TSVXMSR SJ E XVERWZIVWI 9WXMVVYT WLEPP
IRGPSWIEPSRKMXYHMREPFEV
8.3.3.3.2.2 %X [EPP MRXIVWIGXMSRW
LSVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGMRKFEVWRIIHIHXSWEXMWJ]WLIEVWXVIRKXL
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR  WLEPP FI FIRX EVSYRH XLI
IHKI ZIVXMGEP VIMRJSVGMRK FEV [MXL E HIKVII WXERHEVH
LSSOERHWLEPPI\XIRHLSVM^SRXEPP]MRXSXLIMRXIVWIGXMRK[EPP
E QMRMQYQ HMWXERGI EX PIEWX IUYEP XS XLI HIZIPSTQIRX
PIRKXL
8.3.3.4 Splices { 6IMRJSVGIQIRX WTPMGIW WLEPP
GSQTP][MXLSRISJXLIJSPPS[MRK
E  8LI QMRMQYQ PIRKXL SJ PET JSV FEVW WLEPP FI  MR
 QQ  SV XLI HIZIPSTQIRX PIRKXL HIXIVQMRIH F]
)UYEXMSR[LMGLIZIVMWKVIEXIV
F  %[IPHIHWTPMGIWLEPPLEZIXLIFEVWFYXXIHERH[IPHIH
XSHIZIPST EX PIEWX TIVGIRX SJ XLI ]MIPHWXVIRKXL
fy SJXLIFEVMRXIRWMSRSVGSQTVIWWMSREWVIUYMVIH
G  1IGLERMGEP WTPMGIW WLEPP LEZI XLI FEVW GSRRIGXIH XS
HIZIPSTEXPIEWX TIVGIRXSJXLI]MIPH WXVIRKXLfy 
SJXLIFEVMRXIRWMSRSVGSQTVIWWMSREWVIUYMVIH
8.3.3.5 Maximum reinforcement percentages {
8LIVEXMSSJVIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPPFIGEPGYPEXIHMREGGSVHERGI
[MXL7IGXMSR[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRKI\GITXMSRW
8LI QE\MQYQ YWEFPI WXVEMR mu EX XLI I\XVIQI
QEWSRV] GSQTVIWWMSR JMFIV WLEPP FI EWWYQIH XS FI
JSV'PEWW%%'QEWSRV]ERHJSV'PEWW
%%'QEWSRV]ERHLMKLIV
8LI WXVIRKXL SJ XLI GSQTVIWWMSR ^SRI WLEPP FI
GEPGYPEXIH EW  TIVGIRX SJ f AAC QYPXMTPMIH F] 
TIVGIRXSJXLIEVIESJXLIGSQTVIWWMSR^SRI
8.3.3.6 Bundling of reinforcing bars {
6IMRJSVGMRKFEVWWLEPPRSXFIFYRHPIH
8.3.4 Design of beams, piers, and columns
1IQFIV HIWMKR JSVGIW WLEPP FI FEWIH SR ER
EREP]WMW XLEX GSRWMHIVW XLI VIPEXMZI WXMJJRIWW SJ WXVYGXYVEP
QIQFIVW8LIGEPGYPEXMSRSJPEXIVEPWXMJJRIWWWLEPPMRGPYHI
XLIGSRXVMFYXMSRSJFIEQWTMIVWERHGSPYQRW8LIIJJIGXW
SJGVEGOMRKSRQIQFIVWXMJJRIWWWLEPPFIGSRWMHIVIH
8.3.4.1 Nominal strength
8.3.4.1.1 Nominal axial and flexural
strength{8LIRSQMREPE\MEPWXVIRKXLPn ERHXLIRSQMREP
JPI\YVEPWXVIRKXLMn SJEGVSWWWIGXMSRWLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIH
MREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIHIWMKREWWYQTXMSRWSJ7IGXMSR
ERH XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ 7IGXMSR  *SV ER] ZEPYI SJ
RSQMREP JPI\YVEP WXVIRKXL XLI GSVVIWTSRHMRK GEPGYPEXIH
RSQMREP E\MEP WXVIRKXL WLEPP FI QSHMJMIH JSVXLIIJJIGXW SJ
WPIRHIVRIWW MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL )UYEXMSR  SV  8LI
RSQMREP JPI\YVEP WXVIRKXL EX ER] WIGXMSR EPSRK E QIQFIV
WLEPPRSXFIPIWWXLERSRIJSYVXLSJXLIQE\MQYQRSQMREP
C-184 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

JPI\YVEPWXVIRKXLEXXLIGVMXMGEPWIGXMSR
8LI RSQMREP E\MEP GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL WLEPP RSX
I\GIIH)UYEXMSR SV)UYEXMSREWETTVSTVMEXI
E  *SVQIQFIVWLEZMRKERhrVEXMSRSXKVIEXIVXLER

h
Pn   f AAC An Ast f y Ast 
 r

 )UYEXMSR  
F  *SVQIQFIVWLEZMRKERhrVEXMSKVIEXIVXLER
 r
Pn   f AAC An Ast f y Ast
h

)UYEXMSR 

8.3.4.1.2 Nominal shear strength { 8.3.4.1.2 Nominal shear strength { 8LI
2SQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL Vn  WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH YWMRK RSQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLSJ%%'[EPPWMWFEWIHSRXIWXMRKEX
)UYEXMSR XLVSYKL)UYEXMSR EWETTVSTVMEXI 98 %YWXMR   8IWX VIWYPXW WLS[XLEX JEGXSV]MRWXEPPIH
[IPHIH[MVI VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW HIZIPSTIH TVMQEVMP] F]
Vn V nAAC V ns  )UYEXMSR 
 FIEVMRK SJ XLI GVSWW[MVIW SR XLI %%' QEXIVMEP [LMGL
[LIVIVnWLEPPRSXI\GIIHXLIJSPPS[MRK RSVQEPP] GVYWLIW FIJSVI XLI PSRKMXYHMREP [MVIW HIZIPST
WMKRMJMGERXWXVIWW8LIVIJSVIXLIEHHMXMSREPWLIEVWXVIRKXL
E
 V n AAC Pu )UYEXMSR 
 TVSZMHIH F] XLI LSVM^SRXEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH FI
 %X ER MRXIVJEGI SJ %%' ERH XLMRFIH QSVXEV SV
PIZIPMRKFIH QSVXEV XLI RSQMREP WPMHMRK WLIEV WXVIRKXL
WLEPP FI GEPGYPEXIH YWMRK )UYEXMSR  ERH YWMRK XLI
GSIJJMGMIRXSJJVMGXMSRJVSQ7IGXMSR
RIKPIGXIH .SMRXX]TI VIMRJSVGIQIRX [MPP TVSFEFP] FILEZI
WMQMPEVP] ERH MW RSX VIGSQQIRHIH -R GSRXVEWX HIJSVQIH
VIMRJSVGIQIRX TPEGIH MR KVSYXIH FSRH FIEQW MW IJJIGXMZI
ERHWLSYPHFIMRGPYHIHMRGSQTYXMRKVns 
8LI YTTIV PMQMX SR Vn HIJMRIH F] )UYEXMSR  MW
F
 ;LIVIMuVu dv
 FEWIHSRWPMHMRKWLIEV*PI\YVEPGVEGOMRKGERVIWYPXMRER
YRFSRHIHMRXIVJEGI[LMGLX]TMGEPP]SGGYVWEXELSVM^SRXEP
Vn  An f AAC  )UYEXMSR 
 NSMRXMREWLIEV[EPP*SVXLMWVIEWSRXLIWLIEVGETEGMX]SJ
ER %%' FIH NSMRX MW GSRWIVZEXMZIP] PMQMXIH XS XLI
G
 ;LIVIMuVu dv
 JVMGXMSREPVIWMWXERGI [MXLSYX GSRWMHIVMRK MRMXMEP EHLIWMSR
8LI WPMHMRK WLIEV GETEGMX] WLSYPH FI FEWIH SR XLI
Vn  An f AAC  )UYEXMSR 
 JVMGXMSREPGETEGMX]GSRWMWXIRX[MXLXLITIVTIRHMGYPEVJSVGI
SR XLI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW FPSGO MRGPYHMRK XLI
H
 8LI QE\MQYQ ZEPYI SJ Vn JSV Mu/Vu dv
 FIX[IIR GSQTVIWWMZIJSVGIVIUYMVIHXSIUYMPMFVEXIXLIXIRWMPIJSVGI
 ERH  WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH XS FI PMRIEVP] MRXLIJPI\YVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX(S[IPEGXMSRWLSYPHRSXFI
MRXIVTSPEXIH MRGPYHIH
 8LIRSQMREPQEWSRV]WLIEVWXVIRKXLWLEPPFIXEOIREW
XLIPIEWXSJXLIZEPYIWGSQTYXIHYWMRK7IGXMSR
ERH
8.3.4.1.2.1 Nominal masonry shear 8.3.4.1.2.1 Nominal masonry
strength as governed by web-shear cracking { 2SQMREP shear strength as governed by web-shear cracking {
QEWSRV]WLIEVWXVIRKXLEWKSZIVRIHF][IFWLIEVGVEGOMRK )UYEXMSRW E ERH F [IVI HIZIPSTIH FEWIH SR
VnAAC WLEPPFIGSQTYXIHYWMRK)UYEXMSR E
JSV%%' SFWIVZIH [IF WLIEV GVEGOMRK MR WLIEV [EPPW XIWXIH EX XLI
QEWSRV] [MXL QSVXEVIH LIEH NSMRXW ERH )UYEXMSR F
 9RMZIVWMX] SJ 8I\EW EX %YWXMR   ERH ,IFIP %+ MR
JSVQEWSRV][MXLYRQSVXEVIHLIEHNSMRXW +IVQER] (YVMRK XIWXMRK EX XLI 9RMZIVWMX] SJ 8I\EW EX
%YWXMR JPI\YVWLIEV GVEGOMRK SJ %%' WLIEV [EPPW [EW
 Pu SFWIVZIH EW TVIHMGXIH MR  WLIEV [EPP XIWXW 8LI
VnAAC  l w t f AAC 

 f AAC lw t TVIWIRGISJJPI\YVWLIEVGVEGOWHMHRSXVIHYGIXLIWXVIRKXL
SV WXMJJRIWW SJ XIWXIH %%' WLIEV [EPPW %RSXLIV %%'
 )UYEXMSR E
 WLIEV [EPP XIWXIH F] 'ERGMRS TIVJSVQIH MR E WMQMPEV
QERRIV 8LI VIWYPXW MR FSXL XIWXMRK IJJSVXW MRHMGEXI XLI
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-185

CODE COMMENTARY

Pu L]WXIVIXMGFILEZMSV[EWRSXGLERKIHEJXIVXLIJSVQEXMSRSJ
V nAAC  l w t f AAC

 JPI\YVIWLIEV GVEGOW 8LYW JPI\YVIWLIEV GVEGOMRK HSIW

 f AAC lw t RSX GSRWXMXYXI E PMQMX WXEXI MR %%' QEWSRV] ERH HIWMKR
IUYEXMSRWEVIRSXTVSZMHIH
 )UYEXMSR F 
1EWSRV] YRMXW RSX PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH QE] I\LMFMX
*SV %%' QEWSRV] RSX PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH RSQMREP HMWGSRXMRYMXMIWEXLIEHNSMRXW8LIRSQMREPQEWSRV]WLIEV
QEWSRV]WLIEVWXVIRKXL EWKSZIVRIHF][IFWLIEVGVEGOMRK WXVIRKXLGEPGYPEXMSRJSV%%'QEWSRV]RSXPEMHMRVYRRMRK
VnAAC WLEPPFIGSQTYXIHYWMRK)UYEXMSR G FSRHGSRWMHIVWXLIPMOIPMLSSHSJZIVXMGEPHMWGSRXMRYMXMIWEX
LIEH NSMRXW ERH MW FEWIH SR XIWX VIWYPXW JSV %%' [EPPW

V nAAC  f AAC An  Pu )UYEXMSR G  QEHISJZIVXMGEPTERIPW[MXLSTIRZIVXMGEPNSMRXWFIX[IIR
WSQITERIPW
8.3.4.1.2.2 Nominal shear strength as 8.3.4.1.2.2 Nominal shear strength as
governed by crushing of diagonal compressive strut { governed by crushing of diagonal compressive strut —
*SV [EPPW [MXL Mu/Vu dv   RSQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL 8LMWQIGLERMWQPMQMXWXLIWLIEVWXVIRKXLEXPEVKIPIZIPWSJ
VnAAC  EW KSZIVRIH F]GVYWLMRK SJ E HMEKSREP WXVYX WLEPP E\MEPPSEH-X[EWFEWIHSRXIWXVIWYPXWYWMRKEHMEKSREP
FIGSQTYXIHEWJSPPS[W WXVYX[MHXLSJlw FEWIHSRXIWXSFWIVZEXMSRW

 h lw
V nAAC  f AAC t  )UYEXMSR 
h   l w 

*SV [EPPW [MXL Mu/Vu dv  IUYEP XS SV I\GIIHMRK 

GETEGMX] EW KSZIVRIH F] GVYWLMRK SJ XLI HMEKSREP
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVYXRIIHRSXFIGEPGYPEXIH
8.3.4.1.2.3 Nominal shear strength
provided by shear reinforcement { 2SQMREP WLIEV
WXVIRKXL TVSZMHIH F] VIMRJSVGIQIRX Vns  WLEPP FI
GSQTYXIHEWJSPPS[W
Av
8.3.4.1.2.3 Nominal shear strength
provided by shear reinforcement { )UYEXMSR  MW
FEWIH SR )UYEXMSR  )UYEXMSR  [EW HIZIPSTIH
FEWIHSRVIWYPXWSJVIZIVWIHG]GPMGPSEHXIWXWSRQEWSRV]
[EPP WIKQIRXW [MXL LSVM^SRXEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX HMWXVMFYXIH
SZIVXLIMVLIMKLXW8LIVIEWSRJSVXLIIJJMGMIRG]JEGXSV
V ns  f y dv  )UYEXMSR 

s MW XLI RSRYRMJSVQ HMWXVMFYXMSR SJ XIRWMPI WXVEMR MR XLI
LSVM^SRXEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX SZIV XLI LIMKLX SJ XLI IPIQIRX
2SQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL TVSZMHIH F] VIMRJSVGIQIRX 8LI JSVQEXMSR SJ ER MRGPMRIH HMEKSREP GSQTVIWWMZI WXVYX
Vns WLEPPMRGPYHISRP]HIJSVQIHVIMRJSVGIQIRXIQFIHHIH JVSQ SRI GSVRIV SJ XLI [EPP WIKQIRX XS XLI HMEKSREPP]
MRKVSYXJSV%%'WLIEV[EPPW STTSWMXI GSVRIV GVIEXIW E WXVEMR JMIPH MR [LMGL XLI
LSVM^SRXEP WLIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX EX XLI XST ERH FSXXSQ SJ
XLIWIKQIRXQE]RSX]MIPH*SVXLEXVIEWSRRSXEPPSJXLI
LSVM^SRXEP WLIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR XLI [EPP QE] FI JYPP]
IJJIGXMZISVIJJMGMIRXMRVIWMWXMRKWLIEVJSVGIW
%%' QEWSRV] [EPPW HMJJIV JVSQ GSRGVIXI QEWSRV]
[EPPW ERH GPE] QEWSRV] [EPPW MR XLEX LSVM^SRXEP NSMRX
VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW RSX YWIH JSV LSVM^SRXEP WLIEV
VIMRJSVGIQIRX *SV VIEWSRW SJ GSRWXVYGXEFMPMX] %%' [EPPW
EVIXVEHMXMSREPP]VIMRJSVGIHLSVM^SRXEPP][MXLHIJSVQIHWXIIP
VIMRJSVGMRKFEVWMRKVSYXJMPPIHFSRHFIEQW-REHHMXMSRXLI
WXVIRKXLSJXLIXLMRWIX%%'QSVXEVI\GIIHWXLIWXVIRKXLSJ
XLI %%' QEWSRV] YRMXW [LMGL [SYPH WYKKIWX XLEX %%'
[EPPW [MPP FILEZI MR E QERRIV WMQMPEV XS VIMRJSVGIH
GSRGVIXI %WWIQFPEKIXIWXMRKGSRHYGXIH SR%%'QEWSRV]
[EPPW EPWS WYKKIWXIH XLEX LSVM^SRXEP NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX
TVSZMHIHMRGSRGVIXIFSRHFIEQWGSYPHFIJYPP]IJJIGXMZIMR
VIWMWXMRKWLIEV*SVXLMWVIEWSRIEVPMIVEHHMXMSRWSJXLI'SHI
TVIWIRXIH )UYEXMSR  [MXLSYX XLI  IJJMGMIRG] JEGXSV
QMQMGOMRK XLI VIMRJSVGIH GSRGVIXI HIWMKR IUYEXMSR JSV
WXVIRKXLTVSZMHIHF]WLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRX
C-186 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

%PXLSYKL XLMW ETTIEVIH VIEWSREFPI MR XLI SVMKMREP

NYHKQIRXSJXLIGSQQMXXIIRSXIWXWLEZIFIIRTIVJSVQIH
[MXL %%' QEWSRV] [EPPW LEZMRK HIJSVQIH LSVM^SRXEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR GSRGVIXI FSRH FIEQW 9RXMP WYGL XIWXMRK
MWTIVJSVQIHXLIIJJMGMIRG]JEGXSVMWFIMRKMRGPYHIHMR
)UYEXMSR  XS FI GSRWMWXIRX [MXL HIWMKR TVSGIHYVIW
EWWSGMEXIH [MXL GSRGVIXIQEWSRV] ERH GPE] QEWSRV] ERH
XSTVSZMHIEGSRWIVZEXMZIHIWMKRETTVSEGL
8.3.4.1.2.4 2SQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL
KSZIVRIH F] SYXSJTPERI PSEHMRK WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH EW
JSPPS[W

V nAAC   f  AAC bd  )UYEXMSR  

8.3.4.2 Beams { (IWMKR SJ FIEQW WLEPP QIIX

XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR  ERH XLI EHHMXMSREP
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRWXLVSYKL
8.3.4.2.1 8LI JEGXSVIH E\MEP GSQTVIWWMZI
JSVGISREFIEQWLEPPRSXI\GIIHAn f AAC 
8.3.4.2.2 Longitudinal reinforcement
8.3.4.2.2.1 8LI ZEVMEXMSR MR
PSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGMRKFEVWWLEPPRSXFIKVIEXIVXLERSRIFEV
WM^I2SXQSVIXLERX[SFEVWM^IWWLEPPFIYWIHMREFIEQ
8.3.4.2.2.2 8LI RSQMREP JPI\YVEP
WXVIRKXLSJEFIEQWLEPPRSXFIPIWWXLERQYPXMTPMIHF]
XLI RSQMREP GVEGOMRK QSQIRX SJ XLI FIEQ Mcr  8LI
QSHYPYW SJ VYTXYVI frAAC  JSV XLMW GEPGYPEXMSR WLEPP FI
HIXIVQMRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL7IGXMSR
8.3.4.2.3 Transverse reinforcement {
8VERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH [LIVI Vu
I\GIIHW VnAAC 8LIJEGXSVIHWLIEVVu WLEPPMRGPYHIXLI
IJJIGXW SJ PEXIVEP PSEH ;LIR XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW
VIUYMVIHXLIJSPPS[MRKTVSZMWMSRWWLEPPETTP]
E  8VERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPFIEWMRKPIFEV[MXLE
HIKVIILSSOEXIEGLIRH
F  8VERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPFILSSOIHEVSYRHXLI
PSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
G  8LI QMRMQYQ EVIE SJ XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP
FIbdv 
H  8LIJMVWXXVERWZIVWIFEVWLEPPRSXFIPSGEXIHQSVIXLER
SRIJSYVXLSJXLIFIEQHITXLdv JVSQXLIIRHSJXLI
FIEQ
I  8LIQE\MQYQWTEGMRKWLEPP RSXI\GIIHXLIPIWWIVSJ
SRILEPJXLIHITXLSJXLIFIEQSVMRQQ 
8.3.4.2.4 Construction { &IEQW WLEPP FI
JYPP]KVSYXIH
8.3.4.2.5 Dimensional limits{8LIRSQMREP
HITXLSJEFIEQWLEPPRSXFIPIWWXLERMRQQ 
8.3.4.3 Piers
8.3.4.3.1 8LI JEGXSVIH E\MEP GSQTVIWWMSR
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-187

CODE COMMENTARY

JSVGISRXLITMIVWWLEPPRSXI\GIIHAn f AAC 

8.3.4.3.2 Longitudinal reinforcement { %

TMIV WYFNIGXIH XS MRTPERI WXVIWW VIZIVWEPW WLEPP FI
VIMRJSVGIHW]QQIXVMGEPP]EFSYXXLIKISQIXVMGGIRXIVSJXLI
TMIV8LIPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRXSJTMIVWWLEPPGSQTP]
[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRK
E
 %XPIEWXSRIFEVWLEPPFITVSZMHIHMRIEGLIRHGIPP
F
 8LI QMRMQYQ EVIE SJ PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX
WLEPPFIbd
8.3.4.3.3 Dimensional limits { (MQIRWMSRW
WLEPPFIMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRK
E
 8LIRSQMREPXLMGORIWWSJETMIVWLEPPRSXFIPIWWXLER
MRQQ
ERHWLEPPRSXI\GIIHMRQQ

F
 8LI HMWXERGIFIX[IIR PEXIVEP WYTTSVXW SJ E TMIV WLEPP
RSXI\GIIHQYPXMTPMIHF]XLIRSQMREPXLMGORIWWSJ
ETMIVI\GITXEWTVSZMHIHJSVMR7IGXMSRG

G
 ;LIRXLIHMWXERGI FIX[IIRPEXIVEPWYTTSVXWSJETMIV
I\GIIHWQYPXMTPMIHF]XLIRSQMREPXLMGORIWWSJXLI
TMIV HIWMKR WLEPP FI FEWIH SR XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ
7IGXMSR
H
 8LI RSQMREP PIRKXL SJ E TMIV WLEPP RSX FI PIWW XLER
XLVII QYPXMTPMIH F] MXW RSQMREP XLMGORIWW RSV KVIEXIV
XLERWM\QYPXMTPMIHF]MXWRSQMREPXLMGORIWW8LIGPIEV
LIMKLXSJETMIVWLEPPRSXI\GIIHJMZIQYPXMTPMIHF]MXW
RSQMREPPIRKXL
Exception ;LIR XLI JEGXSVIH E\MEP JSVGI EX XLI
PSGEXMSR SJ QE\MQYQ QSQIRX MW PIWW XLER
f AAC Ag  XLI PIRKXL SJ E TMIV WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH
XSFIXEOIRIUYEPXSXLIXLMGORIWWSJXLITMIV
8.3.5 Wall design for out-of-plane loads
8.3.5.1 Scope { 8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR
EVIJSVXLIHIWMKRSJ[EPPWJSVSYXSJTPERIPSEHW
8.3.5.2 Maximum reinforcement { 8LI
QE\MQYQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX VEXMS WLEPP FI HIXIVQMRIH F]
7IGXMSR
8.3.5.3 Moment and deflection calculations { 8.3.5.3 Moment and deflection calculations{
1SQIRXERHHIJPIGXMSRGEPGYPEXMSRWMR7IGXMSRERH 8LMW WIGXMSR SRP] MRGPYHIW HIWMKR IUYEXMSRW FEWIH SR
 EVI FEWIH SR WMQTPI WYTTSVX GSRHMXMSRW XST ERH [EPPW LEZMRK WMQTPI WYTTSVX GSRHMXMSRW EX XLI XST ERH
FSXXSQ*SVSXLIVWYTTSVXERHJM\MX]GSRHMXMSRWQSQIRXW FSXXSQ SJ XLI [EPPW -R EGXYEP HIWMKR ERH GSRWXVYGXMSR
ERH HIJPIGXMSRW WLEPP FI GEPGYPEXIH YWMRK IWXEFPMWLIH XLIVI QE] FI ZEV]MRK WYTTSVX GSRHMXMSRW XLYW GLERKMRK
TVMRGMTPIWSJQIGLERMGW XLI GYVZEXYVI SJ XLI [EPP YRHIV PEXIVEP PSEHMRK 8LVSYKL
TVSTIVGEPGYPEXMSRERHYWMRK XLITVMRGMTPIWSJQIGLERMGW
XLI TSMRXW SJ MRJPIGXMSR GER FI HIXIVQMRIH ERH EGXYEP
QSQIRXWERHHIJPIGXMSRGERFIGEPGYPEXIHYRHIVHMJJIVIRX
WYTTSVXGSRHMXMSRW8LIHIWMKRIVWLSYPHI\EQMRIQSQIRX
ERH HIJPIGXMSR GSRHMXMSRW XS PSGEXI XLI GVMXMGEP WIGXMSR
YWMRKXLIEWWYQTXMSRWSYXPMRIHMR7IGXMSR
C-188
CODE
8.3.5.4 Walls with factored axial stress of
0.20 f AAC or less { 8LI TVSGIHYVIW WIX JSVXL MR XLMW
WIGXMSRWLEPPFIYWIH[LIRXLIJEGXSVIHE\MEPPSEHWXVIWWEX
XLI PSGEXMSR SJ QE\MQYQ QSQIRX WEXMWJMIW XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXGSQTYXIHF])UYEXMSR 
Pu
TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
COMMENTARY
8.3.5.4 Walls with factored axial stress of
0.20 f AAC or less zz*SVh/tVEXMSWKVIEXIVXLERXLIVIMW
ER EHHMXMSREP PMQMXEXMSR SR XLI E\MEP WXVIWW 8LIVI EVI
GYVVIRXP] RS WXVIRKXL HIWMKR TVSZMWMSRW JSV E\MEP WXVIWW
KVIEXIV XLER  f AAC . 8LI VIUYMVIH QSQIRX HYI XS
PEXIVEP PSEHW IGGIRXVMGMX] SJ E\MEP PSEH ERH PEXIVEP
HIJSVQEXMSRWEVIEWWYQIHQE\MQYQEX QMHLIMKLXSJXLI
  f AAC  )UYEXMSR 

Ag
;LIR XLI VEXMS SJ IJJIGXMZI LIMKLX XS RSQMREP
XLMGORIWW h/t I\GIIHW  XLI JEGXSVIH E\MEP WXVIWW WLEPP
RSXI\GIIHf AAC
*EGXSVIHQSQIRXERHE\MEPJSVGIWLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIH
EXXLIQMHLIMKLXSJXLI[EPPERHWLEPPFIYWIHJSVHIWMKR
8LI JEGXSVIH QSQIRX Mu  EX XLI QMHLIMKLX SJ XLI [EPP
WLEPPFIGSQTYXIHYWMRK)UYEXMSR 
[EPP -R GIVXEMR HIWMKR GSRHMXMSRW WYGL EW PEVKI
IGGIRXVMGMXMIW EGXMRK WMQYPXERISYWP] [MXL WQEPP PEXIVEP
PSEHWXLIHIWMKRQE\MQYQQSQIRXQE]SGGYVIPWI[LIVI
;LIR XLMWSGGYVW XLI HIWMKRIVWLSYPH YWI XLI QE\MQYQ
QSQIRX EX XLI GVMXMGEP WIGXMSR VEXLIV XLER XLI QSQIRX
HIXIVQMRIH JVSQ )UYEXMSR  8LI HIWMKR JSVQYPEW
TVSZMHI TVSGIHYVIW JSV HIXIVQMRMRK XLI RSQMREP QSQIRX
WXVIRKXL 8LIWI JSVQYPEW XEOI MRXS EGGSYRX XLI IJJIGX SJ
ZIVXMGEPPSEHWMRGVIEWMRKXLIGETEGMX]SJXLIWIGXMSR

wu h  eu
Mu Puf Pu u  )UYEXMSR  
 
;LIVI
Pu Puw Puf )UYEXMSR 

8LI HIJPIGXMSR HYI XS JEGXSVIH PSEHW  u  WLEPP FI

SFXEMRIH YWMRK )UYEXMSRW  ERH   ERH VITPEGMRK
Mser[MXLMuERH s[MXL u 
8LI HIWMKR WXVIRKXL JSV SYXSJTPERI [EPP PSEHMRK
WLEPPFIMREGGSVHERGI[MXL)UYEXMSR 
Mu Mn  )UYEXMSR  
8LI RSQMREP QSQIRX WLEPP FI GEPGYPEXIH YWMRK
)UYEXMSRW ERHMJXLIVIMRJSVGMRKWXIIPMWTPEGIH
MRXLIGIRXIVSJXLI[EPP
a
Mn As f y Pu d  )UYEXMSR  


Pu As f y
a  )UYEXMSR  
 f AAC b

8LI RSQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL JSV SYXSJTPERI PSEHW

WLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHF]7IGXMSR
8.3.5.5 Deflections{8LILSVM^SRXEPQMHLIMKLX
HIJPIGXMSR s YRHIVWIVZMGIPEXIVEPERHWIVZMGIE\MEPPSEHW
[MXLSYXPSEHJEGXSVW WLEPPFIPMQMXIHF]XLIVIPEXMSR

s  h  )UYEXMSR  

4HIPXE IJJIGXW WLEPP FI MRGPYHIH MR HIJPIGXMSR
GEPGYPEXMSR 8LI QMHLIMKLX HIJPIGXMSR WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH
YWMRK IMXLIV )UYEXMSR  SV )UYEXMSR  EW
ETTPMGEFPI
E  ;LIVIMser Mcr
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-189

CODE COMMENTARY

 M ser h 
s  )UYEXMSR  
 E AAC I g

F  ;LIVIMcr Mser Mn

 M cr h   M ser M cr h 
s
 E AAC I g  E AAC I cr

)UYEXMSR  
8LIGVEGOMRKQSQIRX SJ XLI [EPP WLEPP FIGSQTYXIH
YWMRK )UYEXMSR  [LIVI frAAC MW KMZIR F] 7IGXMSR


P
M cr S n f rAAC  )UYEXMSR  
An

-JXLIWIGXMSRSJ%%'QEWSRV] GSRXEMRWELSVM^SRXEP
PIZIPMRK FIH XLI ZEPYI SJ frAAC WLEPP RSX I\GIIH  TWM
O4E 
8.3.6 Wall design for in-plane loads
8.3.6.1 Scope { 8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR
EVIJSVXLIHIWMKRSJ[EPPWXSVIWMWXMRTPERIPSEHW
8.3.6.2 Reinforcement { 6IMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP
FIMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRK
E  6IMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH TIVTIRHMGYPEV XS XLI
WLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHWLEPPFIEXPIEWXIUYEPXSSRIXLMVH
Av8LIVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPFIYRMJSVQP]HMWXVMFYXIHERH
WLEPPRSXI\GIIHEWTEGMRKSJJXQ 
F  8LI QE\MQYQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX VEXMS WLEPP FI
HIXIVQMRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL7IGXMSR
8.3.6.3 Flexural and axial strength { 8LI
RSQMREPJPI\YVEPERHE\MEPWXVIRKXLWLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHMR
EGGSVHERGI[MXL7IGXMSR
8.3.6.4 Shear strength { 8LI RSQMREP WLIEV
WXVIRKXL WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL 7IGXMSR

8.3.6.5 Flexural cracking strength { 8LI
JPI\YVEP GVEGOMRK WXVIRKXL WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH MR
EGGSVHERGI [MXL )UYEXMSR  [LIVI frAAC MW KMZIR F]
7IGXMSR

Sn P
Vcr f rAAC  )UYEXMSR  
h An

-JXLIWIGXMSRSJ%%'QEWSRV] GSRXEMRWELSVM^SRXEP
PIZIPMRK FIH XLI ZEPYI SJ frAAC WLEPP RSX I\GIIH  TWM
O4E 
C-190 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

8.3.6.6 8LI QE\MQYQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX 8.3.6.6 ;LMPI VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV GSRJMRIH

VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR  WLEPP RSX ETTP] MJ E WLIEV FSYRHEV] IPIQIRXW LEZI RSX FIIR HIZIPSTIH JSV %%'
[EPP MW HIWMKRIH XS WEXMWJ] XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSRW WLIEV [EPPW XLI] LEZI RSX FIIR HIZIPSTIH JSV
XLVSYKL GSRZIRXMSREP QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW IMXLIV ERH XLI
QSRSPMXLMG REXYVI SJ %%' WLIEV [EPPW JEZSVW TSWWMFPI
ETTPMGEXMSRW MRZSPZMRK FSYRHEV] IPIQIRXW %PWS WII
'SQQIRXEV]7IGXMSR
8.3.6.6.1 8LI RIIH JSV WTIGMEP FSYRHEV] 8.3.6.6.1 7II'SQQIRXEV]7IGXMSR
IPIQIRXWEXXLIIHKIWSJWLIEV[EPPWWLEPPFIIZEPYEXIHMR
EGGSVHERGI [MXL 7IGXMSR  SV  8LI
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRWLEPPEPWSFIWEXMWJMIH
8.3.6.6.2 8LMW 7IGXMSR ETTPMIW XS [EPPW 8.3.6.6.2 7II 'SQQIRXEV]7IGXMSR
FIRHMRK MR WMRKPI GYVZEXYVI MR [LMGL XLI JPI\YVEP PMQMX
WXEXI VIWTSRWI MW KSZIVRIH F] ]MIPHMRK EX XLI FEWI SJ XLI
[EPP ;EPPW RSX WEXMWJ]MRK XLSWI VIUYMVIQIRXW WLEPP FI
HIWMKRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL7IGXMSR
E  7TIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRXW WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH SZIV
TSVXMSRWSJGSQTVIWWMSR^SRIW[LIVI
lw
c
 C d ne  hw

 ERHc MWGEPGYPEXIHJSVXLIPu KMZIRF]%7')0SEH

'SQFMREXMSR  D E  L S  SV XLI
GSVVIWTSRHMRK WXVIRKXL HIWMKR PSEH GSQFMREXMSR SJ
XLI PIKEPP] EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK GSHI ERH XLI
GSVVIWTSRHMRK RSQMREP QSQIRX WXVIRKXL Mn  EX XLI
FEWI GVMXMGEP WIGXMSR 8LI PSEH JEGXSV SR L MR 0SEH
'SQFMREXMSR  MW VIHYGMFPI XS  EW TIV I\GITXMSRW
XS7IGXMSRSJ%7')
F  ;LIVI WTIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRXW EVI VIUYMVIH F]
7IGXMSR E  XLI WTIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP I\XIRH ZIVXMGEPP] JVSQ XLI GVMXMGEP
WIGXMSR E HMWXERGI RSX PIWW XLER XLI PEVKIV SJ lw SV
MuVu 
8.3.6.6.3 7LIEV [EPPW RSX HIWMKRIH XS XLI 8.3.6.6.37II'SQQIRXEV]7IGXMSR
TVSZMWMSRW SJ 7IGXMSR  WLEPP LEZI WTIGMEP
FSYRHEV] IPIQIRXW EX FSYRHEVMIW ERH IHKIW EVSYRH
STIRMRKWMRWLIEV[EPPW[LIVIXLIQE\MQYQI\XVIQIJMFIV
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW GSVVIWTSRHMRK XS JEGXSVIH JSVGIW
MRGPYHMRK IEVXLUYEOI IJJIGX I\GIIHW f AAC  8LI
WTIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH XS FI
HMWGSRXMRYIH [LIVI XLI GEPGYPEXIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW MW
PIWW XLER f AAC  7XVIWWIW WLEPP FI GEPGYPEXIH JSV XLI
JEGXSVIH JSVGIW YWMRK E PMRIEVP] IPEWXMG QSHIP ERH KVSWW
WIGXMSR TVSTIVXMIW *SV [EPPW [MXL JPERKIW ER IJJIGXMZI
JPERKI[MHXLEWHIJMRIHMR7IGXMSRWLEPPFIYWIH
8.3.6.6.4 ;LIVIWTIGMEPFSYRHEV] IPIQIRXWEVI 8.3.6.6.4 7II 'SQQIRXEV]7IGXMSR
VIUYMVIHF]7IGXMSRSVE XLVSYKLH 
WLEPPFIWEXMWJMIHERHXIWXWWLEPPFITIVJSVQIHXSZIVMJ]XLI
WXVEMRGETEGMX]SJXLIIPIQIRX
E  8LI WTIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX WLEPP I\XIRH
LSVM^SRXEPP] JVSQ XLI I\XVIQI GSQTVIWWMSR JMFIV E
HMWXERGIRSXPIWWXLERXLIPEVKIVSJc lw ERHc
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-191

CODE COMMENTARY

F  -R JPERKIH WIGXMSRW XLI WTIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX

WLEPP MRGPYHI XLI IJJIGXMZI JPERKI [MHXL MR
GSQTVIWWMSRERHWLEPPI\XIRHEXPIEWXMRQQ 
MRXSXLI[IF
G  7TIGMEPFSYRHEV]IPIQIRXXVERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRXEX
XLI[EPPFEWIWLEPPI\XIRHMRXSXLIWYTTSVXEXPIEWXXLI
HIZIPSTQIRX PIRKXL SJ XLI PEVKIWX PSRKMXYHMREP
VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR XLI FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX YRPIWW XLI
WTIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX XIVQMREXIW SR E JSSXMRK SV
QEX [LIVI WTIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX XVERWZIVWI
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP I\XIRH EX PIEWX  MR  QQ 
MRXSXLIJSSXMRKSVQEX
H  ,SVM^SRXEPWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRXLI[EPP[IFWLEPP
FI ERGLSVIH XS HIZIPST XLI WTIGMJMIH ]MIPH WXVIRKXL
fy [MXLMRXLIGSRJMRIHGSVISJXLIFSYRHEV]IPIQIRX
C-192 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

APPENDIX A

%TTIRHM\%MWMRXIRXMSREPP]PIJXFPERO
-RXLITVIZMSYWIHMXMSRSJXLMWWXERHEVHTVSZMWMSRWJSVXLIHIWMKRSJ%%'1EWSRV][IVIMRGPYHIHMR%TTIRHM\%
8LSWITVSZMWMSRWLEZIFIIRQSZIHMRXS'LETXIVMRXLMWIHMXMSR
%WWYGLXLMW%TTIRHM\LEWFIIRQEMRXEMRIHXSVIHMVIGXYWIVWXS'LETXIVJSV%%'1EWSRV]TVSZMWMSR
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY
APPENDIX B
DESIGN OF MASONRY INFILL
CODE
B.1 — General
B.1.1 Scope
8LMWGLETXIVTVSZMHIWQMRMQYQVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVXLI
WXVYGXYVEP HIWMKR SJ GSRGVIXI ERH GPE] QEWSRV] MRJMPPW
IMXLIV RSRTEVXMGMTEXMRK SV TEVXMGMTEXMRK -RJMPPW WLEPP
GSQTP][MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ 'LETXIV  7IGXMSR &
ERHIMXLIV7IGXMSR&SV&
B.1.1.1 )\GITX EW WXEXIH IPWI[LIVI MR XLMW
%TTIRHM\HIWMKRSJQEWSRV]MRJMPPWLEPPGSQTP][MXLXLI
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ'LETXIVI\GPYHMRK7IGXMSRW
ERH
B.1.1.2 (IWMKR SJ QEWSRV] MRJMPP WLEPP GSQTP]
[MXL7IGXMSR&ERHIMXLIV7IGXMSR&SV&
B.1.2 Required strength
6IUYMVIH WXVIRKXL WLEPP FIHIXIVQMRIH MR EGGSVHERGI
[MXLXLIWXVIRKXLHIWMKR PSEHGSQFMREXMSRWSJXLIPIKEPP]
C-193
COMMENTARY
B.1 — General
B.1.1 Scope
8LI TVSZMWMSRW SJ %TTIRHM\ & SYXPMRI E FEWMG WIX SJ
HIWMKR TVSZMWMSRW JSV QEWSRV] MRJMPP FEWIH YTSR
I\TIVMQIRXEPVIWIEVGLERHERIGHSXEPTIVJSVQERGISJXLIWI
QEWSRV] EWWIQFPMIW 8LI TVSZMWMSRW EHHVIWW FSXL RSR
TEVXMGMTEXMRK MRJMPPW [LMGL EVI WXVYGXYVEPP] MWSPEXIH JVSQ
XLIPEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ EW [IPP EW TEVXMGMTEXMRK
MRJMPPW[LMGLEVIYWIHXSVIWMWXMRTPERIJSVGIWHYIXS[MRH
ERHIEVXLUYEOI;LMPIQEWSRV]MRJMPPWLEZIFIIRETEVXSJ
GSRXIQTSVEV] GSRWXVYGXMSR JSV RIEVP] E GIRXYV] VIWIEVGL
MRZIWXMKEXMSRW MRXS XLIMV TIVJSVQERGI TEVXMGYPEVP] HYVMRK
WIMWQMG IZIRXW MW WXMPP SRKSMRK % GSQTVILIRWMZIVIZMI[
SJEZEMPEFPIVIWIEVGLHEXESRXLITIVJSVQERGISJQEWSRV]
MRJMPPWMWTVSZMHIHF]8YGOIV&
%W [MXL QEWSRV] W]WXIQW HIWMKRIH F] SXLIV GLETXIVW
SJXLI'SHIQEWSRV]MRJMPPQYWXEPWSFIHIWMKRIHTIVXLI
ETTPMGEFPI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 'LETXIV  &] VIJIVIRGI XS
'LETXIV  QEWSRV] MRJMPP QYWX GSQTP] [MXL XLI
TVIWGVMTXMZI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR  JSV WIMWQMG
HIWMKR ERH HIXEMPMRK 8LMW MRGPYHIW XLI TVIWGVMTXMZI
HIXEMPMRK VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR  JSV RSR
TEVXMGMTEXMRK MRJMPPW ERH 7IGXMSR JSV TEVXMGMTEXMRK
MRJMPPW 4VSTIVP] HIXEMPIH QEWSRV] MRJMPPW LEZI WLS[R
GSRWMHIVEFPI W]WXIQ HYGXMPMX]& ;LIR TEVXMGMTEXMRK
MRJMPPWEVIYWIHXSVIWMWXMRTPERIPSEHWEWTEVXSJEGSRGVIXI
SV WXIIP JVEQI WXVYGXYVI E L]FVMH W]WXIQ MW IJJIGXMZIP]
GVIEXIHXLEXQE]RSXSXLIV[MWIFIHIJMRIHMR8EFPI
SJ %7')  JSV WIMWQMG JSVGIVIWMWXERGI 9RXMP JYVXLIV
VIWIEVGL MW GSQTPIXIHXLI 'SQQMXXII VIGSQQIRHW YWMRK
XLI WQEPPIWX R ERH Cd ZEPYI JSV XLI GSQFMREXMSR SJ XLI
JVEQIERHQEWSRV]MRJMPPFIYWIHXSHIWMKRXLIW]WXIQ
3ZIVXMQIQEWSRV]QEXIVMEPWI\TERHERHGSRXVEGXHYI
XS JPYGXYEXMSRW MR XIQTIVEXYVI ERH QSMWXYVI GSRXIRX EW
HMWGYWWIHMR'SHI'SQQIRXEV]7IGXMSRW ERH
:SPYQIXVMGGLERKIWMRXLIQEWSRV]MRJMPP[MPPSTIR
ERH GPSWI XLI KET FIX[IIR XLI MRJMPP ERH XLI FSYRHMRK
JVEQI[LMGLGERLEZIEWMKRMJMGERXMQTEGXSRXLIWXVIRKXL
ERH TIVJSVQERGI SJ XLI MRJMPP EWWIQFP] 7YGL ZSPYQIXVMG
GLERKIWQYWXFIGSRWMHIVIHEWVIUYMVIHF]7IGXMSR
8LITVSZMWMSRWERHHIWMKRIUYEXMSRWSJXLMW%TTIRHM\
EVI ETTPMGEFPI SRP] XS GPE] ERH GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] MRJMPP
8LIWI VIUYMVIQIRXW LEZI RSX FIIR ZIVMJMIH JSV XLIMV
ETTPMGEFMPMX] XS SXLIV MRJMPP QEXIVMEPW MRGPYHMRK %%'
QEWSRV]
B.1.2 Required strength
C-194 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

EHSTXIHFYMPHMRKGSHI;LIRXLIPIKEPP]EHSTXIHFYMPHMRK
GSHI HSIW RSX TVSZMHI PSEH GSQFMREXMSRW WXVYGXYVIW ERH
QIQFIVW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH XS VIWMWX XLI GSQFMREXMSR SJ
PSEHWWTIGMJMIHMR%7')JSVWXVIRKXLHIWMKR
B.1.3 Design strength
-RJMPPW WLEPP FI TVSTSVXMSRIH WS XLEX XLI HIWMKR
WXVIRKXL IUYEPW SV I\GIIHW XLI VIUYMVIH WXVIRKXL (IWMKR
WXVIRKXLMWXLIRSQMREPWXVIRKXLQYPXMTPMIHF]XLIWXVIRKXL
VIHYGXMSRJEGXSV EWWTIGMJMIHMR7IGXMSR&
B.1.4 Strength-reduction factors B.1.4 Strength-reduction factors
8LIZEPYISJ WLEPPFIXEOIREWERHETTPMIHXSXLI 7II 'SHI 'SQQIRXEV] 7IGXMSR  8LI WXVIRKXL
WLIEVJPI\YVIERHE\MEPWXVIRKXLSJEQEWSRV]MRJMPPTERIP VIHYGXMSR JEGXSV ETTPMIW SRP] XS XLI HIWMKR SJ XLI QEWSRV]
MRJMPP8LIWXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSVWJSVXLIERGLSVEKI7IGXMSR
 ERHFIEVMRK7IGXMSR VIQEMRYRGLERKIH
B.1.5 Limitations B.1.5 Limitations
4EVXMEP MRJMPPW ERH MRJMPPW [MXL STIRMRKW WLEPP RSX FI 7XVYGXYVIW [MXL TEVXMEPLIMKLX MRJMPPW LEZI KIRIVEPP]
GSRWMHIVIH EW TEVX SJ XLI PEXIVEP JSVGI VIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ TIVJSVQIH ZIV] TSSVP] HYVMRK WIMWQMG IZIRXW 4EVXMEP
8LIMV IJJIGX SR XLI FSYRHMRK JVEQI LS[IZIV WLEPP FI LIMKLX MRJMPPW GVIEXI WLSVX GSPYQRW [LMGL EXXVEGX
GSRWMHIVIH EHHMXMSREP PSEH HYI XS XLIMV MRGVIEWIH WXMJJRIWW 8LMW LEW
PIH XS TVIQEXYVI GSPYQR JEMPYVI 'SRGVIXI GSPYQRW
FSYRHMRK TEVXMEPLIMKLX MRJMPPW EVI TEVXMGYPEVP] ZYPRIVEFPI
XSWLIEVJEMPYVI&

B.2 — Non-participating infills B.2 – Non-participating infills

2SRTEVXMGMTEXMRK MRJMPPW WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRW&ERH&
B.2.1 In-plane isolation joints for non-participating
infills
B.2.1.1 -RTPERI MWSPEXMSR NSMRXW WLEPP FI
HIWMKRIH FIX[IIR XLI MRJMPP ERH XLI WMHIW ERH XST SJ XLI
FSYRHMRKJVEQI
B.2.1.2 -RTPERI MWSPEXMSR NSMRXW WLEPP FI
B.2.1 In-plane isolation joints for non-participating
infills
8S TVIGPYHI XLI YRMRXIRXMSREP XVERWJIV SJ MRTPERI
PSEHW JVSQ XLI FSYRHMRK JVEQI XS XLI RSRTEVXMGMTEXMRK
MRJMPP KETW EVI VIUYMVIH FIX[IIR XLIXSTERH WMHIWSJ XLI
QEWSRV] MRJMPP EWWIQFP] 8LIWI KETW QYWX FI JVII SJ
QEXIVMEPW XLEX GSYPH XVERWJIV PSEHW FIX[IIR XLI MRJMPP ERH
WTIGMJMIHXSFIEXPIEWXMRQQ
[MHIMRXLITPERI
FSYRHMRK JVEQI ERH QYWX FI GETEFPI SJ EGGSQQSHEXMRK
SJXLIMRJMPPERHWLEPPFIWM^IHXSEGGSQQSHEXIXLIHIWMKR
JVEQI HMWTPEGIQIRXW MRGPYHMRK MRIPEWXMG HIJSVQEXMSR
HMWTPEGIQIRXWSJXLIFSYRHMRKJVEQI
HYVMRKWIMWQMGIZIRXW
B.2.1.3 -RTPERIMWSPEXMSRNSMRXWWLEPPFIJVII
SJ QSVXEV HIFVMW ERH SXLIV VMKMH QEXIVMEPW ERH WLEPP FI
TIVQMXXIH XS GSRXEMR VIWMPMIRX QEXIVMEP TVSZMHIH XLEX XLI
GSQTVIWWMFMPMX] SJ XLEX QEXIVMEP MW GSRWMHIVIH MR
IWXEFPMWLMRKXLIVIUYMVIHWM^ISJXLINSMRX
B.2.2 Design of non-participating infills for out-of- B.2.2 Design of non-participating infills for out-of-
plane loads plane loads
'SRRIGXSVW WYTTSVXMRK RSRTEVXMGMTEXMRK MRJMPPW 1IGLERMGEP GSRRIGXMSR FIX[IIR XLI MRJMPP ERH
EKEMRWX SYXSJTPERI PSEHW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH XS QIIX XLI FSYRHMRKJVEQIMWVIUYMVIHJSVSYXSJTPERIWYTTSVXSJXLI
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSRW & XLVSYKL & 8LI QEWSRV] 1EWSRV] MRJMPP GER FI QSHIPIH EW WTERRMRK
MRJMPP WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH XS QIIX XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ ZIVXMGEPP] LSVM^SRXEPP] SV FSXL 'SRRIGXSVW EVI VIUYMVIH
7IGXMSR& SRP] EPSRK XLI TIVMQIXIV SJ XLI MRJMPP TEVEPPIP XS XLI
HMVIGXMSRSJXLIHIWMKRWTER
B.2.2.1 8LI GSRRIGXSVW WLEPPFI EXXEGLIH XS XLI
FSYRHMRKJVEQI
B.2.2.2 8LI GSRRIGXSVW WLEPP RSX XVERWJIV MR
TPERIJSVGIW
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-195

CODE COMMENTARY

B.2.2.3 8LI GSRRIGXSVW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH XS

WEXMWJ]XLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ%7')
B.2.2.4 8LI GSRRIGXSVW WLEPP FI WTEGIH EX E
QE\MQYQSJJXQ
EPSRKXLIWYTTSVXIHTIVMQIXIV
SJXLIMRJMPP
B.2.2.5 8LI MRJMPP WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH XS VIWMWX
SYXSJTPERI FIRHMRK FIX[IIR GSRRIGXSVW MR EGGSVHERGI
[MXL 7IGXMSRJSVYRVIMRJSVGIHMRJMPPSV7IGXMSRJSV
VIMRJSVGIHMRJMPP
B.3 — Participating infills B.3 — Participating infills
4EVXMGMTEXMRK MRJMPPW WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRW&XLVSYKL&
B.3.1 General B.3.1 General
-RJMPPW [MXL MRTPERI MWSPEXMSR NSMRXW RSX QIIXMRK XLI
& XIWXIH ER MRJMPPIH
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR & WLEPP FI GSRWMHIVIH EW
TEVXMGMTEXMRKMRJMPPW*SVWYGLMRJMPPWXLIHMWTPEGIQIRXWLEPP
FI XEOIR EW XLI FSYRHMRK JVEQI HMWTPEGIQIRX QMRYW XLI
WTIGMJMIH[MHXLSJXLIKETFIX[IIRXLIFSYRHMRKGSPYQR
ERHMRJMPP
B.3.1.1 8LI QE\MQYQ VEXMS SJ XLI RSQMREP
ZIVXMGEP HMQIRWMSR XS RSQMREP XLMGORIWW SJ TEVXMGMTEXMRK
MRJMPPWWLEPPRSXI\GIIH
*PEREKER ERH &IRRIXX E
JVEQI[MXLEMRGLKETFIX[IIRXLIMRJMPPERHGSPYQR
3RGIXLIKET[EWGPSWIHXLIWTIGMQIRTIVJSVQIHPMOIER
MRJMPPIHJVEQI[MXLRSKET
B.3.1.1 8LIQE\MQYQTIVQMXXIHVEXMSSJLIMKLX
XSXLMGORIWWMWFEWIHSRTVEGXMGEPGSRHMXMSRWJSVWXEFMPMX]

