International Journal of Engineering Science 38 (2000) 921±938

www.elsevier.com/locate/ijengsci

Transient heating of a rotating elastic±plastic shrink ®t

Werner Mack *, Manfred Plo
chl
Institut f
ur Mechanik, Technische Universit
at Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraûe 8±10, A-1040 Wien, Austria
Received 12 February 1998; received in revised form 28 December 1998; accepted 1 June 1999

Abstract
The stress distribution in a rotating shrink ®t with solid shaft subject to a temperature cycle is investi-
gated. It is presumed that both components are in a state of generalized plane strain and exhibit the same
elastic-perfectly plastic material behavior. Applying Tresca's yield condition and the ¯ow rule associated
with it, the problem is accessible to a quasi-analytical treatment. It is found that the interface pressure and
therefore the transferable moment show a permanent reduction due to plastic deformation as well as a
temporary reduction due to the thermal expansion of the hub; these e€ects may lead to a failure of the
device. Ó 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

Shrink ®ts are found frequently in mechanical engineering as a simple means of transfer of
moment. To better utilize the material, plastic deformation is admitted in many cases [1]. Of
course, not only mechanical loads but also thermal e€ects may cause plasticization. First of all,
transient temperature ®elds in¯uence the stress distribution during the thermal assembly. This
process has been investigated extensively by both numerical (e.g. [2,3]) and analytical methods
(e.g. [4,5]). Furthermore, there are some experimental results available [6,7]. However, shrink ®ts
may be exposed to heating during the operation of a machine, too. Not only the reduction of the
yield stress but also the inhomogeneity of the temperature ®eld may cause a signi®cant modi®-
cation of the stress distribution and therefore of the interface pressure. Nevertheless, the ®rst
analyses concerning this important problem were published by Lippmann [8] and Kovacs [9±12]
only a few years ago. Their theoretical investigations were supplemented with experimental ones
in a study by Liu, Mannl and Lippmann [13] for viscoelastic-plastic materials. Since the results in

*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +43-1-58801-32512; fax: +43-1-58801-32599.
E-mail address: w.mack@tuwien.ac.at (W. Mack).

0020-7225/00/$ - see front matter Ó 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 0 2 0 - 7 2 2 5 ( 9 9 ) 0 0 0 6 4 - 6
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ochl / International Journal of Engineering Science 38 (2000) 921±938

Refs. [8±12] are based on the assumption of quasi-static temperature ®elds, they apply to slow
heating and cooling only. In contrast to that, the aim of the present paper is to investigate the case
of a shorter temperature cycle, taking the e€ect of time dependent heat conduction into account.
Furthermore, the in¯uence of rotation is considered.
While in Refs. [8±13] hollow inner components have been assumed, it is presumed here that
the shrink ®t is composed of a solid shaft and a hub both exhibiting the same elastic-perfectly
plastic material behavior. For a hub suciently long compared to the interface radius a
treatment as a (generalized) plane strain problem is appropriate [14]. End e€ects are ignored,
and circular symmetry throughout the temperature cycle is presumed. Hence, the principal di-
rections of stress and strain are the radial, circumferential and axial directions. As usual in the
analytical treatment of shrink ®ts, Tresca's yield condition and the associated ¯ow rule are
applied.
Initially, the shrink ®t behaves purely elastically. In the Appendix A, the maximum interference
just not leading to plasticization during the thermal assembly is determined. For this interference,
a rotation at a moderate constant angular speed does not cause plastic deformation. Then, the
transient heating occurs in the following way: the temperature of the outer surface of the hub is
increased at a constant rate, held at maximum temperature for some time, and then decreased at a
constant rate. Afterwards, the outer surface is held at reference temperature again. For such a
temperature cycle, a certain type of behavior was found to be typical. That is, the shaft remains
elastic while in the hub a plastic region spreads from the bore, followed by the fast expansion of an
unloaded region. Thus, the width of the plastic region diminishes, and after some time the hub
behaves elastically again.
The consequence of this process is a permanent modi®cation of the stress distribution causing a
permanent reduction of the interface pressure. In addition, due to the inhomogeneity of the
transient temperature ®eld leading to an expansion of the hub during heating, one observes a
signi®cant temporary reduction of the interface pressure and hence of the transferable moment. It
is remarkable that all these e€ects, which may cause a failure of the device, can be studied by
quasi-analytical means [15].
In Section 2, the statement of the problem is given, and the basic equations of the stresses and
the displacement in terms of the temperature ®eld and the plastic strains are derived. For the
temperature cycle under consideration, the latter quantities are speci®ed in Section 3. In Section 4,
numerical results are presented and discussed. Finally, some concluding remarks are made in
Section 5.

