Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
2011 NLRC RULES OF PROCEDURE
• What is the constitutional
provision on protection to
labor?
“The State shall afford full protection to
labor, local and overseas, organized and
unorganized, and promote full
employment and equality of
employment opportunities for all. It
shall guarantee the rights of all workers
to self-organization, collective
bargaining and negotiations, and
peaceful concerted activities, including
the right to strike in accordance with
law. They shall be entitled to security of
tenure, humane conditions of work, and
a living wage. They shall also participate
in policy and decision-making processes
affecting their rights and benefits as may
be provided by law.
“The State shall promote the principle of
shared responsibility between workers
and employers and the preferential use
of voluntary modes in settling disputes,
including conciliation, and shall enforce
their mutual compliance therewith to
foster industrial peace.
“The State shall regulate the relations
between workers and employers,
recognizing the right of labor to its just
share in the fruits of production and the
right of enterprises to reasonable
returns on investments, and to
expansion and growth.”
• What rules govern the
proceedings before the
Labor Arbiters and the
NLRC?
The proceedings before the Labor
Arbiters and the NLRC are governed by
the Labor Code, as amended, the 2011
NLRC Rules of Procedure, and
suppletorily, the Rules of Court.
• What is the nature of the
proceedings before the
Labor Arbiter?
The NLRC Rules describe the
proceedings before the Labor Arbiter as
non-litigious. Subject to the
requirements of due process, the
technicalities of law and procedure in
the regular courts do not apply in the
labor arbitration proceedings.
• What are the cases falling under
the jurisdiction of the Labor
Arbiters?
Under Article 217 of the Labor Code,
Labor Arbiters have jurisdiction over the
following cases:
1. Unfair labor practice (ULP) cases;
2. Termination disputes (or illegal
dismissal cases);
3. If accompanied with a claim for
reinstatement, those cases that workers
may file involving wages, rates of pay,
hours of work and other terms and
conditions of employment;
4. Claims for actual, moral, exemplary
and other forms of damages arising from
employer-employee relations;
5. Cases arising from any violation of
Article 264 of the Labor Code, including
questions involving the legality of strikes
and lockouts;
6. Except claims for employees
compensation not included in the next
succeeding paragraph, social security,
medicare and maternity benefits, all
other claims arising from employer-
employee relations, including those of
persons in domestic or household
service, involving an amount exceeding
Five Thousand Pesos (P5,000.00),
whether or not accompanied with a
claim for reinstatement;
7. Wage distortion disputes in
unorganized establishments not
voluntarily settled by the parties
pursuant to Republic Act No. 6627;
8. Enforcement of compromise
agreements when there is non-
compliance by any of the parties
pursuant to Article 227 of the Labor
Code, as amended;
9. Money claims arising out of
employer-employee relationship or by
virtue of any law or contract, involving
Filipino workers for overseas
employment, including claims for actual,
moral, exemplary and other forms of
damages as provided by Section 10 of
R.A. No. 8042, as amended by R.A. No.
10022;
10.Contested cases under the exception
clause of Article 128(b) of the Labor
Code, as amended by R.A. 7730; and
11.Other cases as may be provided by
law.

• May a non-lawyer appear in
any of the proceedings
before the Labor Arbiter or
Commission?
Yes. A non-lawyer may appear in any of
the proceedings before the Labor Arbiter
or Commission only under the following
conditions:
1. he/she represents himself/herself as
party to the case;
2. he/she represents a legitimate labor
organization, as defined under Article
212 and 242 of the Labor Code, as
amended, which is a party to the case:
Provided, that he/she presents to the
Commission or Labor Arbiter during the
mandatory conference or initial hearing:
(i) a certification from the Bureau of
Labor Relations (BLR) or Regional
Office of the Department of Labor and
Employment attesting that the
organization he/she represents is duly
registered and listed in the roster of
legitimate labor organizations; (ii) a
verified certification issued by the
secretary and attested to by the
president of the said organization
stating that he/she is authorized to
represent the said organization in the
said case; and (iii) a copy of the
resolution of the board of directors of
the said organization granting him such
authority;
3. he/she represents a member or
members of a legitimate labor
organization that is existing within the
employer’s establishment, who are
parties to the case: Provided, that he/she
presents: (i) a verified certification
attesting that he/she is authorized by
such member or members to represent
them in the case; and (ii) a verified
certification issued by the secretary and
attested to by the president of the said
organization stating that the person or
persons he/she is representing are
members of their organization which is
existing in the employer’s
establishment;
4. he/she is a duly-accredited member
of any legal aid office recognized by the
Department of Justice or Integrated Bar
of the Philippines: Provided, that he/she
(i) presents proof of his/her
accreditation; and
(ii) represents a party to the case;
5. he/she is the owner or president of a
corporation or establishment which is a
party to the case: Provided, that he/she
presents: (i) a verified certification
attesting that he/she is authorized to
represent said corporation or
establishment; and (ii) a copy of the
resolution of the board of directors of
said corporation, or other similar
resolution or instrument issued by said
establishment, granting him/her such
authority.