B.3.1.2 4EVXMGMTEXMRK MRJMPPW XLEX EVI RSX

GSRWXVYGXIH MR GSRXEGX [MXL XLI FSYRHMRK FIEQ SV WPEF
EHNEGIRX XS XLIMV YTTIV IHKI WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH MR
EGGSVHERGI[MXL7IGXMSR&SV&
B.3.1.2.1 ;LIVI XLI WTIGMJMIH KET B.3.1.2.1 (E[IERH7IELE
&RSXIH
FIX[IIRXLIFSYRHMRKFIEQSVWPEFEXXLIXSTSJXLIMRJMPP E WPMKLX HIGVIEWI MR WXMJJRIWW ERH WXVIRKXL [LIR E FSRH
MW PIWW XLER  MR  QQ
 SV XLI KET MW RSX WM^IH XS FVIEOIV E TSP]IXL]PIRI WLIIX
 [EW YWIH EX XLI XST
EGGSQQSHEXI HIWMKR HMWTPEGIQIRXW XLI MRJMPP WLEPP FI MRXIVJEGI 6MHHMRKXSR 
 & WLS[IH ER ETTVS\MQEXI
HIWMKRIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL 7IGXMSRW & ERH &  HIGVIEWIMRWXMJJRIWWFYXPMXXPIVIHYGXMSRMRTIEOPSEH
I\GITX XLEX XLI GEPGYPEXIH WXMJJRIWW ERH WXVIRKXL WLEPP FI [MXL E XST KET XLEX [EW   SJ XLI LIMKLX SJ XLI MRJMPP
QYPXMTPMIHF]EJEGXSVSJ
 & WLS[IH ER ETTVS\MQEXI  
B.3.1.2.2 -JXLIKETFIX[IIRXLIMRJMPPERH
XLISZIVP]MRKFSYRHMRKFIEQSVWPEFMWWM^IHWYGLXLEXMR
TPERI JSVGIW GERRSX FI XVERWJIVVIH FIX[IIR XLI FSYRHMRK
FIEQSVWPEFERHXLIMRJMPPXLIMRJMPPWLEPPFIGSRWMHIVIHE
TEVXMEPMRJMPPERHWLEPPGSQTP][MXL7IGXMSR&
B.3.2 In-plane connection requirements for
participating infills
1IGLERMGEP GSRRIGXMSRW FIX[IIR XLI MRJMPP ERH XLI
FSYRHMRK JVEQI WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH TVSZMHIH XLEX XLI] HS
RSX XVERWJIV MRTPERI JSVGIW FIX[IIR XLI MRJMPP ERH XLI
FSYRHMRKJVEQI
(E[I ERH 7IEL E
VIHYGXMSRMRWXMJJRIWWERHE VIHYGXMSRMRWXVIRKXL[MXL
EXSTKETXLEX[EW SJXLILIMKLXSJXLIMRJMPP%XST
KETXLEXMWMRGSQTPMERGI[MXL 7IGXMSR&MWKIRIVEPP]
PIWWXLER SJXLIMRJMPPLIMKLX8LYWE VIHYGXMSR
MRWXVIRKXLERHWXMJJRIWWWIIQWETTVSTVMEXI
B.3.1.2.2 -RGEWIW[LIVIXLIKETEXXLIXST
SJ XLI MRJMPP MW WYJJMGMIRXP] PEVKI WS XLEX JSVGIW GERRSX FI
XVERWJIVVIHFIX[IIR XLIFSYRHMRK JVEQI SV FIEQ ERH XLI
QEWSRV] MRJMPP XLI MRJMPP MW GSRWMHIVIH XS FI TEVXMEP MRJMPP
ERHRSX TIVQMXXIH XS GSRWMHIVIH TEVX SJ XLI PEXIVEP JSVGI
VIWMWXMRKW]WXIQ
B.3.2 In-plane connection requirements for
participating infills
8LI QSHIPMRK TVSZMWMSRW SJ %TTIRHM\ & JSV
TEVXMGMTEXMRKMRJMPPWEWWYQIXLEXMRTPERIPSEHWEVIVIWMWXIH
F]XLIMRJMPPF]EHMEKSREPGSQTVIWWMSRWXVYX[LMGLHSIW
RSX VIP] YTSR QIGLERMGEP GSRRIGXSVW XS XVERWJIV MRTPERI
PSEH;LMPIQIGLERMGEPGSRRIGXMSRWMRGPYHMRKXLIYWISJ
C-196 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

VIMRJSVGIQIRX EVI TIVQMXXIH XLI] QYWX FI HIXEMPIH XS

TVIGPYHI PSEH XVERWJIV FIX[IIR XLI MRJMPP ERH FSYRHMRK
JVEQI8LMWMWFIGEYWIQIGLERMGEPGSRRIGXSVWFIX[IIRXLI
MRJMPP ERH JVEQI GER GEYWI TVIQEXYVI HEQEKI EPSRK XLI
FSYRHEVMIW SJ XLI MRJMPP YRHIV MRTPERI PSEHMRK & 8LMW
HEQEKI EGXYEPP] VIHYGIW XLI SYXSJTPERI GETEGMX] SJ XLI
MRJMPP EW XLI EFMPMX] SJ XLI MRJMPP XS LEZIEVGLMRK EGXMSRMW
VIHYGIH
B.3.3 Out-of-plane connection requirements for B.3.3 Out-of-plane connection requirements for
participating infills participating infills
B.3.3.1 4EVXMGMTEXMRK MRJMPPW WLEPP FI
WYTTSVXIH SYXSJTPERI F] GSRRIGXSVW EXXEGLIH XS XLI
FSYRHMRKJVEQI
B.3.3.2 'SRRIGXSVW TVSZMHMRK SYXSJTPERI
WYTTSVX WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH XS WEXMWJ] XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ
%7')
B.3.3.3 'SRRIGXSVW TVSZMHMRK SYXSJTPERI
WYTTSVX WLEPP FI WTEGIH EX E QE\MQYQ SJ  JX  Q 
EPSRKXLIWYTTSVXIHTIVMQIXIVSJXLIMRJMPP
B.3.4 Design of participating infills for in-plane forces
B.3.4.1 9RPIWW XLI WXMJJRIWW SJ XLI MRJMPP MW
SFXEMRIH F] E QSVI GSQTVILIRWMZI EREP]WMW E
TEVXMGMTEXMRKMRJMPPWLEPPFIEREP]^IHEWERIUYMZEPIRXWXVYX
GETEFPI SJ VIWMWXMRK GSQTVIWWMSR SRP] [LSWI [MHXL MW
GEPGYPEXIH YWMRK )UYEXMSR & [LSWI XLMGORIWW MW XLI
WTIGMJMIH XLMGORIWW SJ XLI MRJMPP ERH [LSWI IPEWXMG
QSHYPYWMWXLIIPEWXMGQSHYPYWSJXLIMRJMPP

w inf  )UYEXMSR& 
strut GSW strut

[LIVI

E m t net MRJ WMR  strut

strut
  )UYEXMSR& 
 Ebc I bc hMRJ

B.3.4.2 (IWMKRJSVGIWMRIUYMZEPIRXWXVYXWEW
HIJMRIH MR 7IGXMSR & WLEPP FI HIXIVQMRIH JVSQ ER
IPEWXMG EREP]WMW SJ E FVEGIH JVEQI MRGPYHMRK WYGL
IUYMZEPIRXWXVYXW

B.3.4.3 Vn infWLEPPFIXLIWQEPPIWXSJE F  B.3.4.38LIGETEGMX]SJXLIMRJMPPQEXIVMEPMWSJXIR

ERHG
 VIJIVVIH XS EW GSVRIV GVYWLMRK EPXLSYKL XLI JEMPYVI QE]
SGGYVIPWI[LIVIEW[IPP*PEREKERERH&IRRIXXE
&
E
MR
tnet inf f’m )UYEXMSR&

GSQTEVIHWM\QIXLSHWJSVHIXIVQMRMRKXLIWXVIRKXLSJXLI
F
XLI GEPGYPEXIH LSVM^SRXEP GSQTSRIRX SJ XLI JSVGI MR MRJMPPQEXIVMEPXSI\TIVMQIRXEPVIWYPXWSJWXVYGXYVEPGPE]XMPI
XLI IUYMZEPIRX WXVYX EX E LSVM^SRXEP VEGOMRK MRJMPPWMRWXIIPJVEQIW8LIQIXLSHKMZIRMRXLI'SHIMWXLI
HMWTPEGIQIRXSJMRQQ
 WMQTPIWX QIXLSH ERH EPWS UYMXI EGGYVEXI [MXL E
GSIJJMGMIRX SJ ZEVMEXMSR SJ XLI VEXMS SJ XLI QIEWYVIH
Vn WXVIRKXL XS XLI TVIHMGXIH WXVIRKXL SJ XLI MRJMPP SJ  
G
)UYEXMSR&

 
 & I\EQMRIH XLI
[LIVI Vn MW XLI WQEPPIWX RSQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL JVSQ
7IGXMSR  GEPGYPEXIH EPSRK E FIH NSMRX SJ XLI
*PEREKER ERH &IRRIXX 
TIVJSVQERGISJXLMWQIXLSHJSVTVIHMGXMRKXLIWXVIRKXLSJ
 MRJMPP XIWXW VITSVXIH MR XLI PMXIVEXYVI 'PE] XMPI GPE]
FVMGO ERH GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] MRJMPPW MR FSXL WXIIP ERH
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-197

CODE COMMENTARY

IUYMZEPIRXJVEQI GSRGVIXIFSYRHMRKJVEQIW[IVII\EQMRIH*SVXLIXIWXW
GSRWMHIVIH XLI GSIJJMGMIRX SJ ZEVMEXMSR SJ XLI VEXMS SJ
QIEWYVIHXSTVIHMGXIHWXVIRKXLSJXLIMRJMPP[EW 
*PEREKER ERH &IRRIXX E  & HIXIVQMRIH XLEX MR
TPERI HMWTPEGIQIRX MW E FIXXIV MRHMGEXSV SJ MRJMPP
TIVJSVQERGIXLER MRTPERIHVMJX HMWTPEGIQIRX HMZMHIH F]
LIMKLX  8LMW [EW FEWIH SR GSQTEVMRK XLI VIWYPXW SJ
ETTVS\MQEXIP]JXLMKLQ MRJMPPXIWXWXSJXQ 
LMKLMRJMPPXIWXWSRWMQMPEVQEXIVMEP 8LYWEHMWTPEGIQIRX
PMQMX VEXLIV XLER E HVMJX PMQMX MW KMZIR MR XLI 'SHI %W E
KIRIVEPVYPIXLIWXVIRKXLSJXLIMRJMPPMWVIEGLIHEXWQEPPIV
HMWTPEGIQIRXW JSV WXMJJIV GSPYQRW *SV QSVI JPI\MFPI
GSPYQRW XLI WXVIRKXL SJ XLI MRJMPP MW GSRXVSPPIH F] XLI
HMWTPEGIQIRXPMQMXSJMRGLQQ 
)UYEXMSR&MWMRXIRHIHXSEHHVIWWWLIEVJEMPYVIEPSRK
EFIHNSMRX8LIYWISJEJSVQYPEJVSQ7IGXMSRMWRSX
MRXIRHIHXSMQTP]XLEXMRJMPPWEVIRIGIWWEVMP]YRVIMRJSVGIH
7LIEV VIWMWXERGI EPSRK E FIH NSMRX MW WMQMPEV JSV XLI
IUYEXMSRW SJ 7IGXMSR  ERH 7IGXMSR  ERH XLI JSVQIV
EVIQSVIGPIEVP]VIPEXIHXSJEMPYVIEPSRKEFIHNSMRX
B.3.5 Design of frame elements with participating
infills for in-plane loads
B.3.5.1 (IWMKR IEGL JVEQI QIQFIV RSX MR
GSRXEGX [MXL ER MRJMPP JSV WLIEV QSQIRX ERH E\MEP JSVGI
RSX PIWW XLER XLI VIWYPXW JVSQ XLI IUYMZEPIRX WXVYX JVEQI
EREP]WMW
B.3.5.2 (IWMKR IEGL FSYRHMRK GSPYQR ERH
FIEQ SV WPEF MR GSRXEGX [MXL ER MRJMPP JSV WLIEV ERH
QSQIRX IUYEP XS RSX PIWWXLER  XMQIW XLI VIWYPXW JVSQ
XLIIUYMZEPIRXWXVYXJVEQIEREP]WMWERHJSVE\MEPJSVGIRSX
PIWW XLER XLI VIWYPXW JVSQ XLEX EREP]WMW -R EHHMXMSR
EYKQIRXXLIHIWMKRWLIEVEXIEGLIRHSJXLIGSPYQRF]XLI
LSVM^SRXEP GSQTSRIRX SJ XLIIUYMZEPIRX WXVYX JSVGI EGXMRK
SRXLEXIRHYRHIVHIWMKRPSEHW
B.3.5.3 (IWMKR IEGL FIEQ MR GSRXEGX [MXL ER
MRJMPPJSVWLIEVERHQSQIRXIUYEPXSRSXPIWWXLERXMQIW
XLIVIWYPXWJVSQXLIIUYMZEPIRXWXVYXJVEQIEREP]WMWERHJSV
ERE\MEPJSVGIRSXPIWWXLERXLIVIWYPXWJVSQXLEXEREP]WMW-R
EHHMXMSREYKQIRXXLIHIWMKRWLIEVEXIEGLIRHSJXLIFIEQ
F] XLI ZIVXMGEP GSQTSRIRX SJ XLI IUYMZEPIRX WXVYX JSVGI
EGXMRKSRXLEXIRHYRHIVHIWMKRPSEHW
B.3.6 Design of participating infills for out-of-plane B.3.6 Design of participating infills for out-of-plane
forces forces
8LI RSQMREP SYXSJTPERI JPI\YVEP GETEGMX] XS VIWMWX -X MW RSX ETTVSTVMEXI XS GEPGYPEXI XLI SYXSJTPERI
SYXSJTPERI JSVGIW SJ XLI MRJMPP TIV YRMX EVIE WLEPP FI JPI\YVEP GETEGMX] SJ YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] MRJMPPW YWMRK
HIXIVQMRIHEW ZEPYIWJSVJPI\YVEPXIRWMPIGETEGMX]8LITVIHSQMRERXSYX
SJTPERI VIWMWXMRK QIGLERMWQ JSV QEWSRV] MRJMPPW MW
q n MRJ  f m    
t MRJ arch arch EVGLMRK )ZIR MRJMPPW [MXL HV]WXEGOIH FPSGO LEZI FIIR
l MRJ   hMRJ   WLS[RXSLEZIWMKRMJMGERXSYXSJTPERIWXVIRKXL(E[IERH
7IELF &
  )UYEXMSR& 
8LI SYXSJTPERI VIWMWXERGI SJ QEWSRV] MRJMPP EW
[LIVI GEPGYPEXIH F] )UYEXMSR & MW FEWIH YTSR ER EVGLMRK
C-198 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

CODE COMMENTARY

   QSHIP SJ XLI MRJMPP MR XLI FSYRHMRK JVEQI ERH XLIVIJSVI
arch  Ebc I bc hMRJ
 RIKPIGXWXLIGSRXVMFYXMSRSJER]VIMRJSVGIQIRXXLEXQE]FI
hMRJ
TVIWIRX MR XLI MRJMPP MR HIXIVQMRMRK XLI SYXSJTPERI
  )UYEXMSR&
 JPI\YVEPWXVIRKXLSJTEVXMGMTEXMRKMRJMPP1EWSRV]MRJMPPQE]
VIUYMVI VIMRJSVGIQIRX LS[IZIV XS VIWMWX SYXSJTPERI
   JPI\YVI FIX[IIR TSMRXW SJ GSRRIGXMSR [MXL XLI FSYRHMRK
arch  Ebb I bb lMRJ
 JVEQI SV XS QIIX XLI TVIWGVMTXMZI WIMWQMG HIXEMPMRK
lMRJ
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSR
)UYEXMSR&
 8LI XLMGORIWW YWIH MR GSQTYXEXMSRW SJ SYXSJTPERI
-R )UYEXMSR & tinf WLEPP RSX FI XEOIR KVIEXIV XLER
 hinf  ;LIR GSPYQRW SJ HMJJIVIRX GVSWWWIGXMSREP
TVSTIVXMIW EVI YWIH SR IMXLIV WMHI SJ XLI MRJMPP EZIVEKI
TVSTIVXMIW WLEPP FI YWIH XS GEPGYPEXI XLMW GETEGMX] ;LIR
FIEQW SJ HMJJIVIRX GVSWWWIGXMSREP TVSTIVXMIW EVI YWIH
EFSZIERHFIPS[XLIMRJMPPEZIVEKITVSTIVXMIWWLEPPFIYWIH
XS GEPGYPEXI XLMW GETEGMX] -R XLI GEWI SJ E WMRKPI WXSV]
JVEQIXLIGVSWWWIGXMSREPTVSTIVXMIWSJXLIFSYRHMRKFIEQ
EFSZI XLI MRJMPP WLEPP FI YWIH XS GEPGYPEXI XLMW GETEGMX]
;LIR E WMHI KET MW TVIWIRX arch WLEPP FI XEOIR EW ^IVS
;LIREXSTKETMWTVIWIRX archWLEPPFIXEOIREW^IVS
JPI\YVEP VIWMWXERGI MW PMQMXIH FIGEYWI MRJMPPW [MXL PS[
LIMKLXXSXLMGORIWWVEXMSWEVIPIWWMRJPYIRGIHF]QIQFVERI
GSQTVIWWMSRERHQSVIMRJPYIRGIHF]TPEXIFIRHMRK
8LI SYXSJTPERI JPI\YVEP GETEGMX] SJ XLI QEWSRV]
MRJMPPMWHIXIVQMRIHFEWIHSRXLI[SVOSJ(E[IERH7IEL
&
 8LI] JMVWX HIZIPSTIH E GSQTYXIV TVSKVEQ FEWIH SR E
QSHMJMIH]MIPHPMRIEREP]WMWXLEXMRGPYHIHXLIJPI\MFMPMX]SJ
XLI FSYRHMRK JVEQI 8LI TVSKVEQ GSMRGMHIH UYMXI [IPP
[MXL XLIMV I\TIVMQIRXEP VIWYPXW [MXL ER EZIVEKI VEXMS SJ
SFWIVZIHXSTVIHMGXIHGETEGMX]SJERHEGSIJJMGMIRXSJ
ZEVMEXMSRSJ (E[IERH7IELXLIRYWIHXLITVSKVEQJSV
ER I\XIRWMZI TEVEQIXVMG WXYH] XLEX VIWYPXIH MR XLI
IQTMVMGEPIUYEXMSRKMZIRLIVI
8[S SXLIV IUYEXMSRW EVI EZEMPEFPI 8LI JMVWX TVSTSWIH
F] %FVEQW IX EP 
 & MW YWIH MR %7') & 8LI
WIGSRH [EW TVSTSWIH F] /PMRKRIV IX EP 
 & -R
*PEREKER ERH &IRRIXX F
 & IEGL SJ XLIWI XLVII
TVSTSWIH IUYEXMSRW MW GLIGOIH EKEMRWX XLI VIWYPXW SJ 
I\TIVMQIRXEP XIWXW JVSQ WIZIR HMJJIVIRX XIWX TVSKVEQW
MRGPYHMRK GPE] FVMGO MRJMPPW MR GSRGVIXI JVEQIW GPE] XMPI
MRJMPPWMRWXIIPJVEQIWGPE]FVMGOMRJMPPWMRWXIIPJVEQIWERH
GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] MRJMPPW MR WXIIP JVEQIW *PEREKER ERH
&IRRIXX F
 & HIXIVQMRIH XLEX (E[I ERH 7IELvW
IUYEXMSRMWXLIFIWXTVIHMGXSVSJSYXSJTPERIWXVIRKXL[MXL
EREZIVEKI VEXMS SJSFWIVZIH XSTVIHMGXIHWXVIRKXLSJ
ERH E GSIJJMGMIRX SJ ZEVMEXMSR SJ  8LI GSIJJMGMIRX SJ
ZEVMEXMSR SJ SFWIVZIH XS TVIHMGXIH GETEGMX] [EW  
6IWYPXW EVI WYQQEVM^IH MR *MKYVI ''& 8LI
I\TIVMQIRXEP XIWXW MRZSPZIH MRJMPPW [MXLLIMKLXXSXLMGORIWW
VEXMSW VERKMRK JVSQ  XS  7SQI MRJMPPW LEH NSMRX
VIMRJSVGIQIRXFYXXLMWHMHRSXEJJIGXXLIVIWYPXW8[SSJXLI
WTIGMQIRW LEH E XST KET %VGLMRK WXMPP SGGYVVIH FYX [EW
SRI[E]EVGLMRK8LIGSHIIUYEXMSRMWXLYWUYMXIVSFYWX
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-199

COMMENTARY

Figure CC-B.3-1: Ratios of observed to predicted strengths for infills loaded out-of-plane
(Flanagan and Bennett 1999b) B.8
C-200 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

8LMWTEKIMWMRXIRXMSREPP]PIJXFPERO
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-201

CONVERSION OF INCH-POUND UNITS TO SI UNITS

8LIIUYEXMSRWMRXLMW'SHIEVIJSVYWI[MXLXLIWTIGMJMIHMRGLTSYRH
YRMXWSRP]8LIIUYMZEPIRXYRMXWJSVYWI[MXL7-YRMXWJSPPS[

Code Equation No. SI Unit

Units
or Section No. Equivalent Equation
Em! f 'mJSVGPE]QEWSRV]
 f 'mMR14E
Em! f 'mJSVGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]
 EAAC!f 'AAC  f AAC MR14E
 f g f 'gMR14E
Ieff MRQQ
M cr

M cr
 In MRQQ
  I eff In I cr  In Icr MRQQ
Ma Ma McrMR2QQ
MaMR2QQ
leff leff MRQQ
E   ;LIR   z   l eff d v dv MRQQ
dv z MRQQ

l eff leff MRQQ
F   ;LIR  z   l eff dv MRQQ
dv
 z MRQQ
l eff leff MRQQ
E   ;LIR   z    l eff d v dv MRQQ
dv
 z MRQQ
l eff leff MRQQ
F   ;LIR  z   l eff dv MRQQ
dv
 z MRQQ
A pt lb AptMRQQ
 
lbMRQQ
l be Apv MRQQ
 A pv lbe MRQQ

AptMRQQ
BabMR2I[XSRW
  Bab A pt f m
f m MR14E
Ab MRQQ
  B as    Ab f y BasMR2I[XSRW
fyMR14E
AptMRQQ
  Bab A pt f m BabMR2I[XSRW
f m MR14E
f 'mMR14E
ebMRQQ
  B ap   f  m e b d b   lb eb db db dbMRQQ
lbMRQQ
BapMR2I[XSRW
AbMRQQ
  B as    Ab f y BasMR2I[XSRW
fyMR14E
C-202 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

Code Equation No. SI Unit

Units
or Section No. Equivalent Equation
ApvMRQQ
  B ab  A pv f m
BabMR2I[XSRW
f m MR14E
BabMR2I[XSRW
  B ab   f m Ab  f m Ab MR2I[XSRW
AptMRQQ
B vpry  B ab  A pt f m BabMR2I[XSRW
  BvpryMR2I[XSRW
f m MR14E
AbMRQQ
 B vs   A b f y BasMR2I[XSRW
fyMR14E
baMR2I[XSRW
ba bv bvMR2I[XSRW
  
Ba Bv BaMR2I[XSRW
BvMR2I[XSRW
G   WTIGMJMIH YRMX GSQTVIWWMZ I WXVIRKXLSJ LIEHIV MR14E
dbMRQQ
  l d = d d Fs FsMR14E
ldMRQQ

bw s AvMRQQ
Av 
fy bwMRQQ
sMRQQ
F 
fyMR14E
d dMRQQ
s
 b bMWHMQIRWMSRPIWW

dbMRQQ
d b  f y f m MR14E
  ld
fyMR14E
K f m
KMRQQ
ldMRQQ
 Asc  Asc AscMRQQ
    [LIVI 
d b d b dbMRQQ
FaMR14E
fa fb FbMR14E
  + 
Fa Fb faMR14E
fbMR14E
P  PMR2I[XSRW
   Pe PeMR2I[XSRW
2
FaMR14E
h f 'mMR14E
  F a =  f ’m 1 -
 r hMRQQ
rMRQQ
FaMR14E
2
r f 'mMR14E
  Fa=  
f ’m
hMRQQ
h
rMRQQ
Fb =  fm FbMR14E
  
f 'mMR14E
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-203

Code Equation No. SI Unit

Units
or Section No. Equivalent Equation
EmMR14E
eMRQQ
2 
Em I n e hMRQQ
  Pe =  
h r IMRQQ
PeMR2I[XSRW
rMRQQ
bMRQQ
VQ fvMR14E
  fv = InMRQQ
In b
QMRQQ
VMR2I[XSRW
f m MR14E
E   f m
%RW[IVMR14E
AnMRQQ
G  Nv /An NvMR2I[XSRW
%RW[IVMRO4E
AnMRQQ
H  Nv /An NvMR2I[XSRW
%RW[IVMRO4E
AnMRQQ
I  Nv /An NvMR2I[XSRW
%RW[IVMRO4E
AnMRQQ
AstMRQQ
 FsMR14E
h f 'mMR14E
  Pa   f m An  Ast Fs 
 r hMRQQ
PaMR2I[XSRW
rMRQQ
AnMRQQ
AstMRQQ
2
FsMR14E
 r f 'mMR14E
  P a = (0.25 ü m’ An +  A st F s )
h hMRQQ
PaMR2I[XSRW
rMRQQ
nf m fyMR14E
QE\
fy f 'mMR14E
 
 fy n
fm
bn in mm
V dv in mm
  fv =
Anv fvMR14E
VMR2I[XSRW
FvMR14E
  Fv Fvm Fvs FvmMR14E
FvsMR14E
C-204 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

Code Equation No. SI Unit

Units
or Section No. Equivalent Equation
dMRQQ
FvMR14E
  Fv  f m *SVMVd)  MMR2I[XSRQQ
VMR2I[XSRW
f m MR14E
dMRQQ
FvMR14E
  Fv =  f m *SVMVd)  MMR2I[XSRQQ
VMR2I[XSRW
f m MR14E
AnMRQQ
dMRQQ
FvmMR14E
M P MMR2I[XSRQQ
 Fvm    fm 
Vd An PMR2I[XSRW
VMR2I[XSRW
f m MR14E
AnMRQQ
dMRQQ
FvmMR14E
M P MMR2I[XSRQQ
  Fvm    fm 
Vd An PMR2I[XSRW
VMR2I[XSRW
f m MR14E
AnMRQQ
AvMRQQ
Av Fs d dMRQQ
  Fvs = 
An s FsMR14E
FvsMR14E
sMRQQ
AptMRQQ
  Banb Apt f m f m MR14E
BanbMR2I[XSRW
AbMRQQ
  Bans Ab f y fyMR14E
BansMR2I[XSRW
AptMRQQ
  Banb Apt f m f m MR14E
BanbMR2I[XSRW
f 'mMR14E
ebMRQQ
  Banp  f  m eb d b  l b eb d b db dbMRQQ
lbMRQQ
BanpMR2I[XSRW
AbMRQQ
  Bans Ab f y fyMR14E
BansMR2I[XSRW
ApvMRQQ
  B anb A pv f m f m MR14E
BanbMR2I[XSRW
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-205

Code Equation No. SI Unit

Units
or Section No. Equivalent Equation
AbMRQQ
BvncMR2I[XSRW
  B vnc   f  m Ab

f 'mMR14E  f m Ab MR2I[XSRW
AptMRQQ
f m MR14E
  Bvnpry  Banb  A pt f m
BanbMR2I[XSRW
BvnpryMR2I[XSRW
AbMRQQ
  B vns  Ab f y fyMR14E
BvnsMR2I[XSRW
bafMR2I[XSRW
baf bvf bvfMR2I[XSRW
  
B an B vn BanMR2I[XSRW
BvnMR2I[XSRW
PnMR2I[XSRW
h

h AnMRQQ
  Pn   An f m  *SV  f 'mMR14E
r r hMRQQ
rMRQQ
PnMR2I[XSRW
 r

h AnMRQQ
 Pn   An f m *SV  f 'mMR14E
h r hMRQQ
rMRQQ
Mc Mu McMR2QQ
 
MuMR2QQ
 AnMRQQ
Pu f 'mMR14E
    PuMR2I[XSRW
 r hMRQQ
An f m
h rMRQQ
AnMRQQ
E   An f m MR2
f 'mMR14E
F   An MR2 AnMRQQ

 An  N u MR2 AnMRQQ

G 
NuMR2I[XSRW
 An  N u MR2 AnMRQQ
H 
NuMR2I[XSRW
 An  N u MR2 AnMRQQ
I 
NuMR2I[XSRW
J    An MR2 AnMRQQ

le  d b leMRQQ
 
dbMRQQ
dbMRQQ
d b  f y f m MR14E
  ld
K fm fyMR14E
KMRQQ
ldMRQQ
   Asc   A sc AscMRQQ
    [LIVI 
d b d b dbMRQQ
C-206 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

Code Equation No. SI Unit

Units
or Section No. Equivalent Equation
AnMRQQ
AstMRQQ
h
 f 'mMR14E
 Pn    f m An Ast f y Ast  fyMR14E
 r PnMR2I[XSRW
hMRQQ
rMRQQ
AnMRQQ
AstMRQQ
 f 'mMR14E
 r
  Pn   f m An Ast f y Ast fyMR14E
h PnMR2I[XSRW
hMRQQ
rMRQQ
VnmMR2I[XSRW
  Vn Vnm V ns VnsMR2I[XSRW
VnMR2I[XSRW
AnvMRQQ
MuMR2QQ
VuMR2I[XSRW
  Mu dvMRQQ
Vn  Anv fm *SV  v
Vu d v VnMR2I[XSRW
f m MR14E
AnvMRQQ
MuMR2QQ
Mu VuMR2I[XSRW
  Vn  Anv fm *SV  v dvMRQQ
Vu d v
VnMR2I[XSRW
f m MR14E
AnvMRQQ
MuMR2QQ
VuMR2I[XSRW
Mu dvMRQQ
  Vnm    Anv fm  Pu
Vu d v PuMR2I[XSRW
VnmMR2I[XSRW
f m MR14E
AvMRQQ
Av fyMR14E
  Vns  f y dv dvMRQQ
s sMRQQ
VnsMR2I[XSRW
Pu PuMR2I[XSRW
   f m AgMRQQ
Ag f 'mMR14E
hMRQQ
wuMR2QQ
PufMR2I[XSRW
wu h  eu
  Mu Puf Pu u euMRQQ
  PuMR2I[XSRW
uMRQQ
MuMR2QQ
PuMR2I[XSRW
  Pu Puw Puf PufMR2I[XSRW
PuwMR2I[XSRW
 &9-0(-2+'3()6)59-6)1)287*361%7326=7869'896)7817%'-%7')  '

'SHI)UYEXMSR2S 7-9RMX
9RMXW
SV7IGXMSR2S )UYMZEPIRX)UYEXMSR

  MRQQ
 
MRQQ
MRQQ

MRQQ
 MR14E
  ! *SV
 MRQQ
MR2QQ
MR2QQ
MRQQ
 
 n  MRQQ
!  MR14E
  MRQQ
 
MR2QQ
*SV MR2QQ
MR2QQ
MRQQ
MRQQ
MRQQ

MR2I[XSRW
 MRQQ
  !  n 
  MR14E
MRQQ
MRQQ
MRQQ
MRQQ
MRQQ
 MR14E
  !
  MR2I[XSRW
MR14E
MRQQ
MR2I[XSRW

 MRQQ
 MR14E
1Y MR2QQ
  MR2I[XSRW
:Y H Z
MRQQ
MRQQ
 1Y MR14E
 ERH 
 :Y H Z MRQQ
MR2QQ
MR2I[XSRW
MRQQ
MRQQ
E 
  MRQQ
MRQQ
MRQQ
MR14E
MRQQ
MR14E
 
 MRQQ
MR2I[XSRW
MR14E
MRQQ
' &9-0(-2+'3()6)59-6)1)287*361%7326=7869'896)7817%'-%7')

'SHI)UYEXMSR2S 7-9RMX
9RMXW
SV7IGXMSR2S )UYMZEPIRX)UYEXMSR
MR2QQ
MR14E
MRQQ
n MR14E
 
 MRQQ
MR2I[XSRW
MRQQ
MRQQ
MR14E
MR14E
MRQQ
MRQQ
    n   MR14E
MRQQ
MRQQ
MR14E
MR14E
  
!  
MR14E


MR14E
  ! 
MR14E
MRQQ
 MRQQ
  !   n MRQQ

MR14E
MR2I[XSRW
MRQQ

 MRQQ
  !   MRQQ
MR14E
MR2I[XSRW
!  MRQQ
 
MRQQ
MRQQ
 MRQQ

! MRQQ
  MR14E

MR14E
MRQQ
MRQQ
 MRQQ

  !    n  n MRQQ
 MR14E
MR14E
MR2I[XSRW
MRQQ
MRQQ
MRQQ

    MRQQ
!    n  MR14E
MR14E
MR2I[XSRW
MR2I[XSRW
  !  MR2I[XSRW
MR2I[XSRW
 &9-0(-2+'3()6)59-6)1)287*361%7326=7869'896)7817%'-%7')  '

'SHI)UYEXMSR2S 7-9RMX
9RMXW
SV7IGXMSR2S )UYMZEPIRX)UYEXMSR
! MR2I[XSRW
 
MR2I[XSRW
MR2I[XSRW
   
 MR14E
MRQQ
MR2I[XSRW
   
 MR14E
MRQQ
MR2I[XSRW
MR2I[XSRW

E  !   
MR14E


MRQQ
MRQQ
MR2I[XSRW
MR2I[XSRW

F  !   
MR14E


MRQQ
MRQQ
MR2I[XSRW
MR2I[XSRW

G  !    
MR14E
MRQQ
MR2I[XSRW

MR14E
  !   MRQMRQ
 MRQQ
 
 MRQQ

MR2I[XSRW
MR14E
  !   MRQQ
MRQQ
MRQQ
MR2I[XSRW

   MR14E
! 
MRQQ
MRQQ
4Y MR2I[XSRW
   J %%' MR14E
%K MRQQ
MR2I[XSRW
MR2I[XSRW
 MRQQ
  !   MRQQ
  MRQQ
MR2QQ
MR2QQ
MR2I[XSRW
  !  MR2I[XSRW
MR2I[XSRW
' &9-0(-2+'3()6)59-6)1)287*361%7326=7869'896)7817%'-%7')

'SHI)UYEXMSR2S 7-9RMX
9RMXW
SV7IGXMSR2S )UYMZEPIRX)UYEXMSR
MR2QQ
 
MR2QQ
MR2I[XSRW
MRQQ
!  n MRQQ
 
 MRQQ
MR14E
MR2QQ
MRQQ
MR2I[XSRW
  MRQQ
  !
  MRQQ
MR14E
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1EWSRV] 7LIEV ;EPPWx TMS Journal :  2S  8LI
1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3
3.26. 2EXMSREP 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV] %WWSGMEXMSR
w)ZEPYEXMSR SJ XLI )JJIGXW SJ 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]
7XVYGXYVEP 'SZIV SZIV 7TPMGIH 6IMRJSVGMRK &EVWx
,IVRHSR:%(IGIQFIVTT
3.27. 7SVMG>8YPMR0+w&SRH7XVIWWERH7PMTMR
1EWSRV]6IMRJSVGIH[MXL7TPMGIH6IMRJSVGIQIRXx817
.SYVREP:2STT888LI1EWSRV]7SGMIX]
&SYPHIV'3
3.28. 7YXIV+8*IRXSR+%w7TPMGI0IRKXL8IWXW
SJ 6IMRJSVGIH 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV] ;EPPWx 8LI 1EWSRV]
7SGMIX].YRIT
3.29. 2EXMSREP'SRGVIXI1EWSRV]%WWSGMEXMSRw)JJIGXW
SJ 'SRJMRIQIRX 6IMRJSVGIQIRX SR &EV 7TPMGI
4IVJSVQERGI z 7YQQEV] SJ 6IWIEVGL ERH (IWMKR
6IGSQQIRHEXMSRWx 6IWIEVGL 6ITSVX ,IVRHSR :%
*IFVYEV]
3.30. ,SKER 1& 7EQFPERIX 4. ERH 8LSQEW
6( w6IWIEVGL )ZEPYEXMSR SJ 6IMRJSVGMRK &EV 7TPMGIW
MR 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]x 4VSGIIHMRKW SJ XLI XL
-RXIVREXMSREP &VMGO&PSGO 1EWSRV] 'SRJIVIRGI 8SRKNM
9RMZIVWMX]7LERKLEM'LMRE3GXSFIVTT
3.31. %QVLIMR .) ERH 0II () w(IWMKR SJ
6IMRJSVGIH1EWSRV]8EPP7PIRHIV;EPPWx;IWXIVR
7XEXIW'PE]4VSHYGXW%WWSGMEXMSRTT
3.32. ;EPPEGI .; ERH 3VEOGEP / w%'- 
4VSZMWMSRWJSV7IMWQMG(IWMKRSJ7XVYGXYVEP;EPPWx%'-
7XVYGXYVEP.SYVREP:2S.YP]%YKYWX
3.33. 4EYPE] 8 w8LI (IWMKR SJ (YGXMPI 6IMRJSVGIH
'SRGVIXI 7XVYGXYVEP ;EPPW JSV )EVXLUYEOI 6IWMWXERGIx
)EVXLUYEOI7TIGXVE))6-:2STT
3.34. ;EPPEGI.;w%2I[1IXLSHSPSK]JSV7IMWQMG
(IWMKR SJ 6' 7LIEV ;EPPWx .SYVREP SJ 7XVYGXYVEP
)RKMRIIVMRK%7'):2STT
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY
3.35. ;EPPEGI .; ERH 1SILPI .4 w(YGXMPMX] ERH
(IXEMPMRK 6IUYMVIQIRXW SJ &IEVMRK ;EPP &YMPHMRKWx
.SYVREPSJ7XVYGXYVEP)RKMRIIVMRK%7'):2S
TT
References, Chapter 4
4.1. 7GLYPX^%)ERH7GSPJSVS1.%R3ZIVZMI[
SJ4VIWXVIWWIH1EWSRV]TMS Journal:2STT
8LI1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3
4.2. ;SSHLEQ (& ERH ,EQMPXSR --- ,6
w1SRMXSVMRK 4VIWXVIWW 0SWWIW MR 4SWX8IRWMSRIH
'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]x Proceedings XL 2SVXL %QIVMGER
1EWSRV] 'SRJIVIRGI 'PIQWSR 7SYXL 'EVSPMRE .YRI

4.3. Code of Practice for the Use of Masonry, Part 2:
Reinforced and Prestressed Masonry &7  &VMXMWL
7XERHEVHW-RWXMXYXMSR0SRHSR)RKPERH
4.4. 4LMTTW 1) 8LI 'SHMJMGEXMSR SJ 4VIWXVIWWIH
1EWSRV](IWMKRProceedings7M\XL'EREHMER1EWSRV]
7]QTSWMYQ 7EWOEXSSR 7EWOEXGLI[ER 'EREHE .YRI
TT
4.5. 7GLYPX^ %) ERH 7GSPJSVS 1. )RKMRIIVMRK
(IWMKR 4VSZMWMSRW JSV 4VIWXVIWWIH 1EWSRV] 4EVX 
1EWSRV] 7XVIWWIW TMS Journal : 2S  TT 
8LI1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3
4.6. 7GLYPX^ %) ERH 7GSPJSVS 1. )RKMRIIVMRK
(IWMKR4VSZMWMSRWJSV4VIWXVIWWIH1EWSRV]4EVX7XIIP
7XVIWWIWERH3XLIV'SRWMHIVEXMSRWTMS Journal:
2S  TT  8LI 1EWSRV] 7SGMIX] &SYPHIV '3

4.7. Post-Tensioned Masonry Structures :70
-RXIVREXMSREP 0XH :70 6ITSVX 7IVMIW &IVRI
7[MX^IVPERHTT
4.8. 'YVXMR ;+ 7LE[ + ERH&IGO ./ Design
of Reinforced and Prestressed Masonry8LSQEW8IPJSVH
0XH0SRHSR)RKPERHTT
4.9. 4LMTTW 1) ERH 1SRXEKYI 8- 8LI (IWMKR SJ
4VIWXVIWWIH 'SRGVIXI &PSGO[SVO (METLVEKQ ;EPPW
Aggregate Concrete Block Association )RKPERH 
TT
4.10 Building Code Requirements for Reinforced
Concrete %'-  %QIVMGER 'SRGVIXI -RWXMXYXI
*EVQMRKXSR,MPPW1-
4.11. 6IGSQQIRHEXMSRW JSV )WXMQEXMRK 4VIWXVIWW
0SWWIW 6ITSVX SJ 4'- 'SQQMXXIISR 4VIWXVIWW 0SWWIW
Journal of the Prestressed Concrete Institute:2S
'LMGEKS-0.YP]%YKYWXTT
C-221
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7XEGO&SRHIH &VMGO 1EWSRV] 4VMWQW % 4MPSX 7XYH]
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'PIQWSR7'1E]TT
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&SRHIH &VMGO 1EWSRV] 4VMWQW 4MPSX 7XYH]  7XEKI --
(ITEVXQIRX SJ 'MZMP )RKMRIIVMRK 9RMZIVWMX] SJ -PPMRSMW
9VFERE'LEQTEMKR-0%YKYWXTT
4.14. 7LVMZI 2+ )JJIGXW SJ 8MQI (ITIRHIRX
1SZIQIRXWMR'SQTSWMXIERH4SWX8IRWMSRIH1EWSRV]
Masonry International :  2S  &VMXMWL 1EWSRV]
7SGMIX]0SRHSR)RKPERH7TVMRKTT
4.15. %781%Standard Specification for Steel
Strand, Uncoated Seven-Wire for Prestressed Concrete
%QIVMGER 7SGMIX] JSV 1EXIVMEPW ERH 8IWXMRK ;IWX
'SRWLSLSGOIR4%
4.16. %781 % 7XEndard Specification for
Uncoated Stress-Relieved Steel Wire for Prestressed
Concrete %QIVMGER 7SGMIX] JSV 1EXIVMEPW ERH 8IWXMRK
;IWX'SRWLSLSGOIR4%
4.17. %781 % Standard Specification for
Uncoated High-Strength Steel Bars for Prestressing
Concrete %QIVMGER 7SGMIX] JSV 1EXIVMEPW ERH 8IWXMRK
;IWX'SRWLSLSGOIR4%
4.18. ,EQMPXSR --- ,6 ERH &EHKIV ''6 w'VIIT
0SWWIW MR 4SWX8IRWMSRIH 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]x TMS
Journal :  2S  TT  8LI 1EWSRV] 7SGMIX]
&SYPHIV'3
4.19. &MKKW (8 ERH +ER^ ,6 w8LI 'SHMJMGEXMSR
SJ 4VIWXVIWWIH 1EWSRV] MR XLI 9RMXIH 7XEXIWx
Proceedings, *MJXL -RXIVREXMSREP 1EWSRV] 'SRJIVIRGI
0SRHSR9/3GXSFIVTT
4.20. 2'1% 8)/% w4SWXXIRWMSRIH 'SRGVIXI
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4.21. 7XMIV[EPX (( ERH ,EQMPXSR --- ,6
w6IWXVEMRX)JJIGXMZIRIWWMR9RFSRHIH8IRHSRWJSV4SWX
XIRWMSRIH 1EWSRV]x ACI Structural Journal 2SZ(IG
:2STT
4.22. 7GSPJSVS 1. ERH &SVGLIPX .+ (IWMKR SJ
6IMRJSVGIH ERH 4VIWXVIWWIH 7PIRHIV 1EWSRV] ;EPPW
Proceedings -RRSZEXMZI 0EVKI 7TER 7XVYGXYVIW 8LI
'EREHMER7SGMIX]SJ'MZMP)RKMRIIVW1SRXVIEP'EREHE
.YP]TT
4.23. 7GLYPX^ %) &IER .6 ERH 7XSPEVWOM , /
w6IWMWXERGI SJ 7PIRHIV 4SWX8IRWMSRIH 1EWSRV] ;EPPW
[MXL 9RFSRHIH 8IRHSRW XS 8VERWZIVWI 0SEHMRKx
Proceedings XL 2SVXL %QIVMGER 1EWSRV] 'SRJIVIRGI
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4.24. &IER .6 ERH 7GLYPX^%) w*PI\YVEP 'ETEGMX]
SJ 4SWX8IRWMSRIH 1EWSRV] ;EPPW'SHI 6IZMI[ ERH
6IGSQQIRHIH 4VSGIHYVIx 48- .SYVREP :  2S 
.ERYEV]TT
4.25. &IER 4STILR . 6 ERH 7GLYPX^ %) w(IWMKR
4VSZMWMSRWJSV4SWX8IRWMSRIH1EWSRV];EPPW7YFNIGXXS
0EXIVEP 0SEHMRKx Proceedings XL -RXIVREXMSREP &VMGO
ERH &PSGO 1EWSRV] 'SRJIVIRGI 7]HRI] %YWXVEPME
*IFVYEV]
4.26. &IER 4STILR .IRRMJIV 6 w1IGLERMGW ERH
&ILEZMSV SJ 7PIRHIV 4SWX8IRWMSRIH 1EWSRV] ;EPPW XS
8VERWZIVWI 0SEHMRKx 4L( HMWWIVXEXMSR 9RMZIVWMX] SJ
1MRRIWSXE
4.27. +YMHI 7TIGMJMGEXMSRW JSV 4SWX8IRWMSRMRK
1EXIVMEPW Post-Tensioning Manual XL )HMXMSR 4SWX
8IRWMSRMRK-RWXMXYXI4LSIRM\%>TT
4.28. 7ERHIVW(,&VIIR.)ERH(YRGER66---
7XVIRKXL ERH &ILEZMSV SJ 'PSWIP] 7TEGIH 4SWX
8IRWMSRIH 1SRSWXVERH %RGLSVEKIW 4SWX8IRWMSRMRK
-RWXMXYXI4LSIRM\%>TT
References, Chapter 5
5.1. &EOIV-3A Treatise on Masonry Construction
9RMZIVWMX]SJ-PPMRSMW'LEQTEMKR-0
%PWSXL)HMXMSR.SLR;MPI]
7SRW2I[=SVO2=
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2EXMSREP&YVIEYSJ7XERHEVHW;EWLMRKXSR('
5.3. w1SHMJMGEXMSRW MR 6IGSQQIRHIH 1MRMQYQ
6IUYMVIQIRXWJSV1EWSRV];EPP'SRWXVYGXMSRx2EXMSREP
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TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
References, Chapter 6
6.1. &VS[R 6, ERH %VYQYPE .3 w&VMGO :IRIIV
[MXL 1IXEP 7XYH &EGOYT  %R )\TIVMQIRXEP ERH
%REP]XMGEP7XYH]x4VSGIIHMRKW7IGSRH2SVXL%QIVMGER
1EWSRV] 'SRJIVIRGI 8LI 1EWSRV] 7SGMIX] &SYPHIV
'3%YKYWXTTXS
6.2. w&VMGO :IRIIV 7XIIP 7XYH ;EPPWx 8IGLRMGEP 2SXI
SR&VMGO'SRWXVYGXMSR2S&&VMGO-RHYWXV]%WWSGMEXMSR
6IWXSR:%(IGIQFIV
6.3. +VMQQ '8 ERH /PMRKRIV 6) w'VEGO
4VSFEFMPMX] MR &VMGO :IRIIV SZIV 7XIIP 7XYHWx
4VSGIIHMRKW *MJXL 2SVXL %QIVMGER 1EWSRV] 'SRJIVIRGI
8LI1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3.YRITT

6.4. /IPP] 8 +SSHWSR 1 1E]IW 6 ERH %WLIV .
w%REP]WMWSJXLI&ILEZMSVSJ%RGLSVIH&VMGO:IRIIVSR1IXEP
7XYH 7]WXIQW 7YFNIGXIH XS ;MRH ERH )EVXLUYEOI *SVGIWx
4VSGIIHMRKW*MJXL2SVXL%QIVMGER1EWSRV]'SRJIVIRGI8LI
1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3.YRITT
6.5. w7XVYGXYVEP &EGOYT 7]WXIQW JSV 'SRGVIXI
1EWSRV] :IRIIVWx 2'1% 8)/ % 2EXMSREP
'SRGVIXI1EWSRV]%WWSGMEXMSR,IVRHSR:%
6.6. 2'1%8)/% 'PE]ERH'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]
&ERHMRK (IXEMPW 2EXMSREP 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]
%WWSGMEXMSR,IVRHSR:%
6.7. &-%)
&VMGO-RHYWXV]%WWSGMEXMSR6IWXSR:%
6.8. &-% 8IGLRMGEP 2SXIW % %GGSQQSHEXMRK
&VMGO[SVO )\TERWMSR &VMGO -RHYWXV] %WWSGMEXMSR
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6.9. w8LI 4IVQERIRX ;SSH *SYRHEXMSR 7]WXIQx
8IGLRMGEP 6ITSVX 2S  2EXMSREP *SVIWX 4VSHYGXW
%WWSGMEXMSR RS[ XLI %QIVMGER *SVIWX ERH 4ETIV
5.4. w%QIVMGER 7XERHEVH &YMPHMRK 'SHI %WWSGMEXMSR
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6IUYMVIQIRXW JSV 1EWSRV]x %7% % 
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7XERHEVHW%WWSGMEXMSR2I[=SVO2= 6.10. w'SRRIGXSVW JSV 1EWSRV]x '%2%1
'EREHMER 7XERHEVHW %WWSGMEXMSR 6I\HEPI 3RXEVMS
5.5. w%QIVMGER 7XERHEVH &YMPHMRK 'SHI 'EREHE
6IUYMVIQIRXW JSV 1EWSRV]x %27- % 
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2EXMSREP 7XERHEVHW -RWXMXYXI 2I[ =SVO 2=  6.11. w&VMGO :IRIIV  2I[ *VEQI 'SRWXVYGXMSR

 )\MWXMRK*VEQI'SRWXVYGXMSRx8IGLRMGEP2SXIWSR&VMGO
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7XIIP .SMWXW ERH .SMWX +MVHIVWx 7XIIP .SMWX -RWXMXYXI
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6.12. 2EXMSREP &YMPHMRK 'SHI &YMPHMRK 3JJMGMEPW ERH
'SHI%HQMRMWXVEXSVW'SYRXV]'PYF,MPPW-0
6.13. 7XERHEVH&YMPHMRK'SHI7SYXLIVR&YMPHMRK'SHI
'SRKVIWW-RXIVREXMSREP&MVQMRKLEQ%0
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY
6.14. 9RMJSVQ &YMPHMRK 'SHI -RXIVREXMSREP
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6.15. (V]WHEPI 6+ ERH 7YXIV +8 w)\XIVMSV ;EPP
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'SRGVIXI1EWSRV]SV7XIIP7XYH;EPP7]WXIQx'EREHE
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C-223
References, Chapter 8
8.1. :EVIPE .0 8ERRIV .) ERH /PMRKRIV 6)
w(IZIPSTQIRX SJ 7IMWQMG *SVGI6IHYGXMSR ERH
(MWTPEGIQIRX%QTPMJMGEXMSR*EGXSVWJSV%%'7XVYGXYVIWx
EERI Spectra:2S*IFVYEV]TT
8.2. 8ERRIV .) :EVIPE .0 /PMRKRIV 6)
&VMKLXQER 1 . ERH 'ERGMRS 9 w7IMWQMG 8IWXMRK SJ
6.16. /PMRKRIV6)7LMRK4&1G+MRPI];1
 7LIEV ;EPPW %
1G0IER ( 1 3OEMP , ERH .S 7 w7IMWQMG
4IVJSVQERGI 8IWXW SJ 1EWSRV] ERH 1EWSRV] :IRIIVx
%7811EWSRV]7]QTSWMYQ.YRI
6.17. 6IRIGOMW ( ERH 0E*EZI . 1 7IMWQMG
4IVJSVQERGI SJ %RGLSVIH &VMGO :IRIIV 2I[QEVO
%YXSGPEZIH %IVEXIH 'SRGVIXI %%'
'SQTVILIRWMZI 6IZMI[x Structures Journal %QIVMGER
'SRGVIXI -RWXMXYXI *EVQMRKXSR ,MPPW 1MGLMKER : 
2S1E].YRITT
8.3. 8ERRIV .) :EVIPE .0 /PMRKRIV 6)
w(IWMKR ERH 7IMWQMG 8IWXMRK SJ E 8[SWXSV] *YPPWGEPI
7XVYGXYVEP 0EFSVEXSV] 6ITSVX 7IVMIW 2S 27)0
 %WWIQFPEKI
9RMZIVWMX]SJ-PPMRSMW9VFERE-0%YKYWX
6.18. w,ERHFSSO JSV 'IVEQMG 8MPI -RWXEPPEXMSRx 8MPI
'SYRGMPSJ%QIVMGE%RHIVWSR7'.ERYEV]
6.19. (MGOI] ;0 w%HLIVIH :IRIIV MR )EVXLUYEOI
7XSVQ ERH 4VIJEFVMGEXMSRx 4VSGIIHMRKW RH 2SVXL
%QIVMGER1EWSRV]'SRJIVIRGI 'SPPIKI4EVO1(8LI
1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3%YKYWX
6.20. +YMHI XS 4SVXPERH 'IQIRX 4PEWXIVMRK %'- 6
 %QIVMGER 'SRGVIXI -RWXMXYXI *EVQMRKXSR ,MPPW 1-

References, Chapter 7
7.1. w*MVI 6IWMWXERGI (MVIGXSV] z :SPYQI x *MPI 2S
6 9RHIV[VMXIVW 0EFSVEXSVMIW -RG 2SVXLFVSSO -0

7.2. w4' +PEWW &PSGO 4VSHYGXWx -RWXEPPEXMSR &VSGLYVI
%YXSGPEZIH %IVEXIH 'SRGVIXI %%'
7TIGMQIRx Structures Journal %QIVMGER 'SRGVIXI
-RWXMXYXI *EVQMRKXSR ,MPPW 1MGLMKER :  2S 
.ERYEV]*IFVYEV]TT
8.4. %VKYHS .EMQI w)ZEPYEXMSR ERH 7]RXLIWMW SJ
)\TIVMQIRXEP (EXE JSV %YXSGPEZIH %IVEXIH 'SRGVIXIx
17 8LIWMW (ITEVXQIRX SJ 'MZMP )RKMRIIVMRK 8LI
9RMZIVWMX]SJ8I\EWEX%YWXMR%YKYWX
8.5. %781 ' Test Method for Flexural
Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Third-
Point Loading) %QIVMGER 7SGMIX] JSV 1EXIVMEPW ERH
8IWXMRK;IWX'SRWLSLSGOIR4%
8.6. *SYEH *SYEH (IQFS[WOM .SIP 2I[QER
(EZMH w1EXIVMEP 4VSTIVXMIW ERH 7XVYGXYVEP &ILEZMSV SJ
4PEMRERH6IMRJSVGIH'SQTSRIRXWx(ITEVXQIRXSJ'MZMP
ERH )RZMVSRQIRXEP )RKMRIIVMRK EX 8LI 9RMZIVWMX] SJ
%PEFEQEEX&MVQMRKLEQ*IFVYEV]
8.7. /MRKWPI] +6 8YPMR 0 + ERH 2SPERH .0
w8LI -RJPYIRGI SJ ;EXIV 'SRXIRX ERH 9RMX %FWSVTXMSR
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4MXXWFYVKL'SVRMRK'SVT4MXXWFYVKL4%
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8.8. 'ERGMRS 9PMWIW w&ILEZMSV SJ %YXSGPEZIH
%IVEXIH'SRGVIXI7LIEV;EPPW[MXL0S[7XVIRKXL%%'x
,MWXSVMGEP 4IVWTIGXMZI ERH (IWMKR -QTPMGEXMSRW
x 17 8LIWMW (ITEVXQIRX SJ 'MZMP )RKMRIIVMRK 8LI
4MXXWFYVKL'SVRMRK'SVTSVEXMSR4MXXWFYVKL4% 9RMZIVWMX]SJ8I\EWEX%YWXMR(IGIQFIV