2. Statement of the problem and basic equations

2.1. Statement of the problem

The mathematical formulation of the problem is given as follows: the subject of the investi-
gation is a rotating elastic-perfectly plastic shrink ®t composed of a solid shaft 0 6 r 6 a and a hub
a 6 r 6 b with free (cylindrical) outer surface,

rˆb: rr;h ˆ 0 ; …1†

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in a state of generalized plane strain,

ez;s ˆ c1 ; ez;h ˆ c2 ; …2†

where the ci denote constants. The subscripts h and s are assigned to the hub and the shaft,
respectively. For completeness, it is stated that the displacement has to comply with the condition
rˆ0: us ˆ 0: …3†

For constant angular speed and in the absence of thermally induced wave phenomena, the stresses
are subject to the equation of motion for the radial direction:
drr rr ÿ rh
‡ ˆ ÿ.x2 r: …4†
dr r
Since the treatment is restricted to small deformations, the geometric relations are
du u
er ˆ ; eh ˆ : …5†
dr r
It is presupposed that the strains are additively composed of an elastic, a plastic and a thermal
part. As already mentioned, the material is assumed to obey Tresca's yield condition and the
associated ¯ow rule (for details see, e.g., the textbook by Chen and Han [16]). For a linear
temperature dependence [8] the yield stress, rth , reads
rth ˆ r0 …1 ÿ bT †; …6†

where r0 denotes the uniaxial yield limit at reference temperature and b a material parameter (here
and in the following, T means the di€erence of absolute and reference temperature).

2.2. Basic equations

For the type of behavior outlined in the Introduction, plastic ¯ow in axial direction does not
occur (see also Section 4). Hence, a solution based on a universal expression for the displacement
[4,15] can be found.
The elastic parts of the strains are related to the stresses via Hooke's law,
1
er ÿ epl
r ÿ aT ˆ ‰rr ÿ m…rh ‡ rz †Š; …7†
2…1 ‡ m†G
1
eh ÿ epl
h ÿ aT ˆ ‰rh ÿ m…rr ‡ rz †Š; …8†
2…1 ‡ m†G
1
ez ÿ aT ˆ ‰rz ÿ m…rr ‡ rh †Š: …9†
2…1 ‡ m†G

Therefrom, considering (2), (4) and (5) and plastic incompressibility,

pl
epl
r ˆ ÿeh ; …10†
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one derives a di€erential equation for the displacement,

  pl 
d2 u 1 du u 1 dT der 2epl
r 1 2
‡ ÿ ˆ …1 ‡ m†a ‡ …1 ÿ 2m† ‡ ÿ .x r : …11†
dr2 r dr r2 1 ÿ m dr dr r 2G

Its solution is
   Z  Z pl 
1 S 1 a er 1 2 3
uˆ …1 ÿ 2m†Rr ‡ ‡ …1 ‡ m† Tr dr ‡ …1 ÿ 2m† r dr ÿ .x r ;
2G r 1ÿm r r 16G
…12†

where R and S denote constants of integration. From (5), (7)±(10) and (12) there follow the
stresses
  Z Z pl  
S 1 a er 3 ÿ 2m 2 2 m
rr ˆ R ÿ 2 ‡ 2G ÿ …1 ‡ m† 2 Tr dr ‡ dr ÿ .x r ‡ ez ; …13†
r 1ÿm r r 16G 1 ÿ 2m

   Z  Z pl 
S 1 a er pl 1 ‡ 2m 2 2
rh ˆ R ‡ 2 ‡ 2G …1 ‡ m† 2 Tr dr ÿ aT ‡ dr ‡ er ÿ .x r
r 1ÿm r r 16G

m
‡ ez ; …14†
1 ÿ 2m

rz ˆ m…rr ‡ rh † ÿ 2…1 ‡ m†G…aT ÿ ez †: …15†

Eliminating R from the displacement (12) with the help of the radial stress (13), one obtains
    Z
1 1 2 3 S a
uˆ …1 ÿ 2m† rr r ‡ .x r ‡ 2…1 ÿ m† ‡ 2…1 ‡ m† Tr dr ÿ mez r …16†
2G 4 r r

and therefrom
   Z 
1 S a 1 ÿ 2m 2 2
epl
r ˆ …1 ÿ m† rh ÿ rr ÿ 2 2 ÿ …1 ‡ m† 2 2 Tr dr ÿ aT ÿ .x r : …17†
2G r r 8G