• Does the counsel or authorized
representatives have the
authority to bind their
clients?
Yes. Counsel or other authorized
representatives of parties shall have
authority to bind their clients in all
matter of procedure. However, they
cannot, without a special power of
attorney or express consent, enter into a
compromise agreement with the
opposing party in full or partial
discharge of a client’s claim.
• What is the purpose of
mandatory conciliation and
mediation conference?
The mandatory conciliation and
mediation conference shall be called for
the purpose of (1) amicably settling the
case upon a fair compromise; (2)
determining the real parties in interest;
(3) determining the necessity of
amending the complaint and including
all causes of action; (4) defining and
simplifying the issues in the case; (5)
entering into admissions or stipulations
of facts; and (6) threshing out all other
preliminary matters.
• What is the effect of non-
appearance of the parties in
the mandatory conciliation
and mediation conference?
The non-appearance of the complainant
or petitioner during the two (2) settings
for mandatory conciliation and
mediation conference scheduled in the
summons, despite due notice thereof,
shall be a ground for the dismissal of the
case without prejudice.
In case of non-appearance by the
respondent during the first scheduled
conference, the second conference as
scheduled in the summons shall
proceed. If the respondent still fails to
appear at the second conference despite
being duly served with summons,
he/she shall be considered to have
waived his/her right to file position
paper. The Labor Arbiter shall
immediately terminate the mandatory
conciliation and mediation conference
and direct the complainant or petitioner
to file a verified position paper and
submit evidence in support of his/her
causes of action and thereupon render
his/her decision on the basis of the
evidence on record.
• What is the role of the Labor
Arbiter in hearing and
clarificatory conference?
The Labor Arbiter shall take full control
and personally conduct the hearing or
clarificatory conference and may ask
questions for the purpose of clarifying
points of law or facts involved in the
case. The Labor Arbiter may allow the
presentation of testimonial evidence
with right of cross-examination by the
opposing party and shall limit the
presentation of evidence to matters
relevant to the issue before him/her and
necessary for a just and speedy
disposition of the case.
The Labor Arbiter shall make a written
summary of the proceedings, including
the substance of the evidence presented,
in consultation with the parties. The
written summary shall be signed by the
parties and shall form part of the
records.
• What is the period within which
to conduct clarificatory
conference?
The parties and their counsels appearing
before the Labor Arbiter shall be
prepared for continuous hearing or
clarificatory conference. No
postponement or continuance shall be
allowed by the Labor Arbiter, except
upon meritorious grounds and subject to
the requirement of expeditious
disposition of cases. The hearing or
clarificatory conference shall be
terminated within thirty (30) calendar
days from the date of the initial
clarificatory conference. In cases
involving overseas Filipino workers, the
aggregate period for conducting the
mandatory conciliation and mediation
conference, including hearing on the
merits or clarificatory conference, shall
not exceed sixty (60) days, which will be
reckoned from the date of acquisition of
jurisdiction by the Labor Arbiter over
the person of the respondents.
• What is the effect of non-
appearance of the parties
during clarificatory
conference?
In case of non-appearance of any of the
parties during the hearing or
clarificatory conference despite due
notice, proceedings shall be conducted
ex parte. Thereafter, the case shall be
deemed submitted for decision.
• What is the period within which
to file a motion for
postponement?
No motion for postponement shall be
entertained except on meritorious
grounds and when filed at least three (3)
days before the scheduled hearing.
1 What is the period within which
to cause an amendment of
the complaint or petition?