7.5. 7XVYGXYVEP -RZIWXMKEXMSR SJ 4MXXWFYVKL 'SVRMRK 8.9. :VEXWERSY : 0ERKIV 4 w9RXIVWYGLYRK HIW
+PEWW &PSGO 1EWSRV] 2EXMSREP 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV] 7GLYFXVEKZIVLEPXIRW ZSR ;ÈRHIR EYW 4SVIRFIXSR
%WWSGMEXMSR 6IWIEVGL ERH (IZIPSTQIRX 0EFSVEXSV] 4PERWXIMRQEYIV[IVOx6IWIEVGL SR 7LIEV &ILEZMSV SJ
,IVRHSR:%%YKYWX %IVEXIH 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV] ;EPPW  1EYIV[IVO : 
2STT
C-224 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

References, Appendix B B.7. (E[I .0 ERH 7IEL '/ F  w3YXSJ
TPERI VIWMWXERGI SJ GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] MRJMPPIH TERIPWx
B.1. 'LMSY = 8^IRK . ERH 0MSY =   Can. J. Civ. Engrg3XXE[E
w)\TIVMQIRXEPERH%REP]XMGEP7XYH]SJ1EWSRV]-RJMPPIH
*VEQIWx .SYVREP SJ 7XVYGXYVEP )RKMRIIVMRK   B.8. *PEREKER 6( ERH &IRRIXX 61 F 
 w%VGLMRK SJ QEWSRV] MRJMPPIH JVEQIW GSQTEVMWSR SJ
EREP]XMGEP QIXLSHWx Practice Periodical on Structural
B.2. *PEREKER6(ERH&IRRIXX61E w-R Design and Construction%7') 
TPERIFILEZMSV SJWXVYGXYVEPGPE] XMPI MRJMPPIH JVEQIWx J.
Struct. Engrg%7')  B.9. /PMRKRIV6)6YFMERS26&EWLERH]8ERH
7[IIRI] 7 w)ZEPYEXMSR ERH %REP]XMGEP :IVMJMGEXMSR SJ
B.3. (E[I.0ERH7IEL'/E w&ILEZMSVSJ -RJMPPIH*VEQI8IWX(EXExTMS Journal:2S8LI
QEWSRV] MRJMPPIH WXIIP JVEQIWx Can. J. Civ. Engrg., 1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3
3XXE[E
B.10. %7') 7IMWQMG6ILEFMPMXEXMSRSJ)\MWXMRK
B.4. 6MHHMRKXSR.6 w8LIMRJPYIRGISJMRMXMEP &YMPHMRKW 7XVYGXYVEP )RKMRIIVMRK -RWXMXYXI SJ XLI
KETW SR MRJMPPIH JVEQI FILEZMSVx Proc. Instn. Civ. %QIVMGER7SGMIX]SJ'MZMP)RKMRIIVW6IWXSR:%
Engrs.,
B.11. 8YGOIV '   w4VIHMGXMRK XLI -RTPERI
B.5. *PEREKER 6( ERH &IRRIXX 61   w-R 'ETEGMX] SJ 1EWSRV] -RJMPPIH *VEQIWx 4L(
TPERI EREP]WMW SJ QEWSRV] MRJMPP QEXIVMEPWx Practice (MWWIVXEXMSR8IRRIWWII8IGLRSPSKMGEP9RMZIVWMX]
Periodical on Structural Design and Construction
%7')  B.12. ,IRHIVWSR 6 ' 4SVXIV 10 .SRIW ;(
&YVHIXXI )+   w4VMSV 3YXSJTPERI (EQEKI SR
B.6. %FVEQW(4%RKIP6ERH9^EVWOM.  XLI-RTPERI&ILEZMSVSJ1EWSRV]-RJMPPIH*VEQIWxTMS
8VERWZIVWI 7XVIRKXL SJ (EQEKIH 961 -RJMPPWx Journal 817 :  2S  TT  8LI 1EWSRV]
4VSGIIHMRKW SJ XLI 7M\XL 2SVXL %QIVMGER 1EWSRV] 7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3
'SRJIVIRGI4LMPEHIPTLME4%
 Specification for Masonry Structures
(TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SYNOPSIS AND KEYWORDS, pg. S-iii

PREFACE, S-1

PART 1 — GENERAL, pg. S-3

{7YQQEV]7
{(IJMRMXMSRW7
{6IJIVIRGIWXERHEVHW7
{7]WXIQHIWGVMTXMSR7
{7YFQMXXEPW7
{5YEPMX]EWWYVERGI7
{(IPMZIV]WXSVEKIERHLERHPMRK7
{4VSNIGXGSRHMXMSRW7

PART 2 — PRODUCTS, pg. S-31

{1SVXEVQEXIVMEPW7
{+VSYXQEXIVMEPW7
{1EWSRV]YRMXQEXIVMEPW7
{6IMRJSVGIQIRXTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWERHQIXEPEGGIWWSVMIW7
{%GGIWWSVMIW7
{1M\MRK7
{*EFVMGEXMSR7

PART 3 — EXECUTION, pg. S-51

{-RWTIGXMSR7
{4VITEVEXMSR7
{1EWSRV]IVIGXMSR7
{6IMRJSVGIQIRXXMIERHERGLSVMRWXEPPEXMSR7
{+VSYXTPEGIQIRX7
{4VIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRMRWXEPPEXMSRERHWXVIWWMRKTVSGIHYVI7
{*MIPHUYEPMX]GSRXVSP7
{'PIERMRK7

FOREWORD TO SPECIFICATION CHECKLISTS, pg. S-71

1ERHEXSV]6IUYMVIQIRXW'LIGOPMWX7
3TXMSREP6IUYMVIQIRXW'LIGOPMWX7

REFERENCES FOR THE SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY, pg. S-77

S-ii TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

8LMWTEKIMWMRXIRXMSREPP]PIJXFPERO
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES S-iii

Specification for Masonry Structures

(TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11)
SYNOPSIS

8LMW7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV1EWSRV]7XVYGXYVIW817%'-%7') MW

[VMXXIR EW E QEWXIV WTIGMJMGEXMSR ERH MW VIUYMVIH F] &YMPHMRK 'SHI 6IUYMVIQIRXW JSV
1EWSRV]7XVYGXYVIW817%'-%7') XSGSRXVSPQEXIVMEPWPEFSV
ERH GSRWXVYGXMSR 8LYW XLMW 7TIGMJMGEXMSR GSZIVW QMRMQYQ GSRWXVYGXMSR VIUYMVIQIRXW
JSVQEWSRV]MRWXVYGXYVIW-RGPYHIHEVIUYEPMX]EWWYVERGIVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVQEXIVMEPWXLI
TPEGMRK FSRHMRK ERH ERGLSVMRK SJ QEWSRV] ERH XLI TPEGIQIRX SJ KVSYX ERH SJ
VIMRJSVGIQIRX 8LMW 7TIGMJMGEXMSR MW QIERX XS FI VIJIVIRGIH MR XLI 4VSNIGX 1ERYEP
-RHMZMHYEPTVSNIGXVIUYMVIQIRXWQE]WYTTPIQIRXXLITVSZMWMSRWSJXLMW7TIGMJMGEXMSR

Keywords%%'QEWSRV]ERGLSVWEYXSGPEZIHEIVEXIHGSRGVIXI%%' QEWSRV]GPE]

FVMGO GPE] XMPI GSRGVIXI FPSGO GSRGVIXI FVMGO GSRWXVYGXMSR GSRWXVYGXMSR QEXIVMEPW
GYVMRK KVSYX KVSYXMRK MRWTIGXMSR NSMRXW QEWSRV] QEXIVMEPW LERHPMRK QSVXEVW
QEXIVMEP ERH TPEGIQIRX  UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI ERH UYEPMX] GSRXVSP VIMRJSVGMRK WXIIP
WTIGMJMGEXMSRWXMIWXIWXWXSPIVERGIW
S-iv TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

8LMWTEKIMWMRXIRXMSREPP]PIJXFPERO
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-1

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

PREFACE INTRODUCTION
P1. 8LMW4VIJEGIMWMRGPYHIHJSVI\TPEREXSV]TYVTSWIW 'LETXIV  SJ XLI Building Code Requirements for
SRP] MX HSIW RSX JSVQ E TEVX SJ 7TIGMJMGEXMSR 817  Masonry Structures 817 %'- %7') 
%'-%7') 
QEOIWXLISpecification for Masonry Structures817
 ER MRXIKVEP TEVX SJ XLI
P2. 7TIGMJMGEXMSR817%'-%7')
MWEVIJIVIRGIWXERHEVH[LMGLXLI%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIVQE]
GMXIMRXLIGSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXWJSVER]TVSNIGXXSKIXLIV[MXL
WYTTPIQIRXEV]VIUYMVIQIRXWJSVXLIWTIGMJMGTVSNIGX
P3. 7TIGMJMGEXMSR 817 %'- %7')
 MW [VMXXIR MR XLI XLVIITEVX WIGXMSR JSVQEX SJ XLI
'SRWXVYGXMSR 7TIGMJMGEXMSRW -RWXMXYXI EW EHETXIH F] %'-
8LIPERKYEKIMWKIRIVEPP]MQTIVEXMZIERHXIVWI
%'- %7') 
'SHI 817 %'- %7') 
7TIGMJMGEXMSR WIXW QMRMQYQ GSRWXVYGXMSR VIUYMVIQIRXW
VIKEVHMRK XLI QEXIVMEPW YWIH MR ERH XLI IVIGXMSR SJ
QEWSRV] WXVYGXYVIW 7TIGMJMGEXMSRW EVI [VMXXIR XS WIX
QMRMQYQ EGGITXEFPI PIZIPW SJ TIVJSVQERGI JSV XLI
GSRXVEGXSV 8LMW GSQQIRXEV] MW HMVIGXIH XS XLI
%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV[VMXMRKXLITVSNIGXWTIGMJMGEXMSRW
8LMW 'SQQIRXEV] GSZIVW WSQISJXLITSMRXW XLEX XLI
 GSRWMHIVIH
P4. 7TIGMJMGEXMSR 817 %'- %7')
 MW MRXIRHIH XS FI YWIH MR MXW IRXMVIX] F] VIJIVIRGI MR
XLI TVSNIGX WTIGMJMGEXMSRW -RHMZMHYEP WIGXMSRW EVXMGPIW SV
TEVEKVETLW WLSYPH RSX FI GSTMIH MRXS XLI TVSNIGX
WTIGMJMGEXMSRWWMRGIXEOMRKXLIQSYXSJGSRXI\XQE]GLERKI
XLIMVQIERMRK
P5. 8LIWI QERHEXSV] VIUYMVIQIRXW WLSYPH HIWMKREXI
XLI WTIGMJMG UYEPMXMIW TVSGIHYVIW QEXIVMEPW ERH
TIVJSVQERGIGVMXIVMEJSV[LMGLEPXIVREXMZIWEVITIVQMXXIHSV
1EWSRV] 7XERHEVHW .SMRX 'SQQMXXII 17.'
MR HIZIPSTMRK XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ XLI 'SHI [LMGL EVI
[VMXXIR MRXS XLMW 7TIGMJMGEXMSR *YVXLIV I\TPEREXMSR ERH
HSGYQIRXEXMSR SJ WSQI SJ XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ XLMW
7TIGMJMGEXMSR EVI MRGPYHIH 'SQQIRXW SR WTIGMJMG
TVSZMWMSRW EVI QEHI YRHIV XLI GSVVIWTSRHMRK TEVX SV
WIGXMSRERHEVXMGPIRYQFIVWSJXLMW'SHIERH7TIGMJMGEXMSR
%W WXEXIH MR XLI 4VIJEGI 7TIGMJMGEXMSR 817 
%'- %7')  MW E VIJIVIRGI WXERHEVH
[LMGL XLI %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV QE] GMXI MR XLI GSRXVEGX
HSGYQIRXW JSV ER] TVSNIGX 3[RIVW XLVSYKL XLIMV
JSV [LMGL TVSZMWMSRW [IVIRSX QEHI MR XLMW 7TIGMJMGEXMSR
 QE] [VMXI
)\GITXMSRW XS XLMW 7TIGMJMGEXMSR WLSYPH FI QEHI MR XLI
TVSNIGXWTIGMJMGEXMSRWMJVIUYMVIH
P6 % WXEXIQIRX WYGL EW XLI JSPPS[MRK [MPP WIVZI XS
QEOI7TIGMJMGEXMSR817%'- %7')
ERSJJMGMEPTEVXSJXLITVSNIGXWTIGMJMGEXMSRW
VITVIWIRXEXMZIW %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV
VIUYMVIQIRXW MRXS GSRXVEGX HSGYQIRXW XLEX EVI QSVI
WXVMRKIRX XLERXLSWI SJ 817%'- %7')
 8LMW GER FI EGGSQTPMWLIH [MXL WYTTPIQIRXEP
WTIGMJMGEXMSRWXSXLMW7TIGMJMGEXMSR
8LI GSRXVEGXSV WLSYPH RSX FI VIUYMVIH XLVSYKL GSRXVEGX
HSGYQIRXW XS GSQTP] [MXL XLI 'SHI SV XS EWWYQI
VIWTSRWMFMPMX] VIKEVHMRK HIWMKR 'SHI
 VIUYMVIQIRXW 8LI
1EWSRV]GSRWXVYGXMSRERHQEXIVMEPWWLEPPGSRJSVQXSXLI
'SHI MW RSX MRXIRHIH XS FI QEHI E TEVX SJ XLI GSRXVEGX
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV1EWSRV]7XVYGXYVIW817
%'- %7') 
 TYFPMWLIH F] 8LI
1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'SPSVEHSXLI%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI
-RWXMXYXI *EVQMRKXSR ,MPPW 1MGLMKER ERH XLI %QIVMGER
7SGMIX] SJ 'MZMP )RKMRIIVW 6IWXSR :MVKMRME I\GITX EW
QSHMJMIHF]XLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJXLIWIGSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXW
HSGYQIRXW
8LI 4VIJEGI ERH XLI *SVI[SVH XS 7TIGMJMGEXMSR
'LIGOPMWXWGSRXEMRMRJSVQEXMSRXLEXI\TPEMRWXLIJYRGXMSRERH
YWISJXLMW7TIGMJMGEXMSR8LI'LIGOPMWXWEVIEWYQQEV]SJXLI
%VXMGPIW XLEX VIUYMVI E HIGMWMSR F] XLI %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV
TVITEVMRK XLI GSRXVEGX HSGYQIRXW 4VSNIGX WTIGMJMGEXMSRW
WLSYPHMRGPYHIXLIMRJSVQEXMSRXLEXVIPEXIWXSXLSWI'LIGOPMWX
MXIQW XLEXEVI TIVXMRIRX XSXLITVSNIGX)EGL TVSNIGXVIUYMVIW
VIWTSRWIXSXLIQERHEXSV]VIUYMVIQIRXW
S-2 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

8LMWTEKIMWMRXIRXMSREPP]PIJXFPERO
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-3

PART 1 — GENERAL

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

1.1 — Summary 1.1 — Summary

1.1 A.8LMW 7TIGMJMGEXMSR GSZIVW VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV
QEXIVMEPWERHGSRWXVYGXMSRSJQEWSRV]WXVYGXYVIW7-ZEPYIW
WLS[RMRTEVIRXLIWIWEVITVSZMHIHJSVMRJSVQEXMSRSRP]ERH
EVIRSXTEVXSJXLMW7TIGMJMGEXMSR
1.1 B. 8LI 7TIGMJMGEXMSR WYTTPIQIRXW XLI PIKEPP] EHSTXIH
FYMPHMRK GSHI ERH KSZIVRW XLI GSRWXVYGXMSR SJ QEWSRV]
IPIQIRXW HIWMKRIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI 'SHI I\GITX
[LIVI XLMW 7TIGMJMGEXMSR MW MR GSRJPMGX [MXL VIUYMVIQIRXW MR
XLIPIKEPP]EHSTXIHFYMPHMRKGSHI8LMW7TIGMJMGEXMSRHIJMRIW
XLIQMRMQYQEGGITXEFPIWXERHEVHWSJGSRWXVYGXMSRTVEGXMGI
1.1 C. 8LMWEVXMGPIGSZIVWXLIJYVRMWLMRKERHGSRWXVYGXMSR 1.1 C. 8LI WGSTI SJ XLI [SVO MW SYXPMRIH MR XLMW
SJQEWSRV]MRGPYHMRKXLIJSPPS[MRK EVXMGPI%PPSJXLIWIXEWOWERHQEXIVMEPW[MPPRSXETTIEVMR
IZIV]TVSNIGX
 *YVRMWLMRKERHTPEGMRKQEWSRV]YRMXWKVSYXQSVXEV
QEWSRV]PMRXIPWWMPPWGSTMRKWXLVSYKL[EPPJPEWLMRK
ERHGSRRIGXSVW
 *YVRMWLMRK IVIGXMRK ERH QEMRXEMRMRK SJ FVEGMRK
JSVQMRKWGEJJSPHMRKVMKKMRKERHWLSVMRK
 *YVRMWLMRK ERH MRWXEPPMRK SXLIV IUYMTQIRX JSV
GSRWXVYGXMRKQEWSRV]
 'PIERMRK QEWSRV] ERH VIQSZMRK WYVTPYW QEXIVMEP
ERH[EWXI
 -RWXEPPMRKPMRXIPWREMPMRKFPSGOWMRWIVXW[MRHS[ERH
HSSV JVEQIW GSRRIGXSVW ERH GSRWXVYGXMSR MXIQW XS
FIFYMPXMRXSXLIQEWSRV]ERHFYMPHMRKMRZIRXTMTIW
GSRHYMXW ERH SXLIV MXIQW JYVRMWLIH ERH PSGEXIH F]
SXLIVXVEHIW
1.2 — Definitions 1.2 — Definitions
A. Acceptable, accepted — %GGITXEFPI XS SVEGGITXIH *SV GSRWMWXIRX ETTPMGEXMSR SJ XLMW 7TIGMJMGEXMSR MX MW
F]XLI%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV RIGIWWEV]XSHIJMRIXIVQWXLEXLEZITEVXMGYPEVQIERMRKMR
XLMW 7TIGMJMGEXMSR 8LI HIJMRMXMSRW KMZIR EVI JSV YWI MR
B. Architect/Engineer — 8LI EVGLMXIGX IRKMRIIV
ETTPMGEXMSR SJ XLMW 7TIGMJMGEXMSR SRP] ERH HS RSX EP[E]W
EVGLMXIGXYVEP JMVQ IRKMRIIVMRK JMVQ SV EVGLMXIGXYVEP ERH
GSVVIWTSRH XS SVHMREV] YWEKI (IJMRMXMSRW LEZI FIIR
IRKMRIIVMRK JMVQ MWWYMRK HVE[MRKW ERH WTIGMJMGEXMSRW SV
GSSVHMREXIHFIX[IIRXLI'SHIERH7TIGMJMGEXMSR
EHQMRMWXIVMRK XLI [SVO YRHIV TVSNIGX WTIGMJMGEXMSRW ERH
TVSNIGXHVE[MRKWSVFSXL
C. Area, gross cross-sectional — 8LIEVIEHIPMRIEXIH
F] XLI SYXXSSYX HMQIRWMSRW SJ QEWSRV] MR XLI TPERI
YRHIVGSRWMHIVEXMSR
D. Area, net cross-sectional — 8LI EVIE SJ QEWSRV]
YRMXW KVSYX ERH QSVXEV GVSWWIH F] XLI TPERI YRHIV
GSRWMHIVEXMSRFEWIHSRSYXXSSYXHMQIRWMSRW
E. Autoclaved aerated concrete — PS[HIRWMX]
GIQIRXMXMSYWTVSHYGXSJGEPGMYQWMPMGEXIL]HVEXIW
S-4 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

1.2 — Definitions'SRXMRYIH

F. Autoclaved aerated concrete AAC) masonry —
%YXSGPEZIH EIVEXIH GSRGVIXI YRMXW QERYJEGXYVIH [MXLSYX
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WIX SR E QSVXEV PIZIPMRK FIH FSRHIH [MXL
XLMRFIH QSVXEV TPEGIH [MXL SV [MXLSYX KVSYX ERH TPEGIH
[MXLSV[MXLSYXVIMRJSVGIQIRX
G. Bond beam{%LSVM^SRXEPSVWPSTIHIPIQIRXXLEX G. Bond beam — 8LMWVIMRJSVGIH QIQFIV MW YWYEPP]
MWJYPP]KVSYXIHLEWPSRKMXYHMREPFEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHMW GSRWXVYGXIH LSVM^SRXEPP] FYX QE] FI WPSTIH XS QEXGL ER
GSRWXVYGXIH[MXLMREQEWSRV][EPP EHNEGIRXVSSJJSVI\EQTPI
H. Bonded prestressing tendon { 4VIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR
XLEXMWIRGETWYPEXIHF]TVIWXVIWWMRKKVSYXMREGSVVYKEXIHHYGX
XLEXMWFSRHIHXSXLIWYVVSYRHMRKQEWSRV]XLVSYKLKVSYXMRK
I. Cleanouts {3TIRMRKWXLEXEVI WM^IHERHWTEGIHXS
EPPS[VIQSZEPSJHIFVMWJVSQXLIFSXXSQSJXLIKVSYXWTEGI
J. Collar joint — :IVXMGEPPSRKMXYHMREPWTEGIFIX[IIR
[]XLIW SJ QEWSRV] SV FIX[IIR QEWSRV] ERH FEGO YT
GSRWXVYGXMSR [LMGL MW TIVQMXXIH XS FI JMPPIH [MXL QSVXEV
SVKVSYX
K. Compressive strength of masonry — 1E\MQYQ
GSQTVIWWMZI JSVGI VIWMWXIH TIV YRMX SJ RIX GVSWWWIGXMSREP
EVIESJQEWSRV]HIXIVQMRIHF]XIWXMRKQEWSRV]TVMWQWSV
EJYRGXMSRSJMRHMZMHYEPQEWSRV]YRMXWQSVXEVERHKVSYXMR
EGGSVHERGI[MXLXLITVSZMWMSRWSJXLMW7TIGMJMGEXMSR
L. Contract Documents — (SGYQIRXWIWXEFPMWLMRKXLI
VIUYMVIH ;SVO ERH MRGPYHMRK MR TEVXMGYPEV XLI 4VSNIGX
(VE[MRKWERH4VSNIGX7TIGMJMGEXMSRW
M. Contractor — 8LITIVWSRJMVQSVGSVTSVEXMSR[MXL
[LSQXLI3[RIVIRXIVWMRXSEREKVIIQIRXJSVGSRWXVYGXMSR
SJXLI;SVO
N. Cover, grout — XLMGORIWWSJKVSYXWYVVSYRHMRK XLI
SYXIVWYVJEGISJIQFIHHIHVIMRJSVGIQIRXERGLSVSVXMI
O. Cover, masonry — XLMGORIWW SJ QEWSRV] YRMXW
QSVXEV ERH KVSYX WYVVSYRHMRK XLI SYXIV WYVJEGI SJ
IQFIHHIHVIMRJSVGIQIRXERGLSVSVXMI
P. Cover, mortar — XLMGORIWW SJ QSVXEV WYVVSYRHMRK
XLISYXIVWYVJEGISJIQFIHHIHVIMRJSVGIQIRXERGLSVSVXMI
Q. Dimension, nominal — 8LI WTIGMJMIH HMQIRWMSR Q & R. 8LITIVQMXXIHXSPIVERGIWJSVYRMXWEVIKMZIRMR
TPYWEREPPS[ERGIJSVXLINSMRXW[MXL[LMGLXLIYRMXWEVIXS XLI ETTVSTVMEXI QEXIVMEPW WXERHEVHW 4IVQMXXIH XSPIVERGIW
FI PEMH 2SQMREP HMQIRWMSRW EVI YWYEPP] WXEXIH MR [LSPI JSV NSMRXW ERH QEWSRV] GSRWXVYGXMSR EVI KMZIR MR XLMW
RYQFIVW 8LMGORIWW MW KMZIR JMVWX JSPPS[IH F] LIMKLX ERH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR 2SQMREP HMQIRWMSRW EVI YWYEPP] YWIH XS
XLIRPIRKXL MHIRXMJ]XLIWM^ISJEQEWSRV]YRMX8LIXLMGORIWWSV[MHXL
MW KMZIR JMVWX JSPPS[IH F] LIMKLX ERH PIRKXL 2SQMREP
R. Dimensions, specified — (MQIRWMSRWWTIGMJMIHJSV
HMQIRWMSRWEVIRSVQEPP]KMZIRMR[LSPIRYQFIVWRIEVIWX
XLIQERYJEGXYVISVGSRWXVYGXMSRSJEYRMXNSMRXSVIPIQIRX
XS XLI WTIGMJMIH HMQIRWMSRW 7TIGMJMIH HMQIRWMSRW EVI
QSWXSJXIRYWIHJSVHIWMKRGEPGYPEXMSRW
S. Glass unit masonry — 2SRPSEHFIEVMRK QEWSRV]
GSQTSWIHSJKPEWWYRMXWFSRHIHF]QSVXEV
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-5

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

1.2 — Definitions'SRXMRYIH 

T. Grout {   % TPEWXMG QM\XYVI SJ GIQIRXMXMSYW
QEXIVMEPW EKKVIKEXIW ERH [EXIV [MXL SV [MXLSYX
EHQM\XYVIW MRMXMEPP] TVSHYGIH XS TSYVMRK GSRWMWXIRG]
[MXLSYX WIKVIKEXMSR SJ XLI GSRWXMXYIRXW HYVMRK TPEGIQIRX
 8LILEVHIRIHIUYMZEPIRXSJWYGLQM\XYVIW
U. Grout, self-consolidating { % LMKLP] JPYMH ERH
WXEFPI KVSYX X]TMGEPP] [MXL EHQM\XYVIW XLEX VIQEMRW
LSQSKIRISYW [LIR TPEGIH ERH HSIW RSX VIUYMVI TYHHPMRK
SVZMFVEXMSRJSVGSRWSPMHEXMSR
V. Grout lift — %RMRGVIQIRXSJKVSYXLIMKLX[MXLMREXSXEP
KVSYXTSYV%KVSYXTSYVGSRWMWXWSJSRISVQSVIKVSYXPMJXW
W. Grout pour — 8LI XSXEP LIMKLX SJ QEWSRV] XS FI
KVSYXIHTVMSVXSIVIGXMSRSJEHHMXMSREPQEWSRV]%KVSYXTSYV
GSRWMWXWSJSRISVQSVIKVSYXPMJXW
X. Inspection, continuous{8LI-RWTIGXMSR%KIRG]vW X & Y. 8LI -RWTIGXMSR %KIRG] MW VIUYMVIH XS FI SR
JYPPXMQI SFWIVZEXMSR SJ [SVO F] FIMRKTVIWIRX MR XLIEVIE XLI TVSNIGX WMXI [LIRIZIV QEWSRV] XEWOW VIUYMVMRK
[LIVIXLI[SVOMWFIMRKTIVJSVQIH GSRXMRYSYW MRWTIGXMSR EVI MR TVSKVIWW (YVMRK
GSRWXVYGXMSRVIUYMVMRKTIVMSHMGMRWTIGXMSR XLI-RWTIGXMSR
Y. Inspection, periodic { 8LI -RWTIGXMSR %KIRG]vW
%KIRG] MW SRP] VIUYMVIH XS FI SR XLI TVSNIGX WMXI
TEVXXMQI SV MRXIVQMXXIRX SFWIVZEXMSR SJ [SVO HYVMRK
MRXIVQMXXIRXP]ERHMWVIUYMVIHXSSFWIVZIGSQTPIXIH[SVO
GSRWXVYGXMSR F] FIMRK TVIWIRX MR XLI EVIE [LIVI XLI [SVO
8LI JVIUYIRG] SJTIVMSHMG MRWTIGXMSRW WLSYPH FI HIJMRIH
LEW FIIR SV MW FIMRK TIVJSVQIH ERH SFWIVZEXMSR YTSR
F]XLI%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIVEWTEVXSJXLIUYEPMX]EWWYVERGI
GSQTPIXMSRSJXLI[SVO
TPER ERH WLSYPH FI GSRWMWXIRX [MXL XLI GSQTPI\MX] ERH
WM^ISJXLITVSNIGX
Z. Masonry unit, hollow — % QEWSRV] YRMX [MXL RIX
GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ PIWW XLER  TIVGIRX SJ MXW KVSWW
GVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIE[LIRQIEWYVIHMRER]TPERITEVEPPIPXS
XLIWYVJEGIGSRXEMRMRKZSMHW
AA. Masonry unit, solid — % QEWSRV] YRMX [MXL RIX
GVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJTIVGIRXSVQSVISJMXWKVSWWGVSWW
WIGXMSREPEVIE[LIRQIEWYVIHMRIZIV]TPERITEVEPPIPXSXLI
WYVJEGIGSRXEMRMRKZSMHW
AB. Mean daily temperature — 8LI EZIVEKI HEMP]
XIQTIVEXYVI SJ XIQTIVEXYVI I\XVIQIW TVIHMGXIH F] E PSGEP
[IEXLIVFYVIEYJSVXLIRI\XLSYVW
AC. Minimum daily temperature — 8LIPS[XIQTIVEXYVI
JSVIGEWXF]EPSGEP[IEXLIVFYVIEYXSSGGYV[MXLMRXLIRI\X
LSYVW
AD. Minimum/maximum (not less than . . . not more
than) — 1MRMQYQ SV QE\MQYQ ZEPYIW KMZIR MR XLMW
7TIGMJMGEXMSR EVI EFWSPYXI (S RSX GSRWXVYI XLEX XSPIVERGIW
EPPS[PS[IVMRKEQMRMQYQSVMRGVIEWMRKEQE\MQYQ
AE. Otherwise required — 7TIGMJMIH HMJJIVIRXP] MR
VIUYMVIQIRXWWYTTPIQIRXEPXSXLMW7TIGMJMGEXMSR
AF. Owner — 8LI TYFPMG FSH] SV EYXLSVMX]
GSVTSVEXMSR EWWSGMEXMSR TEVXRIVWLMT SV MRHMZMHYEP JSV
[LSQXLI;SVOMWTVSZMHIH
S-6 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

1.2 — Definitions'SRXMRYIH

AG. Partition wall — %RMRXIVMSV[EPP[MXLSYXWXVYGXYVEP
JYRGXMSR
AH. Post-tensioning — 1IXLSHSJ TVIWXVIWWMRK MR [LMGL
TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW EVI XIRWMSRIH EJXIV XLI QEWSRV] LEW
FIIRTPEGIH
AI. Prestressed masonry { 1EWSRV] MR [LMGL MRXIVREP
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWWIW LEZI FIIR MRXVSHYGIH F] TVIWXVIWWIH
XIRHSRWXSGSYRXIVEGXTSXIRXMEPXIRWMPIWXVIWWIWVIWYPXMRKJVSQ
ETTPMIHPSEHW
AJ. Prestressing grout — % GIQIRXMXMSYW QM\XYVI YWIH
XSIRGETWYPEXIFSRHIHTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRW
AK. Prestressing tendon { 7XIIP IPIQIRX WYGL EW [MVI
FEVSVWXVERHSVEFYRHPISJWYGLIPIQIRXWYWIHXSMQTEVX
TVIWXVIWWXSQEWSRV]
AL. Pretensioning { 1IXLSH SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK MR [LMGL
TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW EVI XIRWMSRIH FIJSVI XLI XVERWJIV SJ
WXVIWWMRXSXLIQEWSRV]
AM. Prism { %R EWWIQFPEKI SJ QEWSRV] YRMXW ERH
QSVXEV [MXL SV [MXLSYX KVSYX YWIH EW E XIWX WTIGMQIR JSV
HIXIVQMRMRKTVSTIVXMIWSJXLIQEWSRV]
AN. Project Drawings — 8LI(VE[MRKWXLEXEPSRK[MXL
XLI 4VSNIGX 7TIGMJMGEXMSRW GSQTPIXI XLI HIWGVMTXMZI
MRJSVQEXMSRJSVGSRWXVYGXMRKXLI;SVOVIUYMVIHSVVIJIVVIH
XSMRXLI'SRXVEGX(SGYQIRXW
AO. Project Specifications — 8LI [VMXXIR HSGYQIRXW
XLEX WTIGMJ] VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV E TVSNIGX MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL
XLI WIVZMGI TEVEQIXIVW ERH SXLIV WTIGMJMG GVMXIVME
IWXEFPMWLIHF]XLI3[RIVSVLMWEKIRX
AP. Quality assurance { 8LI EHQMRMWXVEXMZI ERH
TVSGIHYVEP VIUYMVIQIRXW IWXEFPMWLIH F] XLI 'SRXVEGX
(SGYQIRXW XS EWWYVI XLEX GSRWXVYGXIH QEWSRV] MW MR
GSQTPMERGI[MXLXLI'SRXVEGX(SGYQIRXW
AQ. Reinforcement{2SRTVIWXVIWWIHWXIIPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
AR. Running bond — 8LI TPEGIQIRX SJ QEWSRV] YRMXW
WYGLXLEXLIEHNSMRXWMRWYGGIWWMZIGSYVWIWEVILSVM^SRXEPP]
SJJWIXEXPIEWXSRIUYEVXIVXLIYRMXPIRKXL
AS. Slump flow { 8LI GMVGYPEV WTVIEH SJ TPEWXMG WIPJ
GSRWSPMHEXMRKKVSYX[LMGLMWIZEPYEXIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL
%781''1
AT. Specified compressive strength of masonry, f m —
1MRMQYQ GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXLI\TVIWWIHEW JSVGITIVYRMX
SJ RIX GVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIE VIUYMVIH SJ XLIQEWSRV] YWIH MR
GSRWXVYGXMSR F] XLI 4VSNIGX 7TIGMJMGEXMSRW SV 4VSNIGX
(VE[MRKWERHYTSR[LMGLXLITVSNIGXHIWMKRMWFEWIH
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-7

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

1.2 — Definitions'SRXMRYIH

AU. Stone masonry — 1EWSRV] GSQTSWIH SJ JMIPH
UYEVVMIHSVGEWXWXSRIYRMXWFSRHIHF]QSVXEV
  Stone masonry, ashlar — 7XSRI QEWSRV]
GSQTSWIH SJ VIGXERKYPEV YRMXW LEZMRK WE[IH HVIWWIH SV
WUYEVIHFIHWYVJEGIWERHFSRHIHF]QSVXEV
  Stone masonry, rubble — 7XSRI QEWSRV]
GSQTSWIHSJMVVIKYPEVWLETIHYRMXWFSRHIHF]QSVXEV
AV. Submit, submitted — 7YFQMX WYFQMXXIH XS XLI
%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIVJSVVIZMI[
AW. Tendon anchorage { -R TSWXXIRWMSRMRK E HIZMGI
YWIH XS ERGLSV XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR XS XLI QEWSRV] SV
GSRGVIXIQIQFIVMRTVIXIRWMSRMRKEHIZMGIYWIHXSERGLSV
XLITVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRHYVMRKLEVHIRMRKSJQEWSRV]QSVXEV
KVSYXTVIWXVIWWMRKKVSYXSVGSRGVIXI
AX. Tendon coupler — % HIZMGI JSV GSRRIGXMRK X[S
XIRHSRIRHWXLIVIF]XVERWJIVVMRKXLITVIWXVIWWMRKJSVGIJVSQ
IRHXSIRH
AY. Tendon jacking force — 8IQTSVEV]JSVGII\IVXIHF]
HIZMGIXLEXMRXVSHYGIWXIRWMSRMRXSTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRW
AZ. Unbonded prestressing tendon — 4VIWXVIWWMRK
XIRHSRXLEXMWRSXFSRHIHXSQEWSRV]
BA. Veneer, adhered — 1EWSRV]ZIRIIV WIGYVIH XS ERH
WYTTSVXIHF]XLIFEGOMRKXLVSYKLEHLIWMSR
BB. Visual stability index (VSI) — %RMRHI\HIJMRIHMR
%781 ''1 XLEX UYEPMXEXMZIP] MRHMGEXIW XLI
WXEFMPMX]SJWIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRKKVSYX
BC. Wall — %ZIVXMGEP IPIQIRX [MXL ELSVM^SRXEP PIRKXL
XSXLMGORIWWVEXMSKVIEXIVXLERYWIHXSIRGPSWIWTEGI
BD. Wall, load-bearing — % [EPP WYTTSVXMRK ZIVXMGEP
PSEHW KVIEXIV XLER  PF TIV PMRIEP JSSX  2Q  MR
EHHMXMSRXSMXWS[R[IMKLX
BE. Wall, masonry bonded hollow — %QYPXM[]XLI[EPP
FYMPX [MXL QEWSRV] YRMXW EVVERKIH XS TVSZMHI ER EMV WTEGI
FIX[IIR XLI []XLIW ERH [MXL XLI []XLIW FSRHIH XSKIXLIV
[MXLQEWSRV]YRMXW
BF. When required — 7TIGMJMIH MR VIUYMVIQIRXW
WYTTPIQIRXEPXSXLMW7TIGMJMGEXMSR
BG. Work — 8LI JYVRMWLMRK ERH TIVJSVQERGI SJ
IUYMTQIRX WIVZMGIW PEFSV ERH QEXIVMEPW VIUYMVIH F] XLI
'SRXVEGX(SGYQIRXWJSVXLIGSRWXVYGXMSRSJQEWSRV]JSVXLI
TVSNIGXSVTEVXSJTVSNIGXYRHIVGSRWMHIVEXMSR
BH. Wythe — )EGLGSRXMRYSYWZIVXMGEPWIGXMSRSJE[EPP
SRIQEWSRV]YRMXMRXLMGORIWW
S-8 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

1.3 — Reference standards 1.3 — Reference standards

7XERHEVHW VIJIVVIH XS MR XLMW 7TIGMJMGEXMSR EVI PMWXIH 8LMW PMWX SJ WXERHEVHW MRGPYHIW QEXIVMEP WTIGMJMGEXMSRW
FIPS[ [MXL XLIMV WIVMEP HIWMKREXMSRW MRGPYHMRK ]IEV SJ WEQTPMRK XIWX QIXLSHW HIXEMPMRK VIUYMVIQIRXW HIWMKR
EHSTXMSR SV VIZMWMSR ERH EVI HIGPEVIH XS FI TEVX SJ XLMW TVSGIHYVIW ERH GPEWWMJMGEXMSRW 7XERHEVHW TVSHYGIH F]
7TIGMJMGEXMSREWMJJYPP]WIXJSVXLMRXLMWHSGYQIRXI\GITXEW
 EVI VIJIVIRGIH [LIRIZIV
QSHMJMIHLIVI
American Concrete Institute
A. %'-  7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSRW JSV
8SPIVERGIW JSV 'SRGVIXI 'SRWXVYGXMSR ERH 1EXIVMEPW
%781 -RXIVREXMSREP %781
TSWWMFPI 1EXIVMEP QERYJEGXYVIVW ERH XIWXMRK PEFSVEXSVMIW
EVIJEQMPMEV[MXL%781WXERHEVHWXLEXEVIXLIVIWYPXSJE
GSRWIRWYW TVSGIWW -R XLI JI[ GEWIW RSX GSZIVIH F]
I\MWXMRK WXERHEVHW XLI GSQQMXXII KIRIVEXIH MXW S[R
VIUYMVIQIRXW 7TIGMJMG HEXIW EVI KMZIR WMRGI GLERKIW XS
XLI WXERHEVHW EPXIV XLMW 7TIGMJMGEXMSR 1ER] SJ XLIWI
6IETTVSZIH
 WXERHEVHWVIUYMVIGSQTPMERGI[MXLEHHMXMSREPWXERHEVHW
'SRXEGX MRJSVQEXMSR JSV XLIWI SVKERM^EXMSRW MW KMZIR
American National Standards Institute FIPS[
B. %27- %  7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI
'IVEQMG8MPI 'SYRXV]'PYF(VMZI
*EVQMRKXSR,MPPW1-
[[[EGMMRXSVK
ASTM International
C. %781 %%1 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV %QIVMGER2EXMSREP7XERHEVHW-RWXMXYXI
'EVFSR7XVYGXYVEP7XIIP ;IWXVH7XVIIX
2I[=SVO2=
D. %781 %%1 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV [[[ERWMSVK
7XIIP;MVI4PEMRJSV'SRGVIXI6IMRJSVGIQIRX
E. %781 %%1 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR %781-RXIVREXMSREP
JSV >MRG,SX(MT +EPZERM^IH
'SEXMRKW SR -VSRERH7XIIP &EVV,EVFSV(VMZI
4VSHYGXW ;IWX'SRWLSLSGOIR4%
[[[EWXQSVK
F. %781 %%1 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR
JSV>MRG'SEXMRK,SX(MT
SR-VSRERH7XIIP,EVH[EVI %QIVMGER;IPHMRK7SGMIX]
G. %781%%1 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR 2;0I.IYRI6SEH
JSV7XIIP;IPHIH;MVI6IMRJSVGIQIRX4PEMRJSV'SRGVIXI 1MEQM*PSVMHE
[[[E[WSVK
H. %781 %%1E 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR
JSV'LVSQMYQERH'LVSQMYQ2MGOIP7XEMRPIWW7XIIP4PEXI *IHIVEP8IWX1IXLSH7XERHEVHJVSQ
7LIIX ERH 7XVMT JSV 4VIWWYVI :IWWIPW ERH JSV +IRIVEP 97%VQ]+IRIVEP1EXIVMEPERH4EVXW'IRXIV
%TTPMGEXMSRW 4IXVSPIYQ*MIPH3JJMGI)EWX

I. %781 %F 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV 2I['YQFIVPERH%VQ](ITSX
'EVFSR7XIIP&SPXWERH7XYHW47-8IRWMPI7XVIRKXL 2I['YQFIVPERH4%

J. %781%%17XERHEVH7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV
7XIIP7XVERH9RGSEXIH7IZIR;MVIJSV4VIWXVIWWIH'SRGVIXI
K. %781 %%1  7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR
JSV 9RGSEXIH 7XVIWW6IPMIZIH 7XIIP ;MVI JSV 4VIWXVIWWIH
'SRGVIXI
L. %781 %%1 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR
JSV +IRIVEP 6IUYMVIQIRXW JSV *PEX6SPPIH 7XEMRPIWW ERH
,IEX6IWMWXMRK7XIIP4PEXI7LIIXERH7XVMT
M. %781 %%1 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR
JSV7XIIP;MVI(IJSVQIHJSV'SRGVIXI6IMRJSVGIQIRX
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-9

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

1.3 — Reference standards'SRXMRYIH

N. %781%%1 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR
JSV 7XIIP ;IPHIH ;MVI 6IMRJSVGIQIRX (IJSVQIH JSV
'SRGVIXI
O. %781%7XERHEVH7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV+IRIVEP
6IUYMVIQIRXW JSV ;MVI 6SHW ERH 'SEVWI 6SYRH ;MVI
'EVFSR7XIIP
P. %781 %%1 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR
JSV7XEMRPIWW7XIIP;MVI
Q. %781 %%1 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
(IJSVQIH ERH 4PEMR 'EVFSR7XIIP &EVW JSV 'SRGVIXI
6IMRJSVGIQIRX
R. %781 %%1E 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR
JSV>MRG'SEXIH+EPZERM^IH 'EVFSR7XIIP;MVI
S. %781 %%1 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR
JSV 7XIIP 7LIIX >MRG'SEXIH +EPZERM^IH  SV >MRG-VSR
%PPS]'SEXIH+EPZERIEPIH F]XLI,SX(MT4VSGIWW
T. %781 % 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
%RRIEPIHSV'SPH;SVOIH%YWXIRMXMG7XEMRPIWW7XIIP7LIIX
7XVMT4PEXIERH*PEX&EV
U. %781 %%1E 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR
JSV0S[%PPS]7XIIP(IJSVQIHERH4PEMR&EVWJSV'SRGVIXI
6IMRJSVGIQIRX
V. %781%%17XERHEVH7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV
9RGSEXIH ,MKL7XVIRKXL 7XIIP &EVW JSV 4VIWXVIWWMRK
'SRGVIXI
W. %781%%1 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR
JSV >MRG'SEXIH +EPZERM^IH  7XIIP &EVW JSV 'SRGVIXI
6IMRJSVGIQIRX
X. %781 %%1F 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR
JSV)TS\]'SEXIH7XIIP6IMRJSVGMRK&EVW
Y. %781%%17XERHEVH7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV
)TS\]'SEXIH7XIIP;MVIERH;IPHIH;MVI6IMRJSVGIQIRX
Z. %781 %  7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
7XIIP;MVI)TS\]'SEXIH
AA. %781 %%1 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR
JSV7XIIP;MVI1EWSRV].SMRX6IMRJSVGIQIRX
AB. %781%%17XERHEVH7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV
6EMP7XIIP ERH %\PI7XIIP (IJSVQIH &EVW JSV 'SRGVIXI
6IMRJSVGIQIRX
AC. %781 %%1 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR
JSV 7XIIP 7LIIX 'SPH6SPPIH 'EVFSR 7XVYGXYVEP ,MKL
7XVIRKXL0S[%PPS],MKL7XVIRKXL0S[%PPS][MXL-QTVSZIH
*SVQEFMPMX]7SPYXMSR,EVHIRIHERH&EOI,EVHIREFPI
AD. %781& 7XERHEVH 4VEGXMGI JSV 3TIVEXMRK
7EPX7TVE]*SK %TTEVEXYW
S-10 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

1.3 — Reference standards'SRXMRYIH

AE. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
7XVYGXYVEP'PE]0SEH&IEVMRK;EPP8MPI
AF. %781 'I 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
'SRGVIXI&YMPHMRK&VMGO
AG. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
7XVYGXYVEP'PE]2SRPSEHFIEVMRK8MPI
AH. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
&YMPHMRK &VMGO 7SPMH 1EWSRV] 9RMXW 1EHI JVSQ 'PE] SV
7LEPI
AI. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSHW JSV
7EQTPMRKERH8IWXMRK&VMGOERH7XVYGXYVEP'PE]8MPI
AJ. %781'7XERHEVH7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV'EPGMYQ
7MPMGEXI&VMGO7ERH0MQI&VMGO 
AK. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
0SEHFIEVMRK'SRGVIXI1EWSRV]9RMXW
AL. %781''17XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV
'SQTVIWWMZI7XVIRKXLSJ,]HVEYPMG'IQIRX1SVXEVW9WMRK
MRSV?QQA'YFI7TIGMQIRW 
AM. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
'IVEQMG+PE^IH7XVYGXYVEP'PE]*EGMRK8MPI*EGMRK&VMGO
ERH7SPMH1EWSRV]9RMXW
AN. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
2SRPSEHFIEVMRK'SRGVIXI1EWSRV]9RMXW
AO. %781''17XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV
7PYQTSJ,]HVEYPMG'IQIRX'SRGVIXI
AP. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
%KKVIKEXIJSV1EWSRV]1SVXEV
AQ. %781'7XERHEVH7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV4SVXPERH
'IQIRX
AR. %781'  7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR
JSV7XVYGXYVEP'PE]*EGMRK8MPI
AS. %781 'E 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
*EGMRK &VMGO 7SPMH 1EWSRV] 9RMXW 1EHI JVSQ 'PE] SV
7LEPI
AT. %781'7XERHEVH7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV1SVXEV
JSV9RMX1EWSRV]
AU. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV+VSYXJSV
1EWSRV]
AV. %781' 7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV
&SRH7XVIRKXLSJ'IVEQMG8MPIXS4SVXPERH'IQIRX4EWXI
AW. %781 'E 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
1EVFPI(MQIRWMSR7XSRI
AX. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
0MQIWXSRI(MQIRWMSR7XSRI
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-11

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

1.3 — Reference standards'SRXMRYIH

AY. %781'7XERHEVH7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV+VERMXI
(MQIRWMSR7XSRI
AZ. %781'7XERHEVH7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV5YEVX^
&EWIH(MQIRWMSR7XSRI
BA. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV 7PEXI
(MQIRWMSR7XSRI
BB. %781'7XERHEVH7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV,SPPS[
&VMGO,SPPS[1EWSRV]9RMXW1EHIJVSQ'PE]SV7LEPI 
BC. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
4VIJEGIH'SRGVIXIERH'EPGMYQ7MPMGEXI1EWSRV]9RMXW
BD. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
4VIJEFVMGEXIH1EWSRV]4ERIPW
BE. %781' 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
)PEWXSQIVMG.SMRX7IEPERXW
BF. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSH JSV
7TPMXXMRK8IRWMPI7XVIRKXLSJ1EWSRV]9RMXW
BG. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSH JSV
7EQTPMRKERH8IWXMRK+VSYX
BH. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSH
JSV1IEWYVIQIRXSJ1EWSRV]*PI\YVEP&SRH7XVIRKXL
BI. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV 8LMR
:IRIIV&VMGO9RMXW1EHIJVSQ'PE]SV7LEPI
BJ. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSH JSV
'SQTVIWWMZI7XVIRKXLSJ1EWSRV]4VMWQW
BK. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV 4VIGEWX
%YXSGPEZIH%IVEXIH'SRGVIXI%%' ;EPP'SRWXVYGXMSR9RMXW
BL. %781'7XERHEVH7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV+PE^IH
&VMGO7MRKPI*MVIH&VMGO9RMXW 
BM. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 4VEGXMGI JSV 7IPIGXMSR
6IQSZEP ERH 7LMTQIRX SJ 1EWSRV] %WWIQFPEKI 7TIGMQIRW
JVSQ)\MWXMRK'SRWXVYGXMSR
BN. %781 ''1 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSH JSV
7PYQT*PS[SJ7IPJ'SRWSPMHEXMRK'SRGVIXI
BO. %781(E7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV*PEWLERH
*MVI4SMRXWF]'PIZIPERH3TIR'YT8IWXIV
BP. %781 (I 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSH JSV ;EXIV
MR 4IXVSPIYQ 4VSHYGXW ERH &MXYQMRSYW 1EXIVMEPW F]
(MWXMPPEXMSR
BQ. %781 ( 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSHW JSV
'LPSVMHI-SRMR;EXIV
BR. %781 (  7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSH JSV
(VSTTMRK4SMRXSJ0YFVMGEXMRK+VIEWI
BS. %781 ( 7XERHEVH 4VEGXMGI JSV )ZEPYEXMRK
(IKVIISJ6YWXMRKSR4EMRXIH7XIIP7YVJEGIW
S-12 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

1.3 — Reference standards'SRXMRYIH

BT. %781( 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSH JSV 8IRWMPI
4VSTIVXMIWSJ4PEWXMGW
BU. %781 (   7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
4VIJSVQIH )\TERWMSR .SMRX *MPPIV JSV 'SRGVIXI &MXYQMRSYW
8]TI
BV. %781 ( 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
*PI\MFPI'IPPYPEV1EXIVMEPW{7TSRKISV)\TERHIH6YFFIV
BW. %781( I7XERHEVH7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV
%WTLEPX&EWI)QYPWMSRWJSV9WIEW4VSXIGXMZI'SEXMRKWJSV1IXEP
BX. %781 (   7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
)QYPWMJMIH%WTLEPX9WIHEWE4VSXIGXMZI'SEXMRKJSV6SSJMRK
BY. %781 ( 7XERHEVH 'PEWWMJMGEXMSR 7]WXIQ
JSV6YFFIV4VSHYGXWMR%YXSQSXMZI%TTPMGEXMSRW
BZ. %781 ( 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSH JSV
(VSTTMRK 4SMRX SJ 0YFVMGEXMRK +VIEWI 3ZIV ;MHI
8IQTIVEXYVI6ERKI
CA. %781( 7XERHEVH7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV
2SRVMKMH :MR]P 'LPSVMHI 4SP]QIV ERH 'STSP]QIV 1SPHMRK
ERH)\XVYWMSR'SQTSYRHW
CB. %781 (   7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSH JSV
)PEWXSQIV'SQTEXMFMPMX]SJ0YFVMGEXMRK+VIEWIWERH*PYMHW
CC. %781 ) 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSHW SJ 'SRHYGXMRK
7XVIRKXL8IWXWSJ4ERIPWJSV&YMPHMRK'SRWXVYGXMSR
CD. %781 )   7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSHW JSV
7XVIWW6IPE\EXMSR8IWXWJSV1EXIVMEPWERH7XVYGXYVIW
CE. %781)7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHWJSV*PI\YVEP
&SRH7XVIRKXLSJ1EWSRV]
CF. %781)7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV(MEKSREP
8IRWMSR7LIEV MR1EWSRV]%WWIQFPEKIW
CG. %781 *1 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
'SQTVIWWMFPI;EWLIV8]TI (MVIGX 8IRWMSR -RHMGEXSVW JSV
9WI[MXL7XVYGXYVEP*EWXIRIVW?1IXVMGA