These expressions hold for elastic regions with and without plastic predeformation as well as
pl
R regions, provided that ez ˆ 0. Furthermore, for the temperature ®eld under consid-
for plastic
eration, Tr dr possesses a closed form solution. However, applying the basic equations to either
the shaft or the hub, not only di€erent axial strains but also di€erent constants of integration have
to be considered.
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The relation between the axial strains is given by

d
ez;h ˆ ez;s ‡ ; …18†
a
where d denotes the interference (see Appendix A). Starting from the condition of vanishing total
axial force on any section,
Z b
2p rz r dr ˆ 0; …19†
0

ez;s is derived in a way proposed by Bland [17]. Due to epl

z ˆ 0, relation (15) holds in the entire
shrink ®t. With the help of the equation of motion (4) rz can be expressed in terms of rr ,
 
drr 2 2
rz ˆ m r ‡ 2rr ‡ .x r ÿ 2…1 ‡ m†G…aT ÿ ez †: …20†
dr

Hence, inserting (20) into (19), integrating and making use of the conditions (1) and

rˆa: rr;s ˆ rr;h ; …21†

one ®nds
Z b
ad d a m
ez;s ˆ 2 ÿ ‡ 2 2 Tr dr ÿ .x2 b2 : …22†
b a b 0 4…1 ‡ m†G

For the determination of the constants of integration the conditions (1), (3), (21) and

rˆa: uh ÿ us ˆ d …23†

are available. In
R the derivation one uses (13) and (16), bearing (18) and (22) in mind. With 0 as
lower limit of Tr dr, (3) leads to

Ss ˆ 0: …24†

From (21) and (23) there follows

…1 ‡ m†Gad
Sh ˆ : …25†
1ÿm
R
Since the shaft remains elastic, a is chosen as lower limit of …epl
r =r† dr, and (1) yields

 Z b 
G 1 ÿ 3m epl
r 3 2 2
Rh ˆ ez;h ÿ 2 dr ‡ .x b : …26†
1ÿm 1 ÿ 2m a r 8G
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Finally, (21) results in

 Z b 
G 1 ÿ 3m epl
r 3 2 2
Rs ˆ ez;s ÿ 2 dr ‡ .x b : …27†
1ÿm 1 ÿ 2m a r 8G

Hence, as soon as the temperature distribution and the plastic strains are found, the stresses
and the displacement can be calculated.

3. Temperature ®eld and plastic strains

3.1. Temperature ®eld

As already mentioned in the Introduction, the temperature of the outer surface of the hub is
prescribed in the way sketched in Fig. 1. Thus, for perfect thermal contact at the interface, r ˆ a,
the mathematical formulation of the heat conduction problem is given by
 
j o oT …r; t† oT …r; t†
r ˆ ; …28†
r or or ot

where j is the thermal di€usivity, subject to the initial condition

T …r; 0† ˆ 0 for 06r6b …29†

and to the boundary condition

8
>
> …Tm =tt †t for 0 < t 6 tt ;
<
Tm for tt < t 6 tt ‡ tc ;
T …b; t† ˆ …30†
>
> T ÿ …Tm =tt †…t ÿ tt ÿ tc † for tt ‡ tc < t 6 2tt ‡ tc ;
: m
0 for t > 2tt ‡ tc ;

the meaning of Tm ; tt and tc can be seen from Fig. 1. The solution can be found by superposition of
basic solutions, T…r; t†, for an in®nite cylinder with zero initial temperature and surface temper-
ature …Tm =tt †t (see [18, p. 201]),

Fig. 1. Sketch of the prescribed temperature of the outer surface of the hub vs time.
 W. Mack, M. Pl
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  #
Tm b2 ÿ r 2 2 X1
J0 …rcn †
T…r; t† ˆ
2
tÿ ‡ eÿjcn t 3 ; …31†
tt 4j jb nˆ1 cn J1 …bcn †

where J0 … † and J1 … † denote Bessel functions of the ®rst kind of order zero and one, respectively,
and the cn are the positive roots of