2
No amendment of the complaint or
petition shall be allowed after the filing
of position papers, unless with leave of
the Labor Arbiter.
• What are the prohibited
pleadings and motions?
The following pleadings and motions
shall not be allowed and acted upon nor
elevated to the Commission:
(a) Motion to dismiss the complaint
except on the ground of lack of
jurisdiction over the subject matter,
improper venue, res judicata,
prescription and forum shopping;
(b) Motion for a bill of particulars;
(c) Motion for new trial;
(d) Petition for Relief from Judgment;
(e) Motion to declare respondent in
default;
(f) Motion for reconsideration of any
decision or any order of the Labor
Arbiter;
(g) Appeal from any interlocutory order
of the Labor Arbiter, such as but not
limited to, an order:
denying a motion to dismiss,
denying a motion to inhibit;
denying a motion for issuance of writ of
execution, or
denying a motion to quash writ of
execution;
(h) Appeal from the issuance of a
certificate of finality of decision by the
Labor Arbiter;
(i) Appeal from orders issued by the
Labor Arbiter in the course of execution
proceedings; and
(j) Such other pleadings, motions and
petitions of similar nature intended to
circumvent above provisions.

• May the Commission blacklist
bonding companies?
Yes. The Commission through the
Chairman may on justifiable grounds
blacklist a bonding company,
notwithstanding its accreditation by the
Supreme Court. Upon verification by the
Commission that the bond is irregular or
not genuine, the Commission shall cause
the immediate dismissal of the appeal,
and censure the responsible parties and
their counsels, or subject them to
reasonable fine or penalty, and the
bonding company may be blacklisted.
• May a party file a motion to
revive and re-open a case
dismissed without
prejudice?
Yes. A party may file a motion to revive
or re-open a case dismissed without
prejudice, within ten (10) calendar days
from receipt of notice of the order
dismissing the same; otherwise, the only
remedy shall be to re-file the case. A
party declared to have waived his/her
right to file position paper may, at any
time after notice thereof and before the
case is submitted for decision, file a
motion under oath to set aside the order
of waiver upon proper showing that
his/her failure to appear was due to
justifiable and meritorious grounds.
• What is the effect of
rehabilitation receivership
on monetary claims of
workers?
Rehabilitation receivership of a
company has the effect of suspending all
proceedings – at whatever stage it may
be found - in all judicial or quasi-judicial
bodies. The NLRC may not proceed with
hearing of monetary claims. If already
decided, the monetary awards cannot be
executed. If due for execution, no such
execution may be had. Only when there
is liquidation that the monetary claims
may be asserted. The suspension of the
proceedings is necessary to enable the
rehabilitation receiver to effectively
exercise its powers free from any judicial
or extra-judicial interference that might
unduly hinder the rescue of the
distressed company. Once the
receivership proceedings have ceased
and the receiver/liquidator is given the
imprimatur to proceed with corporate
liquidation, the SEC order becomes
functus officio. Thus, there is no legal
impediment for the execution of the
decision of the Labor Arbiter for the
payment of separation pay by presenting
it with the rehabilitation receiver and
liquidator, subject to the rules on
preference of credits.
• What are the two kinds of
jurisdiction of the NLRC?
The National Labor Relations
Commission exercises two (2) kinds of
jurisdiction: (1) Original jurisdiction;
and (2) Exclusive appellate jurisdiction.
1. Original jurisdiction:
1 Injunction in ordinary labor disputes
to enjoin or restrain any actual or
threatened commission of any or
all prohibited or unlawful acts or
to require the performance of a
particular act in any labor dispute
which, if not restrained or
performed forthwith, may cause
grave or irreparable damage to
any party;
2 Injunction in strikes or lockouts under
Article 264 of the Labor Code;
and
3 Certified labor disputes causing or
likely to cause a strike or lockout
in an industry indispensable to
the national interest, certified to
it by the Secretary of Labor and
Employment for compulsory
arbitration.
2. Exclusive appellate jurisdiction:
1 All cases decided by the Labor
Arbiters including contempt
cases; and
2 Cases decided by the DOLE Regional
Directors or his duly authorized
Hearing Officers (under Article
129) involving recovery of wages,
simple money claims and other
benefits not exceeding P5,000
and not accompanied by claim for
reinstatement.
• What is the power to assume
jurisdiction or certify
“national interest” labor
disputes to NLRC?