American Welding Society

CH. %;7 (  7XVYGXYVEP ;IPHMRK 'SHI z
6IMRJSVGMRK7XIIP
Federal Test Method Standard
CI. *817 & 
 3MP 7ITEVEXMSR JVSQ
0YFVMGEXMRK+VIEWI7XEXMG8IGLRMUYI
*IHIVEP8IWX1IXLSH
7XERHEVH JVSQ XLI 97 %VQ] +IRIVEP 1EXIVMEP ERH 4EVXW
'IRXIV 4IXVSPIYQ *MIPH 3JJMGI )EWX
 2I[ 'YQFIVPERH
%VQ](ITSX2I['YQFIVPERH4%
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY
SPECIFICATION
1.4 — System description
1.4 A. Compressive strength requirements — 'SQTVIWWMZI
WXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]MRIEGLQEWSRV][]XLIERHKVSYXIHGSPPEV
NSMRX WLEPP IUYEP SV I\GIIH XLI ETTPMGEFPI f m SV f AAC  *SV
TEVXMEPP]KVSYXIHQEWSRV]XLIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJFSXLXLI
KVSYXIH ERH YRKVSYXIH QEWSRV] WLEPP IUYEP SV I\GIIH XLI
ETTPMGEFPI f m . %X XLI XVERWJIV SJ TVIWXVIWW XLI GSQTVIWWMZI
WXVIRKXLSJXLIQEWSRV]WLEPPIUYEPSVI\GIIHf mi.
1.4 B. Compressive strength determination
 Alternatives for determination of compressive
strength — (IXIVQMRIXLIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLJSV
IEGL []XLI F] XLI YRMX WXVIRKXL QIXLSH SV F] XLI
TVMWQXIWXQIXLSHEWWTIGMJMIHLIVI
 Unit strength method
  EClay masonry — 9WI 8EFPI  XS HIXIVQMRI XLI
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ GPE] QEWSRV] FEWIH SR XLI
WXVIRKXL SJ XLI YRMXW ERH XLIX]TI SJ QSVXEV WTIGMJMIH
8LIJSPPS[MRKVIUYMVIQIRXWETTP]XSQEWSRV]
 
S-13
COMMENTARY
1.4 — System description
1.4 A. Compressive strength requirements{(IWMKRMW
FEWIH SR E GIVXEMR f m SV f AAC ERH XLMW GSQTVIWWMZI
WXVIRKXL ZEPYI QYWX FI EGLMIZIH SV I\GIIHIH -R E
QYPXM[]XLI [EPP HIWMKRIH EW E GSQTSWMXI [EPP XLI
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ QEWSRV] JSV IEGL []XLI SV
KVSYXIHGSPPEVNSMRXQYWXIUYEPSVI\GIIHf mSVf AAC 
1.4 B. Compressive strength determination
 Alternatives for determination of compressive
strength — 8LIVI EVI X[S WITEVEXI QIXLSHW XS HIXIVQMRI
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]8LIYRMXWXVIRKXLQIXLSH
IPMQMREXIW XLI I\TIRWI SJ TVMWQ XIWXW FYX MW QSVI
GSRWIVZEXMZI XLER XLITVMWQXIWX QIXLSH8LIYRMX WXVIRKXL
QIXLSH[EWKIRIVEXIHF]YWMRKTVMWQXIWXHEXEEWWLS[RMR
*MKYVIW 7' ERH 7' 8LI 7TIGMJMGEXMSR TIVQMXW XLI
GSRXVEGXSV XS WIPIGX XLI QIXLSH SJ HIXIVQMRMRK XLI
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ QEWSRV] YRPIWW E QIXLSH MW
WXMTYPEXIHMRXLI4VSNIGX7TIGMJMGEXMSRWSV4VSNIGX(VE[MRKW
2. Unit strength method { 'SQTPMERGI [MXL XLI
VIUYMVIQIRX JSV f m  FEWIH SR XLI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL
SJ QEWSRV] YRMXW KVSYX ERH QSVXEV X]TI MW TIVQMXXIH
MRWXIEHSJTVMWQXIWXMRK
8LIMRJPYIRGI SJ QSVXEV NSMRX XLMGORIWW MW RSXIH F]
XLIQE\MQYQNSMRXXLMGORIWW+VSYXWXVIRKXLKVIEXIVXLER
SVIUYEPXSf mJYPJMPPWXLI VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7TIGMJMGEXMSR
%VXMGPI%ERH'SHI7IGXMSR
  E Clay masonry { 8LI ZEPYIW SJ RIX EVIE
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ GPE] QEWSRV] MR 8EFPI  [IVI
HIVMZIH YWMRK XLI JSPPS[MRK IUYEXMSR XEOIR JVSQ
6IJIVIRGI
9RMXW EVI WEQTPIH ERH XIWXIH XS ZIVMJ] fm A  B fu

GSRJSVQERGI [MXL %781' %781 ' SV
%781' [LIVI
 
8LMGORIWW SJ FIH NSMRXW HSIW RSX I\GIIH  MR A ! MRWTIGXIHQEWSRV]

QQ
 B ! JSV8]TI2TSVXPERHGIQIRXPMQIQSVXEV
 
*SVKVSYXIHQEWSRV]XLIKVSYXQIIXWSRISJXLI JSV8]TI7SV1TSVXPERHGIQIRXPMQIQSVXEV
JSPPS[MRKVIUYMVIQIRXW fu ! EZIVEKIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL SJ GPE] QEWSRV]
E
 +VSYXGSRJSVQWXS%VXMGPI YRMXWTWM
F
 +VSYXGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLIUYEPWSVI\GIIHW f m ! WTIGMJMIHGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]
f 'm FYX GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL MW RSX PIWW XLER
 TWM  14E
 (IXIVQMRI 6IEVVERKMRKXIVQWERHPIXXMRKA!
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ KVSYX MR EGGSVHERGI
f m 
[MXL%781' fu
B
8LIWIIUYEXMSRWEVIJSVMRGLTSYRHYRMXWSRP]

8LIWI ZEPYIW [IVI FEWIH SR XIWXMRK SJ WSPMH GPE]
QEWSRV]YRMXWERHTSVXPERHGIQIRXPMQIQSVXEV*YVXLIV
XIWXMRK LEW WLS[R XLEX XLI ZEPYIW EVI ETTPMGEFPI JSV
LSPPS[GPE]QEWSRV]YRMXWERHJSVFSXLX]TIWSJGPE]
S-14 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

1.4 B.2a. Clay masonry'SRXMRYIH   QEWSRV] YRMXW[MXL EPP QSVXEV X]TIW %TPSX SJ XLI HEXE MW
WLS[RMR*MKYVI7'
6IJIVIRGIYWIWELIMKLXXSXLMGORIWWVEXMSSJJMZI
EW E FEWMW XS IWXEFPMWL TVMWQ GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL 8LI
'SHIYWIWEHMJJIVIRXQIXLSHXSHIWMKRJSVE\MEPWXVIWWWS
MX [EW RIGIWWEV] XS GLERKI XLI FEWMG TVMWQ h/t VEXMS XS
X[S 8LMW GSVVIWTSRHW XS XLI h/t VEXMS YWIH JSV GSRGVIXI
QEWSRV]MRXLI'SHIERHJSVEPPQEWSRV]MRSXLIVGSHIW
8LI RIX IJJIGX MW XS MRGVIEWI XLI RIX EVIE GSQTVIWWMZI
WXVIRKXL SJ FVMGO QEWSRV] F]  TIVGIRX SZIV XLEX MR
6IJIVIRGI

Table 1 — Compressive strength of masonry based on the compressive

strength of clay masonry units and type of mortar used in
construction

Net area compressive strength of Net area compressive

clay masonry units, psi (MPa) strength of masonry,
psi (MPa)
Type M or S mortar Type N mortar
     
     
     
     
     
  {  
  {  
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-15

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

1.4 B.2. Unit strength method'SRXMRYIH  

FConcrete masonry — 9WI 8EFPI  XS HIXIVQMRI XLI  F Concrete masonry{-RFYMPHMRKGSHIWTVMSV
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] FEWIH SR XS XLMW 'SHI XLI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ GSRGVIXI
XLIWXVIRKXLSJXLIYRMXERHX]TISJQSVXEVWTIGMJMIH QEWSRV][EWFEWIHSRXLIRIXGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJXLI
8LIJSPPS[MRK%VXMGPIWQYWXFIQIX QEWSRV] YRMX VIKEVHPIWW SJ [LIXLIV XLI TVMWQ [EW
GSRWXVYGXIH YWMRK JYPP SV JEGI WLIPP QSVXEV FIHHMRK
  9RMXW EVI WEQTPIH ERH XIWXIH XS ZIVMJ]
*YVXLIVQSVI MR XLSWI TVIZMSYW GSHIW XLI HIWMKRIV [EW
GSRJSVQERGI[MXL%781'SV%781'
VIUYMVIHXSFEWIE\MEPWXVIWWGEPGYPEXMSRWSRXLIRIXEVIESJ
  8LMGORIWW SJ FIH NSMRXW HSIW RSX I\GIIH  MR XLI YRMX VIKEVHPIWW SJ XLI X]TI SJ QSVXEV FIHHMRK 8LMW
QQ  'SHI MR GSRXVEWX GSQTYXIW XLI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ
QEWSRV] FEWIH SR XLI QMRMQYQ GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ
  *SV KVSYXIH QEWSRV] XLI KVSYX QIIXW SRI SJ XLI XLEX QEWSRV] -J XLI QEWSRV] MW JYPP] KVSYXIH QEWSRV]
JSPPS[MRKVIUYMVIQIRXW WXVIRKXL MW FEWIH SR XLI WTIGMJMIH GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE
E  +VSYXGSRJSVQWXS%VXMGPI MRGPYHMRK XLI KVSYXIH EVIE MJ MX MW YRKVSYXIH FYX JYPP]
FIHHIH QEWSRV] WXVIRKXL MW FEWIH SR XLI WTIGMJMIH RIX
F  +VSYX GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL IUYEPW SVI\GIIHW GVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJXLIYRMXERHMJMXMWYRKVSYXIHERH
f 'm FYX GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL MW RSX PIWW XLER JEGIWLIPPFIHHIHSRP]QEWSRV]WXVIRKXLMWFEWIHSRXLI
 TWM  14E  (IXIVQMRI WTIGMJMIHEVIESJXLIJEGIWLIPPWSRP]
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ KVSYX MR EGGSVHERGI
[MXL%781' %GGSVHMRK XS %781 ' GSQTPMERGI [MXL XLI
WTIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ QEWSRV] MW RS[
HIXIVQMRIH YWMRK EJYPP]FIHHIHTVMWQ IMXLIV KVSYXIH SV
YRKVSYXIH XS QEXGL XLI WTIGMJMIH GSRWXVYGXMSR ;LMPI
IEGL SJ XLIWI GLERKIW QEOIW XLMW 'SHI ERH XLMW
7TIGMJMGEXMSR IEWMIV XS YWI  E VIGEPMFVEXMSR SJ IEVPMIV
LSPPS[ YRMX TVMWQ XIWX HEXE [EW VIUYMVIH XS EGGSYRX JSV
HMJJIVIRGIW FIX[IIR XLI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ TVMWQW
[MXLJYPPFIHHMRKERHXLIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJTVMWQW
[MXLJEGIWLIPPFIHHMRK
8EFPI  PMWXW GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ QEWSRV] EW
VIPEXIHXSGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]YRMXWXVIRKXLERHQSVXEVX]TI
8LIWIVIPEXMSRWLMTWEVITPSXXIHMR*MKYVI7'EPSRK[MXL
HEXEJVSQXIWXW8LIGYVZIWMR*MKYVI7'EVI
WLS[RXSFIGSRWIVZEXMZI[LIRQEWSRV]WXVIRKXLMWFEWIH
SRYRMXWXVIRKXLERHQSVXEVX]TI-RSVHIVXSYWIJEGIWLIPP
FIHHIH TVMWQ HEXE MR HIXIVQMRMRK XLI YRMX WXVIRKXL XS
QEWSRV] GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL VIPEXMSRWLMT YWIH MR XLI
7TIGMJMGEXMSR E GSVVIPEXMSR JEGXSV FIX[IIR JEGI WLIPP
TVMWQWERHJYPPFIHHIHTVMWQW[EWHIZIPSTIH&EWIHSR
 WTIGMQIRW XIWXIH [MXL JYPP QSVXEV FIHHMRK ERH JEGI
WLIPP QSVXEV FIHHMRK XLI GSVVIPEXMSR JEGXSV [EW
HIXIVQMRIH XS FI     8LI JEGI WLIPP FIHHIH
TVMWQ WXVIRKXL QYPXMTPMIH F] XLMW GSVVIPEXMSR JEGXSV
HIXIVQMRIWXLIJYPPQSVXEVFIHHIHTVMWQWXVIRKXL[LMGLMW
YWIHMRXLI'SHI
 8LIYRMXLIMKLX[MPPEJJIGXXLIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJ
QEWSRV]8LIPEXIVEPI\TERWMSRSJXLIYRMXHYIXSYRMXERH
QSVXEV MRGSQTEXMFMPMX] MRGVIEWIW [MXL VIHYGIH YRMX
LIMKLX%VIHYGXMSRJEGXSVMRXLIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJ
QEWSRV] MWVIUYMVIHJSVQEWSRV]GSRWXVYGXIHSJYRMXWPIWW
XLERMRQQ MRLIMKLXFYXRIIHRSXFIETTPMIHXS
QEWSRV]MR[LMGLSGGEWMSREPYRMXWEVIGYXXSJMX
S-16 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

Table 2 — Compressive strength of masonry based on the compressive strength

of concrete masonry units and type of mortar used in construction

Net area compressive strength of Net area compressive

concrete masonry units, psi (MPa) strength of masonry,
psi1 (MPa)
Type M or S mortar Type N mortar
{    
     
     
     
     

*SVYRMXWSJPIWWXLERMRQQ LIMKLXTIVGIRXSJXLIZEPYIWPMWXIH

COMMENTARY
&VMGO'SQTVIWWMZI7XVIRKXLfu 14E
          
 

 

 

 

 

 

%WWYQIHf’m
 

 
          
&VMGO'SQTVIWWMZI7XVIRKXLfu OWM

(a) Prism Strength vs. Brick Strength

8]TI71SVXEV'SQQIVGMEP0EFSVEXSVMIW

&VMGO'SQTVIWWMZI7XVIRKXLfu 14E
          
 

 

 

 

 

 

%WWYQIHf’m
 

 
          
&VMGO'SQTVIWWMZI7XVIRKXLfu OWM

(b) Prism Strength vs. Brick Strength

8]TI71SVXEV7'4-0EFSVEXSV]

Figure SC-1 — Compressive strength of masonry versus clay masonry unit strength
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-17

COMMENTARY
'SQTVIWWMZI7XVIRKXLSJ'SRGVIXI1EWSRV]9RMXW14E
     
 

8]TI1SV71SVXEV

8]TI21SVXEV
 
+VSYXIH

 

 
8]TI1SV71SVXEV
8]TI21SVXEV

 

 
      

'SQTVIWWMZI7XVIRKXLSJ'SRGVIXI1EWSRV]9RMXWTWM
Figure SC-2 — Compressive strength of concrete masonry versus compressive strength of concrete masonry units

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

1.4 B.2. Unit strength method'SRXMRYIH 

G AAC masonry — (IXIVQMRIXLI GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL G AAC masonry —8LIWXVIRKXLSJ%%'QEWSRV]
SJQEWSRV]FEWIHSRXLIWXVIRKXLSJXLI%%'QEWSRV] f AAC  MW GSRXVSPPIH F] XLI WXVIRKXL GPEWW SJ XLI %%'
YRMX SRP] 8LI JSPPS[MRK VIUYMVIQIRXW ETTP] XS XLI YRMX EW HIJMRIH F] %781 ' 8LI WXVIRKXL SJ XLI
QEWSRV] XLMRFIH QSVXEV ERH MXW FSRH MR GSQTVIWWMSR ERH WLIEV
[MPPI\GIIHXLIWXVIRKXLSJXLIYRMX
   9RMXWGSRJSVQXS%VXMGPI)
   8LMGORIWW SJ FIH NSMRXW HSIW RSX I\GIIH  MR
QQ 
   *SVKVSYXIHQEWSRV]XLIKVSYXQIIXWSRISJXLI
JSPPS[MRKVIUYMVIQIRXW
E  +VSYXGSRJSVQWXS%VXMGPI
F  +VSYX GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL IUYEPW SVI\GIIHW
f 'AACFYXGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLMWRSXPIWWXLER
 TWM  14E  (IXIVQMRI
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ KVSYX MR EGGSVHERGI
[MXL%781'
S-18 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

1.4 B. Compressive strength determination'SRXMRYIH
 
Prism test method — (IXIVQMRI XLI GSQTVIWWMZI
WXVIRKXLSJGPE]QEWSRV]ERHGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]F]XLI
TVMWQXIWXQIXLSHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL%781'
Testing prisms from constructed masonry — ;LIR
ETTVSZIH F] XLI FYMPHMRK SJJMGMEP EGGITXERGI SJ
QEWSRV] XLEX HSIW RSX QIIX XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ
%VXMGPI&SV&MWTIVQMXXIHXSFIFEWIHSR
XIWXWSJTVMWQWGYXJVSQXLIQEWSRV]GSRWXVYGXMSR
E Prism sampling and removal { *SV IEGL 
  Prism test method { 8LI TVMWQ XIWX QIXLSH
HIWGVMFIH MR %781 ' [EW WIPIGXIH EW E YRMJSVQ
QIXLSHSJXIWXMRKGPE]QEWSRV]ERHGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]XS
HIXIVQMRI XLIMV GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLW 1EWSRV] HIWMKR
MW FEWIH SR XLI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL IWXEFPMWLIH EX 
HE]W8LITVMWQXIWXQIXLSHMWYWIHEWEREPXIVREXMZIXS
XLIYRMXWXVIRKXLQIXLSH
 %781 ' TVSZMHIW JSV XIWXMRK QEWSRV]
TVMWQW EX  HE]W SV EX ER] HIWMKREXIH XIWX EKI
8LIVIJSVI E WLSVXIV XMQI TIVMSH WYGL EW E HE] XIWX
GSYPHFIYWIHXSIWXMQEXIXLIHE]WXVIRKXLFEWIHSRE
TVIZMSYWP] IWXEFPMWLIH VIPEXMSRWLMT FIX[IIR XLI VIWYPXW
SJXIWXWGSRHYGXIHEXXLIWLSVXIVXMQITIVMSHERHVIWYPXW
SJ XLI  HE] XIWXW 1EXIVMEPW ERH [SVOQERWLMT SJ XLI
TVIZMSYWP] IWXEFPMWLIH VIPEXMSRWLMT QYWX FI
VITVIWIRXEXMZISJXLITVMWQWFIMRKXIWXIH
 'SQTPMERGI [MXL XLI WTIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI
WXVIRKXL SJ QEWSRV] GER FI HIXIVQMRIH F] XLI TVMWQ
QIXLSH MRWXIEH SJ XLI YRMX WXVIRKXL QIXLSH %781
' YWIW XLI WEQI QEXIVMEPW ERH [SVOQERWLMT XS
GSRWXVYGXXLITVMWQWEWXLSWIXSFIYWIHMRXLIWXVYGXYVI
6IJIVIRGIW  XLVSYKL  HMWGYWW TVMWQ XIWXMRK
1ER] QSVI VIJIVIRGIW SR XLI TVMWQ XIWX QIXLSH
TEVEQIXIVW ERH VIWYPXW GSYPH FI EHHIH 8LI EHSTXMSR SJ
%781 ' EPPIZMEXIW QSWX SJ XLI GSRGIVRW WXEXIH MR
XLI EFSZI VIJIVIRGIW %781 ' VITPEGIH %781
) [LMGL [EW VIJIVIRGIH MR IHMXMSRW SJ XLI
7TIGMJMGEXMSRTVMSVXS
  Testing prisms from constructed masonry {
;LMPI YRGSQQSR XLIVI EVI XMQIW [LIR XLI
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]HIXIVQMRIHF]XLIYRMX
WXVIRKXL QIXLSH SV TVMWQ XIWX QIXLSH QE] FI
UYIWXMSRIHSVQE]FIPS[IVXLERXLIWTIGMJMIHWXVIRKXL
7MRGI PS[ WXVIRKXLW GSYPH FI E VIWYPX SJ MRETTVSTVMEXI
XIWXMRK TVSGIHYVIW SV YRMRXIRXMSREP HEQEKI XS XLI XIWX
WTIGMQIRW TVMWQW QE]FI WE[GYX JVSQXLI GSQTPIXIH
QEWSRV] [EPP ERH XIWXIH 8LMW WIGXMSR TVIWGVMFIW
TVSGIHYVIWJSVWYGLXIWXW
 7YGLXIWXMRKMWHMJJMGYPX VIUYMVIWQEWSRV][EPPWXS
FI GSRWXVYGXIH EX PIEWX  HE]W FIJSVI XLI XIWX ERH
VIUYMVIW VITPEGIQIRX SJ XLI WEQTPIH [EPP EVIE
8LIVIJSVI GSRGIVXIH IJJSVXW WLSYPH FI XEOIR WS XLEX
WXVIRKXLW HIXIVQMRIH F] XLI YRMX WXVIRKXL QIXLSH SV
TVMWQXIWXQIXLSHEVIEHIUYEXI
E Prism sampling and removal { 6IQSZEP SJ
WUYEVIJIIXQ
SJ[EPPEVIEMRUYIWXMSRWE[ TVMWQW JVSQ E GSRWXVYGXIH [EPP VIUYMVIW GEVI WS XLEX
GYX XLVII TVMWQW JVSQ QEWSRV] XLEX MW EX PIEWX  XLITVMWQ MWRSXHEQEKIHERHXLEXHEQEKIXSXLI[EPP
HE]W SPH3FXEMRE QMRMQYQ SJXLVIITVMWQWJVSQ MW QMRMQEP4VMWQWQYWXFIVITVIWIRXEXMZISJXLI[EPP
XLITVSNIGX7IPIGXVIQSZIERHXVERWTSVXTVMWQWMR ]IXRSXGSRXEMRER]VIMRJSVGMRKWXIIP[LMGL[SYPHFMEW
EGGSVHERGI [MXL %781 ' (IXIVQMRI XLI XLI VIWYPXW %W [MXL E TVMWQ XIWX XEOIR HYVMRK
PIRKXL [MHXL ERH LIMKLX HMQIRWMSRW SJ XLI TVMWQ GSRWXVYGXMSR E TVMWQ XIWX JVSQ I\MWXMRK QEWSRV]
ERHXIWXMREGGSVHERGI[MXL%781' VIUYMVIWXLVIITVMWQWTIGMQIRW
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-19

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

1.4 B.4. Testing prisms from constructed masonry

'SRXMRYIH
F Compressive strength calculations {  F Compressive strength calculations {
'EPGYPEXI XLI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ TVMWQW 'SQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL GEPGYPEXMSRW JVSQ WE[GYX
MREGGSVHERGI[MXL%781' WTIGMQIRWQYWXFIFEWIHSRXLIRIXQSVXEVFIHHIHEVIE
SV XLIRIXQSVXEVFIHHIHEVIE TPYWXLI KVSYXIHEVIEJSV
KVSYXIHTVMWQW8LIRIXEVIEQYWXFIHIXIVQMRIHF]XLI
XIWXMRKEKIRG]FIJSVIXLITVMWQMWXIWXIH
G Compliance { 7XVIRKXLW HIXIVQMRIH JVSQ
WE[GYX TVMWQW WLEPP IUYEP SV I\GIIH XLI
WTIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ QEWSRV]
%HHMXMSREP XIWXMRK SJ WTIGMQIRW GYX JVSQ
GSRWXVYGXMSRMRUYIWXMSRMWTIVQMXXIH
1.4 C. Adhered veneer requirements { ;LIR EHLIVIH 1.4 C. Adhered veneer requirements { %HLIWMSR
ZIRIIV MW RSX TPEGIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL %VXMGPI  ' WLSYPH FI ZIVMJMIH MJ E JSVQ VIPIEWI EKIRX ER ETTPMIH
HIXIVQMRIXLIEHLIWMSRSJEHLIVIHZIRIIVYRMXXSFEGOMRKMR GSEXMRKSVEWQSSXLWYVJEGIMWTVIWIRXSRXLIFEGOMRK
EGGSVHERGI[MXL%781'
S-20 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

1.5 — Submittals 1.5 — Submittals

1.5 A.3FXEMR[VMXXIREGGITXERGISJWYFQMXXEPWTVMSVXSXLI  7YFQMXXEPW ERH XLIMV WYFWIUYIRX EGGITXERGI SV
YWISJXLIQEXIVMEPWSVQIXLSHWVIUYMVMRKEGGITXERGI VINIGXMSRSREXMQIP]FEWMW[MPPOIITXLITVSNIGXQSZMRK
WQSSXLP] -J XLI WTIGMJMIV [MWLIW XS VIUYMVI E LMKLIV
1.5 B.7YFQMXXLIJSPPS[MRK
PIZIPSJUYEPMX]EWWYVERGIXLERXLIQMRMQYQVIUYMVIHF]
  1M\HIWMKRWERHXIWXVIWYPXW XLMW7TIGMJMGEXMSRWYFQMXXEPWQE]FIVIUYMVIHJSVSRISV
QSVI SJ XLI JSPPS[MRK WLST HVE[MRKW JSV VIMRJSVGIH
E 3RI SJ XLI JSPPS[MRK JSV IEGL QSVXEV QM\ QEWSRV] ERH PMRXIPW WEQTPI WTIGMQIRW SJ QEWSRV]
I\GPYHMRKXLMRFIHQSVXEVJSV%%' YRMXW GSPSVIH QSVXEV IEGL X]TI SJ QSZIQIRX NSMRX
   
1M\ HIWMKRW MRHMGEXMRK X]TI ERH TVSTSVXMSRW SJ EGGIWWSV] ERGLSV XMI JEWXIRIV ERH QIXEP EGGIWWSV]
MRKVIHMIRXW MR GSQTPMERGI [MXL XLI TVSTSVXMSR ERHXIWXVIWYPXWJSVQEWSRV]YRMXWQSVXEVERHKVSYX
WTIGMJMGEXMSRSJ%781'SV
   
1M\ HIWMKRW ERH QSVXEV XIWXW TIVJSVQIH MR
EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI TVSTIVX] WTIGMJMGEXMSR SJ
%781'
 F 3RISJXLIJSPPS[MRKJSVIEGLKVSYXQM\
   
1M\ HIWMKRW MRHMGEXMRK X]TI ERH TVSTSVXMSRW SJ
XLI MRKVIHMIRXW EGGSVHMRK XS XLI TVSTSVXMSR
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ%781'SV
   
1M\HIWMKRWERH KVSYXWXVIRKXLXIWXTIVJSVQIHMR
EGGSVHERGI[MXL%781'SV
   
'SQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL XIWXW TIVJSVQIH MR
EGGSVHERGI [MXL %781 ' ERH WPYQT JPS[
ERH:MWYEP7XEFMPMX]-RHI\:7-
EWHIXIVQMRIHF]
%781''1
 1EXIVMEP GIVXMJMGEXIW { 1EXIVMEP GIVXMJMGEXIW JSV XLI
JSPPS[MRK GIVXMJ]MRK XLEX IEGL QEXIVMEP MW MR
GSQTPMERGI
E 6IMRJSVGIQIRX
F %RGLSVWXMIWJEWXIRIVWERHQIXEPEGGIWWSVMIW
G 1EWSRV]YRMXW
H 1SVXEV XLMRFIH QSVXEV JSV %%' ERH KVSYX
QEXIVMEPW
I 7IPJGSRWSPMHEXMRKKVSYX
 'SRWXVYGXMSRTVSGIHYVIW
E 'SPH[IEXLIVGSRWXVYGXMSRTVSGIHYVIW
F ,SX[IEXLIVGSRWXVYGXMSRTVSGIHYVIW
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY
SPECIFICATION
1.6 — Quality assurance
1.6 A. Testing Agency’s services and duties
 7EQTPIERHXIWXMREGGSVHERGI[MXL8EFPISVEW
WTIGMJMIHJSVXLITVSNIGX
 9RPIWW SXLIV[MWI VIUYMVIH VITSVX XIWX VIWYPXW XS XLI
%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV-RWTIGXMSR%KIRG]ERH'SRXVEGXSV
TVSQTXP] EJXIV XLI] EVI TIVJSVQIH -RGPYHI MR XIWX
VITSVXW E WYQQEV] SJ GSRHMXMSRW YRHIV [LMGL XIWX
WTIGMQIRW [IVI WXSVIH TVMSV XS XIWXMRK ERH WXEXI [LEX
TSVXMSRSJXLIGSRWXVYGXMSRMWVITVIWIRXIHF]IEGLXIWX
 ;LIR XLIVI MW VIEWSR XS FIPMIZI XLEX ER] QEXIVMEP
JYVRMWLIHSV[SVOTIVJSVQIHF]XLI'SRXVEGXSVJEMPWXS
JYPJMPP XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLI 'SRXVEGX (SGYQIRXW
VITSVX WYGL HMWGVITERG] XS XLI %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV
-RWTIGXMSR%KIRG]ERH'SRXVEGXSV
 9RPIWW SXLIV[MWI VIUYMVIH XLI 3[RIV [MPP VIXEMR XLI
8IWXMRK%KIRG]
Table 3 — Level A Quality Assurance
MINIMUM TESTS
2SRI
MINIMUM INSPECTION
:IVMJ]GSQTPMERGI[MXLXLIETTVSZIHWYFQMXXEPW
S-21
COMMENTARY
1.6 — Quality assurance
5YEPMX] EWWYVERGI GSRWMWXW SJ XLI EGXMSRW XEOIR F]
ER S[RIV SV S[RIVvW VITVIWIRXEXMZI MRGPYHMRK
IWXEFPMWLMRK XLI UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI VIUYMVIQIRXW XS
TVSZMHIEWWYVERGIXLEXQEXIVMEPWERH[SVOQERWLMTEVIMR
EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI GSRXVEGX HSGYQIRXW 5YEPMX]
EWWYVERGI MRGPYHIW UYEPMX] GSRXVSP QIEWYVIW EW [IPP EW
XIWXMRK ERH MRWTIGXMSR XS ZIVMJ] GSQTPMERGI 8LI XIVQ
UYEPMX]GSRXVSP[EWRSXYWIHMRXLI7TIGMJMGEXMSRFIGEYWI
MXW QIERMRK ZEVMIW [MXL XLI TIVWTIGXMZI SJ XLI TEVXMIW
MRZSPZIHMRXLITVSNIGX
8LI S[RIV ERH %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV QE] VIUYMVI E
XIWXMRK PEFSVEXSV] XS TVSZMHI WSQI SV EPP SJ XLI XIWXW
QIRXMSRIHMR7TIGMJMGEXMSR8EFPIWERH
8LIUYEPMX]SFNIGXMZIWEVIQIX[LIRXLIFYMPHMRKMW
TVSTIVP]HIWMKRIHGSQTPIXIHYWMRKQEXIVMEPWGSQTP]MRK
[MXL TVSHYGXWTIGMJMGEXMSRW YWMRKEHIUYEXIGSRWXVYGXMSR
TVEGXMGIW ERH MW EHIUYEXIP]QEMRXEMRIH-RWTIGXMSR ERH
XIWXMRK EVI MQTSVXERX GSQTSRIRXW SJ XLI UYEPMX]
EWWYVERGITVSKVEQ[LMGLMWYWIHXSQIIXXLISFNIGXMZI
SJUYEPMX]MRGSRWXVYGXMSR
0EFSVEXSVMIW XLEX GSQTP] [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ
%781 ' EVI QSVI PMOIP] XS FI JEQMPMEV [MXL
QEWSRV]QEXIVMEPWERHXIWXMRK7TIGMJ]MRKXLEXXLIXIWXMRK
EKIRGMIWGSQTP][MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ%781'
MWWYKKIWXIH
1.6 A. Testing Agency’s services and duties {
-QTPIQIRXEXMSR SJ XIWXMRK ERH MRWTIGXMSR VIUYMVIQIRXW
GSRXEMRIH MR XLI 5YEPMX] %WWYVERGI 8EFPIW VIUYMVIW
HIXEMPIH ORS[PIHKI SJ XLI ETTVSTVMEXI TVSGIHYVIW
'SQTVILIRWMZI  D  ERH WYQQEV] 
XIWXMRK ERH MRWTIGXMSR TVSGIHYVIW EVI EZEMPEFPI JVSQ
VIGSKRM^IH MRHYWXV] WSYVGIW [LMGL QE] FI VIJIVIRGIH
JSV EWWMWXERGI MR GSQTP]MRK [MXL XLI WTIGMJMIH 5YEPMX]
%WWYVERGITVSKVEQ
S-22 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

Table 4 — Level B Quality Assurance

MINIMUM TESTS
:IVMJMGEXMSRSJ7PYQTJPS[ERH:MWYEP7XEFMPMX]-RHI\:7- EWHIPMZIVIHXSXLITVSNIGXWMXI
MREGGSVHERGI[MXL %VXMGPI&FJSVWIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRKKVSYX
:IVMJMGEXMSRSJf 'mERHf 'AACMREGGSVHERGI[MXL%VXMGPI&TVMSVXSGSRWXVYGXMSR
I\GITX[LIVIWTIGMJMGEPP]I\IQTXIHF]XLI'SHI

MINIMUM INSPECTION
Inspection Task Frequency (a) Reference for Criteria
817 817
'SRXMRYSYW 4IVMSHMG %'- %'-
%7') %7')
:IVMJ]GSQTPMERGI[MXLXLIETTVSZIHWYFQMXXEPW  < %VX
%WQEWSRV]GSRWXVYGXMSRFIKMRWZIVMJ]XLEXXLI
JSPPS[MRKEVIMRGSQTPMERGI
E 4VSTSVXMSRWSJWMXITVITEVIHQSVXEV < %VX%
F 'SRWXVYGXMSRSJQSVXEVNSMRXW < %VX&
G +VEHIERHWM^ISJTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWERH  <  %VX&
ERGLSVEKIW ,

H 0SGEXMSRSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXGSRRIGXSVWERH < %VX %

TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWERHERGLSVEKIW
I 4VIWXVIWWMRKXIGLRMUYI < %VX&
J 4VSTIVXMIWSJXLMRFIHQSVXEVJSV%%'QEWSRV] < F  <G %VX'
4VMSVXSKVSYXMRKZIVMJ]XLEXXLIJSPPS[MRKEVIMR
GSQTPMERGI
E +VSYXWTEGI < %VX(
*
F +VEHIX]TIERHWM^ISJVIMRJSVGIQIRXERH < 7IG %VX 
ERGLSVFSPXWERHTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWERH
ERGLSVEKIW
G 4PEGIQIRXSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXGSRRIGXSVWERH < 7IG %VX) 
TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWERHERGLSVEKIW %
H 4VSTSVXMSRWSJWMXITVITEVIHKVSYXERH  <  %VX&
TVIWXVIWWMRKKVSYXJSVFSRHIHXIRHSRW +F
I 'SRWXVYGXMSRSJQSVXEVNSMRXW < %VX&
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-23

Table 4 — Level B Quality Assurance (Continued)

MINIMUM INSPECTION
Inspection Task Frequency (a) Reference for Criteria
817 817
'SRXMRYSYW 4IVMSHMG %'- %'-
%7') %7')
:IVMJ]HYVMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR
E 7M^IERHPSGEXMSRSJWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXW  <  %VX*
F 8]TIWM^IERHPSGEXMSRSJERGLSVWMRGPYHMRK  < 7IG 
SXLIVHIXEMPWSJERGLSVEKISJQEWSRV]XS 
WXVYGXYVEPQIQFIVWJVEQIWSVSXLIVGSRWXVYGXMSR
G ;IPHMRKSJVIMRJSVGIQIRX < 7IG
G 
F 
H 4VITEVEXMSRGSRWXVYGXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSRSJQEWSRV] < %VX' (
HYVMRKGSPH[IEXLIVXIQTIVEXYVIFIPS[ *
 ' SVLSX[IEXLIVXIQTIVEXYVIEFSZI *
 ' 
I %TTPMGEXMSRERHQIEWYVIQIRXSJTVIWXVIWWMRK <   %VX&
JSVGI
J 4PEGIQIRXSJKVSYXERHTVIWXVIWWMRKKVSYXJSV <   %VX
FSRHIHXIRHSRWMWMRGSQTPMERGI '
K 4PEGIQIRXSJ%%'QEWSRV]YRMXWERH <F  <G %VX&
GSRWXVYGXMSRSJXLMRFIHQSVXEVNSMRXW
3FWIVZITVITEVEXMSRSJKVSYXWTIGMQIRWQSVXEV  <  %VX&E
WTIGMQIRWERHSVTVMWQW &F
&G
&&
E  *VIUYIRG]VIJIVWXSXLIJVIUYIRG]SJMRWTIGXMSR[LMGLQE]FIGSRXMRYSYWHYVMRKXLIXEWOPMWXIHSVTIVMSHMGEPP]HYVMRK
XLIPMWXIHXEWOEWHIJMRIHMRXLIXEFPI
F  6IUYMVIHJSVXLIJMVWXWUYEVIJIIXWUYEVIQIXIVW SJ%%'QEWSRV]
G  6IUYMVIHEJXIVXLIJMVWXWUYEVIJIIXWUYEVIQIXIVW SJ%%'QEWSRV]
S-24 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

Table 5 — Level C Quality Assurance

MINIMUM TESTS
:IVMJMGEXMSRSJf 'm ERHf 'AAC MREGGSVHERGI[MXL%VXMGPI&TVMSVXSGSRWXVYGXMSRERHJSV
IZIV]WUJXWUQ HYVMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR
:IVMJMGEXMSRSJTVSTSVXMSRWSJQEXIVMEPWMRTVIQM\IHSVTVIFPIRHIHQSVXEVTVIWXVIWWMRK
KVSYXERHKVSYXSXLIVXLERWIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRKKVSYXEWHIPMZIVIHXSXLITVSNIGXWMXI
:IVMJMGEXMSRSJ7PYQTJPS[ERH:MWYEP7XEFMPMX]-RHI\:7- EWHIPMZIVIHXSXLITVSNIGXWMXI
MREGGSVHERGI[MXL %VXMGPI&FJSVWIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRKKVSYX
MINIMUM INSPECTION
Inspection Task Frequency (a) Reference for Criteria
817 817
'SRXMRYSYW 4IVMSHMG %'- %'-
%7') %7')
:IVMJ]GSQTPMERGI[MXLXLIETTVSZIHWYFQMXXEPW  < %VX
:IVMJ]XLEXXLIJSPPS[MRKEVIMRGSQTPMERGI
E 4VSTSVXMSRWSJWMXIQM\IHQSVXEVKVSYXERH  <  %VX %
TVIWXVIWWMRKKVSYXJSVFSRHIHXIRHSRW &'
+F
F +VEHIX]TIERHWM^ISJVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHERGLSV  < 7IG %VX
FSPXWERHTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWERHERGLSVEKIW
G 4PEGIQIRXSJQEWSRV]YRMXWERHGSRWXVYGXMSRSJ < %VX&
QSVXEVNSMRXW
H 4PEGIQIRXSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXGSRRIGXSVWERH <  7IG %VX) 
TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWERHERGLSVEKIW %
I +VSYXWTEGITVMSVXSKVSYXMRK < %VX(
*
J 4PEGIQIRXSJKVSYXERHTVIWXVIWWMRKKVSYXJSV < %VX '
FSRHIHXIRHSRW
K 7M^IERHPSGEXMSRSJWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXW  <  %VX*
L 8]TIWM^IERHPSGEXMSRSJERGLSVWMRGPYHMRK <  7IG 
SXLIVHIXEMPWSJERGLSVEKISJQEWSRV]XS 
WXVYGXYVEPQIQFIVWJVEQIWSVSXLIV
GSRWXVYGXMSR
M ;IPHMRKSJVIMRJSVGIQIRX <  7IG
G 
F 
N 4VITEVEXMSRGSRWXVYGXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSRSJ  <  %VX' (
QEWSRV]HYVMRKGSPH[IEXLIVXIQTIVEXYVI
FIPS[ * ' SVLSX[IEXLIVXIQTIVEXYVI
EFSZI * '
P %TTPMGEXMSRERHQIEWYVIQIRXSJTVIWXVIWWMRK < %VX&
JSVGI
Q 4PEGIQIRXSJ%%'QEWSRV]YRMXWERH < %VX&
GSRWXVYGXMSRSJXLMRFIHQSVXEVNSMRXW
R 4VSTIVXMIWSJXLMRFIHQSVXEVJSV%%'QEWSRV] <   %VX'
3FWIVZITVITEVEXMSRSJKVSYXWTIGMQIRWQSVXEV <   %VX&E
WTIGMQIRWERHSVTVMWQW &F
&G
&&
E  *VIUYIRG]VIJIVWXSXLIJVIUYIRG]SJMRWTIGXMSR[LMGLQE]FIGSRXMRYSYWHYVMRKXLIXEWOPMWXIHSVTIVMSHMGEPP]HYVMRKXLIPMWXIHXEWOEWHIJMRIHMRXLIXEFPI
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-25

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

1.6 B. Inspection Agency’s services and duties 1.6 B. Inspection Agency’s services and duties {8LI
'SHI ERH XLMW 7TIGMJMGEXMSR VIUYMVI XLEX QEWSRV] FI
 -RWTIGXERHIZEPYEXIMREGGSVHERGI[MXL8EFPI SV
MRWTIGXIH 8LI EPPS[EFPI WXVIWWIW YWIH MR XLI 'SHI EVI
EWWTIGMJMIHJSVXLITVSNIGX
FEWIHSRXLITVIQMWIXLEXXLI[SVO[MPPFIMRWTIGXIHERH
 9RPIWWSXLIV[MWIVIUYMVIHVITSVXMRWTIGXMSRVIWYPXWXS XLEX UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI QIEWYVIW [MPP FI MQTPIQIRXIH
XLI%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIVERH'SRXVEGXSVTVSQTXP]EJXIV 1MRMQYQ XIWXMRK ERH QMRMQYQ MRWTIGXMSR VIUYMVIQIRXW
XLI] EVI TIVJSVQIH -RGPYHI MR MRWTIGXMSR VITSVXW E EVI KMZIR MR 7TIGMJMGEXMSR 8EFPIW   ERH  8LI
WYQQEV] SJ GSRHMXMSRW YRHIV [LMGL XLI MRWTIGXMSRW %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIVQE]MRGVIEWIXLIEQSYRXSJXIWXMRKERH
[IVIQEHIERHWXEXI[LEXTSVXMSRSJXLIGSRWXVYGXMSR MRWTIGXMSR VIUYMVIH 8LI QIXLSH SJ TE]QIRX JSV
MWVITVIWIRXIHF]IEGLMRWTIGXMSR MRWTIGXMSR WIVZMGIW MW YWYEPP] EHHVIWWIH MR KIRIVEP
GSRHMXMSRWSVSXLIVGSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXWERHYWYEPP]MWRSX
 *YVRMWL MRWTIGXMSR VITSVXW XS XLI %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV KSZIVRIHF]XLMWEVXMGPI
ERH'SRXVEGXSV
 ;LIR XLIVI MW VIEWSR XS FIPMIZI XLEX ER] QEXIVMEP
JYVRMWLIH SV [SVO TIVJSVQIH F] XLI 'SRXVEGXSV JEMPW
XSJYPJMPPXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJXLI'SRXVEGX(SGYQIRXW
VITSVXWYGLHMWGVITERG]XSXLI%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIVERH
XSXLI'SRXVEGXSV
 7YFQMXEJMREPWMKRIHVITSVXWXEXMRK[LIXLIVXLI;SVO
VIUYMVMRKMRWTIGXMSR[EWXSXLIFIWXSJXLI-RWTIGXMSR
%KIRG]W ORS[PIHKI MR GSRJSVQERGI 7YFQMX XLI
JMREPVITSVXXSXLI%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIVERH'SRXVEGXSV
 9RPIWW SXLIV[MWI VIUYMVIH XLI 3[RIV [MPP VIXEMR XLI
-RWTIGXMSR%KIRG]
1.6 C. Contractor’s services and duties 1.6 C. Contractor’s services and duties { 8LI
GSRXVEGXSVIWXEFPMWLIWQM\HIWMKRWXLIWSYVGIJSVWYTTP]
 4IVQMX ERH JEGMPMXEXI EGGIWW XS XLI GSRWXVYGXMSR WMXIW
SJQEXIVMEPWERHWYKKIWXWGLERKISVHIVW
ERHXLITIVJSVQERGISJEGXMZMXMIWJSVUYEPMX]EWWYVERGI
F]XLI8IWXMRKERH-RWTIGXMSR%KIRGMIW  8LI PMWXMRK SJ HYXMIW SJ XLI MRWTIGXMSR EKIRG]
XIWXMRK EKIRG] ERH GSRXVEGXSV TVSZMHI JSV E
 8LI YWI SJ XIWXMRK ERH MRWTIGXMSR WIVZMGIW HSIW RSX
GSSVHMREXMSR SJ XLIMV XEWOW ERH E QIERW SJ VITSVXMRK
VIPMIZI XLI 'SRXVEGXSV SJ XLI VIWTSRWMFMPMX] XS JYVRMWL
VIWYPXW 8LI GSRXVEGXSV MW FSYRH F] GSRXVEGX XS WYTTP]
QEXIVMEPWERHGSRWXVYGXMSRMRJYPPGSQTPMERGI
ERH TPEGI XLI QEXIVMEPW VIUYMVIH F] XLI GSRXVEGX
 8S JEGMPMXEXI XIWXMRK ERH MRWTIGXMSR GSQTP] [MXL XLI HSGYQIRXW4IVJIGXMSRMWSFZMSYWP]XLIKSEPFYXJEGXSVW
JSPPS[MRK SJWEJIX]MRGPYHIHMRXLIHIWMKRQIXLSH VIGSKRM^I XLEX
WSQIHIZMEXMSRJVSQ TIVJIGXMSR[MPPI\MWX)RKMRIIVMRK
  E*YVRMWL RIGIWWEV] PEFSV XS EWWMWX XLI HIWMKREXIH NYHKQIRX QYWX FI YWIH XS IZEPYEXI VITSVXIH
XIWXMRKEKIRG]MRSFXEMRMRKERHLERHPMRKWEQTPIWEX
HMWGVITERGMIW8SPIVERGIWPMWXIHMR7TIGMJMGEXMSR%VXMGPI
XLI4VSNIGX *[IVIIWXEFPMWLIHXSEWWYVIWXVYGXYVEPTIVJSVQERGI
  F%HZMWI XLI HIWMKREXIH 8IWXMRK %KIRG] ERH -RWTIGXMSR ERH[IVIRSXFEWIHSREIWXLIXMGGVMXIVME
%KIRG] WYJJMGMIRXP] MR EHZERGISJSTIVEXMSRWXS EPPS[
JSV GSQTPIXMSR SJ UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI QIEWYVIW ERH JSV
XLIEWWMKRQIRXSJTIVWSRRIP
  G4VSZMHI QEWSRV] QEXIVMEPW VIUYMVIH JSV
TVIGSRWXVYGXMSRERHGSRWXVYGXMSRXIWXMRK
 4VSZMHI ERH QEMRXEMR EHIUYEXI JEGMPMXMIW JSV XLI WSPI
YWI SJ XLI XIWXMRK EKIRG] JSV WEJI WXSVEKI ERH TVSTIV
GYVMRKSJXIWXWTIGMQIRWSRXLI4VSNIGX7MXI
-R XLI WYFQMXXEPW MRGPYHI XLI VIWYPXW SJ XIWXMRK
TIVJSVQIH XS UYEPMJ] XLI QEXIVMEPW ERH XS IWXEFPMWL
QM\HIWMKRW
S-26 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

1.6 D. Sample panels 1.6 D. Sample panels { 7EQTPI TERIPW WLSYPHGSRXEMR

XLI JYPP VERKI SJ YRMX ERH QSVXEV GSPSV )EGL TVSGIHYVI
 *SV QEWSRV] KSZIVRIH F] 0IZIP & SV ' 5YEPMX]
MRGPYHMRKGPIERMRKERHETTPMGEXMSRSJGSEXMRKWERHWIEPERXW
%WWYVERGI 8EFPI  SV 8EFPI   GSRWXVYGX WEQTPI
WLSYPHFIHIQSRWXVEXIHSRXLIWEQTPITERIP8LIIJJIGXSJ
TERIPWSJQEWSRV][EPPW
XLIWIQEXIVMEPWERHTVSGIHYVIWSRXLIQEWSRV]GERXLIRFI
E 9WI QEXIVMEPW ERH TVSGIHYVIW EGGITXIH JSV XLI HIXIVQMRIHFIJSVIPEVKIEVIEWEVIXVIEXIH7MRGIMXWIVZIWEW
;SVO EGSQTEVMWSRSJXLIJMRMWLIH[SVOXLIWEQTPITERIPWLSYPH
FI QEMRXEMRIH YRXMP XLI [SVO LEW FIIR EGGITXIH 8LI
F 8LIQMRMQYQWEQTPITERIPHMQIRWMSRWEVIJX WTIGMJMIV LEW XLI STXMSR SJ TIVQMXXMRK E WIKQIRX SJ XLI
F]JXQF]Q  QEWSRV] GSRWXVYGXMSR XS WIVZI EW E WEQTPI TERIP SV
 8LI EGGITXEFPI WXERHEVH JSV XLI ;SVO MW VIUYMVMRKEWITEVEXIWXERHEPSRITERIP
IWXEFPMWLIHF]XLIEGGITXIHTERIP
 6IXEMRWEQTPITERIPWEXXLITVSNIGXWMXIYRXMP;SVO
LEWFIIREGGITXIH
1.6 E. Grout demonstration panel { 4VMSV XS QEWSRV]
GSRWXVYGXMSR GSRWXVYGX E KVSYX HIQSRWXVEXMSR TERIP MJ
TVSTSWIH KVSYXMRK TVSGIHYVIW GSRWXVYGXMSR XIGLRMUYIW SV
KVSYX WTEGI KISQIXV] HS RSX GSRJSVQ XS XLI ETTPMGEFPI
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ%VXMGPIW' (ERH)

1.7 — Delivery, storage, and handling 1.7 — Delivery, storage, and handling
1.7 A.(S RSX YWI HEQEKIH QEWSRV] YRMXW HEQEKIH  8LI TIVJSVQERGI SJ QEWSRV] QEXIVMEPW GER FI
GSQTSRIRXWSJWXVYGXYVISVHEQEKIHTEGOEKIHQEXIVMEP VIHYGIH F] GSRXEQMREXMSR F] HMVX [EXIV ERH SXLIV
QEXIVMEPWHYVMRKHIPMZIV]SVEXXLITVSNIGXWMXI
1.7 B.4VSXIGXGIQIRXMXMSYWQEXIVMEPWJSVQSVXEVERHKVSYX
JVSQTVIGMTMXEXMSRERHKVSYRH[EXIV 6IMRJSVGIQIRX ERH QIXEP EGGIWWSVMIW EVI PIWW TVSRI
XLERQEWSRV]QEXIVMEPWXSHEQEKIJVSQLERHPMRK
1.7 C.(SRSXYWIQEWSRV]QEXIVMEPWXLEXEVIGSRXEQMREXIH
1.7 D.7XSVIHMJJIVIRXEKKVIKEXIWWITEVEXIP]
1.7 E.4VSXIGX VIMRJSVGIQIRX XMIW ERH QIXEP EGGIWWSVMIW
JVSQTIVQERIRXHMWXSVXMSRWERHWXSVIXLIQSJJXLIKVSYRH

1.8 — Project conditions 1.8 — Project conditions

1.8 A. Construction loads — (S RSX ETTP] GSRWXVYGXMSR
PSEHWXLEXI\GIIHXLIWEJIWYTIVMQTSWIHPSEHGETEGMX]SJXLI
QEWSRV]ERHWLSVIWMJYWIH
1.8 B. Masonry protection — 'SZIV XST SJ YRJMRMWLIH
QEWSRV][SVOXSTVSXIGXMXJVSQXLI[IEXLIV
1.8 C. Cold weather construction — ;LIR EQFMIRX EMV 1.8 C. Cold weather construction { 8LI TVSGIHYVI
XIQTIVEXYVIMWFIPS[ * '
MQTPIQIRXGSPH[IEXLIV HIWGVMFIH MR XLMW EVXMGPI VITVIWIRXW XLI GSQQMXXIIvW
TVSGIHYVIWERHGSQTP][MXLXLIJSPPS[MRK GSRWIRWYW SJ GYVVIRX KSSH GSRWXVYGXMSR TVEGXMGI ERH LEW
FIIR JVEQIH XS KIRIVEPP] EKVII [MXL QEWSRV] MRHYWXV]
(SRSXPE]KPEWWYRMXQEWSRV] VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW
Preparation — 'SQTP] [MXL XLI JSPPS[MRK  8LITVSZMWMSRWSJ%VXMGPI'EVIQERHEXSV]IZIRMJ
VIUYMVIQIRXWTVMSVXSGSRHYGXMRKQEWSRV][SVO XLI TVSGIHYVIW WYFQMXXIH YRHIV %VXMGPI  &E EVI RSX
E (SRSXPE]QEWSRV]YRMXWLEZMRKIMXLIVEXIQTIVEXYVI VIUYMVIH8LIGSRXVEGXSVLEWWIZIVEPSTXMSRWXSEGLMIZIXLI
FIPS[  * '
 SV GSRXEMRMRKJVS^IR QSMWXYVI VIWYPXWVIUYMVIHMR%VXMGPI'8LISTXMSRWEVIEZEMPEFPI
ZMWMFPIMGISVWRS[SRXLIMVWYVJEGI FIGEYWISJXLIGPMQEXMGI\XVIQIWERHXLIMVHYVEXMSR;LIR
XLIEMVXIQTIVEXYVIEXXLITVSNIGXWMXISVYRMXXIQTIVEXYVIW
F 6IQSZIZMWMFPIMGI ERHWRS[ JVSQXLI XSTWYVJEGI
 XLI GSPH[IEXLIV TVSXIGXMSR TPER
SJI\MWXMRKJSYRHEXMSRWERHQEWSRV]XSVIGIMZIRI[
GSRWXVYGXMSR ,IEX XLIWI WYVJEGIW EFSZI JVII^MRK
YWMRKQIXLSHWXLEXHSRSXVIWYPXMRHEQEKI
JEPP FIPS[ S* S '
WYFQMXXIH FIGSQIW QERHEXSV] ;SVO WXSTTEKI QE] FI
NYWXMJMIHMJEWLSVXGSPHWTIPPMWERXMGMTEXIH)RGPSWYVIWERH
LIEXIVWGERFIYWIHEWRIGIWWEV]
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-27