J0 …bc† ˆ 0: …32†

Therefrom, one obtains

8
>
> T…r; t† for 0 < t 6 tt ;
>
>
< T …r; t† ÿ T…r; t ÿ tt † for tt < t 6 tt ‡ tc ;
T …r; t† ˆ T…r; t† ÿ T…r; t ÿ tt † ÿ T…r; t ÿ tt ÿ tc † for tt ‡ tc < t 6 2tt ‡ tc ; …33†
>
>
>
> T…r; t† ÿ T…r; t ÿ tt † ÿ T…r; t ÿ tt ÿ tc †
:
‡T…r; t ÿ 2tt ÿ tc † for t > 2tt ‡ tc :

3.2. Plastic strains

Initially, the hub behaves purely elastically, and therefore

epl
r …r; t† ˆ 0 for a 6 r 6 b: …34†

In the course of the temperature cycle, at t ˆ tf , the di€erence of the circumferential and the radial
stress at the inner edge of the hub equals the yield stress, and plastic ¯ow starts. Since in the plastic
region rh ÿ rr ˆ rth , insertion of (6) and (25) into (17) yields
 Z r 
pl 1 a ad
er ˆ …1 ÿ m†r0 …1 ÿ bT † ÿ …1 ‡ m† 2 2 Tr dr ÿ aT ‡ 2
2G r 0 r
…35†
1 2 2
ÿ …1 ÿ 2m†.x r for a 6 r 6 rp ;
8G
where the plastic-elastic interface radius, rp , is found from the condition

epl
r …rp ; t† ˆ 0: …36†

For r P rp , the plastic strain is equal to zero.

At t ˆ tb , during the cooling of the shrink ®t, the increment of the plastic strain vanishes at
r ˆ a, and an unloaded region begins to spread outwards. The criterion for unloading at some
®xed radius r at time tu …r† is

oepl …r; t† 
r 
 ˆ 0: …37†
ot 
tˆtu …r†
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Inversion of the function tu …r† yields ru …t†, i.e., the time dependence of the interface radius sep-
arating the unloaded and the plastic region. Since the plastic strain at a ®xed radius is frozen with
the onset of unloading at this radius, the permanent plastic strain is given by

epl per pl
r …r† ˆ er …r† ˆ er ‰r; tu …r†Š for a 6 r 6 ru : …38†

For ru 6 r 6 rp , the plastic strain is still calculated by means of (35).

The unloaded region expands quickly, and at t ˆ tm the unloaded-plastic interface radius
catches up with the plastic-elastic interface radius,

ru …tm † ˆ rp …tm † ˆ rm : …39†

For larger times, the entire hub behaves elastically again. It is a matter of course that after the
disappearance of the plastic region the plastic strain is equal to the permanent plastic strain in the
whole region a 6 r 6 rm .

4. Numerical results

For the numerical calculations it is convenient to introduce the following non-dimensional

quantities:

dG aTm G a T r ri
d ˆ ; qˆ ; Qˆ ; T ˆ ; xˆ ; b ˆ bTm ; ri ˆ ;
br0 r0 b Tm b r0
…40†
jt .x2 b2
s ˆ 2 ; X2 ˆ ;
b r0

the parameter q is a measure for the maximum surface temperature during the transient heating.
First, the temperature cycle is discussed in detail for

Q ˆ 0:4; sc ˆ 0:3; m ˆ 0:3; X ˆ 0:3 …41†

and

q ˆ 0:6; b ˆ 0:3; st ˆ 1:2; d  ˆ 0:0993; …42†

where the value assigned to the interference is the maximum value just not leading to plastic ¯ow
during the thermal assembly (see Appendix A). For this interference, the presumed rotation with
constant angular speed X ˆ 0:3 does not cause plasticization. Hence, prior to heating the shrink
®t behaves purely elastically.
Fig. 2 shows the temperature distribution during the transient thermal loading. One observes
that prior to cooling the temperature in the entire shrink ®t reaches almost the maximum tem-
perature of the surface. This leads to an appreciable reduction of the yield stress and therefore to
plastic deformation of the hub. Subsequently, the reduction of the temperature raises the yield
 W. Mack, M. Pl
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Fig. 2. Transient temperature ®eld for the parameter values given by (41) and (42).

