ENGS203P – Mathematical Modelling & Analysis II Autumn Term 2015

Block 1 Transforms: Solutions and Answers to Workshop Questions

Comments and corrections to Dr Eral Bele (e.bele@ucl.ac.uk)

1. (a) From lecture notes:

Z ∞ ∞
Z ∞
00 −st
f (t)dt = e−st f 0 (t) 0 + s e−st f 0 (t)dt

L(f (t)) = e
0 0


∞
Z ∞ 
0 −st −st

= −f (0) + s e f (t) 0 + s e f (t)dt
0

= s2 f¯(s) − sf (0) − f 0 (0)

(b)
Z ∞ Z ∞
−st
L(f (t − a)H(t − a)) = e f (t − a)H(t − a)dt = e−s(T +a) f (T )H(T )dT
0 −a
Z ∞ Z ∞
= e−s(T +a) f (T )dT = e−sa e−sT f (T )dT = e−sa f¯(s).
0 0

2. (a) f = −3/s, (b) f = e/s, (c) f = 1/(s − 2),

−2 6
(d) f = −5/(s + 3), (e) f = 2e /(s − 7), (f) f = s2 +4
,
4s 6 5
(g) f = s2 +5
, (h) f = s2 −36
, (i) f = − s+8
(j) Remember cos2 2t = 21 (1 + cos 4t), so that f = 1
s
+ s
s2 +16
,
(k) sin 2t cos t = 21 (sin 3t + sin t), and f = 3 3 1


2 s2 +9
+ s2 +1
.

3. (a) -1, (b) e5t , (c) 3e−2t ,

(d) −3/4, (e) e3t/2 /2, (f) f (t) = − exp(2t),
√ √
(g) f (t) = 2 cos 5t + √25 sin 5t
√ √
(h) f (t) = 3 cosh 5t + √35 sinh 5t,
(i) Separating by parts we have
 
3 1 1
F (s) = − 2
− 2 ,
32 s −4 s +4
3 3
so that f (t) = − 64 sinh(2t) + 64
sin 2t
(j)
1 1
F (s) = − ,
s−2 s−1
so that f (t) = exp(2t) − exp(t).

1
 1
4. (a) Taking the Laplace transform, we have (s2 f − s − 5) + 6f = s
or

1/s + s + 5
f= ,
(s2 + 6)

whose inverse is
1 5√ √ 5 √
+ 6 sin 6t + cos 6t.
6 6 6
1
(b) Taking the Laplace transform, we have (s2 f − 10) − sf = s−2
or

1/(s − 2) − 10
f= ,
(s2 + s)

whose inverse is
1 19
exp(2t) − + 9 exp(t).
2 2
5. (a)
4
(s2 + 3s + 2)f = ,
s2
so that
4
f= ,
(s + 2)(s + 1)s2
and
f (t) = 2t − exp(−2t) + 4 exp(−t) − 3.

(b)
3
(s + 1)f = ,
s
so that  
3 1 1
f= =3 − , or f (t) = 3(1 − exp(−t)).
(s + 1)s s s+1

(c)
1 1 − 6s2
(3s + 2)f = − 6 = ,
s2 s2
1 − 6s2 3 1 15
f= 2 =− + 2 − ,
s (3s + 2) 4s 2s 4(3s + 2)
so that
3 1 5
f (t) = − + t − exp(−2t/3).
4 2 4
(d)
2
(s2 + 5s + 6)f = ,
s+1
 
2 1 1 1
f= =2 − + ,
(s + 3)(s + 2)(s + 1) 2(s + 3) s + 2 2(s + 1)
so that
f (t) = exp(−3t) − 2 exp(−2t) + exp(−t).