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

1.8 C. Cold weather construction 'SRXMRYIH

 Construction — 8LIWIVIUYMVIQIRXWETTP]XS[SVOMR  8IQTIVEXYVI SJXLIQEWSRV]QSVXEV QE]FIQIEWYVIH
TVSKVIWW ERH EVI FEWIH SR EQFMIRX EMV XIQTIVEXYVI YWMRK E QIXEP XMT MQQIVWMSR XLIVQSQIXIV MRWIVXIH MRXS E
(S RSX LIEX [EXIV SV EKKVIKEXIW YWIH MR QSVXEV SV WEQTPISJXLIQSVXEV8LIQSVXEVWEQTPIQE]FIQSVXEVEW
KVSYX EFSZI  *  '  'SQTP] [MXL XLI GSRXEMRIH MR XLI QM\IV MR LSTTIVW JSV XVERWJIV XS XLI
JSPPS[MRK VIUYMVIQIRXW [LIR XLI JSPPS[MRK EQFMIRX [SVOMRK JEGI SJ XLI QEWSRV] SV EW EZEMPEFPI SR QSVXEV
EMVXIQTIVEXYVIWI\MWX  FSEVHW GYVVIRXP] FIMRK YWIH 8LI GVMXMGEP QSVXEV
XIQTIVEXYVIWEVIXLIXIQTIVEXYVIWEXXLIQM\IVERHQSVXEV
E  *XS * 'XS '  FSEVH PSGEXMSRW 8LI MHIEP QSVXEV XIQTIVEXYVI MW  * XS
 ,IEX WERH SV QM\MRK [EXIV XS TVSHYGI QSVXEV  * 'XS ' 
XIQTIVEXYVI FIX[IIR  *  '  ERH  *  8IQTIVEXYVISJXLIQEWSRV]YRMXQE]FIQIEWYVIHYWMRK
 ' EXXLIXMQISJQM\MRK EQIXEPPMGWYVJEGIGSRXEGXXLIVQSQIXIV8IQTIVEXYVISJXLI
 ,IEXKVSYXQEXIVMEPW[LIRXLIXIQTIVEXYVISJXLI YRMXW QE] FI FIPS[ XLI EQFMIRX XIQTIVEXYVI MJ XLI
QEXIVMEPWMWFIPS[ * '  VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ%VXMGPI'EEVIQIX

F &IPS[ *XS * 'XS '   8LI GSRXVEGXSV QE] GLSSWI XS IRGPSWI XLI IRXMVI EVIE
VEXLIV XLER QEOI XLI WIUYIRXMEP QEXIVMEPW GSRHMXMSRMRK ERH
 ,IEXWERHERHQM\MRK[EXIVXSTVSHYGIQSVXEV TVSXIGXMSR QSHMJMGEXMSRW %QFMIRX XIQTIVEXYVI GSRHMXMSRW
XIQTIVEXYVI FIX[IIR  *  '  ERH  * ETTP] [LMPI [SVO MW MR TVSKVIWW 1MRMQYQ HEMP]
 '  EX XLI XMQI SJ QM\MRK 1EMRXEMR XIQTIVEXYVIW ETTP] XS XLI XMQI EJXIV KVSYXIH QEWSRV] MW
QSVXEV XIQTIVEXYVI EFSZI JVII^MRK YRXMP YWIH TPEGIH 1IER HEMP] XIQTIVEXYVIW ETTP] XS XLI XMQI EJXIV
MRQEWSRV] YRKVSYXIHQEWSRV]MWTPEGIH
 ,IEX KVSYX EKKVIKEXIW ERH QM\MRK [EXIV XS  +VSYX QEHI [MXL 8]TI --- TSVXPERH GIQIRX KEMRW
TVSHYGI KVSYX XIQTIVEXYVI FIX[IIR  * WXVIRKXL QSVI UYMGOP] XLER KVSYX QM\IH [MXL 8]TI -
 '  ERH  *  '  EX XLI XMQI SJ TSVXPERH GIQIRX 8LMW JEWXIV WXVIRKXL KEMR IPMQMREXIW XLI
QM\MRK 1EMRXEMR KVSYX XIQTIVEXYVI EFSZI RIIHXSTVSXIGXQEWSRV]JSVXLIEHHMXMSREPLVTIVMSH
 * ' EXXLIXMQISJKVSYXTPEGIQIRX 'SRWXVYGXMSR I\TIVMIRGI XLSYKL RSX JSVQEPP]
 ,IEX%%'YRMXWXSEQMRMQYQXIQTIVEXYVISJ HSGYQIRXIH WYKKIWXW XLEX %%' XLMRFIH QSVXEV VIEGLIW
 * ' FIJSVIMRWXEPPMRKXLMRFIHQSVXEV JYPP WXVIRKXL WMKRMJMGERXP] JEWXIV XLER QEWSRV] QSVXEV
LS[IZIVMXMWQSVI WIRWMXMZIXSGSPH[IEXLIVETTPMGEXMSRW
G &IPS[  * XS  * 'XS z '  'SQTP] %%' QEWSRV] EPWS LSPHW LIEX GSRWMHIVEFP] PSRKIV XLER
[MXL%VXMGPI'FERHXLIJSPPS[MRK GSRGVIXIQEWSRV]'SPH[IEXLIVVIUYMVIQIRXWEVIXLIVIJSVI
 ,IEX QEWSRV] WYVJEGIW YRHIV GSRWXVYGXMSR XS HMJJIVIRX JSV XLMRFIH QSVXEV ETTPMGEXMSRW EW GSQTEVIH XS
 *  '  ERH YWI [MRH FVIEOW SV GSRZIRXMSREP QSVXEV 'SPH [IEXLIV VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV
IRGPSWYVIW [LIR XLI [MRH ZIPSGMX] I\GIIHW PIZIPMRK GSYVWI QSVXEV ERH KVSYX VIQEMR XLI WEQI EW JSV
QTLOQL  SXLIVQEWSRV]TVSHYGXW

 ,IEX QEWSRV] XS E QMRMQYQ XIQTIVEXYVI SJ

 * ' TVMSVXSKVSYXMRK
H &IPS[  *  '  'SQTP] [MXL %VXMGPI
'G ERH XLI JSPPS[MRK 4VSZMHI ER
IRGPSWYVI ERH EY\MPMEV] LIEX XS QEMRXEMR EMV
XIQTIVEXYVI EFSZI  *  '  [MXLMR XLI
IRGPSWYVI
S-28 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

1.8 C.4 Cold weather construction 'SRXMRYIH

 Protection — 8LIWI VIUYMVIQIRXW ETTP] EJXIV
QEWSRV] MW TPEGIH ERH EVI FEWIH SR ERXMGMTEXIH
QMRMQYQHEMP]XIQTIVEXYVIJSVKVSYXIHQEWSRV]ERH
ERXMGMTEXIH QIER HEMP] XIQTIVEXYVI JSV YRKVSYXIH
QEWSRV] 4VSXIGX GSQTPIXIH QEWSRV] MR XLI
JSPPS[MRKQERRIV
E 1EMRXEMR XLI XIQTIVEXYVISJKPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]
EFSZI  *  '  JSV XLI JMVWX LV EJXIV
GSRWXVYGXMSR
F 1EMRXEMRXLIXIQTIVEXYVISJ%%'QEWSRV]EFSZI
 * ' JSVXLIJMVWXLVEJXIVXLMRFIHQSVXEV
ETTPMGEXMSR
G  * XS  *  ' XS  '  4VSXIGX RI[P]
GSRWXVYGXIHQEWSRV]F]GSZIVMRK[MXLE[IEXLIV
VIWMWXMZI QIQFVERI JSV  LV EJXIV FIMRK
GSQTPIXIH
H &IPS[  * XS  *  ' XS  '  'SZIV
RI[P] GSRWXVYGXIH QEWSRV] GSQTPIXIP] [MXL
[IEXLIVVIWMWXMZI MRWYPEXMRK FPEROIXW SV IUYEP
TVSXIGXMSR JSV  LV EJXIV GSQTPIXMSR SJ [SVO
)\XIRHXMQITIVMSHXSLVJSVKVSYXIHQEWSRV]
YRPIWW XLI SRP] GIQIRX MR XLI KVSYX MW 8]TI ---
TSVXPERHGIQIRX
I &IPS[  *  '  1EMRXEMR RI[P]
GSRWXVYGXIH QEWSRV] XIQTIVEXYVI EFSZI  *
 ' JSVEXPIEWXLVEJXIVFIMRKGSQTPIXIHF]
YWMRK LIEXIH IRGPSWYVIW IPIGXVMG LIEXMRK
FPEROIXW MRJEVIH PEQTW SV SXLIV EGGITXEFPI
QIXLSHW)\XIRHXMQITIVMSHXSLVJSVKVSYXIH
QEWSRV] YRPIWW XLI SRP] GIQIRX MR XLI KVSYX MW
8]TI---TSVXPERHGIQIRX
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-29

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

1.8 D. Hot weather construction { -QTPIQIRX ETTVSZIH 1.8 D. Hot weather construction{,MKLXIQTIVEXYVI
LSX [IEXLIV TVSGIHYVIW ERH GSQTP] [MXL XLI JSPPS[MRK ERH PS[ VIPEXMZI LYQMHMX] MRGVIEWI XLI VEXI SJ QSMWXYVI
TVSZMWMSRW IZETSVEXMSR 8LIWI GSRHMXMSRW GER PIEH XS wHV]SYXx
 Preparation{4VMSVXSGSRHYGXMRKQEWSRV][SVO
 SJ XLI QSVXEV ERH KVSYX  (V]SYX
E ;LIR XLI EQFMIRX EMV XIQTIVEXYVI I\GIIHW  *
HV]MRKSJXLIQSVXEVSVKVSYXFIJSVIWYJJMGMIRXL]HVEXMSR
LEW XEOIR TPEGI
EHZIVWIP] EJJIGXW XLI TVSTIVXMIW SJ QSVXEV ERH KVSYX
 '
 SV I\GIIHW  *  '
 [MXL E [MRH FIGEYWI HV]SYX WMKREPW MQTVSTIV GYVMRK ERH EWWSGMEXIH
ZIPSGMX]KVIEXIVXLERQTLOQLV
 VIHYGXMSR SJ QEWSRV] WXVIRKXL HIZIPSTQIRX 8LI
TVITEVEXMSRGSRWXVYGXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWMR
  
1EMRXEMRWERHTMPIWMREHEQTPSSWIGSRHMXMSR XLI 7TIGMJMGEXMSR EVI QMRMQYQ VIUYMVIQIRXW XS EZSMH
  
4VSZMHIRIGIWWEV]GSRHMXMSRWERHIUYMTQIRXXS HV]SYX SJ QSVXEV ERH KVSYX ERH XS EPPS[ JSV TVSTIV
TVSHYGI QSVXEV LEZMRK E XIQTIVEXYVI FIPS[ GYVMRK8LI]EVIFEWIHSRMRHYWXV]TVEGXMGI1SVI
 * '
 WXVMRKIRX ERH I\XIRWMZI LSX [IEXLIV TVEGXMGIW QE] FI
TVYHIRX [LIVI XIQTIVEXYVIW EVI LMKL [MRHW EVI WXVSRK
 F ;LIR XLI EQFMIRX XIQTIVEXYVI I\GIIHW  * ERHLYQMHMX]MWPS[
 '
SVI\GIIHW * '
[MXLE[MRH
ZIPSGMX] KVIEXIV XLER  QTL  OQLV
 (YVMRK LSX [IEXLIV WLEHMRK QEWSRV] QEXIVMEPW ERH
MQTPIQIRX XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ %VXMGPI (E
ERHWLEHI QEXIVMEPW ERH QM\MRK IUYMTQIRX JVSQ
HMVIGXWYRPMKLX
 Construction{;LMPIQEWSRV][SVOMWMRTVSKVIWW
 E ;LIRXLIEQFMIRXEMVXIQTIVEXYVII\GIIHW *
IUYMTQIRX VIHYGIW QSVXEV ERH KVSYX XIQTIVEXYVIW
7GLIHYPMRKGSRWXVYGXMSRXSEZSMHLSXXIVTIVMSHWSJXLIHE]
WLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIH
7II 7TIGMJMGEXMSR 'SQQIRXEV] %VXMGPI  JSV
GSRWMHIVEXMSRW MR WIPIGXMRK QSVXEV QEXIVMEPW 8LI QSWX
IJJIGXMZI [E] SJ VIHYGMRK QSVXEV ERH KVSYX FEXGL
 '
 SV I\GIIHW  *  '
 [MXL E [MRH XIQTIVEXYVIWMWF]YWMRKGSSPQM\MRK[EXIV7QEPPFEXGLIW
ZIPSGMX]KVIEXIVXLERQTLOQLV
 SJ QSVXEV EVI TVIJIVVIH SZIV PEVKIV FEXGLIW XS QMRMQM^I
HV]MRKXMQISRQSVXEVFSEVHW1SVXEVWLSYPHRSXFIYWIH

 1EMRXEMR XIQTIVEXYVI SJ QSVXEV ERH KVSYX EJXIVEQE\MQYQSJLVEJXIVMRMXMEPQM\MRKMRLSX[IEXLIV
FIPS[ * '
 GSRHMXMSRW 9WI SJ GSSP [EXIV XS VIXIQTIV [LIR

 *PYWL QM\IV QSVXEV XVERWTSVX GSRXEMRIV ERH XIQTIVMRKMWTIVQMXXIHVIWXSVIWTPEWXMGMX]ERHVIHYGIWXLI
QSVXEV FSEVHW [MXL GSSP [EXIV FIJSVI XLI] QSVXEVXIQTIVEXYVI
GSQIMRXSGSRXEGX[MXLQSVXEVMRKVIHMIRXWSV 1SWX QEWSRvW WERH MW HIPMZIVIH XS XLI TVSNIGX MR E
QSVXEV HEQTPSSWIGSRHMXMSR[MXLEQSMWXYVIGSRXIRXSJEFSYX

 1EMRXEMR QSVXEV GSRWMWXIRG] F] VIXIQTIVMRK XS  TIVGIRX 7ERH TMPIW WLSYPH FI OITX GSSP ERH MR E
[MXLGSSP[EXIV HEQT PSSWI GSRHMXMSR F] WTVMROPMRK ERH F] GSZIVMRK
[MXLETPEWXMGWLIIXXSPMQMXIZETSVEXMSR

9WIQSVXEV[MXLMRLVSJMRMXMEPQM\MRK
6IWIEVGLWYKKIWXW XLEX GSZIVMRK ERH QSMWX GYVMRK SJ

 7TVIEHXLMRFIHQSVXEVRSQSVIXLERJSYVJIIX GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] [EPPW HVEQEXMGEPP] MQTVSZIW JPI\YVEP
ELIEHSJ%%'QEWSRV]YRMXW FSRH WXVIRKXL GSQTEVIH XS [EPPW RSX GSZIVIH SV QSMWX

 7IX %%' QEWSRV] YRMXW [MXLMR SRI QMRYXI GYVIH
EJXIVWTVIEHMRKXLMRFIHQSVXEV
 F ;LIR XLI EQFMIRX XIQTIVEXYVI I\GIIHW  *
 '
SV I\GIIHW  * '
[MXL E [MRH
ZIPSGMX] KVIEXIV XLER  QTL  OQLV

MQTPIQIRX XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ %VXMGPI  (E
ERH YWI GSSP QM\MRK [EXIV JSV QSVXEV ERH KVSYX
-GI MW TIVQMXXIH MR XLI QM\MRK [EXIV TVMSV XS YWI
(SRSXTIVQMXMGIMRXLIQM\MRK[EXIV[LIREHHIH
XSXLISXLIVQSVXEVSVKVSYXQEXIVMEPW
Protection { ;LIR XLI QIER HEMP] XIQTIVEXYVI
I\GIIHW  *  '
 SV I\GIIHW  *  '

[MXL E [MRH ZIPSGMX] KVIEXIV XLER  QTL
OQLV
 JSK WTVE] RI[P] GSRWXVYGXIH QEWSRV]
YRXMP HEQT EX PIEWX XLVII XMQIW E HE] YRXMP XLI
QEWSRV]MWXLVIIHE]WSPH
S-30 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

8LMWTEKIMWMRXIRXMSREPP]PIJXFPERO
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-31

PART 2 — PRODUCTS

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

2.1 — Mortar materials 2.1 — Mortar materials

2.1 A.4VSZMHI QSVXEV SJ XLI X]TI ERH GSPSV WTIGMJMIH
ERHGSRJSVQMRK[MXL%781'
 %781'GSRXEMRWWXERHEVHWJSVQEXIVMEPWYWIHXS
QEOIQSVXEV8LYWGSQTSRIRXQEXIVMEPWTIGMJMGEXMSRWRIIH
RSX FI PMWXIH 8LI %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV QE] [MWL XS MRGPYHI
SRP] GIVXEMR X]TIW SJ QEXIVMEPW SV I\GPYHI SXLIVW XS KEMR
FIXXIVGSRXVSP
 8LIVI EVI X[S QIXLSHW SJ WTIGMJ]MRK QSVXEV YRHIV
%781 ' TVSTSVXMSR ERH TVSTIVX] 8LI TVSTSVXMSR
WTIGMJMGEXMSR HMVIGXW XLI GSRXVEGXSV XS QM\ XLI QEXIVMEPW MR
XLIZSPYQIXVMGTVSTSVXMSRWKMZIRMR%781'8LIWIEVI
VITIEXIHMR8EFPI7'8LITVSTIVX]WTIGMJMGEXMSRMRWXVYGXW
XLI GSRXVEGXSV XS HIZIPST E QSVXEV QM\ XLEX [MPP ]MIPH XLI
WTIGMJMIH TVSTIVXMIW YRHIV PEFSVEXSV] XIWXMRK GSRHMXMSRW
8EFPI7'GSRXEMRWXLIVIUYMVIHVIWYPXWSYXPMRIHMR%781
' 8LI VIWYPXW EVI WYFQMXXIH XS XLI %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV
ERH XLI QM\ TVSTSVXMSRW HIZIPSTIH MR XLI PEFSVEXSV] EVI
QEMRXEMRIH MR XLI JMIPH ;EXIV EHHIH MR XLI JMIPH MW
HIXIVQMRIH F] XLI QEWSR JSV FSXL QIXLSHW SJ WTIGMJ]MRK
QSVXEV % QSVXEV QM\IHMR EGGSVHERGI[MXL XLITVSTSVXMSR
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 8EFPI 7' QE] LEZI HMJJIVIRX TL]WMGEP
TVSTIVXMIWXLERSJEQSVXEVSJXLIWEQIX]TIMI8]TI17
2SV3
QM\IHMREGGSVHERGI[MXLTVSTSVXMSRWIWXEFPMWLIH
F] PEFSVEXSV] XIWXMRK XS QIIX XLI TVSTIVX] WTIGMJMGEXMSR
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ8EFPI7',MKLIVPMQIGSRXIRXMRGVIEWIW
[SVOEFMPMX] ERH [EXIV VIXIRXMZMX] %781 ' LEW ER
%TTIRHM\ [MXL MRJSVQEXMSR XLEX GER FI YWIJYP MR WIPIGXMRK
QSVXEV
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FIWTIGMJMIH%KSSHVYPISJXLYQFMWXSWTIGMJ]XLI[IEOIWX
QSVXEV XLEX [MPP TIVJSVQ EHIUYEXIP] RSX XLI WXVSRKIWX
)\GIWWMZI EQSYRXW SJ TMKQIRXW YWIH XS EGLMIZI QSVXEV
GSPSV QE] VIHYGI FSXL XLI GSQTVIWWMZI ERH FSRH WXVIRKXL
SJXLIQEWSRV]'SRJSVQERGIXSXLIQE\MQYQTIVGIRXEKIW
MRHMGEXIH [MPP PMQMX XLI PSWW SJ WXVIRKXL XS EGGITXEFPI
EQSYRXW(YIXSXLIJMRITEVXMGPIWM^IXLI[EXIVHIQERHSJ
XLI QSVXEV MRGVIEWIW [LIR GSPSVMRK TMKQIRXW EVI YWIH
%HQM\XYVIW GSRXEMRMRK I\GIWWMZI EQSYRXW SJ GLPSVMHI MSRW
EVIHIXVMQIRXEPXSWXIIPMXIQWTPEGIHMRQSVXEVSVKVSYX
 %781'WTIGMJMIWQSVXEVXIWXMRKYRHIVPEFSVEXSV]
GSRHMXMSRW SRP] JSV EGGITXERGI SJ QSVXEV QM\IW YRHIV XLI
TVSTIVX] WTIGMJMGEXMSRW *MIPH WEQTPMRK ERH XIWXMRK SJ
QSVXEV MW GSRHYGXIH YRHIV %781 ' ERH MW YWIH XS
ZIVMJ] GSRWMWXIRG] SJ QEXIVMEPW ERH TVSGIHYVIW RSX QSVXEV
WXVIRKXL %781 ' TVSZMHIW KYMHERGI SR ETTVSTVMEXI
XIWXMRKSJQSVXEVJSVUYEPMX]EWWYVERGI
S-32 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

COMMENTARY
Table SC-1 — ASTM C270 mortar proportion specification requirements
4VSTSVXMSRWF]ZSPYQIGIQIRXMXMSYWQEXIVMEPW 
4SVXPERH 1SVXEV 1EWSRV] %KKVIKEXIVEXMS
1SVXEV 8]TI GIQIRXSV GIQIRX GIQIRX ,]HVEXIHPMQI QIEWYVIHMRHEQT
FPIRHIH SVPMQITYXX] PSSWIGSRHMXMSRW 
1 7 2 1 7 2
GIQIRX
'IQIRXPMQI 1         
7        SZIV XS¡
2        SZIV¡XS 
3        SZIV XS¡
1SVXEVGIQIRX 1        
1         2SXPIWWXLER 
7 ¡        ERHRSXQSVIXLER
7         XMQIWXLIWYQSJ
XLIWITEVEXI
2         ZSPYQIWSJ
3         GIQIRXMXMSYW
1EWSRV]GIQIRX 1         QEXIVMEPW
1        
7 ¡       
7        
2        
3        
8[SEMVIRXVEMRMRKQEXIVMEPWWLEPPRSXFIGSQFMRIHMRQSVXEV

Table SC-2 — ASTM C270 property specification requirements for laboratory prepared mortar
%ZIVEKI
GSQTVIWWMZI ;EXIVVIXIRXMSR %MVGSRXIRXQE\ %KKVIKEXIVEXMSQIEWYVIH
1SVXEV 8]TI
WXVIRKXLEX QMRTIVGIRX TIVGIRX MRHEQTPSSWIGSRHMXMSRW 
HE]WTWM14E 
'IQIRXPMQI 1    
7    
2    
3    
1SVXEVGIQIRX 1     2SXPIWWXLER ERHRSX
7     QSVIXLER¡XMQIWXLI
WYQSJXLI
2     WITEVEXIZSPYQIWSJ
3     GIQIRXMXMSYWQEXIVMEPW
1EWSRV]GIQIRX 1    
7    
2    
3    
 ;LIRWXVYGXYVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWMRGSVTSVEXIHMRGIQIRXPMQISVQSVXEVGIQIRXQSVXEVXLIQE\MQYQEMVGSRXIRXWLEPP
FITIVGIRX
 ;LIRWXVYGXYVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWMRGSVTSVEXIHMRQEWSRV]GIQIRXQSVXEVXLIQE\MQYQEMVGSRXIRXWLEPPFITIVGIRX
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-33

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

2.1 B. Glass unit masonry { *SV KPEWW YRMX QEWSRV] 2.1 B. Glass unit masonry { -R I\XIVMSV ETTPMGEXMSRW
TVSZMHI8]TI7SV2QSVXEVXLEXGSRJSVQWXS%VXMGPI% GIVXEMR I\TSWYVI GSRHMXMSRW SV TERIP WM^IW QE] [EVVERX
XLI YWI SJ QSVXEV X]TI [MXL LMKL FSRH WXVIRKXL 8]TI 7
QSVXEV LEW E LMKLIV FSRH WXVIRKXL XLER 8]TI 2 QSVXEV
4SVXPERHGIQIRXPMQIQSVXEVWERHQSVXEVGIQIRXQSVXEVW
LEZI E LMKLIV FSRHWXVIRKXL XLER WSQI QEWSRV] GIQIRX
QSVXEVW SJ XLI WEQI X]TI 8LI TIVJSVQERGI SJ PSGEPP]
EZEMPEFPI QEXIVMEPW ERH XLI WM^IERHI\TSWYVI GSRHMXMSRW
SJ XLI TERIP WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIH [LIR WTIGMJ]MRK XLI
X]TISJ QSVXEV 1ERYJEGXYVIVW SJKPEWW YRMXW VIGSQQIRH
YWMRKQSVXEV GSRXEMRMRKE[EXIVVITIPPIRXEHQM\XYVISVE
GIQIRX GSRXEMRMRK E [EXIVVITIPPIRX EHHMXMSR   %
[SVOEFPILMKLP][EXIVVIXIRXMZIQSVXEVMWVIGSQQIRHIH
JSV YWI [LIR GSRHMXMSRW SJ LMKL LIEX ERH PS[ VIPEXMZI
LYQMHMX]I\MWXHYVMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR
2.1 C. AAC Masonry 2.1 C. AAC masonry — %781 ) QIEWYVIW XLI
 4VSZMHI XLMRFIH QSVXEV WTIGMJMGEPP] QERYJEGXYVIH JPI\YVEP WXVIRKXL SJ E JYPPWM^IH TERIP [LIVIEW %781
JSVYWI[MXL%%'QEWSRV]8IWXMRKXSZIVMJ]QSVXEV )ERH%781'QIEWYVIXLIJPI\YVEPWXVIRKXLSJ
TVSTIVXMIWWLEPPFIGSRHYGXIHF] XLIXLMRFIHQSVXEV WQEPP WGEPI XIWX WTIGMQIRW %781 ) [EW HIZIPSTIH
QERYJEGXYVIV ERH GSRJMVQIH F] ER MRHITIRHIRX XS TVSZMHI XLI QSWX VIEPMWXMG EWWIWWQIRX SJ E [EPPvW
XIWXMRKEKIRG] TIVJSVQERGIYRHIVJPI\YVEPPSEHMRK
E4VSZMHI XLMRFIH QSVXEV [MXL GSQTVIWWMZI
WXVIRKXLXLEXQIIXWSVI\GIIHWXLIWXVIRKXLSJXLI
%%' QEWSRV] YRMXW 'SRHYGX GSQTVIWWMZI
WXVIRKXL XIWXW MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL %781
''1
F4VSZMHI XLMRFIH QSVXEV [MXL WLIEV WXVIRKXL XLEX
QIIXWSVI\GIIHWXLIWXVIRKXLSJXLI%%'QEWSRV]
YRMXW 'SRHYGX WLIEV WXVIRKXL XIWXW MR EGGSVHERGI
[MXL%781)'YVIXLIK]TWYQGETTMRKJSVEX
PIEWXLSYVWTVMSVXSXIWXMRK
G*SVIEGLWTIGMJMIHWXVIRKXLGPEWWTVSZMHIXLMRFIH
QSVXEV [MXL JPI\YVEP XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL XLEX MW RSX
PIWW XLER XLI WQEPPIV SJ XLI QE\MQYQ ZEPYI
WTIGMJMIHMRXLIKSZIVRMRKFYMPHMRKGSHIERHXLI
QSHYPYWSJVYTXYVISJXLIQEWSRV]YRMXW'SRHYGX
JPI\YVEP WXVIRKXL XIWXW MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL %781
)%781)1IXLSH%SV%781'
  *SV GSRHYGXMRK JPI\YVEP WXVIRKXL XIWXW MR
EGGSVHERGI [MXL %781 ) GSRWXVYGX EX
PIEWX JMZI XIWX WTIGMQIRW EW WXEGOFSRHIH
TVMWQWEXPIEWXMRQQ LMKL9WIXLI
X]TI SJ QSVXEV WTIGMJMIH F] XLI %%' YRMX
QERYJEGXYVIV
  *SV JPI\YVEP WXVIRKXL XIWXW MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL
%781 ' GSRWXVYGX XIWX WTIGMQIRW EW
WXEGOFSRHIHTVMWQWGSQTVMWIHSJEXPIEWXFIH
NSMRXW8IWXEXSXEPSJEX PIEWXNSMRXW9WIXLI
X]TI SJ QSVXEV WTIGMJMIH F] XLI %%' YRMX
QERYJEGXYVIV
H4IVJSVQ WTPMXXMRK XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL XIWXW MR
EGGSVHERGI[MXL%781'
S-34 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

2.1 C. AAC Masonry'SRXMRYIH  

 1SVXEV JSV PIZIPMRK GSYVWI WLEPP FI 8]TI 1 SV 7
'SRJSVQXSXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ%VXMGPI%

2.2 — Grout materials 2.2 — Grout materials

2.2 A.9RPIWW SXLIV[MWI VIUYMVIH TVSZMHI KVSYX XLEX
GSRJSVQWXS
  XLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ%781'SV
  XLI QEXIVMEP VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ %781 ' EXXEMRW
XLI WTIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SV  TWM
%781 ' GSRXEMRW WXERHEVHW JSV QEXIVMEPW YWIH
XSQEOIKVSYX8LYWGSQTSRIRXQEXIVMEPWTIGMJMGEXMSRW
RIIHRSXFIPMWXIH
%HQM\XYVIWJSVKVSYXMRGPYHIXLSWIXSMRGVIEWIJPS[
ERHXSVIHYGIWLVMROEKI7MRGIWIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRKKVSYXW
MRGPYHIEHQM\XYVIWERHEVIHIPMZIVIH XSXLITVSNIGX WMXI
14E
[LMGLIZIVMWKVIEXIVEXHE]W[LIR
TVIQM\IH SV TVIFPIRHIH ERH GIVXMJMIH F] XLI
XIWXIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL %781 ' LEW E
QERYJEGXYVIVXLIEHHMXMSRSJEHQM\XYVIW MR XLI JMIPH MW
WPYQT JPS[ SJ MR XS MR  XS  QQ
 EW
RSXTIVQMXXIH
HIXIVQMRIH F] %781 ''1 ERH LEW E
:MWYEP7XEFMPMX]-RHI\:7-
PIWWXLERSVIUYEPXS 7IPJGSRWSPMHEXMRK KVSYX QIIXW XLI QEXIVMEP
EW HIXIVQMRIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL %781 VIUYMVIQIRXW MR %781 '  &IGEYWI XLI QM\ MW
''1%TTIRHM\< LMKLP] JPYMH XVEHMXMSREP WPYQT GSRI XIWXW JSV QEWSRV]
KVSYX EVI RSX ETTPMGEFPI 8LI QEXIVMEP MW UYEPMJMIH F]
2.2 B.4VSZMHI E KVSYX HIQSRWXVEXMSR TERIP QIIXMRK XLI
QIEWYVMRK MXW WPYQT JPS[ ERH HIXIVQMRMRK MXW :MWYEP
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ %VXMGPI  ) [LIR KVSYX GSRJSVQMRK XS
YWMRK%781''1
EVXMGPI%[MPPFIYWIH[MXL%%'QEWSRV]
2.2 C.(S RSX YWI EHQM\XYVIW YRPIWW EGGITXEFPI *MIPH
EHHMXMSRSJEHQM\XYVIW MWRSXTIVQMXXIHMRWIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRK
KVSYX
2.3 — Masonry unit materials
2.3 A.4VSZMHI GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] YRMXW XLEX GSRJSVQ XS
%781''''SV'EWWTIGMJMIH
7XEFMPMX]-RHI\:7-
8LMW EVXMGPI HSIW RSX ETTP] XS TVIWXVIWWMRK KVSYX WII
%VXMGPI+F
2.3 — Masonry unit materials
2.3 A. 'SRGVIXI QEWSRV] YRMXW EVI QEHI JVSQ
PMKLX[IMKLX ERH RSVQEP [IMKLX EKKVIKEXI [EXIV ERH
GIQIRX 8LI YRMXW EVI EZEMPEFPI MR E ZEVMIX] SJ WLETIW
WM^IW GSPSVW ERH WXVIRKXLW 7MRGI XLI TVSTIVXMIW SJ XLI
GSRGVIXI ZEV] [MXL XLI EKKVIKEXI X]TI ERH QM\
TVSTSVXMSRW XLIVIMW E VERKI SJ TL]WMGEP TVSTIVXMIW ERH
[IMKLXWEZEMPEFPIMRGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]YRMXW
1EWSRV] YRMXW EVI WIPIGXIH JSV XLI YWI ERH
ETTIEVERGI HIWMVIH [MXL QMRMQYQ VIUYMVIQIRXW
EHHVIWWIH F] IEGL VIWTIGXMZI %781 WXERHEVH ;LIR
TEVXMGYPEV JIEXYVIW EVI HIWMVIH WYGL EW WYVJEGI XI\XYVIW
JSV ETTIEVERGI SV FSRH JMRMWL GSPSV SV TEVXMGYPEV
TVSTIVXMIW WYGL EW [IMKLX GPEWWMJMGEXMSR LMKLIV
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL JMVI VIWMWXERGI XLIVQEP SV
EGSYWXMGEP TIVJSVQERGI XLIWI JIEXYVIW WLSYPH FI
WTIGMJMIH WITEVEXIP] F] XLI TYVGLEWIV 0SGEP WYTTPMIVW
WLSYPHFIGSRWYPXIHEWXSXLIEZEMPEFMPMX]SJYRMXWLEZMRK
XLIHIWMVIHJIEXYVIW
'SRGVIXI FVMGO WTIGMJMIH MR %781 ' ERH WERH
PMQI FVMGO WTIGMJMIH MR %781 ' EVI WTIGMJMIH F]
KVEHI%781'HIWMKREXIWX[SKVEHIW+VEHI2ERH
+VEHI7+VEHI 2 YRMXW EVIJSV KIRIVEP YWI WYGLEW MR
I\XIVMSV[EPPWEFSZISVFIPS[KVEHI[LMGLQE]SVQE]
RSXFII\TSWIHXSXLI[IEXLIV+VEHI7YRMXWEVIPMQMXIH
XS YWI EFSZI KVEHI MR I\XIVMSV [EPPW [MXL [IEXLIV
TVSXIGXMZIGSEXMRKWERHMR[EPPWRSXI\TSWIHXS[IEXLIV
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-35

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

2.3 A.'SRXMRYIH

%781 ' HIWMKREXIW WERHPMQI FVMGO EW IMXLIV
+VEHI7;SV+VEHI1;+VEHI7;FVMGOEVIMRXIRHIH
JSV YWI [LIVI XLI] [MPP FI I\TSWIH XS JVII^MRK
XIQTIVEXYVIW MR XLI TVIWIRGI SJ QSMWXYVI +VEHI 1;
FVMGO EVI PMQMXIH XS ETTPMGEXMSRW MR [LMGL XLI] QE] FI
WYFNIGXIHXSJVII^MRKXIQTIVEXYVIFYXMR[LMGLXLI]EVI
YRPMOIP]XSFIWEXYVEXIH[MXL[EXIV
8EFPI 7' WYQQEVM^IW XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV
ZEVMSYW GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] YRMXW KMZIR MR XLI VIJIVIRGIH
WXERHEVHW
%781'GSZIVWXLITVSTIVXMIWSJYRMXWXLEXLEZIE
VIWMR JEGMRK SR XLIQ 8LI YRMXW QYWX QIIX XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJSRISJXLISXLIVVIJIVIRGIHWXERHEVHW

2.3 B.4VSZMHIGPE]SVWLEPIQEWSRV]YRMXWXLEXGSRJSVQXS
%781''''''''SV
'SVXS%27-%EWWTIGMJMIH
2.3 B.'PE] SV WLEPI QEWSRV] YRMXW EVI JSVQIH JVSQ
XLSWI QEXIVMEPW ERH VIJIVVIH XS EW FVMGO SV XMPI 'PE]
QEWSRV]YRMXWQE]FIQSPHIHTVIWWIHSVI\XVYHIHMRXS
XLI HIWMVIH WLETI 4L]WMGEP TVSTIVXMIW HITIRHYTSR XLI
VE[ QEXIVMEPW XLI QIXLSH SJ JSVQMRK ERH XLI JMVMRK
XIQTIVEXYVI -RGMTMIRX JYWMSR E QIPXMRK ERH NSMRMRK SJ
XLI GPE] TEVXMGPIW MW RIGIWWEV] XS HIZIPST XLI WXVIRKXL
ERHHYVEFMPMX]SJGPE]QEWSRV]YRMXW%[MHIZEVMIX]SJ
YRMXWLETIWWM^IWGSPSVWERHWXVIRKXLWMWEZEMPEFPI
8LI MRXIRHIH YWI HIXIVQMRIW [LMGL WXERHEVH
WTIGMJMGEXMSR MW ETTPMGEFPI +IRIVEPP] FVMGO YRMXW EVI
WQEPPIVXLERXMPIXMPIMWEP[E]WGSVIHERHFVMGOQE]FI
WSPMH SV GSVIH &VMGO MW RSVQEPP] I\TSWIH MR YWI ERH
QSWX XMPI MW GSZIVIH +VEHI SV GPEWW MW HIXIVQMRIH F]
I\TSWYVIGSRHMXMSRERH LEWVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVHYVEFMPMX]
YWYEPP] KMZIR F] GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL ERH EFWSVTXMSR
(MQIRWMSREP ZEVMEXMSRW ERH EPPS[EFPI GLMTW ERH GVEGOW
EVIGSRXVSPPIHF]X]TI
8EFPI 7' WYQQEVM^IW XLIVIUYMVIQIRXW KMZIR MR XLI
VIJIVIRGIHWXERHEVHW

Table SC-3 — Concrete masonry unit requirements

%781
7TIGMJMGEXMSR 9RMX 7XVIRKXL ;IMKLX 8]TI +VEHI
' 'SRGVIXIFVMGO ]IW ]IW ]IW ]IW
' 7ERHPMQIFVMGO ]IW RS RS ]IW
' 0SEHFIEVMRKYRMXW ]IW ]IW ]IW RS
' 2SRPSEHFIEVMRKYRMXW ]IW ]IW ]IW RS
' 4VIJEGIHYRMXW { { { {
S-36
SPECIFICATION
2.3 C.4VSZMHI WXSRI QEWSRV] YRMXW XLEX GSRJSVQ XS
%781''''SV'EWWTIGMJMIH
2.3 D.4VSZMHI LSPPS[ KPEWW YRMXW XLEX EVI TEVXMEPP]
IZEGYEXIHERHLEZIEQMRMQYQEZIVEKIKPEWWJEGIXLMGORIWW
TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
COMMENTARY
2.3 C. 7XSRI QEWSRV] YRMXW EVI X]TMGEPP] WIPIGXIH F]
GSPSV ERH ETTIEVERGI 8LI VIJIVIRGIH WXERHEVHW GPEWWMJ]
FYMPHMRK WXSRIW F] XLI TVSTIVXMIW WLS[R MR 8EFPI 7'
8LI ZEPYIW KMZIR MR XLI WXERHEVHW WIVZI EW QMRMQYQ
VIUYMVIQIRXW 7XSRI MW SJXIR SVHIVIH F] E TEVXMGYPEV
UYEVV] SV GSPSV VEXLIV XLER XLI GPEWWMJMGEXMSR QIXLSH MR
XLIWXERHEVH
2.3 D. ,SPPS[ KPEWW QEWSRV] YRMXW EVI JSVQIH F]
JYWMRKX[SQSPHIHLEPZIWSJKPEWWXSKIXLIVXSTVSHYGIE
SJ  MR  QQ
 4VSZMHI WSPMH KPEWW FPSGO YRMXW [LIR TEVXMEP ZEGYYQ MR XLI VIWYPXMRK GEZMX] 8LI VIWYPXMRK
VIUYMVIH4VSZMHIYRMXWMR[LMGLXLIWYVJEGIWMRXIRHIHXSFIMR
GSRXEGX[MXLQSVXEVEVIXVIEXIH[MXLTSP]ZMR]PFYX]VEPGSEXMRK
SVPEXI\FEWIHTEMRX(SRSXYWIVIGPEMQIHYRMXW
KPEWW FPSGO YRMXW EVI EZEMPEFPI MR E ZEVMIX] SJ WLETIW
WM^IW ERH TEXXIVRW 9RHIV[VMXIVW 0EFSVEXSVMIW MRWTIGXW
XLI QERYJEGXYVMRK ERH UYEPMX] GSRXVSP STIVEXMSRW SJ
KPEWW FPSGO TVSHYGXMSR SR E VIKYPEV FEWMW JSV 90
ETTVSZIHYRMXW8LI QMRMQYQ JEGI XLMGORIWWMWTEVXSJ
XLEXMRWTIGXMSR
8LI FPSGO IHKIW EVI YWYEPP] XVIEXIH MR XLI JEGXSV]
[MXLEGSEXMRKXLEXGERFIGPIEVSVSTEUYI8LITVMQEV]
TYVTSWI SJ XLI GSEXMRK MW XS TVSZMHI ER
I\TERWMSRGSRXVEGXMSR QIGLERMWQ XS VIHYGI WXVIWW
GVEGOMRKERHXSMQTVSZIXLIQSVXEVFSRH

Table SC-4 — Clay brick and tile requirements

1MRMQYQ
%781 +VEHI
7TIGMJMGEXMSR 9RMX WSPMH 7XVIRKXL ;IMKLX 8]TI
' 0SEHFIEVMRK[EPPXMPI E ]IW ]IW RS
' 2SRPSEHFIEVMRK[EPPXMPI F RS ]IW RS
' &YMPHMRKFVMGOWSPMH   ]IW ]IW RS
' 'IVEQMGKPE^IHYRMXW G ]IW RS ]IW
' 7XVYGXYVEPJEGMRKXMPI F ]IW RS ]IW
' *EGMRKFVMGOWSPMH   ]IW ]IW ]IW
' ,SPPS[FVMGO E ]IW ]IW ]IW
2SXIW
E%QMRMQYQ TIVGIRX MW KMZIR MR XLMW WTIGMJMGEXMSR 8LI TIVGIRX WSPMH MW EJYRGXMSR SJXLI VIUYMVIQIRXWJSV WM^I
ERHSVRYQFIVSJGIPPWEW[IPPEWXLIQMRMQYQWLIPPERH[IFXLMGORIWWIW
F2SQMRMQYQTIVGIRXWSPMHMWKMZIRMRXLMWWTIGMJMGEXMSR8LITIVGIRXWSPMHMWEJYRGXMSRSJXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWJSV
XLIRYQFIVSJGIPPWERH[IMKLXWTIVWUYEVIJSSX
G7SPMHQEWSRV]YRMXWQMRMQYQTIVGIRXWSPMHMWTIVGIRX,SPPS[QEWSRV]YRMXW{RSQMRMQYQTIVGIRXWSPMHMW
KMZIR MR XLMW WTIGMJMGEXMSR 8LIMV TIVGIRX WSPMH MW E JYRGXMSR SJ XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV RYQFIV SJ GIPPW ERH XLI
QMRMQYQWLIPPERH[IFXLMGORIWWIW

Table SC-5 — Stone requirements

%781 'SQTVIWWMZI 1SHYPYW %FVEWMSR %GMH
7TIGMJMGEXMSR 7XSRI %FWSVTXMSR (IRWMX] WXVIRKXL SJVYTXYVI VIWMWXERGI VIWMWXERGI
' 1EVFPI QMRMQYQ VERKI QMRMQYQ QMRMQYQ QMRMQYQ RSRI
' 0MQIWXSRI VERKI VERKI VERKI VERKI VERKI RSRI
' +VERMXI QMRMQYQ QMRMQYQ QMRMQYQ QMRMQYQ QMRMQYQ RSRI
' 7ERHWXSRI VERKI VERKI VERKI VERKI VERKI RSRI
' 7PEXI VERKI RSRI RSRI QMRMQYQ QMRMQYQ VERKI
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-37

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

2.3 E.4VSZMHI %%' QEWSRV] YRMXW XLEX GSRJSVQ XS
%781 ' JSV XLI WXVIRKXL GPEWW WTIGMJMIH MR XLI
'SRXVEGX(SGYQIRXW
2.3 E. %%' QEWSRV] YRMXW EVI WTIGMJMIH F] FSXL
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLERHHIRWMX]:EVMSYWHIRWMX]VERKIWEVI
KMZIR MR %781 ' JSV WTIGMJMG GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXLW
+IRIVEPP]XLIHIRWMX]MWWTIGMJMIHFEWIHSRGSRWMHIVEXMSRSJ
XLIVQEP EGSYWXMGEP ERH [IMKLX VIUYMVIQIRXW ;LMPI %781
' TVSZMHIW FSXL QMRMQYQ GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL ERH
GSVVIWTSRHMRK EZIVEKI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL ZEPYIW %%'
QEWSRV] MW WXVYGXYVEPP] HIWMKRIH FEWIH SR XLI WTIGMJMG
QMRMQYQ GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ XLI %%' QEXIVMEP EW
HIXIVQMRIHF]%781'

2.4 — Reinforcement, prestressing tendons, and 2.4 — Reinforcement, prestressing tendons, and
metal accessories metal accessories
2.4 A. Reinforcing steel — 4VSZMHI HIJSVQIH VIMRJSVGMRK  7II8EFPI7'JSVEWYQQEV]SJTVSTIVXMIW
FEVW XLEX GSRJSVQ XS SRI SJ XLI JSPPS[MRK EW
WTIGMJMIH
  %781%%1
  %781%%1
  %781%%1
  %781%%1
  %781%%1

Table SC-6 — Reinforcement and metal accessories

%781 =MIPHWXVIRKXL =MIPHWXVIWW
WTIGMJMGEXMSR 1EXIVMEP 9WI OWM14E  14E
%%1 7XVYGXYVEPWXIIP 'SRRIGXSVW   
%%1 7XIIP[MVI .SMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXXMIW   
% 7XEMRPIWWWXIIP &SPXWVIMRJSVGIQIRXXMIW   
%%1 7XIIP[IPHIH[MVI ;IPHIH[MVIVIMRJSVGIQIRX   
VIMRJSVGIQIRX
% 'EVFSRWXIIP 'SRRIGXSVW E {
%%1 'EVFSRWXIIP 'SRRIGXSVW { {
%%1 7XIIP[MVI 6IMRJSVGIQIRX   
%%1 7XIIP[IPHIH[MVI 6IMRJSVGIQIRX[IPHIH   
VIMRJSVGIQIRX [MVIVIMRJSVGIQIRX
%%1 'EVFSRWXIIP 6IMRJSVGIQIRX   
%%1 6EMPERHE\PIWXIIP 6IMRJSVGIQIRX   
%%1 0S[EPPS]WXIIP 6IMRJSVGIQIRX   {
E %781HSIWRSXHIJMRIE]MIPHWXVIRKXLZEPYIJSV%781%+VEHI%ERGLSVFSPXW
S-38 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

2.4 B. Prestressing tendons 2.4 B. Prestressing tendons — 8LI GSRWXVYGXMFMPMX]

 4VSZMHITVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWXLEXGSRJSVQXSSRISJ
XLI JSPPS[MRK WXERHEVHW I\GITX JSV XLSWI TIVQMXXIH
MR%VXMGPIW&ERH&
  E;MVI%781%%1
EWTIGXW SJ TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] JEZSV XLI YWI SJ VSHW SV
VMKMH WXVERHW [MXL QIGLERMGEP ERGLSVEKI MR YRKVSYXIH
GSRWXVYGXMSR 1MPH WXVIRKXL WXIIP FEVW LEZI FIIR YWIH MR
TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] MRWXEPPEXMSRW MR XLI 9RMXIH 7XEXIW
8LI WXVIWWVIPE\EXMSR GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW SJ QMPH WXVIRKXL FEVW
SJPIWWXLEROWM?14EA
WLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHF]
  F0S[VIPE\EXMSR[MVI%781%%1 XIWXWERHXLSWIVIWYPXWWLSYPHFIHSGYQIRXIH
  G7XVERH%781%%1
  H0S[VIPE\EXMSRWXVERH%781%%1
  I&EV%781%%1
 ;MVI WXVERHW ERH FEVW RSX WTIGMJMGEPP] PMWXIH MR
%781 %%1 %%1 SV
%%1 EVI TIVQMXXIH TVSZMHIH XLEX XLI]
GSRJSVQ XS XLI QMRMQYQ VIUYMVIQIRXW MR %781
%%1 %%1 SV %%1 ERH
EVIETTVSZIHF]XLI%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV
 &EVW ERH [MVIW SJ PIWW XLER  OWM  14E

XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL ERH GSRJSVQMRK XS %781
%%1 %%1 %%1
%%1SV%%1EVITIVQMXXIHXSFI
YWIHEWTVIWXVIWWIHXIRHSRWTVSZMHIHXLEXXLIWXVIWW
VIPE\EXMSR TVSTIVXMIW LEZI FIIR EWWIWWIH F] XIWXW
EGGSVHMRK XS %781 ) JSV XLI QE\MQYQ
TIVQMWWMFPIWXVIWWMRXLIXIRHSR

2.4 C. Joint reinforcement

  4VSZMHINSMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXXLEXGSRJSVQWXS%781
% 1E\MQYQ WTEGMRK SJ GVSWW [MVIW MR PEHHIV
X]TINSMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHSJTSMRXWSJGSRRIGXMSR
SJ GVSWW [MVIW XS PSRKMXYHMREP [MVIW SJ XVYWWX]TI
NSMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPFIMRQQ 
  Deformed reinforcing wire — 4VSZMHI HIJSVQIH
VIMRJSVGMRK [MVI XLEX GSRJSVQW XS %781
%%1
  Welded wire reinforcement — 4VSZMHI[IPHIH[MVI
VIMRJSVGIQIRXXLEXGSRJSVQWXSSRISJXLIJSPPS[MRK
WTIGMJMGEXMSRW
E4PEMR%781%%1
  F(IJSVQIH%781%%1
2.4 D. Anchors, ties, and accessories — 4VSZMHIERGLSVW
XMIW ERH EGGIWWSVMIW XLEX GSRJSVQ XS XLI JSPPS[MRK
WTIGMJMGEXMSRWI\GITXEWSXLIV[MWIWTIGMJMIH
 4PEXIERHFIRXFEVERGLSVW%781%%1
 7LIIXQIXEPERGLSVWERHXMIW
  %781%%1
 ;MVIQIWLXMIW%781%%1
 ;MVIXMIWERHERGLSVW%781%%1
 ,IEHIHERGLSVFSPXW%781%+VEHI%
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-39

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

2.4 D. Anchors, ties, and accessories'SRXMRYIH

4ERIP ERGLSVW JSV KPEWW YRMX QEWSRV]  { 4VSZMHI

 MR QQ  [MHI MR QQ  PSRK
KEKIWXIIPWXVMTWTYRGLIH[MXLXLVIIWXEKKIVIHVS[W
SJIPSRKEXIHLSPIWKEPZERM^IHEJXIVJEFVMGEXMSR

2.4 E. Stainless steel —7XEMRPIWW WXIIP MXIQW WLEPP FI 2.4 E. Stainless steel —'SVVSWMSRVIWMWXERGISJWXEMRPIWW
%-7- 8]TI  SV 8]TI  ERH WLEPP GSRJSVQ XS XLI WXIIPMWKVIEXIVXLERXLEXSJXLISXLIVWXIIPWPMWXIH8LYWMX
JSPPS[MRK HSIWRSXLEZIXSFIGSEXIHJSVGSVVSWMSRVIWMWXERGI
 .SMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX%781%%1
 4PEXIERHFIRXFEVERGLSVW
  %781%%1ERH%781%
 7LIIXQIXEPERGLSVWERHXMIW
  %781%%1ERH%781%%1
 ;MVIXMIWERHERGLSVW%781%%1

2.4 F. Coatings for corrosion protection — 9RPIWW 2.4 F. Coatings for corrosion protection — %QSYRX SJ
SXLIV[MWI VIUYMVIH TVSXIGX GEVFSR WXIIP NSMRX KEPZERM^MRKVIUYMVIHMRGVIEWIW[MXLWIZIVMX]SJI\TSWYVIz

VIMRJSVGIQIRXXMIWERGLSVWERHWXIIPTPEXIWERHFEVWJVSQ 4VSNIGXHSGYQIRXWWLSYPHWTIGMJ]XLIPIZIPSJGSVVSWMSR
GSVVSWMSRF]KEPZERM^MRKSVITS\]GSEXMRKMRGSRJSVQERGI TVSXIGXMSREWVIUYMVIHF]'SHI7IGXMSR
[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRKQMRMQYQW
 +EPZERM^IHGSEXMRKW
E1MPPKEPZERM^IHGSEXMRKW
   .SMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX
 %781%%1S^JX OKQ
   7LIIXQIXEPXMIWERHWLIIXQIXEPERGLSVW
 %781%%1'SEXMRK(IWMKREXMSR+
F,SXHMTKEPZERM^IHGSEXMRKW
   .SMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX[MVIXMIWERH[MVIERGLSVW
 %781%%1S^JX KQ
   7LIIXQIXEPXMIWERHWLIIXQIXEPERGLSVW
 %781%%1'PEWW&
   7XIIPTPEXIWERHFEVWEWETTPMGEFPIXSWM^IERH
JSVQMRHMGEXIH %781%%1
  SV%781%%1'PEWW&
 )TS\]GSEXMRKW
E.SMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX
%781%%1'PEWW%
8]TI{QMPW Q 
F;MVIXMIWERHERGLSVW
%781%%1'PEWW'{QMPW Q
G7LIIXQIXEPXMIWERHERGLSVW
QMPW Q TIVWYVJEGI
SVQERYJEGXYVIVvWWTIGMJMGEXMSR
S-40 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