stress and unloading occurs. The evolution of the plastic-elastic and the unloaded-plastic interface
radius with time can be seen from Fig. 3. It is remarkable that after the beginning of cooling at
s ˆ 1:5 the plastic region still penetrates deeper into the hub. However, once unloading has set in,
the plastic region vanishes quickly. Note that this e€ect would be absent in the case of a quasi-
static temperature ®eld (compare e.g. [8,10]).
The stress distribution in the hub and the outer part of the shaft is presented in Fig. 4 (s ˆ sf ,
i.e., onset of plastic deformation), Fig. 5 (s ˆ sm , i.e., end of unloading) and Fig. 6 (s ! 1). For
the sake of comparison, the yield stress as well as the di€erence of the circumferential and the
radial stress in the hub are depicted. The e€ect of plastic ¯ow, leading to a permanent modi®-
cation of the stress distribution, can be seen clearly from the circumferential and the axial stress.
From the engineering point of view, the interface pressure p ˆ ÿrr …x ˆ Q† deserves special
interest. Fig. 7 shows its evolution with time. One observes a maximum temporary reduction of p
and therefore of the transferable moment by about 29%. This can be explained by the inhomo-
geneous temperature distribution during the heating of the shrink ®t leading to a higher tem-
perature and hence an expansion of the hub. On the other hand, during the cooling the higher
temperature of the shaft causes the reverse e€ect (compare also [19]). Obviously, this behavior is a
consequence of the non-stationary temperature ®eld, too. Finally, due to the permanent plastic
deformation, there remains a slight permanent reduction of the interface pressure.
930 W. Mack, M. Pl
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Fig. 3. Evolution of the plastic±elastic and the unloaded-plastic interface radius with time for the parameter values
given by (41) and (42).

Next, Figs. 8 and 9 depict the e€ects of a higher maximum surface temperature, that is,

q ˆ 0:9; b ˆ 0:45; st ˆ 1:2; d  ˆ 0:0993; …43†

on the interface pressure and the residual stresses, respectively (in order to investigate a shrink ®t
of the same material as before not only q but also b must be increased, see (40)). Since this higher
temperature has to be reached within the same heating time as in the previous case, the inho-
mogeneity of the temperature ®eld and hence the temporary reduction of the interface pressure
become more pronounced. In addition, prior to cooling the higher temperature in the hub causes a
lower yield stress. Therefore, the plastic region penetrates deeper into the hub (compare Figs. 6
and 9), and the permanent reduction of p increases considerably.
A similar e€ect on the permanent reduction of the interface pressure is found if the yield stress
is more sensitive to a temperature rise, that is, if (only) b takes a higher value. Fig. 10 presents the
evolution of p with time for

q ˆ 0:6; b ˆ 0:5; st ˆ 1:2; d  ˆ 0:0919 …44†

(since the maximum interference just not leading to plastic deformation during the thermal
assembly, d  ˆ 0:0919 , is smaller in this case, the initial interface pressure is smaller, too).
 W. Mack, M. Pl
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Fig. 4. Stress distribution at the onset of plastic deformation for the parameter values given by (41) and (42).

A comparison of Figs. 7 and 10 shows that the maximum temporary reduction of p is of the same
order of magnitude in both cases whereas the permanent reduction of the interface pressure is
much more pronounced. The penetration depth of the plastic region in the hub is similar to that in
Fig. 9.
Finally, from Fig. 11 the e€ect of a shorter temperature cycle with st ˆ sc , that is,

q ˆ 0:6; b ˆ 0:3; st ˆ 0:3; d  ˆ 0:0993; …45†

can be seen; note the di€erent ordinate scale. One observes that ± due to the pronounced inho-
mogeneity of the temperature ®eld ± the interface pressure temporarily reduces to about 13% of its
initial value. As a consequence, the shrink ®t becomes almost incapable of transferring a moment,
and a failure of the device may occur.
For the temperature cycles under consideration and not extremely high angular speeds the
in¯uence of the thermal e€ects on the permanent reduction of p predominates over that of ro-
tation: for X ˆ 0:5 and the other parameter values as given by (41) and (42), e.g., one ®nds
p …s ! 1† ÿ p …s ˆ 0† ˆ ÿ0:0158 as compared to p …s ! 1† ÿ p …s ˆ 0† ˆ ÿ0:0152 for the
original parameter values given by (41) and (42).
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Fig. 5. Stress distribution at the end of unloading for the parameter values given by (41) and (42).