2
 (e)
2
(s2 f − s.1 + 2) − 4(sf − 1) = ,
s2 +4
so that
2
(s2 − 4s)f = − 6 + s,
s2 +4
or
2 s−6
f= 2
+ .
s(s − 4)(s + 4) s(s − 4)
Since
2 A B Cs + D
2
= + + 2 .
s(s − 4)(s + 4) s s−4 s +4
For s = 0, we have A = −1/8
For s = 4, we have B = 2/(4.20) = 1/40
Comparing s3 terms, we have


5 1 1
A + B + C = 0, C=− − + = .
40 40 10

Comparing s2 terms, we have

 
1 1 1
−4A + D − 4C = 0, D=4 − + =− .
8 10 10
Thus
1 1 s−1 3 1
f =− + + 2
+ − .
8s 40(s − 4) 10(s + 4) 2s 2(s − 4)
Then
11 19 1 1
f (t) = − exp(4t) + cos 2t − sin 2t.
8 40 10 20
6. (a)
(s2 − 5s + 6)f = 1
So that
1
f=
(s − 3)(s − 2)
Resulting in
f (t) = − exp(2t) + exp(3t)

(b)
1
f=
s(s − 3)(s − 2)
Resulting in
1 1 1
f (t) = − exp(2t) + exp(3t)
6 2 3
(c)
1
f=
(s − 2)2 (s − 3)

3
 So that
f (t) = −t exp(2t) − exp(2t) + exp(3t)

(d)
1
(2s2 − s − 1)f = 4s +
s+3
Resulting in  
1 17 8 1
f (t) = exp(−3t) + exp(t) + exp − t
20 12 15 2
(e)
1
(1 + s − 2s2 )f = −2 +
(s + 1)2
Resulting in  
1 7 2 1
f (t) = − exp(−t)(2t + 5) + exp(t) + exp − t
4 12 3 2
(f)
(s2 f − s − 4) + 16(sf − 1) = 0
so that
20 + s
f=
s2 + 16s
or
5 1
f (t) = − exp(−16t).
4 4
(g)
1−s
(2s2 − s − 1)f =
s2 + 1
or
1−s 1
f= = −
(s − 1)(2s + 1)(s2 + 1) (2s + 1)(s2 + 1)
Resulting in  
1 2 2 1
f (t) = − sin t + cos t − exp − t .
5 5 5 2
7. (a)
exp(−s)
(s2 f − 1) + sf + f =
s
or
exp(−s)/s + 1
f=
s2 + s + 1
Resulting in  
1 s+1 1
f = exp(−s) − 2 + 2
s s +s+1 s +s+1
so that
" √ √ #
1 3 1 1 3
f (t) = H(t − 1) 1 − exp(− (t − 1)) cos (t − 1) − √ exp(− (t − 1)) sin (t − 1)
2 2 3 2 2

4
 √
2 1 3
+ √ exp(− t) sin t
3 2 2

(b) It is important to note that L(tH(t−1)) = L((t−1)H(t−1)+H(t−1)) = s12 + 1s exp(−s).

(1/s2 + 1/s) exp(−s) + 1

 
1 1 1
f= = exp(−s) − +
s2 + s + 1 s2 s2 + s + 1 s2 + s + 1
so that
√ √
 
2 1 2
f (t) = H(t − 1) t − 1 − √ exp(− (t − 1)) sin(1/2 3(t − 1) + √ exp(−1/2t) sin( 3t/2)
3 2 3

(c)
1
(s3 f − s) − f =
s
Rearranging, we have
1/s + s
f=
(s3 − 1)
Remembering that s3 − 1 = (s − 1)(s2 + s + 1), we have
  √ !   √ !
2 1 1 3 1 1 3
f (t) = −1 + exp(t) + exp − t cos t − √ exp − t sin t
3 3 2 2 3 2 2

(d)
1
(s2 f − 1) + 2sf + 2f =
s2 +1
1
s2 +1
+1
f=
s2 + 2s + 2
so that
2 1 2 6
f (t) = − cos t + sin t + exp(−t) cos t + exp(−t) sin t
5 5 5 5
(e)
1 2 1 8
f (t) = cos t + sin t − exp(−t) cos t − exp(−t) sin t
5 5 5 5
(f) Laplace transform of the rhs will be covered in the workshop. It is equal to:
 