2.4 G. Corrosion protection for tendons — 4VSXIGX 2.4 G. Corrosion protection for tendons — 8LI
XIRHSRW JVSQ GSVVSWMSR [LIR XLI] EVI MR I\XIVMSV [EPPW WTIGMJMIH QIXLSHW SJ GSVVSWMSR TVSXIGXMSR JSV YRFSRHIH
I\TSWIH XS IEVXL SV [IEXLIV SV [EPPW I\TSWIH XS E QIER TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW EVI GSRWMWXIRX [MXL GSVVSWMSR
VIPEXMZI LYQMHMX] I\GIIHMRK  TIVGIRX GSVVSWMZI TVSXIGXMSR VIUYMVIQIRXW HIZIPSTIH JSV WMRKPIWXVERH
IRZMVSRQIRX  7IPIGX GSVVSWMSR TVSXIGXMSR QIXLSHW JSV TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW MR GSRGVIXI 1EWSRV] GSZIV MW RSX
FSRHIHERHYRFSRHIHXIRHSRWJVSQSRISJXLIJSPPS[MRK WYJJMGMIRX GSVVSWMSR TVSXIGXMSR JSV FSRHIH TVIWXVIWWMRK
XIRHSRW MR E GSVVSWMZI IRZMVSRQIRX 8LIVIJSVI GSQTPIXI
Bonded tendons { )RGETWYPEXI FSRHIH XIRHSRW MR
IRGETWYPEXMSR MRXS TPEWXMG HYGXW MW VIUYMVIH 8LMW
GSVVSWMSR VIWMWXERX ERH [EXIVXMKLX GSVVYKEXIH HYGXW
VIUYMVIQIRX MW GSRWMWXIRX [MXL GSVVSWMSR TVSXIGXMSR JSV
GSQTP]MRK [MXL %VXMGPI +E *MPP HYGXW [MXL
YRFSRHIH XIRHSRW %PXIVREXMZI QIXLSHW SJ GSVVSWMSR
TVIWXVIWWMRKKVSYXGSQTP]MRK[MXL%VXMGPI+F
TVSXIGXMSR WYGL EW XLI YWI SJ WXEMRPIWW WXIIP XIRHSRW SV
E (YGXW — ,MKLHIRWMX] TSP]IXL]PIRI SV KEPZERM^IH XIRHSRW EVI TIVQMXXIH )ZMHIRGI WLSYPH FI
TSP]TVST]PIRI TVSZMHIHXLEXXLIKEPZERM^MRKYWIHSRXLIXIRHSRWHSIWRSX
GEYWIL]HVSKIRIQFVMXXPIQIRXSJXLITVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSR
  9WI HYGXW XLEX EVI QSVXEVXMKLX ERH RSR
VIEGXMZI[MXLQEWSRV]XIRHSRWERHKVSYX  4VSXIGXMSR SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW EKEMRWX GSVVSWMSR MW
TVSZMHIHF]ERYQFIVSJQIEWYVIW8]TMGEPP]ETVSTVMIXEV]
  4VSZMHI HYGXW[MXLER MRWMHI HMEQIXIV EXPIEWX W]WXIQ MW YWIH XLEX MRGPYHIW WLIEXLMRK XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK
MR QQ  PEVKIV XLER XLI XIRHSR XIRHSR[MXLE[EXIVTVSSJTPEWXMGXETISVHYGX(MWGYWWMSRSJ
HMEQIXIV XLI ZEVMSYW GSVVSWMSRTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQW YWIH JSV
  1EMRXEMRHYGXWJVIISJ[EXIVMJQIQFIVWXSFI TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] MW EZEMPEFPI MR XLI PMXIVEXYVI 3RI
KVSYXIH EVI I\TSWIH XS XIQTIVEXYVIW FIPS[ I\EQTPI SJ E GSVVSWMSR TVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQ JSV XLI
JVII^MRKTVMSVXSKVSYXMRK TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRMWWLS[RMR*MKYVI7'
  4VSZMHI STIRMRKW EX FSXL IRHW SJ HYGXW JSV  'LPSVMHIW JPYSVMHIW WYPJMXIW RMXVEXIW SV SXLIV
KVSYXMRNIGXMSR GLIQMGEPWMRXLITVIWXVIWWMRKKVSYXQE]LEVQTVIWXVIWWMRK
XIRHSRWERHWLSYPHRSXFIYWIHMRLEVQJYPGSRGIRXVEXMSRW
F 4VIWXVIWWMRKKVSYX
 ,MWXSVMGEPP]EKKVIKEXIWLEZI RSXFIIR YWIHMRKVSYXW
  7IPIGXTVSTSVXMSRWSJQEXIVMEPWJSVTVIWXVIWWMRK JSVFSRHIHTSWXXIRWMSRIHGSRGVIXIGSRWXVYGXMSR
KVSYXYWMRKIMXLIVSJXLIJSPPS[MRKQIXLSHWEW
EGGITXIHF]XLI%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV
 E  6IWYPXW SJ XIWXW SR JVIWL ERH LEVHIRIH
TVIWXVIWWMRK KVSYX { TVMSV XS FIKMRRMRK
KVSYXMRKSTIVEXMSRWSV
 F  4VMSV HSGYQIRXIH I\TIVMIRGI [MXL
WMQMPEV QEXIVMEPW ERH IUYMTQIRX ERH YRHIV
GSQTEVEFPIJMIPHGSRHMXMSRW
4VIWXVIWWMRK8IRHSR
  9WI TSVXPERH GIQIRX GSRJSVQMRK XS %781
'8]TI---SV---XLEXGSVVIWTSRHWXSXLI
X]TI YTSR [LMGL WIPIGXMSR SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK
KVSYX[EWFEWIH 4IVQERIRX'SVVSWMSR
  9WIXLIQMRMQYQ[EXIVGSRXIRXRIGIWWEV]JSV 4VIZIRXMZI+VIEWI
TVSTIV TYQTMRK SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK KVSYX
LS[IZIV PMQMX XLI [EXIVGIQIRX VEXMS XS E
QE\MQYQSJF][IMKLX 4PEWXMG7LIEXL

  (MWGEVH TVIWXVIWWMRK KVSYX XLEX LEW FIKYR XS WIX

HYIXSHIPE]IHYWI
+EPZERM^IH7XIIPSV
  (S RSX YWI EHQM\XYVIW YRPIWW EGGITXEFPI XS
4PEWXMG4MTI
XLI%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV
  9WI[EXIVXLEXMWTSXEFPIERHJVIISJQEXIVMEPW
ORS[RXSFILEVQJYPXSQEWSRV]QEXIVMEPWERH Figure SC-3 — An example of a corrosion-protection
VIMRJSVGIQIRX system for an unbonded tendon
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-41

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

2.4 G. Corrosion protection for tendons'SRXMRYIH

  Unbonded tendons — 'SEX YRFSRHIH XIRHSRW [MXL E
QEXIVMEP GSQTP]MRK [MXL %VXMGPI  +F ERH GSZIVIH
[MXL E WLIEXLMRK GSQTP]MRK [MXL %VXMGPI +E
%GGITXEFPI QEXIVMEPW MRGPYHI E GSVVSWMSRMRLMFMXMRK
GSEXMRKQEXIVMEP[MXLEXIRHSRGSZIVMRKWLIEXLMRK 
 E 4VSZMHI GSRXMRYSYW XIRHSR WLIEXLMRK SZIV XLI
IRXMVI XIRHSR PIRKXL XS TVIZIRX PSWW SJ GSEXMRK
QEXIVMEPW HYVMRK XIRHSR MRWXEPPEXMSR ERH WXVIWWMRK
TVSGIHYVIW 4VSZMHI E WLIEXLMRK SJ QIHMYQ
HIRWMX] SV LMKLHIRWMX] TSP]IXL]PIRI SV
TSP]TVST]PIRI[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRKTVSTIVXMIW
  7YJJMGMIRX WXVIRKXL XS [MXLWXERH HEQEKI HYVMRK
JEFVMGEXMSR XVERWTSVX MRWXEPPEXMSR ERH
XIRWMSRMRK
  ;EXIVXMKLXRIWWSZIVXLIIRXMVIWLIEXLMRKPIRKXL
  'LIQMGEP WXEFMPMX] [MXLSYX IQFVMXXPIQIRX SV
WSJXIRMRK SZIV XLI ERXMGMTEXIH I\TSWYVI
XIQTIVEXYVI VERKI ERH WIVZMGI PMJI SJ XLI
WXVYGXYVI
  2SRVIEGXMZI [MXL QEWSRV] ERH XLI XIRHSR
GSVVSWMSRMRLMFMXMRKGSEXMRK
  -R RSVQEP RSRGSVVSWMZI  IRZMVSRQIRXW E
WLIEXLMRKXLMGORIWWSJRSXPIWWXLERMR
QQ  -R GSVVSWMZI IRZMVSRQIRXW E WLIEXLMRK
XLMGORIWWSJRSXPIWWXLERMRQQ 
  %R MRWMHI HMEQIXIV EX PIEWX  MR 
QQ  KVIEXIV XLER XLI QE\MQYQ HMEQIXIV SJ
XLIXIRHSR
  *SV ETTPMGEXMSRW MR GSVVSWMZI IRZMVSRQIRXW
GSRRIGXXLI WLIEXLMRK XS MRXIVQIHMEXI ERHJM\IH
ERGLSVEKIW MR E [EXIVXMKLX JEWLMSR XLYW
TVSZMHMRK E GSQTPIXI IRGETWYPEXMSR SJ XLI
XIRHSR
 F 4VSZMHI E GSVVSWMSRMRLMFMXMRK GSEXMRK QEXIVMEP
[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRKTVSTIVXMIW
   0YFVMGEXMSR FIX[IIR XLI XIRHSR ERH XLI
WLIEXLMRK
   6IWMWX JPS[ JVSQ XLI WLIEXLMRK [MXLMR XLI
ERXMGMTEXIHXIQTIVEXYVIVERKISJI\TSWYVI
   % GSRXMRYSYW RSRFVMXXPI JMPQ EX XLI PS[IWX
ERXMGMTEXIHXIQTIVEXYVISJI\TSWYVI
   'LIQMGEPP] WXEFPI ERH RSRVIEGXMZI [MXL XLI
XIRHSRWLIEXLMRKQEXIVMEPERHQEWSRV]
   %R SVKERMG GSEXMRK [MXL ETTVSTVMEXI TSPEV
QSMWXYVI HMWTPEGMRK ERH GSVVSWMSRTVIZIRXMZI
EHHMXMZIW
S-42 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

2.4 G.2.b. (Continued)

   % QMRMQYQ [IMKLX RSX PIWW XLER  PF SJ
GSEXMRK QEXIVMEP TIV  JX  K SJ GSEXMRK
QEXIVMEP TIV Q  SJ MR QQ  HMEQIXIV
XIRHSRERHPFSJGSEXMRKQEXIVMEPTIVJX
 K SJ GSEXMRK QEXIVMEP TIV Q  SJ MR
QQ  HMEQIXIV XIRHSR 9WI E WYJJMGMIRX
EQSYRXSJGSEXMRKQEXIVMEPXSIRWYVIJMPPMRKSJ
XLI ERRYPEV WTEGI FIX[IIR XIRHSR ERH
WLIEXLMRK
   )\XIRH XLI GSEXMRK SZIV XLI IRXMVI XIRHSR
PIRKXL
   4VSZMHIXIWXVIWYPXWMREGGSVHERGI[MXL8EFPI
JSVXLIGSVVSWMSRMRLMFMXMRKGSEXMRKQEXIVMEP
  %PXIVREXMZI QIXLSHW SJ GSVVSWMSR TVSXIGXMSR XLEX
TVSZMHI E TVSXIGXMSR PIZIP IUYMZEPIRX XS %VXMGPIW
+ ERH  + EVI TIVQMXXIH 7XEMRPIWW WXIIP
TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW SV XIRHSRW KEPZERM^IH
EGGSVHMRK XS %781 %%1 'PEWW & EVI
EGGITXEFPI EPXIVREXMZI QIXLSHW -J KEPZERM^IH
JYVXLIVIZMHIRGIQYWXFITVSZMHIHXLEXXLIGSEXMRK
[MPP RSX TVSHYGI L]HVSKIR IQFVMXXPIQIRX SJ XLI
WXIIP

2.4 H. Prestressing anchorages, couplers, and end blocks 2.4 H. Prestressing anchorages, couplers, and end
blocks — 8]TMGEP ERGLSVEKI ERH GSYTPMRK HIZMGIW EVI
 4VSZMHI ERGLSVEKIW ERH GSYTPIVW XLEX HIZIPST EX
WLS[RMR*MKYVI7'7XVIRKXLSJERGLSVEKIERHGSYTPMRK
PIEWX TIVGIRXSJXLIWTIGMJMIHFVIEOMRKWXVIRKXL
HIZMGIWWLSYPHFITVSZMHIHF]XLIQERYJEGXYVIV
SJXLIXIRHSRWSVTVIWXVIWWMRKWXIIP[LIRXIWXIHMR
ER YRFSRHIH GSRHMXMSR [MXLSYX I\GIIHMRK 4VSXIGXMSR SJ ERGLSVEKI HIZMGIW X]TMGEPP] MRGPYHIW
ERXMGMTEXIHWIX JMPPMRK XLI STIRMRK SJ FIEVMRK TEHW [MXL KVIEWI KVSYXMRK
XLI VIGIWW MR FIEVMRK TEHW ERH TVSZMHMRK HVEMREKI SJ
 4PEGI GSYTPIVW [LIVI EGGITXIH F]
GEZMXMIW LSYWMRK TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW [MXL FEWI JPEWLMRK
%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV )RGPSWI [MXL LSYWMRK XLEX
ERH[IITLSPIW
TIVQMXW ERXMGMTEXIH QSZIQIRXW SJ XLI GSYTPIVW
HYVMRKWXVIWWMRK ;LIRERGLSVEKIWERHIRHJMXXMRKWEVII\TSWIHEHHMXMSREP
TVIGEYXMSRW XS EGLMIZI XLI VIUYMVIH JMVI VEXMRKW ERH
 4VSXIGX ERGLSVEKIW GSYTPIVW ERH IRH JMXXMRKW
QIGLERMGEPTVSXIGXMSRJSVXLIWIIPIQIRXWQYWXFIXEOIR
EKEMRWXGSVVSWMSR
 4VSXIGX I\TSWIH ERGLSVEKIW GSYTPIVW ERH IRH
JMXXMRKW XS EGLMIZI XLI JMVIVIWMWXERGI VEXMRK
VIUYMVIH JSV XLI IPIQIRX F] XLI PIKEPP] EHSTXIH
FYMPHMRKGSHI
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-43

Table 6 — Performance specification for corrosion-inhibiting coating

Test Test Method Acceptance Criteria

(VSTTMRK4SMRX * ' %781(SV 1MRMQYQ 

%781(

3MP7ITEVEXMSR$ * ' *817& 1E\MQYQ

 F][IMKLX 1IXLSH

;EXIV QE\MQYQ %781( 

*PEWL4SMRX * ' %781( 1MRMQYQ 

6IJIVWXSSMPGSQTSRIRX 

'SVVSWMSR8IWX %781& *SV RSVQEP IRZMVSRQIRXW 6YWX +VEHI  SV FIXXIV EJXIV
 7EPX*SK$ * '  LV SJ I\TSWYVI EGGSVHMRK XS %781 ( *SV
QMPWQQ QMRMQYQLSYVW GSVVSWMZI IRZMVSRQIRXW  6YWX +VEHI  SV FIXXIV EJXIV
54ERIPX]TI7  LVSJI\TSWYVIEGGSVHMRKXS%781(

;EXIV7SPYFPI-SRW
E'LPSVMHIWTTQQE\MQYQ %781( 
F2MXVEXIWTTQQE\MQYQ 
G7YPJMHIWTTQQE\MQYQ 

7SEO8IWX
 7EPX*SKEX * ' %781& 2S IQYPWMJMGEXMSR SJ XLI GSEXMRK EJXIV  LV SJ
QMPWQQ GSEXMRK5TERIPW 1SHMJMIH  I\TSWYVI
X]TI7-QQIVWITERIPW MRE 
WEPXWSPYXMSRERHI\TSWIXSWEPXJSK

'SQTEXMFMPMX][MXL7LIEXLMRK
E ,EVHRIWW ERH ZSPYQI GLERKI SJ %781( 4IVQMWWMFPIGLERKIMRLEVHRIWW 
TSP]QIV EJXIV I\TSWYVI XS KVIEWI 4IVQMWWMFPIGLERKIMRZSPYQI 
HE]W$ * ' 
F8IRWMPIWXVIRKXLGLERKISJTSP]QIV %781( 4IVQMWWMFPIGLERKIMRXIRWMPIWXVIRKXL 
EJXIVI\TSWYVIXSKVIEWIHE]W$
 * ' 


)\XIRWMSRSJI\TSWYVIXMQIXSLSYVWJSVKVIEWIWYWIHMRGSVVSWMZIIRZMVSRQIRXWVIUYMVIWYWISJQSVISVFIXXIV
GSVVSWMSRMRLMFMXMRKEHHMXMZIW

4VSGIHYVI8LIMRWMHIFSXXSQERHWMHIW SJES^0 4]VI\FIEOIVETTVS\MQEXI3(MRQQ LIMKLX
 MR  QQ  MW XLSVSYKLP] GSEXIH [MXL  •  S^  •  K  GSVVSWMSRMRLMFMXMRK GSEXMRK QEXIVMEP 8LI
GSEXIHFIEOIV MW JMPPIH[MXL ETTVS\MQEXIP]  S^  GG  SJHMWXMPPIH [EXIV ERH LIEXIH MR ERSZIR EX E GSRXVSPPIH
XIQTIVEXYVISJ *• * '• ' JSVLSYVW8LI[EXIVI\XVEGXMSRMWXIWXIHF]XLIRSXIHXIWXTVSGIHYVIWJSV
XLIETTVSTVMEXI[EXIVWSPYFPIMSRW6IWYPXWEVIVITSVXIHEWTTQMRXLII\XVEGXIH[EXIV
S-44 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

2.5 — Accessories 2.5 — Accessories

2.5 A.9RPIWW SXLIV[MWI VIUYMVIH TVSZMHI GSRXVEGXMSR 2.5 A. and B. 1SZIQIRX NSMRXW EVI YWIH XS EPPS[
WLVMROEKI
 NSMRX QEXIVMEP XLEX GSRJSVQW XS SRI SJ XLI HMQIRWMSREP GLERKIW MR QEWSRV] QMRMQM^I VERHSQ [EPP
JSPPS[MRKWXERHEVHW
 EVI YWIH MR GSRGVIXI
 %781 ( 1%% 6YFFIV WLIEV OI]W
[MXLEQMRMQYQHYVSQIXIVLEVHRIWWSJ
 %781(8]TI4:'4:'WLIEVOI]W
[MXLEQMRMQYQHYVSQIXIVLEVHRIWWSJ
 %781'
2.5 B.9RPIWWSXLIV[MWIVIUYMVIHTVSZMHII\TERWMSRNSMRX
QEXIVMEPXLEXGSRJSVQWXSSRISJXLIJSPPS[MRKWXERHEVHW
 %781'
 %781(
 %781('PEWW%
GVEGOW ERH SXLIV HMWXVIWW 'SRXVEGXMSR NSMRXW EPWS GEPPIH
GSRXVSP NSMRXW SV WLVMROEKI NSMRXW
QEWSRV] XS EGGSQQSHEXI WLVMROEKI 8LIWI NSMRXW EVI JVII
XSSTIR EW WLVMROEKISGGYVW)\TERWMSRNSMRXW TIVQMX GPE]
FVMGOQEWSRV]XSI\TERH1EXIVMEPYWIHMRI\TERWMSRNSMRXW
QYWXFIGSQTVIWWMFPI
4PEGIQIRX SJ QSZIQIRX NSMRXW MW VIGSQQIRHIH F]
WIZIVEP TYFPMGEXMSRW 8]TMGEP QSZIQIRX NSMRXW EVI
MPPYWXVEXIHMR*MKYVI7'7LIEVOI]WOIITXLI[EPPWIGXMSRW
SR IMXLIV WMHI SJ XLI QSZIQIRX NSMRX JVSQ QSZMRK SYX SJ
TPERI4VSTIVGSRJMKYVEXMSRQYWXFIEZEMPEFPIXSJMXTVSTIVP]
%781 ' GSZIVW IPEWXSQIVMG NSMRX WIEPERXW IMXLIV
WMRKPI SV QYPXMGSQTSRIRX +VEHI 27 'PEWW  9WI 1 MW
ETTPMGEFPI XS QEWSRV] GSRWXVYGXMSR )\TERWMSR NSMRX JMPPIVW
QYWX FI GSQTVIWWMFPI WS XLI ERXMGMTEXIH I\TERWMSR SJ XLI
QEWSRV]GERSGGYV[MXLSYXMQTSWMRKWXVIWW

2.5 C. Asphalt emulsion — 4VSZMHIEWTLEPXIQYPWMSREW

JSPPS[W
 1IXEPWYVJEGIW%781(8]TI--
 4SVSYWWYVJEGIW%781(8]TI---'PEWW

786)77-2+%2',36%+) 8LVIEHIH4VIWXVIWWMRK
8IRHSR
4VIJEFVMGEXIH6IMRJSVGIH 0SEH-RHMGEXSV;EWLIV
'SRGVIXI'ETTMRK)PIQIRX
7XIIP&IEVMRK4PEXI
+EPZERM^IH7XIIPSV
4PEWXMG4MTI 7TIGMEP&IEVMRK
1EWSRV]9RMX
8LVIEHIH7PIIZI
8IRHSR'EZMX]+VSYXIH7SPMH 'SVVSWMSR4VSXIGXMSRJSV
[MXL0EXIVEP6IWXVEMRXW6IUYMVIH 4VIWXVIWWMRK8IRHSR
2SX7LS[R
6IMRJSVGIH'SRGVIXI
*SYRHEXMSREW6IUYMVIH
8IRHSR'SYTPIV
4VIWXVIWWMRK8IRHSRMR
4PEWXMG7LIEXL 6IMRJSVGIH'SRGVIXI
*SYRHEXMSREW6IUYMVIH
7)0*%'8-:%8-2+
()%()2(%2',36%+)

Figure SC-4 — Typical anchorage and coupling devices for prestressed masonry
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-45

COMMENTARY

&YMPHMRK
4ETIV

'SVI*MPPIH
[MXL1SVXEV

'EYPO 'EYPO

'SRXVSP.SMRX9RMX
3YXSJ4PERI6IWXVEMRX 'SRXVSP&PSGO

4VIJSVQIH+EWOIX

7EWL&PSGO9RMXW

'EYPO 6EOI.SMRX%TTVS\
¢MRQQ ERH'EYPO

+EWOIX8]TI 6EOIH.SMRX

'SRXVEGXMSR.SMRX 'SRXVEGXMSR.SMRX

'SQTVIWWMZI 'SQTVIWWMFPI1EXIVMEP
1EXIVMEPW

(SYFPI;]XLI1EWSRV] 7MRKPI;]XLI1EWSRV]
)\TERWMSR.SMRX

'SQTVIWWMFPI1EXIVMEP

+VSYXIH1YPXM[]XLI1EWSRV]

Figure SC-5 — Movement joints

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY
2.5 D. Masonry cleaner 2.5 D. Masonry cleaner —%HZIVWIVIEGXMSRWGERSGGYV
FIX[IIR GIVXEMR GPIERMRK EKIRXW ERH QEWSRV] YRMXW
 9WI TSXEFPI [EXIV ERH HIXIVKIRXW XS GPIER QEWSRV]
,]HVSGLPSVMGEGMHLEWFIIRSFWIVZIHXSGEYWIGSVVSWMSRSJ
YRPIWWSXLIV[MWIEGGITXEFPI
QIXEPXMIW'EVIWLSYPHFII\IVGMWIHMRMXWYWIXSQMRMQM^I
 9RPIWWSXLIV[MWIVIUYMVIHHSRSXYWIEGMHSVGEYWXMG XLMWTSXIRXMEPTVSFPIQ1ERKERIWIWXEMRMRKIJJPSVIWGIRGI
WSPYXMSRW wFYVRMRKxSJXLIYRMXW[LMXIWGYQVIQSZEPSJXLIGIQIRX
TEWXIJVSQXLIWYVJEGISJXLINSMRXWERHHEQEKIXSQIXEPW
GER SGGYV XLVSYKL MQTVSTIV GPIERMRK 8LI QERYJEGXYVIVW
SJ XLI QEWSRV] YRMXW WLSYPH FI GSRWYPXIH JSV
VIGSQQIRHIHGPIERMRKEKIRXW

2.5 E. Joint fillers — 9WI XLI WM^I ERH WLETI SJ NSMRX
JMPPIVWWTIGMJMIH
S-46 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

2.6 — Mixing 2.6 — Mixing

2.6 A. Mortar 2.6 A. Mortar — 'EYXMSR QYWX FI I\IVGMWIH [LIR
EHHMRKGSPSVTMKQIRXMRJMIPHTVITEVIHQSVXEVWSXLEXXLI
 1M\GIQIRXMXMSYWQEXIVMEPWERHEKKVIKEXIWFIX[IIR
TVSTSVXMSRWGSQTP][MXLXLI7TIGMJMGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXW
ERHQMRYXIWMREQIGLERMGEPFEXGLQM\IV[MXLE
WYJJMGMIRX EQSYRX SJ [EXIV XS TVSHYGI E [SVOEFPI 4VIFPIRHIH TVSHYGXW EVI X]TMGEPP] GIVXMJMIH XS XLI
GSRWMWXIRG] 9RPIWW EGGITXEFPI HS RSX LERH QM\ ETTPMGEFPI%7817XERHEVHERHXLIEHHMXMSRSJGSPSV EX
QSVXEV1EMRXEMR[SVOEFMPMX]SJQSVXEVF]VIQM\MRK XLITVSNIGXWMXIQE]MQTEGXQSVXEVTIVJSVQERGI
SVVIXIQTIVMRK(MWGEVHQSVXEV[LMGLLEWFIKYRXS
WXMJJIR SV MW RSX YWIH [MXLMR  LV EJXIV MRMXMEP
QM\MRK
 0MQMXXLI [IMKLX SJ QMRIVEP S\MHI SV GEVFSR FPEGO
TMKQIRXW EHHIH XS TVSNIGXWMXI TVITEVIH QSVXEV XS
XLI JSPPS[MRK QE\MQYQ TIVGIRXEKIW F] [IMKLX SJ
GIQIRX
 E 4MKQIRXIHTSVXPERHGIQIRXPMQIQSVXEV
  
 1MRIVEPS\MHITMKQIRX TIVGIRX
  
 'EVFSRFPEGOTMKQIRX TIVGIRX
 F 4MKQIRXIHQSVXEVGIQIRXQSVXEV
  
 1MRIVEPS\MHITMKQIRX TIVGIRX
  
 'EVFSRFPEGOTMKQIRX TIVGIRX
 G 4MKQIRXIHQEWSRV]GIQIRXQSVXEV
  
 1MRIVEPS\MHITMKQIRX TIVGIRX
  
 'EVFSRFPEGOTMKQIRX TIVGIRX
(S RSX EHH QMRIVEP S\MHI SV GEVFSR FPEGO
TMKQIRX XS TVIFPIRHIH GSPSVIH QSVXEV SV
GSPSVIH GIQIRX [MXLSYX XLI ETTVSZEP SJ XLI
%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV
 (S RSX YWI EHQM\XYVIW GSRXEMRMRK QSVI XLER 
TIVGIRXGLPSVMHIMSRW
 Glass unit masonry — 6IHYGIXLIEQSYRXSJ[EXIV
XS EGGSYRX JSV XLI PEGO SJ EFWSVTXMSR (S RSX
VIXIQTIV QSVXEV EJXIV MRMXMEP WIX (MWGEVH YRYWIH
QSVXEV[MXLMRLVEJXIVMRMXMEPQM\MRK
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY
SPECIFICATION
2.6 B. Grout
)\GITX JSV WIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRK KVSYX QM\ KVSYX MR
EGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ%781'
9RPIWW SXLIV[MWI VIUYMVIH QM\ KVSYX SXLIV XLER WIPJ
GSRWSPMHEXMRK KVSYX XS E GSRWMWXIRG] XLEX LEW E WPYQT
S-47
COMMENTARY
2.6 B. Grout —8LIX[SX]TIWSJKVSYXEVIJMRIKVSYX
ERH GSEVWI KVSYX [LMGL EVI HIJMRIH F] EKKVIKEXI WM^I
%781 ' VIUYMVIW XLI KVSYX X]TI XS FI WTIGMJMIH F]
TVSTSVXMSR SV WXVIRKXL VIUYMVIQIRXW FYX RSX F] FSXL
QIXLSHW %781 TVSTSVXMSR VIUYMVIQIRXW EVI KMZIR MR
8EFPI 7'  7TIGMJMIH KVSYX GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL
FIX[IIRERHMRERHQQ
 VIUYMVIQIRXWEVIFEWIHSREQM\HIWMKRXLEXTVSZMHIWXLI
VIUYMVIHWXVIRKXLEXHE]W[LIVIXLIVIUYMVIHWXVIRKXL
4VSTSVXMSRMRK SJ WIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRK KVSYX EX XLI TVSNIGX

WMXIMWRSXTIVQMXXIH(SRSXEHH[EXIVEXXLITVSNIGXWMXI
I\GITX MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI WIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRK KVSYX
QERYJEGXYVIVvWVIGSQQIRHEXMSRW
QYWXFIEXPIEWXTWM14E
 8LI TIVQMXXIH VERKIW MR XLI VIUYMVIH TVSTSVXMSRW
SJ JMRI ERH GSEVWI EKKVIKEXIW EVI MRXIRHIH XS
EGGSQQSHEXI ZEVMEXMSRW MR EKKVIKEXI X]TI ERH
KVEHEXMSR %W RSXIH MR 7TIGMJMGEXMSR 8EFPI  XLI
WIPIGXMSRSJ XLI KVSYX X]TI HITIRHW SR XLI WM^I SJ XLI
WTEGI XS FI KVSYXIH *MRI KVSYX MW WIPIGXIH JSV KVSYX
WTEGIW[MXLVIWXVMGXIHSTIRMRKW'SEVWIKVSYXWTIGMJMIH
YRHIV%781'LEWEQE\MQYQEKKVIKEXIWM^IXLEX
[MPP TEWW XLVSYKL E  MR  QQ
 STIRMRK 0EVKIV
EKKVIKEXIGSRJSVQMRKXS%781'GERFIWTIGMJMIH
MJ XLI KVSYX MW TPEGIH MR EVIEW SJ YRSFWXVYGXIH
HMQIRWMSRWKVIEXIVXLERMRQQ

 +VSYXQIIXMRKXLITVSTSVXMSRWTIGMJMGEXMSRWSJ%781
'X]TMGEPP] LEWGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLVERKIWWLS[RMR
8EFPI 7' [LIR QIEWYVIH F] %781 ' +VSYX
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL MW MRJPYIRGIH F] XLI [EXIV GIQIRX
VEXMSEKKVIKEXIGSRXIRXERHXLIX]TISJYRMXWYWIH
 7MRGIKVSYXMWTPEGIHMREREFWSVTXMZIJSVQQEHI
SJ QEWSRV] YRMXW E LMKL [EXIV GSRXIRX MW VIUYMVIH %
WPYQTSJEX PIEWXMRQQ
 TVSZMHIWEQM\JPYMH
IRSYKL XS FI TVSTIVP] TPEGIH ERH WYTTPMIW WYJJMGMIRX
[EXIVXSWEXMWJ]XLI[EXIVHIQERHSJXLIQEWSRV]YRMXW
 7QEPP GEZMXMIW SV GIPPW VIUYMVI KVSYX [MXL E
LMKLIV WPYQT XLER PEVKIV GEZMXMIW SV GIPPW %W XLI
WYVJEGI EVIE ERH YRMX WLIPP XLMGORIWW MR GSRXEGX [MXL
XLI KVSYX HIGVIEWI MR VIPEXMSR XS XLI ZSPYQI SJ XLI
KVSYX XLI WPYQT SJ XLI KVSYX WLSYPH FI VIHYGIH
7IKVIKEXMSRSJQEXIVMEPWWLSYPHRSXSGGYV
 8LIKVSYXMRTPEGI[MPPLEZIEPS[IV[EXIVGIQIRX
VEXMSXLER[LIRQM\IH8LMWGSRGITXSJLMKLWPYQTERH
EFWSVTXMZIJSVQWMWHMJJIVIRXJVSQXLEXSJGSRGVIXI
 4VSTSVXMSRMRK SJ WIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRK KVSYX EX XLI
TVSNIGX WMXI MW RSX TIVQMXXIH WMRGI XLI QM\IW GER FI
WIRWMXMZI XS ZEVMEXMSRW MR TVSTSVXMSRW ERH XMKLXIV
UYEPMX] GSRXVSP SR XLI QM\ MW VIUYMVIH XLER GER FI
EGLMIZIH MR XLI JMIPH 8]TMGEPP] WIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRK
KVSYXGSQIWVIEH]QM\IHJVSQXLIQERYJEGXYVIV7IPJ
GSRWSPMHEXMRK KVSYX QE] EPWS FI EZEMPEFPI EW E
TVIFPIRHIH HV] QM\ VIUYMVMRK XLI EHHMXMSR SJ [EXIV EX
XLITVSNIGXWMXI1ERYJEGXYVIVWTVSZMHIMRWXVYGXMSRWSR
TVSTIV QM\MRK XIGLRMUYIW ERH EQSYRX SJ [EXIV XS FI
EHHIH 7PYQT ZEPYIW JSV WIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRK KVSYX EVI
I\TVIWWIH EW E WPYQT JPS[ FIGEYWIXLI] I\GIIHXLI 
MRXSMRXSQQ
WPYQTVERKIJSVRSRWIPJ
GSRWSPMHEXMRKKVSYXW
S-48 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

COMMENTARY
Table SC-7 — Grout proportions by volume
%KKVIKEXIHEQTPSSWI
+VSYXX]TI 'IQIRX 0MQI *MRI 'SEVWI
*MRI  XS  XS {
'SEVWI  XS  XS XS

8MQIWXLIWYQSJXLIZSPYQIWSJXLIGIQIRXMXMSYWQEXIVMEPW

Table SC-8 — Grout strengths

'SQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLTWM14E 
+VSYXX]TI 0SGEXMSR 0S[ 1IER ,MKL 6IJIVIRGI
'SEVWI 0EF       
'SEVWI 0EF       
'SEVWI 0EF       

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

2.6 C. Thin-bed mortar for AAC z1M\ XLMRFIH QSVXEV JSV

%%' QEWSRV] EW WTIGMJMIH F] XLI XLMRFIH QSVXEV
QERYJEGXYVIV

2.7 — Fabrication 2.7 — Fabrication

2.7 A. Reinforcement 2.7 A. Reinforcement — %'-  7TIGMJMGEXMSRWJSV
8SPIVERGIWJSV'SRGVIXI'SRWXVYGXMSRERH1EXIVMEPWERH
*EFVMGEXI VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI
'SQQIRXEV] GSRXEMRW JEFVMGEXMSR XSPIVERGIW JSV WXIIP
JEFVMGEXMRKXSPIVERGIWSJ%'-
VIMRJSVGIQIRX 6IGSQQIRHIH QIXLSHW ERH WXERHEVHW
9RPIWW SXLIV[MWI VIUYMVIH FIRH FEVW GSPH ERH HS RSX JSV TVITEVMRK HIWMKR HVE[MRKW X]TMGEP HIXEMPW ERH
LIEXFEVW HVE[MRKWJSVXLIJEFVMGEXMSRWERHTPEGMRKSJVIMRJSVGMRK
WXIIPMRVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI WXVYGXYVIWEVIKMZIRMR%'-
8LIQMRMQYQMRWMHIHMEQIXIVSJFIRHJSVWXMVVYTWWLEPP  ERH QE] FI YWIH EW E VIJIVIRGI MR QEWSRV]
FIJMZIFEVHMEQIXIVW HIWMKRERHGSRWXVYGXMSR
(S RSX FIRH +VEHI  FEVW MR I\GIWW SJ  HIKVIIW
8LI QMRMQYQ MRWMHI HMEQIXIV SJ FIRH MW JMZI FEV
HMEQIXIVW
8LIQMRMQYQMRWMHIFIRHHMEQIXIVJSVSXLIVFEVWMWEW
JSPPS[W
E2SXLVSYKL2S1XLVSYKL 
 FEVHMEQIXIVW
F2SXLVSYKL2S1XLVSYKL 
 FEVHMEQIXIVW
4VSZMHIWXERHEVHLSSOWXLEXGSRJSVQXSXLIJSPPS[MRK
E%WXERHEVHHIKVIILSSOHIKVIIFIRHTPYWE
QMRMQYQ I\XIRWMSR SJ  FEV HMEQIXIVW SV  MR
QQ [LMGLIZIVMWKVIEXIV
F% WXERHEVH HIKVII LSSO HIKVII FIRH TPYW E
QMRMQYQI\XIRWMSRSJFEVHMEQIXIVW
G*SVWXMVVYTWERHXMILSSOWJSVE2S1 FEVERH
WQEPPIVESVHIKVIIFIRHTPYWEQMRMQYQSJ
 FEV HMEQIXIVW SV MR  QQ  [LMGLIZIV MW
KVIEXIV
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-49

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

2.7 B. Prefabricated masonry 2.7 B. Prefabricated masonry — %781 '

GSZIVW XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV TVIJEFVMGEXIH QEWSRV]
9RPIWW SXLIV[MWI VIUYMVIH TVSZMHI TVIJEFVMGEXIH
TERIPW MRGPYHMRK QEXIVMEPW WXVYGXYVEP HIWMKR
QEWSRV] XLEX GSRJSVQW XS XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ %781
HMQIRWMSRW ERH ZEVMEXMSRW [SVOQERWLMT UYEPMX]
'
GSRXVSPMHIRXMJMGEXMSRWLSTHVE[MRKWERHLERHPMRK
9RPIWW SXLIV[MWI VIUYMVIH TVSZMHI TVIJEFVMGEXIH
QEWSRV] PMRXIPW XLEX LEZI ER ETTIEVERGI WMQMPEV XS XLI
QEWSRV]YRMXWYWIHMRXLI[EPPWYVVSYRHMRKIEGLPMRXIP
1EVO TVIJEFVMGEXIH QEWSRV] JSV TVSTIV PSGEXMSR ERH
SVMIRXEXMSR
S-50 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

8LMWTEKIMWMRXIRXMSREPP]PIJXFPERO
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-51

PART 3 — EXECUTION

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

3.1 — Inspection 3.1 — Inspection

3.1 A4VMSV XS XLI WXEVX SJ QEWSRV] GSRWXVYGXMSR XLI
'SRXVEGXSVWLEPPZIVMJ]
 8LEX JSYRHEXMSRW EVI GSRWXVYGXIH [MXLMR E PIZIP
3.1 A.8LIXSPIVERGIWMRXLMW%VXMGPIEVIXEOIRJVSQ
6IJIVIRGI  8LI HMQIRWMSREP XSPIVERGIW SJ XLI
WYTTSVXMRK GSRGVIXI EVI MQTSVXERX WMRGI XLI] GSRXVSP
WYGLEWTIGXWEWQSVXEVNSMRXXLMGORIWWERHFIEVMRKEVIE
EPMKRQIRXXSPIVERGISJ•MRQQ

HMQIRWMSRW [LMGL MRJPYIRGI XLI TIVJSVQERGI SJ XLI
 8LEX VIMRJSVGMRK HS[IPW EVI TSWMXMSRIH MR EGGSVHERGI QEWSRV]8SPIVERGIWJSVZEVMEXMSRMRKVEHISVIPIZEXMSR
[MXLXLI4VSNIGX(VE[MRKW EVIWLS[RMR*MKYVI7'8LIWTIGMJMIH[MHXLSJ XLI
JSYRHEXMSRMWSFZMSYWP]QSVIGVMXMGEPXLERMXWWTIGMJMIH
PIRKXL % JSYRHEXMSR [MHIV XLER WTIGMJMIH [MPP RSX
RSVQEPP]GEYWIWXVYGXYVEPTVSFPIQW
3.1 B.-J WXEXIH GSRHMXMSRW EVI RSX QIX RSXMJ] XLI
%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV

JXQ JXQ JXQ JXQ JXQ

1E\MQYQ
:EVMEXMSR

1E\MQYQ
8STSJ*SYRHEXMSR :EVMEXMSR
 MRQQ 1E\MQYQ
7TIGMJMIH+VEHI
:EVMEXMSRJVSQ
SV)PIZEXMSR
0IZIPSV+VEHI
7GEPI ,SVM^SRXEPMRQQ ! JXQ
:IVXMGEPMRQQ ! MRQQ

Figure SC-6 — Tolerance for variation in grade or elevation

S-52 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

3.2 — Preparation 3.2 — Preparation

3.2 A.'PIER VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH WLEROW SJ ERGLSV FSPXW F]
VIQSZMRKQYHSMPSVSXLIVQEXIVMEPWXLEX[MPPEHZIVWIP]EJJIGX
SV VIHYGI FSRH EX XLI XMQI QSVXEV SV KVSYX MW TPEGIH
6IMRJSVGIQIRX[MXLVYWXQMPPWGEPISVEGSQFMREXMSRSJFSXL
EVIEGGITXEFPI[MXLSYXGPIERMRKSVFVYWLMRKTVSZMHIHXLEXXLI
HMQIRWMSRWERH[IMKLXWMRGPYHMRKLIMKLXWSJHIJSVQEXMSRWSJ
E GPIERIH WEQTPI EVI RSX PIWW XLER VIUYMVIH F] XLI %781
WTIGMJMGEXMSRGSZIVMRKXLMWVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRXLMW7TIGMJMGEXMSR
3.2 B.4VMSV XSTPEGMRKQEWSRV]VIQSZIPEMXERGIPSSWI
EKKVIKEXI ERH ER]XLMRK IPWI XLEX [SYPH TVIZIRX QSVXEV
JVSQFSRHMRKXSXLIJSYRHEXMSR
3.2 C. Wetting masonry units 3.2 C. Wetting masonry units —'SRGVIXIQEWSRV]YRMXW
MRGVIEWIMRZSPYQI[LIR[IXXIHERHWLVMROYTSRWYFWIUYIRX
 Concrete masonry — 9RPIWWSXLIV[MWIVIUYMVIHHS
HV]MRK;EXIVMRXVSHYGIHHYVMRK[IXGYXXMRKMWPSGEPM^IHERH
RSX [IX GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] SV %%' QEWSRV] YRMXW
HSIW RSX WMKRMJMGERXP] EJJIGX XLI WLVMROEKI TSXIRXMEP SJ
FIJSVIPE]MRK;IXGYXXMRKMWTIVQMXXIH
GSRGVIXIQEWSRV]'PE]QEWSRV]YRMXW[MXLLMKLEFWSVTXMSR
 Clay or shale masonry — ;IX GPE] SV WLEPI VEXIWHV]XLIQSVXEVYRMXMRXIVJEGI8LMWQE]VIWYPXMREPS[IV
QEWSRV] YRMXW LEZMRK MRMXMEP EFWSVTXMSR VEXIW MR I\XIRX SJ FSRH FIX[IIR XLI YRMXW ERH QSVXEV [LMGL QE]
I\GIWWSJ KTIVQMR TIVMR KTIVQMR GVIEXI TEXLWJSVQSMWXYVI MRXVYWMSR 7IPIGXMSR SJGSQTEXMFPI
TIV QQ
 [LIR QIEWYVIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL YRMXWERHQSVXEVGERQMXMKEXIXLMWIJJIGX
%781 ' WS XLI MRMXMEP VEXI SJ EFWSVTXMSR [MPP
RSXI\GIIHKTIVQMRTIVMR KTIVQMR
TIVQQ
[LIRXLIYRMXWEVIYWIH0E][IXXIHYRMXW
[LIR WYVJEGI HV] (S RSX [IX GPE] SV WLEPI
QEWSRV]YRMXWLEZMRKERMRMXMEPEFWSVTXMSRVEXIPIWW
XLERKTIVQMRTIVMRKTIVQMRTIV
QQ

3.2 D. Debris — 'SRWXVYGX KVSYX WTEGIW JVII SJ QSVXEV
HVSTTMRK HIFVMW PSSWI EKKVIKEXIW ERH ER] QEXIVMEP
HIPIXIVMSYWXSQEWSRV]KVSYX
3.2 E. Reinforcement — 4PEGIVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHXMIWMR
KVSYXWTEGIWTVMSVXSKVSYXMRK
3.2 F. Cleanouts — 4VSZMHI GPIERSYXW MR XLI FSXXSQ
GSYVWISJQEWSRV]JSVIEGLKVSYXTSYV[LIRXLIKVSYXTSYV
3.2 D. Debris — 'SRXMRYMX] MR XLI KVSYX MW GVMXMGEP JSV
YRMJSVQ WXVIWW HMWXVMFYXMSR % VIEWSREFP] GPIER WTEGI XS
VIGIMZI XLI KVSYX MW RIGIWWEV] JSV XLMW GSRXMRYMX] 'IPPW
RIIH RSX FI ZEGYYQIH XS EGLMIZI WYFWXERXMEP GPIERPMRIWW
-RWTIGXMSR SJ XLI FSXXSQ SJ XLI WTEGI TVMSV XS KVSYXMRK MW
GVMXMGEPXSIRWYVIXLEXMXMWWYFWXERXMEPP]GPIERERHHSIWRSX
LEZI EGGYQYPEXMSRW SJ HIPIXIVMSYW QEXIVMEPW XLEX [SYPH
TVIZIRXGSRXMRYMX]SJXLIKVSYX
3.2 E. Reinforcement —0SWWSJFSRHERHQMWEPMKRQIRXSJ
XLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXGERSGGYVMJMXMWRSXTPEGIHTVMSVXSKVSYXMRK
3.2 F. Cleanouts — 'PIERSYXW GER FI GSRWXVYGXIH F]
VIQSZMRK XLI I\TSWIH JEGI WLIPP SJ YRMXW MR LSPPS[ YRMX
LIMKLXI\GIIHWJXMRQ
 KVSYXIH QEWSRV] SV MRHMZMHYEP YRMXW [LIR KVSYXMRK
FIX[IIR[]XLIW 8LI TYVTSWI SJGPIERSYXW MW XS EPPS[XLI
 'SRWXVYGXGPIERSYXWWSXLEXXLIWTEGIXSFIKVSYXIH
KVSYX WTEGI XS FI EHIUYEXIP] GPIERIH TVMSV XS KVSYXMRK
GER FI GPIERIH ERH MRWTIGXIH -R WSPMH KVSYXIH
8LI] GER EPWS FI YWIH XS ZIVMJ] VIMRJSVGIQIRX TPEGIQIRX
QEWSRV]WTEGIGPIERSYXWLSVM^SRXEPP]EQE\MQYQ
ERHX]MRK
SJMRQQ
SRGIRXIV
 'SRWXVYGXGPIERSYXW[MXLERSTIRMRKSJWYJJMGMIRXWM^I
XS TIVQMX VIQSZEP SJ HIFVMW 8LI QMRMQYQ STIRMRK
HMQIRWMSRWLEPPFIMRQQ

 %JXIV GPIERMRK GPSWI GPIERSYXW [MXL GPSWYVIW
FVEGIHXSVIWMWXKVSYXTVIWWYVI
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-53

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

3.3 — Masonry erection 3.3 — Masonry erection

3.3 A. Bond pattern — 9RPIWW SXLIV[MWI VIUYMVIH PE]
QEWSRV]MRVYRRMRKFSRH
3.3 B. Placing mortar and units 3.3 B. Placing mortar and units — %VXMGPI&ETTPMIW
XS QEWSRV] GSRWXVYGXMSR MR [LMGL XLI YRMXW WYTTSVX XLIMV
  Bed and head joints — 9RPIWWSXLIV[MWIVIUYMVIH
S[R [IMKLX *EGI WLIPP QSVXEV FIHHMRK SJ LSPPS[ YRMXWMW
GSRWXVYGX MR QQ  XLMGO FIH ERH LIEH
WXERHEVHI\GITXMRPSGEXMSRWHIXEMPIHMR%VXMGPI&F
NSMRXW I\GITX EX JSYRHEXMSR SV [MXL KPEWW YRMX
*MKYVI 7' WLS[W XLI X]TMGEP TPEGIQIRX SJ QSVXEV JSV
QEWSRV]'SRWXVYGXFIHNSMRXSJXLIWXEVXMRKGSYVWI
LSPPS[YRMX QEWSRV] [EPPW -R TEVXMEPP] KVSYXIH [EPPW
SJJSYRHEXMSR[MXL EXLMGORIWW RSXPIWWXLER  MR
LS[IZIVGVSWW[IFWRI\XXSGIPPWXLEXEVIXSFIKVSYXIHEVI
 QQ  ERH RSX QSVI XLER  MR  QQ 
YWYEPP] QSVXEVIH -J JYPP QSVXEV FIHW XLVSYKLSYX EVI
4VSZMHI KPEWW YRMX QEWSRV] FIH ERH LIEH NSMRX
VIUYMVIHJSV WXVYGXYVEP GETEGMX] JSV I\EQTPI XLI WTIGMJMIV
XLMGORIWWIW MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL %VXMGPI  &G
QYWX WS WXMTYPEXI MR XLI 4VSNIGX 7TIGMJMGEXMSRW SV 4VSNIGX
'SRWXVYGXNSMRXWXLEXEPWSGSRJSVQXSXLIJSPPS[MRK
(VE[MRKW
 E *MPP LSPIW RSX WTIGMJMIH MR I\TSWIH ERH FIPS[
KVEHIQEWSRV][MXLQSVXEV
 F 9RPIWW SXLIV[MWI VIUYMVIH XSSP NSMRX [MXL E
VSYRH NSMRXIV [LIR XLI QSVXEV MW XLYQFTVMRX
LEVH
 G 6IQSZI QEWSRV] TVSXVYWMSRW I\XIRHMRK  MR
QQ  SV QSVI MRXS GIPPW SV GEZMXMIW XS FI
KVSYXIH
 Collar joints — 9RPIWWSXLIV[MWIVIUYMVIHWSPMHP]
JMPP GSPPEV NSMRXW PIWW XLER  MR  QQ  [MHI
[MXLQSVXEVEWXLITVSNIGXTVSKVIWWIW
 Hollow units — 4PEGILSPPS[YRMXWWS
 E *EGIWLIPPWSJFIHNSMRXWEVIJYPP]QSVXEVIH
 F ;IFWEVIJYPP]QSVXEVIHMR
  EPPGSYVWIWSJTMIVWGSPYQRWERHTMPEWXIVW
Figure SC-7 — Mortar placement of hollow units in walls
  [LIR RIGIWWEV] XS GSRJMRI KVSYX SV
MRWYPEXMSR
 G ,IEH NSMRXW EVI QSVXEVIH E QMRMQYQ HMWXERGI
JVSQIEGLJEGIIUYEPXSXLIJEGIWLIPPXLMGORIWW
SJXLIYRMX
 H :IVXMGEP GIPPW XS FI KVSYXIH EVI EPMKRIH ERH
YRSFWXVYGXIHSTIRMRKWJSVKVSYXEVITVSZMHIHMR
EGGSVHERGI[MXLXLI4VSNIGX(VE[MRKW
 Solid units — 9RPIWW SXLIV[MWI VIUYMVIH WSPMHP]
JMPPFIHERHLIEHNSMRXW[MXLQSVXEVERH
 E (SRSXJMPPLIEHNSMRXWF]WPYWLMRK[MXLQSVXEV
 F 'SRWXVYGX LIEH NSMRXW F] WLSZMRK QSVXEV XMKLX
EKEMRWXXLIEHNSMRMRKYRMX
 G (SRSXHIITP]JYVVS[FIHNSMRXW
S-54 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

3.3 B. Placing mortar and units'SRXMRYIH 

 Open-end units with beveled ends — *YPP] KVSYX
STIR IRH YRMXW [MXL FIZIPIH IRHW ,IEH NSMRXW SJ
STIRIRH YRMXW [MXL FIZIPIH IRHW RIIH RSX FI
QSVXEVIH %X XLI FIZIPIH IRHW JSVQ E KVSYX OI]
XLEXTIVQMXWKVSYX[MXLMRMRGLQQ SJXLI
JEGI SJ XLI YRMX 8MKLXP] FYXX XLI YRMXW XS TVIZIRX
PIEOEKISJKVSYX
  Glass units
 E %TTP]EGSQTPIXIGSEXSJEWTLEPXIQYPWMSRRSX
I\GIIHMRK  MR  QQ  MR XLMGORIWW XS
TERIPFEWIW
 F 0E] YRMXW WS LIEH ERH FIH NSMRXW EVI JMPPIH
WSPMHP](SRSXJYVVS[QSVXEV
 G 9RPIWWSXLIV[MWIVIUYMVIHGSRWXVYGXLIEHERH
FIH NSMRXW SJ KPEWW YRMX QEWSRV] MR
QQ  XLMGO I\GITX XLEX ZIVXMGEP NSMRX
XLMGORIWWSJVEHMEPTERIPWWLEPPRSXFIPIWWXLER