When, in his opinion, there exists a
labor dispute causing or likely to cause a
strike or lockout in an industry
indispensable to the national interest,
the Secretary of Labor and Employment
may assume jurisdiction over the
dispute and decide it or certify the same
to the Commission for compulsory
arbitration.

• In case of conflict, who has
jurisdiction over
termination disputes, Labor
Arbiter or Voluntary
Arbitrator?
Jurisdiction over termination disputes
belongs to Labor Arbiters and not with
the grievance machinery or Voluntary
Arbitrator. Under Article 262, the
Voluntary Arbitrator may assume
jurisdiction only when agreed upon by
the parties. Policy Instructions No. 56
issued by DOLE Secretary Confesor
clarifying the jurisdiction of Labor
Arbiters and Voluntary Arbitrations
does not apply. It reiterated the ruling
that dismissal is not a grievable issue.
• What is the mode of appeal from
the decision of the Labor
Arbiters?
Appeal from the decision of the Labor
Arbiter is brought by ordinary appeal to
the NLRC within ten (10) calendar days
from receipt by the party of the decision.
From the decision of the NLRC, there is
no appeal. The only way to elevate the
case to the Court of Appeals is by way of
the special civil action of certiorari
under Rule 65 of the Rules of Civil
Procedure. From the ruling of the Court
of the Appeals, it may be elevated to the
Supreme Court by way of ordinary
appeal under Rule 45 of the Rules of
Civil Procedure.
• What are the grounds for
appeal?
There are four (4) grounds, to wit:
(a) If there is prima facie evidence of
abuse of discretion on the part of the
Labor Arbiter;
(b) If the decision, order or award was
secured through fraud or coercion,
including graft and corruption;
(c) If made purely on questions of law;
and
(d) If serious errors in the findings of
facts are raised which would cause grave
or irreparable damage or injury to the
appellant.
• What are the requisites for
perfection of appeal?
The appeal shall be:
(1) filed within the reglementary period
provided in Section 1 of the Rule;
(2) verified by the appellant
himself/herself in accordance with
Section 4, Rule 7 of the Rules of Court,
as amended;
(3) in the form of a memorandum of
appeal which shall state the grounds
relied upon and the arguments in
support thereof, the relief prayed for,
and with a statement of the date the
appellant received the appealed
decision, award or order;
(4) in three (3) legibly typewritten or
printed copies; and
(5) accompanied by proof of payment of
the required appeal fee and legal
research fee, posting of a cash or surety
bond as provided in Section 6 of this
Rule, and proof of service upon the other
parties.
• What is the reinstatement
aspect of the Labor Arbiter’s
decision?
If reinstatement is ordered by the Labor
Arbiter in an illegal dismissal case, it is
immediately executory even pending
appeal. Such award does not require a
writ of execution.
• Is posting a bond stay the
execution of immediate
reinstatement?
No. The posting of a bond by the
employer does not have the effect of
staying the execution of the
reinstatement aspect of the decision of
the Labor Arbiter.
• Can the Labor Arbiter issue a
partial writ pending
appeal?
Yes. In case the decision includes an
order of reinstatement and the employer
disobeys it or refuses to reinstate the
dismissed employee, the Labor Arbiter
should immediately issue a writ of
execution, even pending appeal,
directing the employer to immediately
reinstate the dismissed employee either
physically or in the payroll, and to pay
the accrued salaries as a consequence of
such reinstatement at the rate specified
in the decision. The Sheriff should serve
the writ of execution upon the employer
or any other person required by law to
obey the same. If he disobeys the writ,
such employer or person may be cited
for contempt. While the perfection of
appeal will stay the execution of the
decision of a Labor Arbiter, the partial
execution for reinstatement pending
appeal is not affected by such perfection.
• Is the award of reinstatement
pending appeal by the Labor
Arbiter self-executory?
Yes. An award or order of reinstatement
is self-executory and, therefore, does not
require a writ of execution to implement
and enforce it. To require the
application for and issuance of a writ of
execution as pre-requisite for the
execution of a reinstatement award
would certainly betray and run counter
to the very object and intent of Article
223, i.e., the immediate execution of a
reinstatement order. The reason is
simple. An application for a writ of
execution and its issuance could be
delayed for numerous reasons. A mere
continuance or postponement of a
scheduled hearing, for instance, or an
inaction on the part of the Labor Arbiter
or the NLRC, could easily delay the
issuance of the writ thereby setting at
naught the strict mandate and noble
purpose envisioned by Article 223.