2 2 1
+ + exp(−s)
s3 s2 s
The transform is therefore equal to
  
2 2 1 1 1 1
f= 3
+ 2+ exp(−s) + 1 2 = 3 exp(−s) + 2 .
s s s s + 2s + 2 s s + 2s + 2
The inverse of this is therefore,
1
f (t) = (t − 1)2 H(t − 1) + exp(−t) sin t.
2

5
 8. (a) Taking the Laplace transform of the given equation,
 2 
s L(y) − 2s + 3 + 5 [sL(y) − 2] + 6L(y) = 0

so that
3 2
L(y) = −
s+2 s+3
giving
y(t) = 3e−2t − e−3t

(b) Taking the Laplace transform, we find

s
(s2 − 2)ȳ =
s2 +1
or
s s 1 1
ȳ = = − + √ + √
(s2 + 1)(s2 − 2) 3(s2 + 1) 6(s − 2) 6(s + 2)
so that
1 1 √ 1 √
y(t) = − cos t + e 2t + e− 2t
3 6 6
9. (a) Taking the Laplace transform of each term gives,
1 1 1 1 s
L(y) = − + − + + 2
6s 2(s − 1) 2(s − 2) 6(s − 3) s + 9

(b) Using partial fractions,

2 1 1+s
L(y) = − − 2
s s+1 s +1
Inverting gives,
y(t) = 2 − e−t − sin t − cos t.

10. (a) Taking the Laplace transform we get,

s2 ȳ + 3sȳ + 2ȳ = e−as .

Solving gives,  
−as 1 1
ȳ = e − .
s+1 s+2
So ȳ = e−as f (s). Now f (t) = L−1 (f (s)) = e−t − e−2t and using the Second Shift Theorem
y(t) = 0 for t ≤ a and y = e−(t−a) − e−2(t−a) for t > a.

11. (a) Taking Laplace transforms of both sides of the governing equation, we find s2 f (s) −
sf (0) − f 0 (0) − 2sf (s) + 2f (0) + 5f (s) = 0. Applying the initial conditions:
1
f (s) =
s2 − 2s + 5
. Decomposing into partial fractions:
1/4i 1/4i
f (s) = −
s − (1 + 2i) s − (1 − 2i)

6
 . Then, taking inverse Laplace transforms:
1 (1+2i)t 1
f (t) = e − e(1−2i)t
4i 4i
1 t  2it
= e e − e−2it

4i 
1 t e2it − e−2it

= e
2 2i
1
= et sin(2t)
2

(b) A qualitative plot of f (t) is shown in Figure 1. This is a sinusoidal function with amplitude
1 t
e dB and period T = π = 3.14 min.
2
12. (a) Applying the Laplace transform rules to both sides of the governing equation, we find:

1
RI(s) + L(sI(s) − i(0)) + I(s) = V (s)
Cs
Since i(0) = 0, the relationship is:
s
I(s) = V (s)
Ls2 + Rs + 1/C

f(t)

A m p litu d e

T 2 T 3 T 4 T t

Figure 1: A qualitative plot of the noise level in Q11

7
(b) With the given value of the component constants, the relationship becomes:
2s
I(s) = V (s)
(s + 2)(s + 3)

i)
ˆ v(t) = 21 δ(t − 5)

1
ˆ From the Laplace transform table, V (s) = e−5s
2
s
ˆ Thus, I(s) = e−5s
(s + 2)(s + 3)

ˆ From the second shift property, the current will have the form i(t) = H(t − 5)f (t − 5)

ˆ Where:
   
−1 s −1 −2 3
f (t) = L =L + = −2e−2t + 3e−3t
(s + 2)(s + 3) s+2 s+3

ˆ Thus finally,
i(t) = H(t − 5) −2e−2(t+5) + 3e−3(t+5)
 

ii)
1
ˆ The voltage is v(t) = e−4t H(t)
2

ˆ From the properties

 of the Heaviside step function:
1 −4t 1/2
V (s) = L e =
2 s+4

ˆ Then
s −1 3 −2
I(s) = = + +
(s + 2)(s + 3)(s + 4) s+2 s+3 s+4

ˆ Taking the inverse transform, from tables,

i(t) = −e−2t + 3e−3t − 2e−4t