 MR QQ  8LI FIHNSMRX XLMGORIWW
XSPIVERGIWLEPPFIQMRYW MRQQ ERH
TPYW MRQQ 8LILIEHNSMRXXLMGORIWW
XSPIVERGI WLEPP FI TPYW SV QMRYW MR
QQ 
 H (SRSXGYXKPEWWYRMXW
  All units
 E 4PEGI GPIER YRMXW [LMPI XLIQSVXEV MW WSJX ERH
TPEWXMG6IQSZIERHVIPE]MRJVIWLQSVXEVER]
YRMXHMWXYVFIHXSXLII\XIRXXLEXMRMXMEPFSRHMW
FVSOIREJXIVMRMXMEPTSWMXMSRMRK
 F )\GITX JSV KPEWW YRMXW GYX I\TSWIH IHKIW SV
JEGIWSJQEWSRV]YRMXW WQSSXL SVTSWMXMSRWS
XLEX I\TSWIH JEGIW SV IHKIW EVI YREPXIVIH
QERYJEGXYVIHWYVJEGIW
 G ;LIR XLI FIEVMRK SJ E QEWSRV] []XLI SR MXW
WYTTSVX MW PIWW XLER X[SXLMVHW SJ XLI []XLI
XLMGORIWWRSXMJ]XLI%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-55

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

3.3 B. Placing mortar and units'SRXMRYIH 

 AAC masonry 3.3 B.8 AAC Masonry — %%'QEWSRV] GER FIGYX
WLETIH ERH HVMPPIH [MXL XSSPW XLEX EVI GETEFPI SJ GYXXMRK
 E 4PEGI QSVXEV JSV PIZIPMRK FIH NSMRX MR
[SSH LS[IZIV WE[W WERHMRK FSEVHW ERH VEWTW
EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ %VXMGPI
QERYJEGXYVIHJSVYWI[MXL%%'EVIVIGSQQIRHIHJSVJMIPH
&
YWI 7MRGI XLMRFIH QSVXEV NSMRXW HS RSX VIEHMP] EPPS[ JSV
 F 0E]WYFWIUYIRXGSYVWIWYWMRKXLMRFIHQSVXEV TPYQFMRK SJ E [EPP XLI EFMPMX] SJ %%' QEWSRV] XS FI
9WIWTIGMEP RSXGLIH XVS[IPW QERYJEGXYVIHJSV IEWMP]GYXERHWLETIHEPPS[WJSVJMIPHEHNYWXQIRXXSEXXEMR
YWI [MXL XLMRFIH QSVXEV XS WTVIEH XLMRFIH VIUYMVIHXSPIVERGIW
QSVXEVWSXLEXMXGSQTPIXIP]JMPPWXLIFIHNSMRXW
9RPIWW SXLIV[MWI WTIGMJMIH MR XLI 'SRXVEGX
(SGYQIRXW WMQMPEVP] JMPP XLI LIEH NSMRXW
7TVIEH QSVXEV ERH TPEGI XLI RI\X YRMX FIJSVI
XLIQSVXEVHVMIW4PEGIIEGL%%'YRMXEWGPSWI
XS LIEH NSMRX EW TSWWMFPI FIJSVI PS[IVMRK XLI
FPSGO SRXS XLI FIH NSMRX %ZSMH I\GIWWMZI
QSZIQIRX EPSRK FIH NSMRX 1EOI EHNYWXQIRXW
[LMPI XLMRFIH QSVXEV MW WXMPP WSJX ERH TPEWXMG
F] XETTMRK XS TPYQF ERH FVMRK YRMXW MRXS
EPMKRQIRX 7IX YRMXW MRXS JMREP TSWMXMSR MR
QSVXEVNSMRXWETTVS\MQEXIP]MRQQ 
XLMGO F] WXVMOMRK SR XLI IRH ERH XST [MXL E
VYFFIVQEPPIX
 G 0E] YRMXW MR EPMKRQIRX [MXL XLI TPERI SJ XLI
[EPP%PMKRZIVXMGEPP]ERHTPYQFYWMRKXLIJMVWX
GSYVWIJSVVIJIVIRGI1EOIQMRSVEHNYWXQIRXW
F] WERHMRKXLII\TSWIHJEGIW SJ XLIYRMXWERH
XLI FIH NSMRX WYVJEGI [MXL E WERHMRK FSEVH
QERYJEGXYVIHJSVYWI[MXL%%'QEWSRV]
3.3 C. Placing adhered veneer 3.3 C Placing adhered veneer — %VXMGPI'ETTPMIWXS
EHLIVIHZIRIIVMR[LMGLXLIFEGOMRKWYTTSVXWXLI[IMKLXSJ
  &VYWL E TEWXI SJ RIEX TSVXPERH GIQIRX SR XLI
XLIYRMXW8LMWFEWMGQIXLSHLEWWIVZIHWEXMWJEGXSVMP]WMRGI
FEGOMRKERHSRXLIFEGOSJXLIZIRIIVYRMX
XLIIEVP]W4VSTIVP]JMPPIHERHXSSPIHNSMRXW' 
  %TTP] 8]TI 7 QSVXEV XS XLI FEGOMRK ERH XS XLI EVIIWWIRXMEPJSVTVSTIVTIVJSVQERGISJEHLIVIHZIRIIV
ZIRIIVYRMX
  8ET XLI ZIRIIV YRMX MRXS TPEGI GSQTPIXIP] JMPPMRK
XLIWTEGIFIX[IIRXLIZIRIIVYRMXERHXLIFEGOMRK
7YJJMGMIRX QSVXEV WLEPP FI YWIH XS GVIEXI E WPMKLX
I\GIWW XS FI JSVGIH SYX FIX[IIR XLI IHKIW SJ XLI
ZIRIIVYRMXW8LIVIWYPXMRKXLMGORIWWSJXLIQSVXEV
MR FEGO SJ XLI ZIRIIV YRMX WLEPP RSX FI PIWW XLER

MRQQ RSVQSVIXLER MRQQ 
  8SSPXLIQSVXEVNSMRX[MXLEVSYRHNSMRXIV[LIRXLI
QSVXEVMWXLYQFTVMRXLEVH
S-56 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

3.3 D. Embedded items and accessories — -RWXEPP

IQFIHHIHMXIQWERHEGGIWWSVMIWEWJSPPS[W
  'SRWXVYGXGLEWIWEWQEWSRV]YRMXWEVIPEMH
  -RWXEPP TMTIW ERH GSRHYMXW TEWWMRK LSVM^SRXEPP]
XLVSYKLRSRFIEVMRKQEWSRV]TEVXMXMSRW
  4PEGI TMTIW ERH GSRHYMXW TEWWMRK LSVM^SRXEPP]
XLVSYKLTMIVWTMPEWXIVWSVGSPYQRW
  4PEGILSVM^SRXEP TMTIW ERHGSRHYMXW MRERH TEVEPPIP
XSTPERISJ[EPPW
  -RWXEPPERHWIGYVIGSRRIGXSVWJPEWLMRK[IITLSPIW
[IITZIRXWREMPMRKFPSGOWERHSXLIVEGGIWWSVMIW
  -RWXEPPQSZIQIRXNSMRXW
  %PYQMRYQ { (S RSX IQFIH EPYQMRYQ GSRHYMXW
TMTIWERHEGGIWWSVMIWMRQEWSRV]KVSYXSVQSVXEV
YRPIWW IJJIGXMZIP] GSEXIH SV GSZIVIH XS TVIZIRX
GLIQMGEP VIEGXMSR FIX[IIR EPYQMRYQ ERH GIQIRX
SVIPIGXVSP]XMGEGXMSRFIX[IIREPYQMRYQERHWXIIP
3.3 E. Bracing of masonry — (IWMKR TVSZMHI ERH 3.3 E. Bracing of masonry — *SVKYMHERGISRFVEGMRKSJ
MRWXEPPFVEGMRKXLEX[MPPEWWYVIWXEFMPMX]SJQEWSRV]HYVMRK QEWSRV] [EPPW JSV [MRH GSRWYPX 7XERHEVH 4VEGXMGI JSV
GSRWXVYGXMSR &VEGMRK1EWSRV];EPPW9RHIV'SRWXVYGXMSR
3.3 F. Site tolerances — )VIGX QEWSRV] [MXLMR XLI 3.3 F. Site tolerances — 8SPIVERGIW EVI IWXEFPMWLIH XS
JSPPS[MRKXSPIVERGIWJVSQXLIWTIGMJMIHHMQIRWMSRW PMQMXIGGIRXVMGMX]SJETTPMIHPSEH7MRGIQEWSRV]MWYWYEPP]
YWIH EW ER I\TSWIH QEXIVMEP MX MW WYFNIGXIH XS XMKLXIV
 (MQIRWMSRSJIPIQIRXW
HMQIRWMSREP XSPIVERGIW XLER XLSWI JSV WXVYGXYVEP JVEQIW
E -RGVSWWWIGXMSRSVIPIZEXMSR 8LIXSPIVERGIW KMZIREVIFEWIHSR WXVYGXYVEPTIVJSVQERGI
   MRQQ MRQQ  RSXEIWXLIXMGW
F 1SVXEVNSMRXXLMGORIWW 8LITVSZMWMSRWJSVGEZMX][MHXLWLS[REVIJSVXLIWTEGI
 FIX[IIR[]XLIWSJRSRGSQTSWMXIQEWSRV]8LITVSZMWMSRW
    FIH• MRQQ 
HSRSXETTP]XSWMXYEXMSRW[LIVIQEWSRV]I\XIRHWTEWXJPSSV
    LIEHMRQQ MRQQ  WPEFWWTERHVIPFIEQWSVSXLIVWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXW
    GSPPEVMRQQ MRQQ  8LI VIQEMRMRK TVSZMWMSRW WIX XLI WXERHEVH JSV UYEPMX]
SJ [SVOQERWLMT ERH IRWYVI XLEX XLI WXVYGXYVI MW RSX
    KPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]WII%VXMGPI&G SZIVPSEHIHHYVMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR
G +VSYXWTEGISVGEZMX][MHXLI\GITXJSVQEWSRV]
[EPPWTEWWMRKJVEQIHGSRWXVYGXMSR
 MRQQ MRQQ 
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-57

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

3.3 F. Site tolerances'SRXMRYIH

 )PIQIRXW
E :EVMEXMSRJVSQPIZIP
  FIHNSMRXW
 •MRQQ
MRJXQ

 •MRQQ
QE\MQYQ
  XSTWYVJEGISJFIEVMRK[EPPW
 •MRQQ
MRJXQ

 •MRQQ
QE\MQYQ
 F :EVMEXMSRJVSQTPYQF
 •MRQQ
MRJXQ

 •MRQQ
MRJXQ

 •MRQQ
QE\MQYQ
 G 8VYIXSEPMRI
 •MRQQ
MRJXQ

 •MRQQ
MRJXQ

 •MRQQ
QE\MQYQ
H %PMKRQIRXSJGSPYQRWERH[EPPW
FSXXSQZIVWYWXST

•MRQQ
JSV
FIEVMRK[EPPWERHGSPYQRW
•MRQQ
JSVRSRFIEVMRK[EPPW
 0SGEXMSRSJIPIQIRXW
 E -RHMGEXIHMRTPER
 • MRQQ
MRJXQ

 •MRQQ
QE\MQYQ
 F -RHMGEXIHMRIPIZEXMSR
 •MRQQ
MRWXSV]LIMKLX
 •MRQQ
QE\MQYQ
-JXLIEFSZIGSRHMXMSRWGERRSXFIQIXHYIXSTVIZMSYW
GSRWXVYGXMSRRSXMJ]XLI%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV
S-58
SPECIFICATION
3.4 — Reinforcement, tie, and anchor installation
3.4 A.Basic requirements — 4PEGIVIMRJSVGIQIRX [EPP
XMIW ERHERGLSVWMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIWM^IWX]TIWERH
PSGEXMSRW MRHMGEXIH SR XLI 4VSNIGX (VE[MRKW ERH EW
WTIGMJMIH (S RSX TPEGI HMWWMQMPEV QIXEPW MR GSRXEGX [MXL
IEGLSXLIV
3.4 B. Reinforcement
 7YTTSVX VIMRJSVGIQIRX XS TVIZIRX HMWTPEGIQIRX
GEYWIH F] GSRWXVYGXMSR PSEHW SV F] TPEGIQIRX SJ
KVSYXSVQSVXEVFI]SRHXLIEPPS[EFPIXSPIVERGIW
 'SQTPIXIP] IQFIH VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW MR KVSYX MR
EGGSVHERGI[MXL%VXMGPI
 1EMRXEMR GPIEV HMWXERGI FIX[IIR VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW
ERHXLIMRXIVMSVSJQEWSRV]YRMXSVJSVQIHWYVJEGI
TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
COMMENTARY
3.4 — Reinforcement, tie, and anchor installation
 8LIVIUYMVIQIRXWKMZIRIRWYVIXLEX
E KEPZERMGEGXMSRMWMRLMFMXIH
F PSGEXMSRMWEWEWWYQIHMRXLIHIWMKR
G XLIVIMWWYJJMGMIRXGPIEVERGIJSVKVSYXERHQSVXEVXS
WYVVSYRH VIMRJSVGIQIRX XMIW ERH ERGLSVW WS
WXVIWWIWEVITVSTIVP]XVERWJIVVIH
H GSVVSWMSRMWHIPE]IHERH
I GSQTEXMFPI PEXIVEP HIJPIGXMSR SJ []XLIW MW
EGLMIZIH
 8SPIVERGIWJSVTPEGIQIRXSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRQEWSRV]
JMVWX ETTIEVIH MR XLI  9RMJSVQ &YMPHMRK 'SHI 
6IMRJSVGIQIRX PSGEXMSR SFZMSYWP] MRJPYIRGIW WXVYGXYVEP
SJEXPIEWX MRQQ
JSVJMRIKVSYXERH MR TIVJSVQERGISJXLIQIQFIV*MKYVI7'MPPYWXVEXIWWIZIVEP
 QQ
 JSV GSEVWI KVSYX I\GITX [LIVI GVSWW HIZMGIWYWIHXSWIGYVIVIMRJSVGIQIRX
[IFW SJ LSPPS[ YRMXW EVI YWIH EW WYTTSVXW JSV
LSVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
4PEGI VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW QEMRXEMRMRK XLI JSPPS[MRK
QMRMQYQGSZIV
E 1EWSRV] JEGI I\TSWIH XS IEVXL SV [IEXLIV
MR  QQ
 JSV FEVW PEVKIV XLER 2S 
1
¡ MRQQ
JSV2S1

FEVWSVWQEPPIV
F 1EWSRV] RSX I\TSWIH XS IEVXL SV [IEXLIV
¡MRQQ

1EMRXEMR QMRMQYQ GPIEV HMWXERGI FIX[IIR
TEVEPPIPFEVWSJXLIRSQMREPFEVWM^ISVMR
QQ
[LMGLIZIVMWKVIEXIV
-RGSPYQRWERHTMPEWXIVWQEMRXEMRQMRMQYQGPIEV
HMWXERGIFIX[IIRZIVXMGEPFEVWSJSRIERHSRILEPJ
XMQIW XLI RSQMREP FEV WM^I SV ¡MR  QQ

[LMGLIZIVMWKVIEXIV
 7TPMGI SRP] [LIVI MRHMGEXIH SR XLI 4VSNIGX
(VE[MRKW YRPIWW SXLIV[MWI EGGITXEFPI ;LIR
WTPMGMRK F] [IPHMRK TVSZMHI [IPHW MR
GSRJSVQERGI[MXLXLITVSZMWMSRWSJ%;7(
 9RPIWW EGGITXIH F] XLI %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV HS RSX
FIRH VIMRJSVGIQIRX EJXIV MX MW IQFIHHIH MR KVSYX SV Figure SC-8 — Typical reinforcing bar positioners
QSVXEV
 Noncontact lap splices — 4SWMXMSRFEVWWTPMGIHF]  Noncontact lap splices — 0ET WTPMGIW QE] FI
RSRGSRXEGXPETWTPMGIRSJEVXLIVETEVXXVERWZIVWIP] GSRWXVYGXIH [MXL XLI FEVW MR EHNEGIRX KVSYXIH GIPPW MJ XLI
XLERSRIJMJXLXLIWTIGMJMIHPIRKXLSJPETRSVQSVI VIUYMVIQIRXWSJXLMWWIGXMSREVIQIX
XLERMRQQ

SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-59

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

3.4 B. Reinforcement'SRXMRYIH 

 Joint reinforcement
E 4PEGI NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX WS XLEX PSRKMXYHMREP
[MVIW EVI IQFIHHIH MR QSVXEV[MXL EQMRMQYQ
GSZIVSJ MRQQ [LIRRSXI\TSWIHXS
[IEXLIV SV IEVXL ERH  MR  QQ  [LIR
I\TSWIHXS[IEXLIVSVIEVXL
F 4VSZMHIQMRMQYQMRQQ PETWTPMGIWJSV
NSMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX
G )RWYVIXLEXEPPIRHWSJPSRKMXYHMREP[MVIWSJNSMRX
VIMRJSVGIQIRXEVIIQFIHHIHMRQSVXEVEXPETW
 Placement tolerances
E 4PEGI VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW MR [EPPW ERH JPI\YVEP 3.4 B.11.a ;E]W XS QIEWYVI d HMWXERGI MR ZEVMSYW
IPIQIRXW [MXLMR E XSPIVERGI SJ • MR GSQQSR QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW EVI WLS[R MR *MKYVIW 7'
QQ [LIRXLIHMWXERGIJVSQXLIGIRXIVPMRI XLVSYKL7' 8LIQE\MQYQTIVQMWWMFPIXSPIVERGIJSV
SJ VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW XS XLI STTSWMXI JEGI SJ TPEGIQIRXSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRE[EPPFIEQERHGSPYQRMW
QEWSRV] d MW IUYEP XS  MR  QQ  SVPIWW FEWIHSRXLIdHMQIRWMSRSJXLEXIPIQIRX
•MRQQ JSVdIUYEPXSMRQQ 
-R QEWSRV] [EPPW XLI d HMQIRWMSR MW QIEWYVIH
SV PIWW FYX KVIEXIV XLER  MR  QQ  ERH
TIVTIRHMGYPEVXSXLIPIRKXLSJXLI[EPPERHMWHIJMRIHMRXLI
•MR  QQ  JSV d KVIEXIV XLER  MR
7TIGMJMGEXMSR EW XLI HMWXERGI JVSQ XLI GIRXIV SJ XLI
QQ 
VIMRJSVGMRK FEV XS XLI GSQTVIWWMSR JEGI SJ QEWSRV] 8LI
HMWXERGI dXSXLIGSQTVIWWMSRJEGIMWRSVQEPP]XLIPEVKIV
HMWXERGI[LIRVIMRJSVGMRKFEVWEVISJJWIXJVSQXLIGIRXIVSJ
XLI[EPPEWWLS[RMR*MKYVI7'
8LI dHMQIRWMSRMRQEWSRV]GSPYQRW[MPPIWXEFPMWLXLI
QE\MQYQEPPS[EFPIXSPIVERGIJSVTPEGIQIRXSJXLIZIVXMGEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRX%WWLS[RMR*MKYVI7'X[SHMQIRWMSRW
JSV IEGL ZIVXMGEP FEV QYWX FI GSRWMHIVIH XS IWXEFPMWL XLI
EPPS[EFPI XSPIVERGI JSV TPEGIQIRX SJ XLI ZIVXMGEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRXMRIEGLTVMQEV]HMVIGXMSR
8LI d HMQIRWMSR MRE QEWSRV] FIEQ[MPP IWXEFPMWL XLI
QE\MQYQ EPPS[EFPI XSPIVERGI JSV TPEGIQIRX SJ XLI
LSVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX[MXLMRXLIHITXLSJXLIFIEQ%W
WLS[RMR*MKYVI7'XLIHMWXERGIXSXLIXSTSJFIEQMW
YWIH XS IWXEFPMWL XLI EPPS[EFPIXSPIVERGIJSV TPEGIQIRX SJ
XLIVIMRJSVGIQIRX
F 4PEGIZIVXMGEPFEVW[MXLMR F 8LI XSPIVERGI JSV TPEGIQIRX SJ ZIVXMGEP VIMRJSVGMRK
FEVWEPSRKXLIPIRKXLSJXLI[EPPMWWLS[RMR*MKYVI7'
 MRQQ SJXLIVIUYMVIHPSGEXMSREPSRK
%W WLS[R XLI EPPS[EFPI XSPIVERGI MW   MR I\GITX JSV
XLIPIRKXLSJXLI[EPP [LIRXLI[EPPWIKQIRX
[EPP WIKQIRXW RSX I\GIIHMRK  MR [LIVI XLI EPPS[EFPI
PIRKXLI\GIIHWMRQQ 
XSPIVERGIMWHIGVIEWIHXSMRGL8LMWXSPIVERGIETTPMIW
 MRQQ SJXLIVIUYMVIHPSGEXMSREPSRK XSIEGLVIMRJSVGMRKFEVVIPEXMZIXSXLIWTIGMJMIHPSGEXMSRMR
XLIPIRKXLSJXLI[EPP[LIRXLI[EPPWIKQIRX XLI[EPP%REGGYQYPEXMSRSJXSPIVERGIWGSYPHVIWYPXMRFEV
PIRKXLHSIWRSXI\GIIHMRQQ  TPEGIQIRX XLEX MRXIVJIVIW [MXL GVSWW [IFW MR LSPPS[
QEWSRV]YRMXW
G -JMXMWRIGIWWEV]XSQSZIFEVWQSVIXLERSRIFEV
HMEQIXIV SV E HMWXERGI I\GIIHMRK XLI XSPIVERGI
WXEXIH EFSZI XS EZSMH MRXIVJIVIRGI [MXL SXLIV
VIMRJSVGMRK WXIIP GSRHYMXW SV IQFIHHIH MXIQW
RSXMJ] XLI %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV JSV EGGITXERGI SJ
XLIVIWYPXMRKEVVERKIQIRXSJFEVW
S-60 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

COMMENTARY
[LIRd MRQQ XSPIVERGI!• ¡MRQQ
[LIRMRQQ  d MRQQ XSPIVERGI!• MRQQ
[LIRd "MRQQ XSPIVERGI!•  MRQQ

d
d

7TIGMJ MIHPSGEXMSR• MRQQ %GGITXEFPIVERKISJ TPEGIQIRX

;LIR[EPPWIKQIRX MR QQ MR QQ MR QQ

7TIGMJ MIHPSGEXMSR
[LIR[EPP WIKQIRXI\GIIHW MR QQ

Figure SC-9 — Typical ‘d’ distance in a wall

d d

d
d

d d

d d

Figure SC-10 — Typical ‘d’ distance in a column

SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-61

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

 H*SYRHEXMSRHS[IPW XLEX MRXIVJIVI[MXLYRMX [IFW 3.4 B.11 (d) 1MWEPMKRIH JSYRHEXMSR HS[IPW QE]
EVI TIVQMXXIH XS FI FIRX XS E QE\MQYQ SJ MR MRXIVJIVI [MXL TPEGIQIRX SJ XLI QEWSRV] YRMXW -RXIVJIVMRK
QQ LSVM^SRXEPP]JSVIZIV]MRQQ  HS[IPWQE]FIFIRXMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLMWTVSZMWMSRWII
SJZIVXMGEPLIMKLX *MKYVI 7'    6IQSZMRK E TSVXMSR SJ XLI [IF XS
FIXXIV EGGSQQSHEXI XLI HS[IP QE] EPWS FI EGGITXEFPI EW
PSRK EW XLI HS[IP MW JYPP] IRGETWYPEXIH MR KVSYX ERH
QEWSRV]GSZIVMWQEMRXEMRIH

8STSJ FIEQ

A d

7IGXMSR%%

Figure SC-11 — Typical ‘d’ distance in a beam

Figure SC-12 — Permitted Bending of Foundation Dowels

S-62 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

3.4 C. Wall ties 3.4 C. Wall ties —8LI'SHIHSIWRSXTIVQMXXLIYWISJ

GEZMX] [EPP XMIW [MXL HVMTW RSV XLI YWI SJ >XMIW MR
  )QFIHXLIIRHWSJ[EPPXMIWMRQSVXEVNSMRXW)QFIH
YRKVSYXIH LSPPS[ YRMX QEWSRV] 8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV
[EPPXMIIRHWEXPIEWX MRQQ MRXSXLISYXIV
EHNYWXEFPIXMIWEVIWLS[RMR*MKYVI7'
JEGI WLIPP SJ LSPPS[ YRMXW )QFIH [MVI [EPP XMIW EX
PIEWXMRQQ MRXSXLIQSVXEVFIHSJWSPMH
QEWSRV]YRMXWSVWSPMHKVSYXIHLSPPS[YRMXW
  9RPIWWSXLIV[MWIVIUYMVIHFSRH[]XLIWRSXFSRHIH
F]LIEHIVW[MXL[EPPXMIWEWJSPPS[W
Wire Minimum number of
size wall ties required
 ;1;  3RITIVJXQ
 ;1;  3RITIVJXQ
8LI QE\MQYQ WTEGMRK FIX[IIR XMIW MW  MR
QQ LSVM^SRXEPP]ERHMRQQ ZIVXMGEPP]
  9RPIWWEGGITXIHF]XLI%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIVHSRSXFIRH
[EPPXMIWEJXIVFIMRKIQFIHHIHMRKVSYXSVQSVXEV
  9RPIWWSXLIV[MWIVIUYMVIHMRWXEPPEHNYWXEFPIXMIWMR
EGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRKVIUYMVIQIRXW
E 3RIXMIJSVIEGLJXQ SJ[EPPEVIE
F (SRSXI\GIIHMRQQ LSVM^SRXEPSV
ZIVXMGEPWTEGMRK
G 8LIQE\MQYQQMWEPMKRQIRXSJFIHNSMRXWJVSQ
SRI[]XLIXSXLISXLIVMWMRQQ 
H 8LIQE\MQYQGPIEVERGIFIX[IIRGSRRIGXMRK
TEVXWSJXLIXMIWMWMRQQ 
I ;LIRTMRXPIERGLSVWEVIYWIHTVSZMHIXMIW[MXL
SRISVQSVITMRXPIPIKQEHISJ[MVIWM^I;
1; 

MRQQ 1E\:IVX7TEGMRK

7U*XQ
1E\MQYQ;EPP7YVJEGI
%VIE4IV8MI
1E\'PIEV
:IVXMGEP7IGXMSR 
 MRQQ
 MRQQ ;MVI

8MI0SGEXMSR
MRQQ 1E\
,SVM^7TEGMRK
)]I9RMX
7TEGMRKSJ%HNYWXEFPI8MIW 4MRXPI9RMX
4PER:MI[

Figure SC-13 — Adjustable ties

SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-63

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

3.4 C. Wall ties'SRXMRYIH 

  -RWXEPP [MVI XMIW TIVTIRHMGYPEV XS E ZIVXMGEP PMRI SR
XLI JEGI SJ XLI []XLI JVSQ [LMGL XLI] TVSXVYHI
;LIVI SRITMIGI XMIW SV NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX EVI
YWIHXLIFIHNSMRXWSJEHNEGIRX[]XLIWWLEPPEPMKR
  9RPIWW SXLIV[MWI VIUYMVIH TVSZMHI EHHMXMSREP YRMX
XMIWEVSYRHSTIRMRKWPEVKIVXLERMRQQ
MR
IMXLIV HMQIRWMSR 7TEGI XMIW EVSYRH TIVMQIXIV SJ
STIRMRK EX EQE\MQYQ SJ JX  Q
SR GIRXIV
4PEGIXMIW[MXLMRMRQQ
SJSTIRMRK
  9RPIWWSXLIV[MWIVIUYMVIH TVSZMHI YRMXXMIW[MXLMR
MRQQ
SJYRWYTTSVXIHIHKIWEXLSVM^SRXEP
SVZIVXMGEPWTEGMRKKMZIRMR%VXMGPI'
3.4 D. Anchor bolts 3.4 D. Anchor bolts
 )QFIHLIEHIH ERH FIRXFEV ERGLSV FSPXW PEVKIV XLER
 MR  QQ
 HMEQIXIV MR KVSYX XLEX MW TPEGIH MR
EGGSVHERGI [MXL %VXMGPI % ERH %VXMGPI &
%RGLSVFSPXWSJ   MR  QQ
 HMEQIXIV SV PIWW EVI
TIVQMXXIH XS FI TPEGIH MR KVSYX SV QSVXEV FIH NSMRXW
XLEX LEZI E WTIGMJMIH XLMGORIWW SJ EX PIEWX ¡ MR
QQ
XLMGORIWW
 *SVERGLSVFSPXWTPEGIHMRXLIXSTSJKVSYXIHGIPPW
ERHFSRHFIEQWQEMRXEMREGPIEVHMWXERGIFIX[IIR
XLI FSPX ERH XLI JEGI SJ QEWSRV] YRMX SJ EX PIEWX
 MR QQ
 [LIR YWMRK JMRI KVSYX ERHEX PIEWX
¡MRQQ
[LIRYWMRKGSEVWIKVSYX
 *SVERGLSVFSPXWTPEGIHXLVSYKLXLIJEGIWLIPPSJE
 TVSGIHYVIW
LSPPS[QEWSRV]YRMXHVMPPELSPIXLEXMWXMKLXJMXXMRK
XSXLIFSPXSVTVSZMHIQMRMQYQGPIEVHMWXERGI XLEX
GSRJSVQW XS %VXMGPI  ( EVSYRH XLI FSPX ERH
XLVSYKL XLI JEGI WLIPP *SV XLI TSVXMSR SJ XLI FSPX
XLEX MW [MXLMR XLI KVSYXIH GIPP QEMRXEMR E GPIEV
HMWXERGIFIX[IIR XLIFSPX ERHXLI JEGISJQEWSRV]
YRMX ERH FIX[IIR XLI LIEH SV FIRX PIK SJ XLI FSPX
ERH XLI JSVQIH WYVJEGI SJ KVSYX SJ EX PIEWX   MR
 5YEPMX] EWWYVERGIGSRXVSP 5%5'
WLSYPHEWWYVIXLEXXLIVIMWWYJJMGMIRXGPIEVERGIEVSYRHXLI
FSPXW TVMSV XS KVSYX TPEGIQIRX 8LIWI TVSGIHYVIW WLSYPH
EPWSMRGPYHISFWIVZEXMSRHYVMRKKVSYXTPEGIQIRXXSEWWYVI
XLEX KVSYX GSQTPIXIP] WYVVSYRHW XLI FSPXW EW VIUYMVIH F]
XLI5%8EFPIWMR%VXMGPI%
8LI GPIEV HMWXERGI VIUYMVIQIRX JSV KVSYX XS WYVVSYRH
ERERGLSVFSPXHSIWRSXETTP][LIVIFSPXJMXWXMKLXP]MRXLI
LSPI SJ XLI JEGI WLIPP FYX MW VIUYMVIH [LIVI XLI FSPX MW
 QQ
 [LIR YWMRK JMRIKVSYX ERH EX PIEWX ¡ MR
TPEGIH MR ER SZIVWM^IH LSPI MR XLI JEGI WLIPP ERH [LIVI
QQ
[LIRYWMRKGSEVWIKVSYX
KVSYXWYVVSYRHWXLIERGLSVFSPXMREKVSYXIHGIPPSVGEZMX]
 4PEGI ERGLSV FSPXW [MXL E GPIEV HMWXERGI FIX[IIR 7II *MKYVI7'
TEVEPPIP ERGLSV FSPXW RSX PIWW XLER XLI RSQMREP
HMEQIXIV SJ XLI ERGLSV FSPX RSV PIWW XLER  MR
QQ

S-64 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

COMMENTARY

1MRMQYQ¡MRQQ JSV

GSEVWIKVSYXSV MRQQ  %RGLSVFSPX
JSVJMRIKVSYX
%RGLSVFSPX &SR HFIEQ

Figure SC-14 — Anchor bolt clearance requirements for headed anchor bolts – bent-bars are similar

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

3.4 E. Veneer anchors — 4PEGI GSVVYKEXIH WLIIXQIXEP
ERGLSVWWLIIXQIXEPERGLSVWERH[MVIERGLSVWEWJSPPS[W
 ;MXLWSPMHYRMXWIQFIHERGLSVWMRQSVXEVNSMRXERH
I\XIRH MRXS XLI ZIRIIV E QMRMQYQ SJ ¡ MR
3.4 E. Veneer anchors — 1MRMQYQ IQFIHQIRX
VIUYMVIQIRXWLEZIFIIRIWXEFPMWLIHJSVIEGLSJXLIERGLSV
X]TIW XS IRWYVI PSEH VIWMWXERGI EKEMRWX TYWLXLVSYKL SV
TYPPSYXSJXLIQSVXEVNSMRX
QQ
 [MXL EX PIEWX  MR QQ
 QSVXEV
GSZIVXSXLISYXWMHIJEGI
 ;MXLLSPPS[YRMXWIQFIHERGLSVWMRQSVXEVSVKVSYX
ERH I\XIRH MRXS XLI ZIRIIV E QMRMQYQ SJ ¡MR
QQ
[MXLEXPIEWX MRQQ
QSVXEVSV
KVSYXGSZIVXSSYXWMHIJEGI
 -RWXEPP EHNYWXEFPI ERGLSVW MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ%VXMGPIW 'G HERHI
 4VSZMHI EX PIEWX SRI EHNYWXEFPI X[STMIGI ERGLSV
ERGLSV SJ [MVI WM^I ;  1;
 SV  KEKI
QQ
 GSVVYKEXIH WLIIXQIXEP ERGLSV JSV IEGL
JXQ
SJ[EPPEVIE
 4VSZMHI EX PIEWX SRI ERGLSV SJ SXLIV X]TIW JSV IEGL
JXQ
SJ[EPPEVIE
 7TEGI ERGLSVW EX E QE\MQYQ SJ  MR  QQ

LSVM^SRXEPP]ERHMRQQ
ZIVXMGEPP]FYXRSX
XS I\GIIH XLI ETTPMGEFPI VIUYMVIQIRX SJ
%VXMGPI)SV)
 4VSZMHI EHHMXMSREP ERGLSVW EVSYRH STIRMRKW PEVKIV
XLER  MR QQ
 MR IMXLIV HMQIRWMSR 7TEGI
ERGLSVW EVSYRH XLI TIVMQIXIV SJ STIRMRK EX E
QE\MQYQ SJ  JX  Q
 SR GIRXIV 4PEGI ERGLSVW
[MXLMRMRQQ
SJSTIRMRK
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-65

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

3.4 F. Glass unit masonry panel anchors — ;LIR YWIH

MRWXIEH SJ GLERRIPX]TI VIWXVEMRXW MRWXEPP TERIP ERGLSVW EW
JSPPS[W
 9RPIWWSXLIV[MWIVIUYMVIHWTEGITERIPERGLSVWEXMR
QQ MRFSXLXLINEQFWERHEGVSWWXLILIEH
 )QFIH TERIP ERGLSVW E QMRMQYQ SJ MR
QQ  I\GITX JSV TERIPW PIWW XLER  JX Q 
MR XLI HMVIGXMSR SJ IQFIHQIRX ;LIR E TERIP
HMQIRWMSR MW PIWW XLER  JX  Q  IQFIH TERIP
ERGLSVW MR XLI WLSVX HMVIGXMSR E QMRMQYQ SJ MR
QQ YRPIWWSXLIV[MWIVIUYMVIH
 4VSZMHI X[S JEWXIRIVW GETEFPI SJ VIWMWXMRK XLI
VIUYMVIHPSEHWTIVTERIPERGLSV

3.5 — Grout placement 3.5 — Grout placement

3.5 A. Placing time — 4PEGI KVSYX [MXLMR  LV JVSQ
MRXVSHYGMRK[EXIVMRXLIQM\XYVIERHTVMSVXSMRMXMEPWIX
+VSYX QE] FI TPEGIH F] TYQTMRK SV TSYVMRK JVSQ
PEVKISVWQEPPFYGOIXW8LIEQSYRXSJKVSYXXSFITPEGIH
ERH GSRXVEGXSV I\TIVMIRGI MRJPYIRGI XLI GLSMGI SJ
TPEGIQIRXQIXLSH
8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLMW %VXMGPI HS RSX ETTP] XS
TVIWXVIWWMRKKVSYX
3.5 A. Placing time { +VSYX TPEGIQIRX MW SJXIR
PMQMXIH XS¡ LSYVW EJXIV MRMXMEP QM\MRK FYX XLMW XMQI
(MWGEVH WMXIQM\IH KVSYX XLEX HSIW RSX QIIX XLI
 ERH QE] FI YRHYP] VIWXVMGXMZI MR GSSPIV [IEXLIV
WTIGMJMIHWPYQT[MXLSYXEHHMRK[EXIVEJXIVMRMXMEP
QM\MRK
*SVVIEH]QM\IHKVSYX
E %HHMXMSR SJ [EXIV MW TIVQMXXIH EX XLI XMQI SJ
HMWGLEVKIXSEHNYWXWPYQT
F (MWGEVHVIEH]QM\IHKVSYXXLEXHSIWRSXQIIXXLI
WTIGMJMIHWPYQT[MXLSYXEHHMRK[EXIVSXLIVXLER
XLI[EXIVXLEX[EWEHHIHEXXLIXMQISJHMWGLEVKI
8LI XMQI PMQMXEXMSR MW [EMZIH EW PSRK EW XLI
VIEH]QM\IHKVSYXQIIXWXLIWTIGMJMIHWPYQT
3.5 B. Confinement — 'SRJMRI KVSYX XS XLI EVIEW
MRHMGEXIHSRXLI4VSNIGX(VE[MRKW9WIQEXIVMEPXSGSRJMRI
KVSYXXLEXTIVQMXWFSRHFIX[IIRQEWSRV]YRMXWERHQSVXEV
TIVMSH QE] FI XSS PSRK MR LSX [IEXLIV MRMXMEP WIX QE]
SGGYV
3RIMRHMGEXSVXLEXXLIKVSYXLEWRSXVIEGLIHMRMXMEPWIXMWE
WXEFPI ERH VIEWSREFPI KVSYX XIQTIVEXYVI ,S[IZIV
WSTLMWXMGEXIH IUYMTQIRX ERH I\TIVMIRGIH TIVWSRRIP EVI
VIUYMVIHXSHIXIVQMRIMRMXMEPWIX[MXLEFWSPYXIGIVXEMRX]
%VXMGPI  % TIVQMXW [EXIV XS FI EHHIH XS VIEH]
QM\IH KVSYX XS GSQTIRWEXI JSV IZETSVEXMSR XLEX LEW
SGGYVVIH TVMSV XS HMWGLEVKI 6ITPEGIQIRX SJ IZETSVEXIH
[EXIV MW RSX HIXVMQIRXEP XS VIEH]QM\IH KVSYX ,S[IZIV
[EXIV QE] RSX FI EHHIH XS VIEH]QM\IH KVSYX EJXIV
HMWGLEVKI
3.5 B. Confinement — 'IVXEMR PSGEXMSRW MR XLI [EPP
QE]RSXFIKVSYXIHMRSVHIVXSVIHYGIHIEHPSEHWSVEPPS[
TPEGIQIRXSJSXLIVQEXIVMEPWWYGLEWMRWYPEXMSRSV[MVMRK
'VSWW[IFWEHNEGIRXXSGIPPWXSFIKVSYXIHGERFIFIHHIH
[MXL QSVXEV XS GSRJMRI XLI KVSYX 1IXEP PEXL TPEWXMG
WGVIIRMRKSVSXLIVMXIQWGERFIYWIHXSTPYKGIPPWFIPS[
FSRHFIEQW
S-66 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

3.5 C.Grout pour height — (S RSX I\GIIH XLI 3.5 C. Grout pour height — 8EFPI  MR XLI
QE\MQYQKVSYXTSYVLIMKLXKMZIRMR8EFPI 7TIGMJMGEXMSR LEW FIIR HIZIPSTIH EW E KYMHI JSV KVSYXMRK
TVSGIHYVIW 8LI HIWMKRIV GER MQTSWI QSVI WXVMRKIRX
VIUYMVIQIRXW MJ WS HIWMVIH 8LI VIGSQQIRHIH QE\MQYQ
LIMKLXSJKVSYXTSYVWII*MKYVI7' GSVVIWTSRHW[MXLXLI
PIEWX GPIEV HMQIRWMSR SJ XLI KVSYX WTEGI 8LI QMRMQYQ
[MHXL SJ KVSYX WTEGI MW YWIH [LIR XLI KVSYX MW TPEGIH
FIX[IIR []XLIW 8LI QMRMQYQ GIPP HMQIRWMSRW EVI YWIH
[LIRKVSYXMRKGIPPWSJLSPPS[QEWSRV]YRMXW%WXLILIMKLX
SJ XLI TSYV MRGVIEWIW XLI QMRMQYQ KVSYX WTEGI MRGVIEWIW
8LI KVSYX WTEGI HMQIRWMSRW EVI GPIEV HMQIRWMSRW 7II XLI
'SQQIRXEV] JSV 7IGXMSR  SJ XLI 'SHI JSV EHHMXMSREP
MRJSVQEXMSR
 +VSYX TSYV LIMKLXW ERH QMRMQYQ HMQIRWMSRW XLEX
QIIX XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 8EFPI  HS RSX EYXSQEXMGEPP]
QIERXLEXXLIKVSYXWTEGI[MPPFIJMPPIH
 +VSYX WTEGIW WQEPPIV XLER WTIGMJMIH MR 8EFPI  LEZI
FIIRYWIHWYGGIWWJYPP]MRWSQIEVIEW;LIRXLIGSRXVEGXSV
EWOW JSV EGGITXERGISJE KVSYXMRK TVSGIHYVI XLEX HSIW RSX
QIIX XLI PMQMXW MR 8EFPI  GSRWXVYGXMSR SJ E KVSYX
HIQSRWXVEXMSR TERIP MW VIUYMVIH (IWXVYGXMZI SV RSR
HIWXVYGXMZIIZEPYEXMSRGERGSRJMVQXLEXJMPPMRKERHEHIUYEXI
GSRWSPMHEXMSRLEZIFIIREGLMIZIH8LI%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV
WLSYPHIWXEFPMWL GVMXIVMEJSV XLIKVSYXHIQSRWXVEXMSRTERIP
XS EWWYVI XLEX GVMXMGEP QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW MRGPYHIH MR XLI
GSRWXVYGXMSR [MPP FI VITVIWIRXIH MR XLI HIQSRWXVEXMSR
TERIP&IGEYWIEWMRKPIKVSYXHIQSRWXVEXMSRTERIPIVIGXIH
TVMSV XS QEWSRV] GSRWXVYGXMSR GERRSX EGGSYRX JSV EPP
GSRHMXMSRW XLEX QE] FI IRGSYRXIVIH HYVMRK GSRWXVYGXMSR
XLI %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV WLSYPH IWXEFPMWL MRWTIGXMSR
TVSGIHYVIW XS ZIVMJ] KVSYX TPEGIQIRX HYVMRK GSRWXVYGXMSR
8LIWIMRWTIGXMSRTVSGIHYVIWWLSYPHMRGPYHIHIWXVYGXMZISV
RSRHIWXVYGXMZI IZEPYEXMSR XS GSRJMVQ XLEX JMPPMRK ERH
EHIUYEXIGSRWSPMHEXMSRLEZIFIIREGLMIZIH
Table 7 — Grout space requirements
Grout type1 Maximum grout Minimum clear width Minimum clear grout space dimensions for
pour height, of grout space,2,3 grouting cells of hollow units,3,4,5
ft (m) in. (mm) in. x in. (mm x mm)

*MRI       \\ 
*MRI       \\ 
*MRI         \\ 
*MRI       \\ 
'SEVWI        \\ 
'SEVWI        \\ 
'SEVWI       \\ 
'SEVWI       \\ 

*MRIERHGSEVWIKVSYXWEVIHIJMRIHMR%781'

*SVKVSYXMRKFIX[IIRQEWSRV][]XLIW

1MRMQYQGPIEV[MHXLSJKVSYXWTEGIERHQMRMQYQGPIEVKVSYXWTEGIHMQIRWMSREVIXLIRIXHMQIRWMSRSJXLIWTEGIHIXIVQMRIHF]
WYFXVEGXMRKQEWSRV]TVSXVYWMSRWERHXLIHMEQIXIVWSJLSVM^SRXEPFEVWJVSQXLIEWFYMPXGVSWWWIGXMSRSJXLIKVSYXWTEGI7IPIGXXLI
KVSYXX]TIERHQE\MQYQKVSYXTSYVLIMKLXFEWIHSRXLIQMRMQYQGPIEVWTEGI

%VIESJZIVXMGEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPRSXI\GIIHTIVGIRXSJXLIEVIESJXLIKVSYXWTEGI

1MRMQYQKVSYXWTEGIHMQIRWMSRJSV%%'QEWSRV]YRMXWWLEPPFIMRQQ \MRQQ SVEMRQQ HMEQIXIVGIPP
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-67

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

3.5 D. Grout lift height 3.5 D. Grout lift height —%PMJXMWXLILIMKLXXS [LMGL
KVSYXMWTPEGIHMRXSQEWSRV]MR SRIGSRXMRYSYWSTIVEXMSR
 *SVKVSYXGSRJSVQMRKXS%VXMGPI%
WII *MKYVI7'
%JXIVTPEGIQIRXSJEKVSYXPMJX[EXIV
E ;LIVIXLIJSPPS[MRKGSRHMXMSRWEVIQIXTPEGI MW EFWSVFIH F] XLI QEWSRV] YRMXW *SPPS[MRK XLMW [EXIV
KVSYXMRPMJXWRSXI\GIIHMRKJXMRQ
 PSWW E WYFWIUYIRX PMJX QE] FI TPEGIH SR XST SJ XLI WXMPP
TPEWXMGKVSYX
M 8LIQEWSRV]LEWGYVIHJSVEXPIEWXLSYVW
+VSYXIHGSRWXVYGXMSRHIZIPSTWJPYMHTVIWWYVIMRXLIKVSYX
MM 8LIKVSYXWPYQTMWQEMRXEMRIHFIX[IIR WTEGI +VSYX TSYVW GSQTSWIHSJ WIZIVEP PMJXW QE]HIZIPST
ERHMRERHQQ
 XLMW JPYMH TVIWWYVI JSV XLI JYPP TSYV LIMKLX 8LI JEGIW SJ
MMM 2S MRXIVQIHMEXI VIMRJSVGIH FSRH FIEQW
EVITPEGIHFIX[IIRXLIXSTERHXLIFSXXSQ
SJXLITSYVLIMKLX
F ;LIRXLIGSRHMXMSRWSJ%VXMGPIW(EMERH
 (EMM EVI QIX FYX XLIVI EVI MRXIVQIHMEXI
FSRH FIEQW [MXLMR XLI KVSYX TSYV PMQMX XLI
KVSYX PMJX LIMKLX XS XLI FSXXSQ SJ XLI PS[IWX
LSPPS[ YRMXW [MXL YRFVEGIH IRHW GER FVIEO SYX ;]XLIW
QE] WITEVEXI 8LI [MVI XMIW FIX[IIR []XLIW QE] RSX FI
WYJJMGMIRX XS TVIZIRX XLMW JVSQ SGGYVVMRK ,MKLIV PMJXW QE]
FI YWIH [MXL WIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRK KVSYX FIGEYWI MXW JPYMHMX]
ERH MXW PS[IV MRMXMEP [EXIVGIQIRX VEXMS VIWYPX MR VIHYGIH
TSXIRXMEPJSVJPYMHTVIWWYVITVSFPIQW
8LILSYVXMQITIVMSHMWWXMTYPEXIHJSVKVSYXPMJXWSZIV
FSRHFIEQXLEXMWQSVIXLERJXMRQ
  JX  MR  Q
 XS TVSZMHI WYJJMGMIRX GYVMRK XMQI XS
EFSZIXLIFSXXSQSJXLIPMJXFYXHSRSXI\GIIH QMRMQM^I TSXIRXMEP HMWTPEGIQIRX SJ YRMXW HYVMRK XLI
EKVSYXPMJXLIMKLXSJJXMRQ
 GSRWSPMHEXMSRERHVIGSRWSPMHEXMSRTVSGIWW8LILSYVWMW
FEWIH SR X]TMGEP GYVMRK GSRHMXMSRW ERHQE] FI MRGVIEWIH
G ;LIR XLI GSRHMXMSRW SJ %VXMGPI  (EM SV FEWIH SR PSGEP GPMQEXMG GSRHMXMSRW EX XLI XMQI SJ
%VXMGPI(EMMEVI RSX QIX TPEGIKVSYXMR GSRWXVYGXMSR *SV I\EQTPI HYVMRK GSPH [IEXLIV
PMJXWRSXI\GIIHMRKJXMRQ
 GSRWXVYGXMSRGSRWMHIVMRGVIEWMRKXLILSYVGYVMRKTIVMSH
*SVWIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRKKVSYXGSRJSVQMRKXS%VXMGPI ;LIR E [EPP MW XS FI KVSYXIH [MXL WIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRK
KVSYXXLIKVSYXPMJXLIMKLXMWRSXVIWXVMGXIHF]MRXIVQIHMEXI
E ;LIRTPEGIHMRQEWSRV]XLEXLEWGYVIHJSVEX VIMRJSVGIHFSRHFIEQPSGEXMSRWFIGEYWIWIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRK
PIEWX  LSYVW TPEGI MR PMJXW RSX I\GIIHMRK XLI KVSYXIEWMP]JPS[WEVSYRHVIMRJSVGMRKFEVW
KVSYXTSYVLIMKLX
F ;LIRTPEGIHMRQEWSRV]XLEXLEWRSXGYVIHJSV
EX PIEWX  LSYVW TPEGI MR PMJXW RSX I\GIIHMRK
JXMRQ

3.5 E. Consolidation 3.5 E. Consolidation — )\GITX JSV WIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRK
KVSYX GSRWSPMHEXMSR MW RIGIWWEV] XS EGLMIZI GSQTPIXI
'SRWSPMHEXIKVSYXEXXLIXMQISJTPEGIQIRX
JMPPMRK SJ XLI KVSYX WTEGI 6IGSRWSPMHEXMSR VIXYVRW XLI
E 'SRWSPMHEXIKVSYXTSYVWMRQQ
SVPIWW KVSYX XS E TPEWXMG WXEXI ERH IPMQMREXIW XLI ZSMHW VIWYPXMRK
MR LIMKLX F] QIGLERMGEP ZMFVEXMSR SV F] JVSQXLI[EXIVPSWWJVSQXLIKVSYXF]XLIQEWSRV]YRMXW-X
TYHHPMRK MWTSWWMFPIXSLEZIELIMKLXPSWWSJMRQQ
MRJX
Q

F 'SRWSPMHEXITSYVWI\GIIHMRKMRQQ
MR
LIMKLX F] QIGLERMGEP ZMFVEXMSR ERH  'SRWSPMHEXMSR ERH VIGSRWSPMHEXMSR EVI RSVQEPP]
VIGSRWSPMHEXI F] QIGLERMGEP ZMFVEXMSR EJXIV EGLMIZIH [MXL E QIGLERMGEP ZMFVEXSV % PS[ ZIPSGMX]
MRMXMEP[EXIVPSWWERHWIXXPIQIRXLEWSGGYVVIH
LIEHMWYWIH8LIZMFVEXSV
'SRWSPMHEXMSR SV VIGSRWSPMHEXMSR MW RSXVIUYMVIHJSV
WIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRKKVSYX
ZMFVEXSV[MXLE¢MRQQ
MWEGXMZEXIHJSVSRIXSX[SWIGSRHWMRIEGLKVSYXIHGIPPSJ
LSPPS[ YRMX QEWSRV] ;LIR HSYFPI STIRIRH YRMXW EVI
YWIHSRIGIPPMWGSRWMHIVIHXSFIJSVQIHF]XLIX[SSTIR
IRHWTPEGIHXSKIXLIV;LIRKVSYXMRKFIX[IIR[]XLIWXLI
ZMFVEXSVMWTPEGIHMRXLIKVSYXEXTSMRXWWTEGIHXSMR
XSQQ
ETEVX)\GIWWZMFVEXMSRHSIWRSXMQTVSZI
GSRWSPMHEXMSRERHQE]FPS[SYXXLIJEGIWLIPPWSJLSPPS[
YRMXW SV WITEVEXI XLI []XLIW [LIR KVSYXMRK FIX[IIR
[]XLIW
S-68 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

COMMENTARY

1EWSRV]GSRWXVYGXIHXSXLILIMKLX
'PIERSYXVIUYMVIH[LIRXLIKVSYXTSYV SJ4SYVERHXLIRKVSYXIHMRPMJXW
LIMKLXMWKVIEXIVXLERJXMRQ X]T

2SXIW
%JXIVGSQTPIXMRKKVSYXMRKJSV4SYV
GSRWXVYGXQEWSRV]XSXLILIMKLXSJ4SYV
ERHXLIRKVSYXMRPMJXW
%HLIVIXSXLITSYVLIMKLXPMQMXEXMSRW
WLS[RMR7TIGMJMGEXMSR8EFPIERHXLIPMJX
(S[IPWMJVIUYMVIHF]HIWMKR LIMKLXPMQMXEXMSRWSJ7TIGMJMGEXMSR%VXMGPI
(YRPIWWSXLIVGSRWXVYGXMSRTVSGIHYVIW
EVIHSGYQIRXIHEWTVSHYGMRKEGGITXEFPI
VIWYPXWZMEERETTVSZIHKVSYX
HIQSRWXVEXMSRTERIP