• What is the period within which
to conduct pre-execution
conference?
Within two (2) working days from
receipt of a motion for the issuance of a
writ of execution which shall be
accompanied by a computation of a
judgment award, if necessary, the
Commission or the Labor Arbiter may
schedule a pre-execution conference to
thresh out matters relevant to execution
including the final computation of
monetary award. The pre-execution
conference shall not exceed fifteen (15)
calendar days from the initial schedule,
unless the parties agreed to an
extension. Any order issued by the Labor
Arbiter in the pre-execution conference
is not appealable, subject to the
remedies available under Rule XII
(Extraordinary Remedies).
• Is writ of execution necessary in
case reinstatement is
ordered by the NLRC on
appeal?
Yes. While it is now well-settled that a
writ of execution is not necessary to
implement the reinstatement order
issued by a Labor Arbiter upon a finding
of illegality of dismissal since it is self-
executory, however, if the reinstatement
order is issued by the NLRC on appeal,
there is a need to secure a writ of
execution from the Labor Arbiter a quo
to enforce the reinstatement of the
employee.
• What is the lifetime or effectivity
of the writ of execution?
Five (5) years. In case of partial
satisfaction of judgment during the
lifetime of the writ, the Labor Arbiter
shall motu proprio issue an updated
writ reflecting the amount collected and
the remaining balance.
• What is the effect of refusal of
the bonding company or
bank holding the cash
deposit of the losing party to
release the garnished
amount?
If the bonding company refuses to pay
or the bank holding the cash deposit of
the losing party refuses to release the
garnished amount despite the order or
pertinent processes issued by the Labor
Arbiter or the Commission, the
president or the responsible officers or
authorized representatives of the said
bonding company or the bank who
resisted or caused the non-compliance
shall be either cited for contempt, or
held liable for resistance and
disobedience to a person in authority or
the agents of such person as provided
under the pertinent provision of the
Revised Penal Code. This rule shall
likewise apply to any person or party
who unlawfully resists or refuses to
comply with the break open order issued
by the Labor Arbiter or the Commission.
• What is the power of the DOLE
Secretary to assume
jurisdiction over a labor
dispute or certify it to the
NLRC for compulsory
arbitration?
The DOLE Secretary may assume
jurisdiction over a labor dispute, or
certify it to the NLRC for compulsory
arbitration, if, in his opinion, it may
cause or likely to cause a strike or
lockout in an industry indispensable to
the national interest. The President
may also exercise the power to
assume jurisdiction over a labor
dispute.
• What is the effect of such
assumption or certification
of labor dispute to the
NLRC?
The following are the effects: (a)
on intended or impending strike
or lockout– automatically enjoined
even if a Motion for Reconsideration is
filed; (b) on actual strike or
lockout– strikers or locked out
employees should immediately return to
work and employer should readmit them
back; and (c) on cases filed or may
be filed – all shall be
subsumed/absorbed by the assumed or
certified case except when the order
specified otherwise. The parties to the
case should inform the DOLE Secretary
of pendency thereof.
• May an injunction be issued in
strike or lockout cases?
As a general rule, strikes and lockouts
validly declared, enjoy the protection of
law and cannot be enjoined unless illegal
acts are committed or threatened to be
committed in the course of such strikes
or lockouts. Ordinarily, the law vests in
the NLRC the authority to issue
injunctions to restrain the commission
of illegal acts during the strikes and
pickets. This policy applies even if the
strike appears to be illegal in nature. The
rationale for this policy is the protection
extended to the right to strike under the
constitution and the law. It is basically
treated as a weapon that the law
guarantees to employees for the
advancement of their interest and for
their protection.
• What is the effect of defiance of
assumption or certification
order or return-to-work
order?
Non-compliance with the
assumption/certification order of the
Secretary of Labor and Employment or a
return-to-work order issued pursuant
thereto by either the Secretary or the
NLRC to which a labor dispute is
certified, is considered an illegal act
committed in the course of the strike or
lockout.
• What is the prescriptive period
for offenses penalized under
the Labor Code?