'PIERSYXVIUYMVIH[LIRXLIKVSYXTSYV
+VSYXX]T
LIMKLXMWKVIEXIVXLERJXMRQ X]T

Figure SC-15 — Grout pour height and grout lift height

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

3.5 F. Grout key — ;LIR KVSYXMRK JSVQ KVSYX OI]W 3.5 F. Grout key —8LIXSTSJEKVSYXTSYVWLSYPHRSX
FIX[IIRKVSYXTSYVW*SVQKVSYXOI]WFIX[IIRKVSYXPMJXW FIPSGEXIHEXXLIXSTSJEYRMXFYXEXEQMRMQYQSJ¡MR
[LIRXLIJMVWXPMJXMWTIVQMXXIHXSWIXTVMSVXSTPEGIQIRXSJ QQ FIPS[XLIFIHNSMRX
XLIWYFWIUYIRXPMJX
-J EPMJX SJKVSYXMWTIVQMXXIHXSWIXTVMSVXSTPEGMRKXLI
 *SVQEKVSYXOI]F]XIVQMREXMRKXLIKVSYXEQMRMQYQ WYFWIUYIRX PMJX E KVSYX OI] MW VIUYMVIH [MXLMR XLI KVSYX
SJ¡MRQQ FIPS[EQSVXEVNSMRX TSYV 8LMW WIXXMRK RSVQEPP] SGGYVW MJ XLI KVSYXMRK MW
WXSTTIHJSVQSVIXLERSRILSYV
 (SRSXJSVQKVSYXOI]W[MXLMRFIEQW
 %X FIEQW SV PMRXIPW PEMH [MXL GPSWIH FSXXSQ YRMXW
XIVQMREXIXLIKVSYXTSYVEXXLIFSXXSQSJXLIFIEQ
SVPMRXIP[MXLSYXJSVQMRKEKVSYXOI]
3.5 G. Alternate grout placement — 4PEGIQEWSRV]YRMXW
ERHKVSYX YWMRK GSRWXVYGXMSR TVSGIHYVIW IQTPS]IH MR XLI
EGGITXIHKVSYXHIQSRWXVEXMSRTERIP

3.5 H. Grout for AAC masonry —9WIKVSYXGSRJSVQMRK

XS %781 ' ;IX %%' QEWSRV] XLSVSYKLP] FIJSVI
KVSYXMRK XS IRWYVI XLEX XLI KVSYX JPS[W XS GSQTPIXIP] JMPP
XLIWTEGI XS FI KVSYXIH+VSYX WPYQT WLEPP FI FIX[IIR 
MR ERH  MR  ERH  QQ  [LIR HIXIVQMRIH MR
EGGSVHERGI[MXL%781''1
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-69

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

3.6 — Prestressing tendon installation and 3.6 — Prestressing tendon installation and
stressiRg procedure stressing procedure
3.6 A. Site tolerances -RWXEPPEXMSRSJXIRHSRW[MXLXLIWTIGMJMIHXSPIVERGIWMW
GSQQSR TVEGXMGI 8LI QIXLSHW SJ ETTPMGEXMSR ERH
 8SPIVERGI JSV TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR TPEGIQIRX MR
QIEWYVIQIRXSJTVIWXVIWWMRKJSVGIEVIGSQQSRXIGLRMUYIW
XLISYXSJTPERIHMVIGXMSRMR[EPPWWLEPPFI• MR
JSVTVIWXVIWWIHGSRGVIXIERHQEWSRV]QIQFIVW(IWMKRIV
QQ
JSVQEWSRV]GVSWWWIGXMSREPHMQIRWMSRW
GSRXVEGXSV ERH MRWTIGXSV WLSYPH FI I\TIVMIRGIH [MXL
PIWW XLER RSQMREP  MR  QQ
 ERH •  MR
TVIWXVIWWMRK ERH WLSYPH GSRWYPX XLI 4SWX8IRWMSRMRK
QQ
 JSVQEWSRV]GVSWWWIGXMSREPHMQIRWMSRW
-RWXMXYXIvW*MIPH4VSGIHYVIW 1ERYEPJSV9RFSRHIH7MRKPI
IUYEPXSSVKVIEXIVXLERRSQMREPMRQQ

 8SPIVERGI JSV TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR TPEGIQIRX MR
XLI MRTPERI HMVIGXMSR SJ [EPPW WLEPP FI •  MR
7XVERH 8IRHSRW SV WMQMPEV PMXIVEXYVI FIJSVI GSRHYGXMRK
XLI ;SVO 'VMXMGEP EWTIGXW SJ XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK STIVEXMSR
XLEXVIUYMVIMRWTIGXMSRMRGPYHILERHPMRKERHWXSVEKISJXLI
QQ
 TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW ERH ERGLSVEKIW MRWXEPPEXMSR SJ XLI
 -J TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRW EVIQSZIH QSVI XLERSRI
XIRHSR HMEQIXIV SV E HMWXERGI I\GIIHMRK XLI
XSPIVERGIW WXEXIH MR %VXMGPIW % ERH  %
XS EZSMH MRXIVJIVIRGI [MXL SXLIV XIRHSRW
VIMRJSVGIQIRX GSRHYMXW SV IQFIHHIH MXIQW
RSXMJ] XLI %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV JSV EGGITXERGI SJ
XLIVIWYPXMRKEVVERKIQIRXSJTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRW
3.6 B. Application and measurement of prestressing
force
 (IXIVQMRI XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK JSVGI F] FSXL SJ XLI
ERGLSVEKI LEVH[EVI MRXS XLI JSYRHEXMSR ERH GETTMRK
QIQFIVW MRXIKVMX] ERH GSRXMRYMX] SJ XLI GSVVSWMSR
TVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQ JSV XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW ERH
ERGLSVEKIW ERH XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR WXVIWWMRK ERH
KVSYXMRKTVSGIHYVIW
8LIHIWMKRQIXLSHMR'SHI'LETXIVMWFEWIHSRER
EGGYVEXI EWWIWWQIRX SJ XLI PIZIP SJ TVIWXVIWW 8IRHSR
IPSRKEXMSR ERH XIRHSR JSVGI QIEWYVIQIRXW [MXL E
GEPMFVEXIH KEYKI SV PSEH GIPP SV F] YWI SJ E GEPMFVEXIH
H]REQSQIXIV LEZI TVSZIR XS TVSZMHI XLI VIUYMVIH
EGGYVEG] *SV XIRHSRW YWMRK WXIIPW SJ PIWW XLER  OWM
JSPPS[MRKQIXLSHW  14E
 WXVIRKXL (MVIGX 8IRWMSR -RHMGEXSV (8-

 E 1IEWYVI XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR IPSRKEXMSR
ERH GSQTEVI MX [MXL XLI VIUYMVIH IPSRKEXMSR
FEWIH SR EZIVEKI PSEHIPSRKEXMSR GYVZIW JSV
XLITVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRW
 F 3FWIVZIXLINEGOMRKJSVGISREGEPMFVEXIHKEKI
SV PSEH GIPP SV F] YWI SJ E GEPMFVEXIH
H]REQSQIXIV *SV TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW YWMRK
[EWLIVW EPWS TVSZMHI EHIUYEXI EGGYVEG] 8LIWI [EWLIVW
LEZI HMQTPIW XLEX EVI MRXIRHIH XS GSQTVIWW SRGI E
TVIHIXIVQMRIHJSVGIMWETTPMIHSRXLIQF]XLITVIWXVIWWMRK
JSVGI 8LIWI [EWLIVW [IVI JMVWX HIZIPSTIH F] XLI WXIIP
MRHYWXV] JSV YWI [MXL LMKLWXVIRKXL FSPXW ERH LEZI FIIR
QSHMJMIH JSV YWI [MXL TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] 8LI HIWMKRIV
WLSYPH ZIVMJ] XLI EGXYEP EGGYVEG] SJ (8- [EWLIVW ERH
HSGYQIRXMXMRXLIHIWMKR
FEVW SJ PIWW XLER  OWM  14E
 XIRWMPI &YVRMRK ERH [IPHMRK STIVEXMSRW MR XLI ZMGMRMX] SJ
WXVIRKXL (MVIGX 8IRWMSR -RHMGEXSV (8-
 TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWQYWXFIGEVIJYPP]TIVJSVQIHWMRGIXLI
[EWLIVW GSQTP]MRK [MXL %781 *1 EVI LIEX QE] PS[IV XLI XIRHSR WXVIRKXL ERH GEYWI JEMPYVI SJ
EGGITXEFPI XLIWXVIWWIHXIRHSR
 %WGIVXEMR XLI GEYWI SJ XLI HMJJIVIRGI MR JSVGI
HIXIVQMRIH F] XLI X[S QIXLSHW HIWGVMFIH MR
%VXMGPI & [LIR XLI HMJJIVIRGI I\GIIHW 
TIVGIRXJSVTVIXIRWMSRIHIPIQIRXWSVTIVGIRXJSV
TSWXXIRWMSRIHIPIQIRXW ERHGSVVIGXXLI GEYWISJ
XLIHMJJIVIRGI
 ;LIRXLIXSXEPPSWWSJTVIWXVIWWHYIXSYRVITPEGIH
FVSOIRTVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRWI\GIIHWTIVGIRXSJ
XSXEPTVIWXVIWWRSXMJ]XLI%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV
S-70 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

3.6 C. Grouting bonded tendons

 1M\ TVIWXVIWWMRK KVSYX MR IUYMTQIRX GETEFPI SJ
GSRXMRYSYWQIGLERMGEPQM\MRKERHEKMXEXMSRWSEW
XSTVSHYGIYRMJSVQHMWXVMFYXMSRSJQEXIVMEPWTEWW
XLVSYKL WGVIIRW ERH TYQT MR E QERRIVXLEX [MPP
GSQTPIXIP]JMPPXIRHSRHYGXW
 1EMRXEMRXIQTIVEXYVISJQEWSRV]EFSZI * '
EX XMQI SJ KVSYXMRK ERH YRXMP JMIPHGYVIH  MR
QQ  GYFIW SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK KVSYX VIEGL E
QMRMQYQ GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ  TWM
14E 
 /IITTVIWXVIWWMRKKVSYXXIQTIVEXYVIWFIPS[ *
 ' HYVMRKQM\MRKERHTYQTMRK
3.6 D. Burning and welding operations — 'EVIJYPP]
TIVJSVQFYVRMRKERH[IPHMRKSTIVEXMSRWMRXLIZMGMRMX]SJ
TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW WS XLEX XIRHSRW ERH WLIEXLMRKW MJ
YWIHEVIRSXWYFNIGXIHXSI\GIWWMZIXIQTIVEXYVIW[IPHMRK
WTEVOWSVKVSYRHMRKGYVVIRXW
3.7 — Field quality control 3.7 — Field quality control
3.7 A.:IVMJ]f 'mERHf 'AACMREGGSVHERGI[MXL%VXMGPI 3.7 A. 8LIWTIGMJMIHJVIUYIRG]SJXIWXMRKQYWXIUYEPSV
I\GIIH XLI QMRMQYQ VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLI UYEPMX]
EWWYVERGIXEFPIW
3.7 B.7EQTPI ERH XIWX KVSYX EW VIUYMVIH F] %VXMGPIW 3.7 B. %781 ' VIUYMVIW E QSPH JSV XLI KVSYX
&ERH WTIGMQIRW QEHI JVSQ XLI QEWSRV] YRMXW XLEX [MPP FI MR
GSRXEGX [MXL XLI KVSYX 8LYW XLI [EXIV EFWSVTXMSR JVSQ
XLIKVSYXF]XLIQEWSRV]YRMXWMWWMQYPEXIH7EQTPMRKERH
XIWXMRKJVIUYIRG]QE]FIFEWIHSRXLIZSPYQISJKVSYXXS
FITPEGIHVEXLIVXLERXLI[EPPEVIE
3.8 — Cleaning
'PIER I\TSWIH QEWSRV] WYVJEGIW SJ WXEMRW
IJJPSVIWGIRGIQSVXEVSVKVSYXHVSTTMRKWERHHIFVMW
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-71

FOREWORD TO SPECIFICATION CHECKLISTS

SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

F1.8LMW*SVI[SVHMWMRGPYHIHJSVI\TPEREXSV]TYVTSWIW F1. 2S'SQQIRXEV]

SRP] MX HSIW RSX JSVQ E TEVX SJ 7TIGMJMGEXMSR 817 
%'-%7')
F2. 7TIGMJMGEXMSR 817 %'- %7')  F2. &YMPHMRKGSHIWSJ[LMGLXLMWWXERHEVHMWETEVXF]
 QE] FI VIJIVIRGIH F] XLI %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV MR XLI VIJIVIRGI WIXQMRMQYQVIUYMVIQIRXWRIGIWWEV]XSTVSXIGX
4VSNIGX 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV ER] FYMPHMRK TVSNIGX XSKIXLIV XLI TYFPMG 4VSNIGX WTIGMJMGEXMSRW QE] WXMTYPEXI
[MXLWYTTPIQIRXEV]VIUYMVIQIRXWJSV XLIWTIGMJMGTVSNIGX VIUYMVIQIRXW QSVI VIWXVMGXMZI XLER XLI QMRMQYQ
6IWTSRWMFMPMXMIWJSVTVSNIGXTEVXMGMTERXWQYWXFIHIJMRIHMR %HNYWXQIRXW XS XLI RIIHW SJ E TEVXMGYPEV TVSNIGX EVI
XLI4VSNIGX7TIGMJMGEXMSR MRXIRHIH XS FI QEHI F] XLI %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV F]
VIZMI[MRK IEGL SJ XLI MXIQW MR XLI 'LIGOPMWXW ERH XLIR
MRGPYHMRK XLI %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIVvW HIGMWMSR SR IEGL MXIQ
EWEQERHEXSV]VIUYMVIQIRXMRXLITVSNIGXWTIGMJMGEXMSRW
F3.'LIGOPMWXWHSRSXJSVQETEVXSJ7TIGMJMGEXMSR817 F3. 8LI 'LIGOPMWXW EVI EHHVIWWIH XS IEGL MXIQ SJ XLMW
%'- %7')  'LIGOPMWXW EWWMWX XLI 7TIGMJMGEXMSR [LIVI XLI %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV QYWX SV QE]
%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV MR WIPIGXMRK ERH WTIGMJ]MRK TVSNIGX QEOI E GLSMGI SJ EPXIVREXMZIW QE] EHH TVSZMWMSRW MJ RSX
VIUYMVIQIRXW MR XLI 4VSNIGX 7TIGMJMGEXMSR 8LI GLIGOPMWXW MRHMGEXIHSVQE]XEOII\GITXMSRW8LI'LIGOPMWXWGSRWMWX
MHIRXMJ] XLI 7IGXMSRW 4EVXW ERH %VXMGPIW SJXLI VIJIVIRGI SJX[SGSPYQRWXLIJMVWXMHIRXMJMIWXLIWIGXMSRWTEVXWERH
7TIGMJMGEXMSR ERH XLI EGXMSR VIUYMVIH SV EZEMPEFPI XS XLI EVXMGPIW SJ XLI 7TIGMJMGEXMSR ERH XLI WIGSRH GSPYQR
%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV GSRXEMRW RSXIW XS XLI %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV XS MRHMGEXI XLI
X]TISJEGXMSRVIUYMVIHF]XLI%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV
F4. 8LI %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV QYWX QEOI EHNYWXQIRXW XS
XLI7TIGMJMGEXMSRFEWIHSRXLIRIIHWSJETEVXMGYPEVTVSNIGX
F] VIZMI[MRK IEGL SJ XLI MXIQW MR XLI GLIGOPMWXW ERH
MRGPYHMRK XLI MXIQW XLI %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV WIPIGXW EW
QERHEXSV]VIUYMVIQIRXWMRXLI4VSNIGX7TIGMJMGEXMSR
F5. 8LI 1ERHEXSV] 6IUYMVIQIRXW 'LIGOPMWX MRHMGEXIW
[SVO VIUYMVIQIRXW VIKEVHMRK WTIGMJMG UYEPMXMIW
TVSGIHYVIW QEXIVMEPW ERH TIVJSVQERGI GVMXIVME XLEX EVI
RSX HIJMRIH MR 7TIGMJMGEXMSR 817 %'-
%7')  SV VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV [LMGL XLI
%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIVQYWXHIJMRI[LMGLSJXLIGLSMGIWETTP]
XSXLITVSNIGX
F6. 8LI 3TXMSREP 6IUYMVIQIRXW 'LIGOPMWX MHIRXMJMIW
%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIVGLSMGIWERHEPXIVREXMZIW
S-72 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS CHECKLIST

Section/Part/Article Notes to the Architect/Engineer

PART 1 — GENERAL
% 'SQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLVIUYMVIQIRXW 7TIGMJ] f m and f AAC ,I\GITXJSVZIRIIVKPEWWYRMX
QEWSRV]ERHIQTMVMGEPP]HIWMKRIHQEWSRV]
7TIGMJ] f mi JSVTVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]
& 9RMXWXVIRKXLQIXLSH 7TIGMJ][LIRWXVIRKXLSJKVSYXMWXSFIHIXIVQMRIHF]
XIWX
 5YEPMX]EWWYVERGI (IJMRIXLIWYFQMXXEPVITSVXMRKERHVIZMI[TVSGIHYVI
% 8IWXMRK%KIRG]vWWIVZMGIWERH 7TIGMJ][LMGLSJ8EFPIW SV ETTPMIWXSXLITVSNIGX
HYXMIW 7TIGMJ][LMGLTSVXMSRWSJXLIQEWSRV][IVI
HIWMKRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIIQTMVMGEPZIRIIV
SVKPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]TVSZMWMSRWSJXLMW'SHIERH
EVIXLIVIJSVII\IQTXJVSQZIVMJMGEXMSRSJf m 
& -RWTIGXMSR%KIRG]vWWIVZMGIWERH 7TIGMJ][LMGLSJ8EFPIW SV ETTPMIWXSXLITVSNIGX
HYXMIW 7TIGMJ][LMGLTSVXMSRWSJXLIQEWSRV][IVI
HIWMKRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIIQTMVMGEPZIRIIV
SVKPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]TVSZMWMSRWSJXLMW'SHIERH
EVIXLIVIJSVII\IQTXJVSQZIVMJMGEXMSRSJf m 

PART 2 — PRODUCTS
 1SVXEVQEXIVMEPW 7TIGMJ]X]TIGSPSVERHGIQIRXMXMSYWQEXIVMEPWXSFI
YWIHMRQSVXEVERHQSVXEVXSFIYWIHJSVXLI
ZEVMSYWTEVXWSJXLITVSNIGXERHXLIX]TISJQSVXEV
XSFIYWIH[MXLIEGLX]TISJQEWSRV]YRMX
 1EWSRV]YRMXQEXIVMEPW 7TIGMJ]XLIQEWSRV]YRMXWXSFIYWIHJSVXLIZEVMSYW
TEVXWSJXLITVSNIGXW
 6IMRJSVGIQIRXTVIWXVIWWMRK 7TIGMJ]X]TIERHKVEHISJVIMRJSVGIQIRXXIRHSRW
XIRHSRWERHQIXEPEGGIWWSVMIW GSRRIGXSVWERHEGGIWWSVMIW
' ;IPHIH[MVIVIMRJSVGIQIRX 7TIGMJ][LIR[IPHIH[MVIVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWXSFITPEMR
) 7XEMRPIWWWXIIP 7TIGMJ][LIRWXEMRPIWWWXIIPNSMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX
ERGLSVWXMIWERHSVEGGIWWSVMIWEVIVIUYMVIH
* 'SEXMRKJSVGSVVSWMSRTVSXIGXMSR 7TIGMJ]XLIX]TIWSJGSVVSWMSRTVSXIGXMSRXLEXEVI
VIUYMVIHJSVIEGLTSVXMSRSJXLIQEWSRV]
GSRWXVYGXMSR
+ 'SVVSWMSRTVSXIGXMSRJSVXIRHSRW 7TIGMJ]XLIGSVVSWMSRTVSXIGXMSRQIXLSH
, 4VIWXVIWWMRKERGLSVEKIWGSYTPIVW 7TIGMJ]XLIERGLSVEKIWERHGSYTPIVWERHXLIMVGSVVSWMSR
ERHIRHFPSGOW TVSXIGXMSR
) .SMRXJMPPIVW 7TIGMJ]WM^IERHWLETISJNSMRXJMPPIVW
& 4VIJEFVMGEXIHQEWSRV] 7TIGMJ]TVIJEFVMGEXIHQEWSRV]ERHVIUYMVIQIRXWMR
WYTTPIQIRXSJXLSWISJ%781'
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-73

MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS CHECKLIST (Continued)

Section/Part/Article Notes to the Architect/Engineer

PART 3 — EXECUTION
( 4MTIWERHGSRHYMXW 7TIGMJ]WPIIZIWM^IWERHWTEGMRK
( %GGIWWSVMIW 7TIGMJ]EGGIWWSVMIWRSXMRHMGEXIHSRXLITVSNIGX
HVE[MRKW
( 1SZIQIRXNSMRXW -RHMGEXIX]TIERHPSGEXMSRSJQSZIQIRXNSMRXWSRXLI
& 4PEGIQIRXXSPIVERGIW TVSNIGXHVE[MRKW
-RHMGEXI dHMWXERGIJSVFIEQWSRHVE[MRKWSVEWE
WGLIHYPIMRXLITVSNIGXWTIGMJMGEXMSRW
) :IRIIVERGLSVW 7TIGMJ]X]TISJERGLSVVIUYMVIH
S-74 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

OPTIONAL REQUIREMENTS CHECKLIST

Section/Part/Article Notes to the Architect/Engineer
PART 1 — GENERAL
& 7TIGMJ]EHHMXMSREPVIUYMVIHWYFQMXXEPW
 5YEPMX]EWWYVERGI (IJMRI[LS[MPPVIXEMRXLI8IWXMRK%KIRG]ERH
-RWTIGXMSR%KIRG]MJSXLIVXLERXLI3[RIV

PART 2 — PRODUCTS
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REFERENCES FOR THE SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY

References, Part 1 1.12. ,EX^MRMOSPEW10SRK[SVXL .ERH;EV[EVYO

. w8LI)JJIGXSJ .SMRX6IMRJSVGIQIRXSR:IVXMGEP0SEH
1.1. w6IGSQQIRHIH 4VEGXMGI JSV )RKMRIIVIH &VMGO 'EVV]MRK'ETEGMX]SJ,SPPS['SRGVIXI&PSGO1EWSRV]x
1EWSRV]x&VMGO-RWXMXYXISJ%QIVMGEJSVQIVP]7XVYGXYVEP
'PE]4VSHYGXW%WWSGMEXMSR
6IWXSR:% 9RMZIVWMX]SJ'SPSVEHS&SYPHIV'3%YK
1.2. &VS[R 6, ERH &SVGLIPX .+ w'SQTVIWWMSR
8IWXW SJ ,SPPS[ &VMGO 9RMXW ERH 4VMWQWx Masonry
Components to Assemblages %781 784  .,
1EXXL]W IHMXSV %QIVMGER 7SGMIX] JSV 8IWXMRK ERH
1EXIVMEPW4LMPEHIPTLME4%TT
1.3. %'- 'SQQMXXII  &YMPHMRK 'SHI

Proceedings 2SVXL %QIVMGER 1EWSRV] 'SRJIVIRGI
1.13. (V]WHEPI 6+ ,EQMH %% ERH &EOIV 06
w1EWSRV]7XVYGXYVIW&ILEZMSVERH(IWMKRxRHIHMXMSR
8LI1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3
1.14. %XOMRWSR 6, ERH /MRKWPI] +6 w%
'SQTEVMWSR SJ XLI &ILEZMSV SJ 'PE] ERH 'SRGVIXI
1EWSRV] MR 'SQTVIWWMSRx %XOMRWSR2SPERH
6IUYMVIQIRXW JSV 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV] 7XVYGXYVIW %'- %WWSGMEXIW-RG&SYPHIV'37ITX

 6IZMWIH 
 %QIVMGER 'SRGVIXI -RWXMXYXI
(IXVSMX1-TT 1.15. 4VMIWXPI]1.2ERH)PHIV(1w7XVIWW7XVEMR
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1.4. w7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV XLI (IWMKR ERH 'SRWXVYGXMSR 1EWSRV]x %'- .3962%0 Proceedings :  2S 
SJ 0SEH &IEVMRK 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]x 86&
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&IEVMRK 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV] 4VMWQWx 2EXMSREP 'SRGVIXI
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9RTYFPMWLIH
1.6. 2EGSW '. w'SQTEVMWSR SJ *YPP] &IHHIH ERH
*EGI7LIPP &IHHIH 'SRGVIXI &PSGOx Report 2S ')
 %WWSGMEXIW -RG &SYPHIV '3 .YRI
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7]QTSWMYQ'EVPIXSR9RMZIVWMX]3XXE[E.YRITT

1.8. 7IPJ 1; w7XVYGXYVEP 4VSTIVXMIW SJ 0SEHMRK
&IEVMRK'SRGVIXI1EWSRV]xMasonry: Past and Present
784 %781 4LMPEHIPTLME 4%  8EFPI  T

1.9. &EYWWER 6 ERH 1I]IV ' w'SRGVIXI &PSGO
1EWSRV] 8IWX 4VSKVEQx 'SPYQFME 9RMZIVWMX] 2I[
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1.11. ,EQMH %% (V]WHEPI 6+ ERH ,IMHIFVIGLX
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SJ 'SRGVIXI &PSGO 1EWSRV]x Proceedings 2SVXL
%QIVMGER1EWSRV]'SRJIVIRGI9RMZIVWMX]SJ'SPSVEHS
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1.18. ,IKIQMIV +% /VMWLREQSSVXL] + 2YRR
63 ERH 1SSVXL] 8: w4VMWQ 8IWXW JSV XLI
'SQTVIWWMZI 7XVIRKXL SJ 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]x
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1.21. w8IGLRMGEP 2SXIW  wTesting for Engineered
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1.22. w8IGLRMGEP 2SXIW & wTesting for Engineered
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References, Part 2
TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
2.7. 'EXERM 1. w4VSXIGXMSR SJ )QFIHHIH 7XIIP MR
'SRWXVYGXMSR 7TIGMJMGEXMSRW -RWXMXYXI %PI\ERHVME :%
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2.8. w7XIIP JSV 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV] 6IMRJSVGIQIRXx
NCMA TEK % 2EXMSREP 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]
%WWSGMEXMSR,IVRHSR:%TT
2.9. w7TIGMJMGEXMSRW JSV 9RFSRHIH 7MRKPI 7XVERH
8IRHSRWx Post-Tensioning Manual XL )HMXMSR 4SWX
8IRWMSRMRK-RWXMXYXI4LSIRM\%>TT
2.10. +EVVMX] 7; 'SVVSWMSR 4VSXIGXMSR SJ
4VIWXVIWWMRK 8IRHSRW JSV 1EWSRV]x Proceedings,
Seventh Canadian Masonry Symposium 1G1EWXIV
9RMZIVWMX],EQMPXSR3RXEVMS.YRITT
2.11. +VMQQ'81EWSRV]'VEGOW%6IZMI[SJXLI
0MXIVEXYVIx Masonry: Materials, Design, Construction,
and Maintenance 784 %781 4LMPEHIPTLME 4%

2.12. w:SPYQI 'LERKIW z %REP]WMW ERH )JJIGXW SJ
1SZIQIRXx Technical Notes on Brick Construction 18
&VMGO-RHYWXV]%WWSGMEXMSR6IWXSR:%3GXTT
2.13. w%GGSQQSHEXMRK )\TERWMSR SJ &VMGO[SVOx
Technical Notes on Brick Construction 18A &VMGO
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2.14. w'SRXVSP .SMRXW JSV 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV] ;EPPW
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2.15. %'-7)%7'8EWO'SQQMXXIISR7PIRHIV;EPPW
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2.2. w;)'/ +PEWW &PSGOWx +PEWLEYW -RG 2.16. 0M ( ERH 2IMW :: w8LI 4IVJSVQERGI SJ
%VPMRKXSR,IMKLXW-0 6IMRJSVGIH 1EWSRV] &IEQW 7YFNIGXIH XS 6IZIVWEP
']GPMG 0SEHMRKWx Proceedings XL 'EREHMER 1EWSRV]
2.3. &IEPP ' 8MTW SR (IWMKRMRK (IXEMPMRK ERH 7]QTSWMYQ*VIHIVMGXSR2I[&VYRW[MGO'EREHE.YRI
7TIGMJ]MRK +PEWW &PSGO 4ERIPWx 8LI 1EKE^MRI SJ :TT
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2.17. 9RTYFPMWLIH *MIPH 8IWX 6ITSVX *MPI 
2.4. w*SPPS[ YT 7IVZMGI 4VSGIHYVIx *MPI 6  &2EM &6MXL ,SYWMRK %WWSGMEXIH 8IWXMRK 0EFSVEXSVMIW
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2.5. 7GLYPX^ %) ERH 7GSPJSVS1.u%R 3ZIVZMI[ 6IMRJSVGIQIRX %'-  %QIVMGER 'SRGVIXI
SJ 4VIWXVIWWIH1EWSRV]x The Masonry Society Journal -RWXMXYXI*EVQMRKXSR,MPPW1-
:  2S  8LI 1EWSRV] 7SGMIX] &SYPHIV '3
%YKYWXTT

2.6. +VMQQ '8 w'SVVSWMSR SJ 7XIIP MR &VMGO

1EWSRV]x Masonry: Research, Application, and
Problems784%7814LMPEHIPTLME4%TT

SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-79

References, Part 3 3.6. w+VSYXMRK'SRGVIXI1EWSRV];EPPWx2'1%8)/

%2EXMSREP'SRGVIXI1EWSRV]%WWSGMEXMSR,IVRHSR
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x 2EXMSREP 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]
3.2. 'SYRGMP JSV 1EWSRV] ;EPP &VEGMRK Standard
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3.9. Field Procedures Manual for Unbonded Single
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 GSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHW' &SRHIV''WIIEPWS,IEHIV
 RSXEXMSR'  HIJMRMXMSR'
 IQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW'
 PIRKXLJSVVIMRJSVGIHFIEQW' &SYRHMRKJVEQI'''{
 RSQMREPWXVIRKXL''  HIJMRMXMSR'

%%'!%YXSGPEZIH%IVEXIH'SRGVIXI%7(!%PPS[EFPI7XVIWW(IWMKR17;!1EWSRV]7LIEV;EPP7(!7XVIRKXL(IWMKR
INDEX I-3

&VEGMRK 77 'SEXMRKWJSVGSVVSWMSRTVSXIGXMSR7777

&VMGOii''''''
 ''''''
 '7777{7
 WIIEPWS'PE]QEWSRV]
GEPGMYQWMPMGEXI7
GPE]SVWLEPI'''777
GSRGVIXI'77
&YGOPMRK
 )YPIV''
 RSXEXMSR'
&YMPHMRKGSHIKIRIVEP'
'SIJJMGMIRXW
 GVIIT'
 I\TERWMSR'
 JVMGXMSR'
 VIWTSRWIQSHMJMGEXMSR''''
 WLVMROEKIJSVGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]''
'SPH[IEXLIVGSRWXVYGXMSR77 7
'SPPEVNSMRXWiii''''{'
 '''77777
 EPPS[EFPIWLIEVMR'
 HIJMRMXMSR'7
 GSRWXVYGXMSR7
&YMPHMRKSJJMGMEPHIJMRMXMSR'
ii'''''''
&YRHPMRKSJVIMRJSVGMRKFEVW''
 TVSLMFMXMSREKEMRWXJSV%%'QEWSRV]ERH7('
C  GSRWXVYGXMSR'7
'EPGYPEXMSRWii''''''
 ''''''
 '' '''
 ' ' 777
'EQFIV'
'ERXMPIZIVIHFIEQWQIQFIVWi''
 ''
'EWXWXSRI'''7
'EZMX][EPP
 HIJMRMXMSR'
'EZMX][MHXL''7
'LERRIPX]TIVIWXVEMRXW''7
'LEWIW'''7
'PE]QEWSRV]
 GSIJJMGMIRXSJQSMWXYVII\TERWMSR'
 GSIJJMGMIRXWSJXLIVQEPI\TERWMSR'
 GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL'7 
 GVIITGSIJJMGMIRX'
 QSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]'
 YRMXWTIGMJMGEXMSRW'77
 [IXXMRK77
'PIERMRK'77777
'PIERSYXW77
 HIJMRMXMSR7
%%'!%YXSGPEZIH%IVEXIH'SRGVIXI%7(!%PPS[EFPI7XVIWW(IWMKR17;!1EWSRV]7LIEV;EPP7(!7XVIRKXL(IWMKR
'SPYQRW
 '{''{''
 '{'{''
 '''{77{
 %%'QEWSRV]'
 EPPS[EFPIWXVIWWHIWMKR''{
 HIJMRMXMSR'
 IGGIRXVMGMX]'
 IJJIGXMZILIMKLX''{
 PEXIVEPXMIW'''WIIEPWS0EXIVEPXMIW
 PSEHXVERWJIV''
 VIMRJSVGIQIRXTPEGIQIRXii'
 WIMWQMGVIUYMVIQIRXW''{
 WXVIRKXLHIWMKR'{
 XLMGORIWW'
'SQTSWMXIEGXMSRi''''
 '''
 HIJMRMXMSR'
'SQTSWMXIQEWSRV]''''
 '''7
 HIJMRMXMSR'
'SQTVIWWMSREVIE[MHXL'
'SQTVIWWMSRE\MEPWII%\MEPGSQTVIWWMSR
'SQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL''''''
 ''''''
 ''''''
 ''''77{
 7{777
 WIIEPWS7TIGMJMIHGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]
 %%'QEWSRV]'77
 EGGITXERGI'7
 E\MEPRSQMREP'''
 GSQTPMERGI'
 HIJMRMXMSR'77
 HIXIVQMREXMSR'7
I-4 INDEX

'SQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLGSRXMRYIH  'SRWXVYGXMSRPSEHW77

 IQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW''
 RSXEXMSR' 'SRXVEGXHSGYQIRXWi'''''
 SJKVSYX'777777  '777777
 SJYRMXW7   HIJMRMXMSR'7
 TVMWQWXVIRKXLQIXLSH7
 7(VIUYMVIQIRXW'''
NSMRX77
 WLS[RSRHVE[MRKW77
 XIWXW'7 77 
 YRMXWXVIRKXLQIXLSH7 
'SQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]
 HIJMRMXMSR'7
'SQTVIWWMZIWXVIWW
 EPPS[EFPI''''''
 E\MEP'{
 FIEVMRK''
 IQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW'{'
 TVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]'''7
 JSVVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]''
 JSVYRVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]''
 RSXEXMSRW'
 WXIIPVIMRJSVGIQIRX'
'SRGIRXVEXIHPSEHW'{''
'SRGVIXIQEWSRV]
 GSIJJMGMIRXSJWLVMROEKI'
 GSIJJMGMIRXWSJXLIVQEPI\TERWMSR'
 GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL7{
 GVIITGSIJJMGMIRX''
 QSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]''
 QSHYPYWSJVMKMHMX]''
 YRMXWTIGMJMGEXMSRW77{77
 [IXXMRK7
'SRHYMXW
 IQFIHHIH''7
 WTIGMJMGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXW777
'SRJMRIQIRXii'''''
 ''''7
'SRJMRIQIRXSJKVSYX77
'SRRIGXSVWGSRRIGXMSRW
 HIJMRMXMSR'
 PSEHXVERWJIV'{
 TPEGIQIRX''777
 WIMWQMGVIUYMVIQIRXW''
 WLS[RSRHVE[MRKW'
'SRWSPMHEXMSRSJKVSYX'77
'SRXMRYSYWMRWTIGXMSR'77 
%%'!%YXSGPEZIH%IVEXIH'SRGVIXI%7(!%PPS[EFPI7XVIWW(IWMKR17;!1EWSRV]7LIEV;EPP7(!7XVIRKXL(IWMKR
'SRXVEGXMSRWLVMROEKI
'SRXVEGXSVHIJMRMXMSR 7
'SRXVEGXSVvWWIVZMGIWERHHYXMIW7
'SRXVSPNSMRXW77
'SRZIVWMSRSJ-RGLTSYRHYRMXWXS7-YRMXW'
'SVFIPW''''
'SVVSWMSRGSVVSWMSRTVSXIGXMSR'''
 '''' 
 7 777
 GSEXMRKWJSVTVSXIGXMSR77
 NSMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX'7
 REMPWWGVI[W''
 TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRW''77
 VIMRJSVGIQIRX'77
 WXIIPJVEQMRK'
 XMIWERGLSVWERHMRWIVXW'
'SVVYKEXIHWLIIXQIXEPERGLSVW' 7
'SYTPIHWLIEV[EPPW'
'SZIV
 HIJMRMXMSRW'7
 KVSYX'''7
 QEWSRV]''''777
 QSVXEV''77
'VIITii'''''
 '''''
'VIITGSIJJMGMIRX'
'VSWWWIGXMSREPEVIE
 HIJMRMXMSRRIX'
 XVERWJSVQIH'
 KVSWWGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIE''''
 '''' 7
 RIXGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIEi''''
 '''''7 7
 RSXEXMSR'
INDEX
D (METLVEKQii'''''
(IEHPSEHHIJMRMXMSR '
(IITFIEQ'''''
 HIJMRMXMSR'
(IJMRMXMSRW'{7{
(IJPIGXMSR
 FEGOMRKJSVZIRIIV'
 FIEQWERHPMRXIPW'
 HIWMKRWXSV]HVMJX'
 PEXIVEP''''7
 QIQFIVWWYTTSVXMRKKPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]'
 QIQFIVWWYTTSVXMRKZIRIIV' 
 TVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]'
 VIMRJSVGIH%%'QEWSRV]'
I-5
 '''''
 '''
 ERGLSVEKI%%'''
 HIJMRMXMSR'
 IQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW''
 '''
(MJJIVIRXMEPQSZIQIRX'''''
 '''' ''
(MQIRWMSR
 RSQMREPHIJMRMXMSR'7
 WTIGMJMIHHIJMRMXMSR'7
(MQIRWMSRWXSRI'77
 VIRJSVGIHQEWSRV]7(
'
 WXVYGXYVEPJVEQIW' (MQIRWMSREPGLERKIW'7
 YRVMIRJSVGIHTPEMR
%%'QEWSRV]'
 YRVIRJSVGIHTPEMR
QEWSRV]7(
' (MQIRWMSREPXSPIVERGIWWII8SPIVERGIW
(IJSVQEXMSRi''''' 
 ''' '
 ''''7
(IPMZIV]SJQEXIVMEPWTVSHYGXW7
(IQSRWXVEXMSRTERIP'7777
(ITXLHIJMRMXMSR'
(VE[MRKW
GSRXIRXMRGPYHMRKERGLSVEKIGSRHYMXWGSRRIGXSVW
TMTIWWPIIZIWVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHWTIGMJMIH
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]ii''
''777
7 777
 HIJMRMXMSRTVSNIGX'7
(VMJXPMQMXW''

(ITXLSJFEGOJMPPIQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW
' (V]SYX7
(IWMKR'
 WII%%'QEWSRV]%PPS[EFPIWXVIWWHIWMKR)QTMVMGEP
HIWMKR+PEWWYRMXQEWSRV]4VIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]
HIWMKR7IMWQMGHIWMKR7XVIRKXLHIWMKR:IRIIV
(IWMKRWXSV]HVMJX'''
(IWMKRWXVIRKXLii'''''
 '''''
E
)EVXLUYEOIWIIEPWS7IMWQMGPSEHERH7IMWQMGHIWMKR
 PSEHW'' 
)GGIRXVMGMX]'''''
 '''''7
)JJIGXMZIGSQTVIWWMZI[MHXL'
(IXEMPIHTPEMRYRVIMRJSVGIH
%%'17;'' )JJIGXMZILIMKLXii''''
 '''  '''
(IXEMPIHTPEMRYRVIMRJSVGIH
17;'' )JJIGXMZITVIWXVIWW'''''
(IZIPSTQIRX )PEWXMGHIJSVQEXMSR'''
 FSRHIHXIRHSRW'
 VIMRJSVGIQIRX%%'QEWSRV]' )PEWXMGQSHYPMi''
 VIMRJSVGIQIRX%7(' '  WIIEPWS1SHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]
 VIMRJSVGIQIRX7(''
)QFIHHIHMXIQW777777

%%'!%YXSGPEZIH%IVEXIH'SRGVIXI%7(!%PPS[EFPI7XVIWW(IWMKR17;!1EWSRV]7LIEV;EPP7(!7XVIRKXL(IWMKR
I-6 INDEX

)QFIHQIRXPIRKXL
'''''
 ERGLSVFSPXW''''
 ERGLSVW'
 LSSOW'''
 RSXEXMSR'
 VIMRJSVGIQIRX'''
*SYRHEXMSRW
 ''''''
 ''''77
 7{77
 WYTTSVXSJZIRIIV'''
*SYRHEXMSRHS[IPW
7
)QTMVMGEPHIWMKR'''''
 ' ' *SYRHEXMSRTMIVW
''''
 HIJMRMXMSR'
)RHFIEVMRKWTPMGIW '  IQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW'

)RKMRIIV

 HIJMRMXMSR7
)TS\]GSEXMRK''77
)YPIVFYGOPMRK''
 RSXEXMSR'
)\TERWMSRi''''''
 ''''{777
)\TERWMSRNSMRXWi'''
 777
F  QSVXEVJSV'77
*EFVMGEXMSR777
*MIPHUYEPMX]GSRXVSP7
*PERKIWSJMRXIVWIGXMRK[EPPW''''
*PI\YVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXi'''{
 ''''
*PI\YVEPXIRWMSR
 VIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]'
 YRVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]'
*PI\YVI
 TVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]'{  GSPPEVNSMRXEPPS[EFPIWXVIWW'{7
 VIMRJSVGIH%%'QEWSRV]'
 VIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]%7(''
 VIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]7('
 WXVIWWEPPS[EFPI'
 RSXEXMSR'  GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLVIUYMVIQIRXWi'
 YRVIMRJSVGIH%%'QEWSRV]'
 YRVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]%7('
*SYRHEXMSR[EPPW
 IQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW''
*VEQIERGLSVEKIXS'
G
+EPZERM^IHGSEXMRKWVIUYMVIQIRXW''77
+PEWWYRMXQEWSRV]i''''
 '{7777
 777777777
 GSRWXVYGXMSR77
 HIJMRMXMSR'7
 IQTMVMGEPPMQMXEXMSR'
 QSVXEVNSMRXW'77
 TERIPERGLSVW'77
 TVSXIGXMSRMRGSPH[IEXLIV77
 VIMRJSVGIQIRX'
 WYTTSVX'
 XLMGORIWW'
 YRMXWTIGMJMGEXMSRW77
+VSWWGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIE
 HIJMRMXMSR'7
+VSYX77WIIEPWS+VSYXPMJXERH+VSYXTSYV
 EHQM\XYVIW''77
 EPXIVREXITPEGIQIRXTVSGIHYVIW7
 GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLii'''
 777
 GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLVIUYMVIQIRXWJSV%%'QEWSRV]
 7
 77
 GSRJMRIQIRX77
 YRVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]7(
'  GSRWSPMHEXMSR'7
 ZIRIIV'  GSZIV''''77
 HIQSRWXVEXMSRTERIP'7777
*PSSVWJPSSVHMETLVEKQWi''''  QEXIVMEPW7777
 '''  QMRMQYQHMQIRWMSRWSJKVSYXWTEGIWii'
 IQTMVMGEPERGLSVEKI''  '7
 WIMWQMGERGLSVEKI'  QM\HIWMKRW777
 ERGLSVEKI%%'QEWSRV]''''  QM\MRK77

%%'!%YXSGPEZIH%IVEXIH'SRGVIXI%7(!%PPS[EFPI7XVIWW(IWMKR17;!1EWSRV]7LIEV;EPP7(!7XVIRKXL(IWMKR
INDEX I-7

+VSYXGSRXMRYIH   JMPPYRFEPERGIHIQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW i'

 QSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]''  '
 TPEGIQIRX''77{  JSYRHEXMSR[EPPWIQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW
'
 TVSXIGXMSRMRGSPH[IEXLIV77  LIMKLXXLMGORIWWVEXMSWIQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW
 '
 TVSXIGXMSRMRLSX[IEXLIV77  TEVETIXWIQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW
'
 UYEPMX]EWWYVERGI'{7{7
i''7
 WEQTPMRK77
 WPYQTWII7PYQTERH7PYQTJPS[
 WTEGIWWTEGIVIUYMVIQIRXWii''
 777
 WXERHEVHWERHWTIGMJMGEXMSRW7777
 777{
 WXVIRKXLWII+VSYXGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL
 XIWXMRK7777
+VSYXOI]77
+VSYXPMJX'777
 HIJMRMXMSR7
+VSYXTSYV''777{
 HIJMRMXMSR7
+VSYXMRKFSRHIHXIRHSRW'{7{7
H -RJMPP
,ERHPMRKSJQEXIVMEPWTVSHYGXWi'''
 '7777
,IEHNSMRX
 GSRWXVYGXMSR7{7
 HIJMRMXMSR'
 STXMSREPWTIGMJMGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRX7
 XLMGORIWW77
,IEHIHERGLSVFSPXW'''''
 KVSYXTSYV7II+VSYXTSYV
 77{
,SPPS[QEWSRV]YRMXi''''
 77777
HIJMRMXMSR '
,SSOWWII7XERHEVHLSSO
,SVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
 WIMWQMGVIUYMVIQIRXW'
 JSVQEWSRV]RSXPEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRH''
,SX[IEXLIVGSRWXVYGXMSR77777
I
-QTEGX''
-RGLTSYRHWXVERWPEXMSRXEFPI'
 HIJMRMXMSRW''
 HIWMKR%TTIRHM\&
 RSRTEVXMGMTEXMRK''
 TEVXMGMTEXMRK''{
-RWIVXWTVSXIGXMSRJSV''
-RWTIGXMSRi'''{77{
 777777
 HIJMRMXMSR'7
 777WIIEPWS%RGLSVFSPXW

 %7(TVSZMWMSRW' -RWTIGXMSR%KIRG]i''77
 IQFIHQIRXPIRKXL'  777
 QEXIVMEPWTIGMJMGEMXSRW77
 TPEGIQIRX' -RXIVQIHMEXIVIMRJSVGIH17;'''
 WXVIRKXLHIWMKR'  '''
 WTIGMJMGEXMSRW77
-RXIVWIGXMRK[EPPW
,IEHIVW
  HIWMKR''
 EPPS[EFPIWXVIWW'''  IQTMVMGEPERGLSVEKI'
 GSQTSWMXIEGXMSR '
 HIJMRMXMSR'
 IQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW''' J
.EGOMRKJSVGITVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]'77
,IMKLX
 IJJIGXMZIi'''' .SMRXWII&IHNSMRX'SPPEVNSMRX,IEH.SMRX)\TERWMSR
 '''  NSMRX'SRXVEGXMSRNSMRXIXG
 HIJMRMXMSRIJJIGXMZILIMKLX'
 RSXEXMSR' .SMRXJMPPIVW7777
 IQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXWFYMPHMRKW'

%%'!%YXSGPEZIH%IVEXIH'SRGVIXI%7(!%PPS[EFPI7XVIWW(IWMKR17;!1EWSRV]7LIEV;EPP7(!7XVIRKXL(IWMKR
I-8 INDEX

.SMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX  HIEH'''''
 EPPS[EFPIWXVIWW''  HIJMRMXMSR'
 FSRHMRKIQTMVMGEPHIWMKR'  HMWXVMFYXMSR''
 GSZIV'  HVE[MRKWWLS[RSR'
 GVSWW[MVIWi''''  IQTMVMGEPHIWMKRQE\MQYQ'''
 ''7  KPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]QE\MQYQ'
 JSVKPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]'  PEXIVEPii'''''
 QEXIVMEPWTIGMJMGEXMSRW77{7  '''
 QMRMQYQ[MVIWM^I'  PMZI''''''
 TPEGIQIRX7  RSXEXMSR'
 TVSXIGXMSR'7  WIMWQMGi'''{''{
 WIMWQMGHIWMKR'  ''''''
 ZIRIIV'{  WIVZMGI''''''
 [MVIWM^I'''  '''''
 XVERWJIV''''''
 ZIRIIVQE\MQYQ'
L  [MRH'''''
0ETWTPMGIWii'''{'
 77WII7TPMGIW
 0SEHXVERWJIV'''''
0EXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRKW]WXIQi''
 '{''
0EXIVEPPSEHHMWXVMFYXMSR'
0EXIVEPWXEFMPMX]IQTMVMGEPHIWMKR'
0EXIVEPWYTTSVX''''''
 '''{
 ''''
 IQTMVMGEPHIWMKR'{''
 KPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]'
0EXIVEPXMIW''''
 IJMRMXMSR'
 SVGSPYQRW'''
 WIMWQMGHIWMKR''
0EXIVEPP]VIWXVEMRIHTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSR'
 '{  ZIRIIVWII:IRIIV
0EXIVEPP]YRVIWXVEMRIHTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRi'
 '{
0MRXIPW
 HIJPIGXMSR' 1EWSRV]GIQIRX'''
 IQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW''
 ZIRIIV'
0MZIPSEHHIJMRMXMSR'
0SEHFIEVMRK;EPP
 HIJMRMXMSR'7
 IQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW'
 XSPIVERGIW7
0SRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRXi''''
 '''''
 '{'''''
M
1EWSRV]
 KPEWWWII+PEWWYRMXQEWSRV]
 TPEMRWII9RVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]
 TVIWXVIWWIHWII4VIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]
 VIMRJSVGIHWII6IMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]
 YRVIMRJSVGIHWII9RVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]
1EWSRV]FSRHIHLSPPS[[EPP'''
1EWSRV]FVIEOSYXHIJMRMXMSR '7
1EWSRV]GPIERIVW77
1EWSRV]IVIGXMSR7
 GSPH[IEXLIVGSRWXVYGXMSR7{7
0SEHW
0SEHMRK  JMIPHUYEPMX]GSRXVSP7
 EPPS[EFPIWII%PPS[EFPIJSVGIW0SEHWIXG  KVSYXTPEGIQIRX'7777
 GSQFMREXMSRWii'''''  LSX[IEXLIVGSRWXVYGXMSR77
 '''  TPEGMRKQSVXEV7{
 ''''  TVITEVEXMSR7
 GSRGIRXVEXIH'''''  VIMRJSVGIQIRXMRWXEPPEXMSR 77
 GSRWXVYGXMSR7  WMXIXSPIVERGIW777

%%'!%YXSGPEZIH%IVEXIH'SRGVIXI%7(!%PPS[EFPI7XVIWW(IWMKR17;!1EWSRV]7LIEV;EPP7(!7XVIRKXL(IWMKR
INDEX I-9

1EWSRV]QEXIVMEPWii'''7{ 1SVXEV
77777{  EHQM\XYVIW7
 EPPS[EFPIJPI\YVEPXIRWMSR'
1EXIVMEPW
  GSZIV7
 GIVXMJMGEXIW7
 HIPMZIV]7
 LERHPMRK7
 TVSTIVXMIW''''''
 WEQTPIW7777
 WIMWQMGVIWXVMGXMSRW'{
 WTIGMJMGEXMSRW'7{7{
 WXSVEKI''77
1E\MQYQZEPYIHIJMRMXMSR7
1E\MQYQ[MRHTVIWWYVISVWTIIH
 IQTMVMGEPHIWMKRQE\MQYQ'
 KPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]QE\MQYQ'{
 ZIRIIVQE\MQYQ''
1IERHEMP]XIQTIVEXYVIHIJMRMXMSR7
1IGLERMGEPGSRRIGXMSRWWTPMGIWi'''
 ''{
1IXEPEGGIWWSVMIW''7777
1MRMQYQMRWMHIFIRHHMEQIXIVJSVVIMRJSVGMRKFEVW7
1MRMQYQXLMGORIWWIQTMVMGEPHIWMKR''
1MRMQYQHEMP]XIQTIVEXYVIHIJMRMXMSR7
1MRMQYQZEPYIHIJMRMXMSR7
1M\HIWMKRW77777
1M\MRK7777777
1SHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]ii''''{
 '''
1SHYPYWSJVMKMHMX]''''
 IQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW'{
JSVKPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]ii''77
777
 MRWTIGXMSR''7{
 QERHEXSV]WTIGMJMGEXMSRW7
 QEXIVMEPW777
 QM\HIWMKRW7
 QM\MRK777
 TMKQIRXW77
 TPEGMRK77{
 TVSXIGXMSRMRGSPH[IEXLIV77
 TVSXIGXMSRMRLSX[IEXLIV7
 VIXIQTIVMRK 77
 WIMWQMGVIWXVMGXMSRW''
 WTIGMJMGEXMSRWi77{7
 777
 XLMRFIHQSVXEVii''''
 '{''7
 77777
1SZIQIRXNSMRXWii''''7
 777
 WIIEPWS'SRXVSPNSMRXERH)\TERWMSRNSMRX
 HIWMKRHIXEMPMRKEHNEGIRXXS'
 WTIGMJMGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXW7777
 WYFQMXXEPW7
1YPXM[]XLI[EPPWi'''{''
 IQTMVMGEPHIWMKR''
N
2IKEXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX''
2IXGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIEHIJMRMXMSR'
2SQMREPHMQIRWMSRHIJMRMXMSR'7
'''''
1SHYPYWSJVYTXYVI''''{'
 ''''77
1SMWXYVIi''''''
 '''''
 7777
1SMWXYVII\TERWMSR'''''
1SQIRXSJMRIVXMEi''''
 '''
1SQIRXRSXEXMSR'
%%'!%YXSGPEZIH%IVEXIH'SRGVIXI%7(!%PPS[EFPI7XVIWW(IWMKR17;!1EWSRV]7LIEV;EPP7(!7XVIRKXL(IWMKR
2SQMREPWXVIRKXLW
 ''{'''
 ''{'''
 ERGLSVFSPXW'{
 HIJMRMXMSR'
2SRGSQTSWMXIEGXMSR'
2SRGSRXEGXPETWTPMGIW''7
2SRTEVXMGMTEXMRKMRJMPP
 HIJMRMXMSR'
 HIWMKR'
2SXEXMSR'{
I-10 INDEX

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I-12 INDEX

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I-14 INDEX

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