As a rule, the prescriptive period of all
criminal offenses penalized under the
Labor Code and the Rules to Implement
the Labor Codeis three (3) years from
the time of commission thereof.
However, criminal cases arising from
ULP which prescribe within one (1) year
from the time the acts complained of
were committed; otherwise, they shall
be forever barred. The running of the 1
year period, however, is interrupted
during the pendency of the labor case.
• What is the prescriptive period
for money claims?
Prescriptive period is three (3) years
from accrual of cause of action.
• What is the prescriptive period
for claims for allowances
and other benefits?
In cases of nonpayment of allowances
and other monetary benefits, if it is
established that the benefits being
claimed have been withheld from the
employee for a period longer than three
(3) years, the amount pertaining to the
period beyond the three-year
prescriptive period is barred by
prescription. The amount that can only
be demanded by the aggrieved employee
shall be limited to the amount of the
benefits withheld within three (3) years
before the filing of the complaint.
• What is the prescriptive period
for illegal dismissal?
An action for illegal dismissal prescribes
in four (4) years from accrual of cause of
action.
• What is the remedy of the party
aggrieved by an order or
resolution of the Labor
Arbiter?
A party aggrieved by any order or
resolution of the Labor Arbiter including
those issued during execution
proceedings may file a verified petition
to annul or modify such order or
resolution. The petition may be
accompanied by an application for the
issuance of a temporary restraining
order and/or writ of preliminary or
permanent injunction to enjoin the
Labor Arbiter, or any person acting
under his/her authority, to desist from
enforcing said resolution or order.
• What are the grounds of the
petition for extraordinary
remedies?
The petition filed under this Rule may
be entertained only on any of the
following grounds: (a) if there is prima
facie evidence of abuse of discretion on
the part of the Labor Arbiter; (b) if
serious errors in the findings of facts are
raised which, if not corrected, would
cause grave or irreparable damage or
injury to the petitioner; (c) if a party by
fraud, accident, mistake or excusable
negligence has been prevented from
taking an appeal; (d) if made purely on
questions of law; or (e) if the order or
resolution will cause injustice if not
rectified.
• What are the requisites of the
petition for extraordinary
remedies?
The petition for extraordinary remedies
shall: (a) be accompanied by a clear
original or certified true copy of the
order or resolution assailed, together
with clear copies of documents relevant
or related to the said order or resolution
for the proper understanding of the
issue/s involved; (b) contain the arbitral
docket number and appeal docket
number, if any; (c) state the material
date showing the timeliness of the
petition; (d) be verified by the petitioner
himself/herself in accordance with
Section 4, Rule 7 of the Rules of Court,
as amended; (e) be in the form of a
memorandum which shall state the
ground/s relied upon, the argument/s in
support thereof and the reliefs prayed
for; (f) be in three (3) legibly written or
printed copies; and (g) be accompanied
by certificate of non-forum shopping,
proof of service upon the other party/ies
and the Labor Arbiter who issued the
order or resolution being assailed or
questioned; and proof of payment of the
required fees.
• May elimination or diminution
of benefits constitute
constructive dismissal?
Yes. Elimination or diminution of
certain benefits may result in the
constructive dismissal of an employee.
Constructive dismissal is an involuntary
resignation resorted to when continued
employment is rendered impossible,
unreasonable or unlikely; when there is
a demotion in rank and/or a diminution
in pay; or when a clear discrimination,
insensibility or disdain by an employer
becomes unbearable to the employee
that it could foreclose any choice by him
except to forego his continued
employment.
-oOo-

• What is unfair labor practice?

An unfair labor practice act violates the
right of workers to self-
organization, is inimical to the
legitimate interests of both labor and
management, including their right to
bargain collectively and otherwise deal
with each other in an atmosphere of
freedom and mutual respect, disrupts
industrial peace and hinders the
promotion of healthy and stable labor-
management relations.

• May elimination or diminution

of benefits constitute
demotion?
Yes. The illegal and unjustified
elimination or diminution of certain
benefits may result in illegal demotion.
Under established jurisprudence, there
is demotion where the act of the
employer results in the lowering in
position or rank or reduction in salary
of the employee. It involves a situation
where an employee is relegated to a
subordinate or less important position
constituting a reduction to a lower grade
or rank with a corresponding decrease in
duties and responsibilities and usually
accompanied by a decrease in salary.