5. Concluding remarks

For certain combinations of the parameter values a qualitatively di€erent behavior of the
components (e.g. plastic ¯ow in both parts) may occur. Nevertheless, for a wide class of initially
purely elastic shrink ®ts with solid inclusion the results of this investigation can be considered
representative.
In particular, a pronounced temporary reduction of the interface pressure is to be expected for
heat supply from the outside, generally, if the type of the temperature cycle is similar to that of the
temperature cycles under consideration. Essentially, the rate of the surface temperature rise is
decisive for the minimum interface pressure during heating. On the contrary, the magnitude of the
permanent reduction±±which has also been found in quasi-static studies, see e.g. [8,10], and ex-
perimentally [13]±±depends to a large extent on the sensitivity of the yield stress to a temperature
rise and on the maximum temperature. In the design of a shrink ®t exposed to transient heating,
one should take the corresponding temporary and permanent reduction of the transferable mo-
ment into account.
Finally, it should be pointed out that in this analysis the numerical e€ort essentially is limited to
the calculation of the plastic strains and to subsequent integration. Hence, the results presented
herein may also serve as a countercheck for completely numerical investigations.
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Fig. 6. Residual stresses for the parameter values given by (41) and (42).

Acknowledgement

The authors are indebted to Professor Dr. Udo Gamer for many helpful discussions.

Appendix A

If one decides to design a shrink ®t with purely elastic behavior in the initial state, a certain
maximum interference must not be exceeded. This maximum interference can be calculated easily
for isothermal conditions. However, a commonly used method of mounting a shrink ®t is putting
the heated hub on the shaft at reference temperature, which constitutes a non-stationary thermal
stress problem. Due to the reduction of the yield stress at elevated temperatures, the maximum
interference not leading to plasticization, dm …b†, will be less than the corresponding isothermal
one. It is the aim of Appendix A to determine dm …b† for the shrink ®t under consideration. Of
course, the basic assumptions are the same as before.
It is presumed that the homogeneously heated hub comes into perfect thermal contact with the
shaft immediately. From the outer surface of the hub, heat is dissipated by convection. Hence, the
heat conduction problem is governed by (28) subject to the initial condition
934 W. Mack, M. Pl
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Fig. 7. Evolution of the interface pressure with time for the parameter values given by (41) and (42).

Fig. 8. Evolution of the interface pressure with time for the parameter values given by (41) and (43).
 W. Mack, M. Pl
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Fig. 9. Residual stresses for the parameter values given by (41) and (43).


0 for 0 6 r < a;
T …r; 0† ˆ …A1†
T0 for a < r6b

and to the boundary condition (for t > 0)

oT …r; t†
ˆ ÿhT …r; t† at r ˆ b; …A2†
or
where h denotes the relative heat transfer coecient at the outer surface of the hub. The solution
can be found with the help of a Green's function given in Ref. [18, p. 369]: considering (A1), one
obtains (for h 6ˆ 0)
Z " 1 #
2T0 b X 0
ÿjg2n t J0 …rgn †J0 …r gn †
T …r; t† ˆ 2 e 2 2
r0 dr0 ; …A3†
b a nˆ1
J0 …bgn † ‡ J1 …bgn †

where the gn are the positive roots of

gJ1 …bg† ÿ hJ0 …bg† ˆ 0: …A4†

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Fig. 10. Evolution of the interface pressure with time for the parameter values given by (41) and (44).

Fig. 11. Evolution of the interface pressure with time for the parameter values given by (41) and (45).
 W. Mack, M. Pl
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Fig. 12. (a) Transient temperature ®eld during the assembly, (b) residual stresses after the assembly
…d  ˆ 0:0993; X ˆ 0†.

Interchange of the order of integration and summation and performance of the integration yields
2T0 X
1
2 J0 …rgn †‰bJ1 …bgn † ÿ aJ1 …agn †Š
T …r; t† ˆ eÿjgn t : …A5†
b nˆ1
2 gn ‰J02 …bgn † ‡ J12 …bgn †Š

Since it is presumed that there is no gap between the components at t ˆ 0, the initial tem-
perature of the hub is determined by
d
T0 ˆ : …A6†
aa
Hence, on condition that no slip in axial direction occurs (compare [2]), the axial strain in the hub
di€ers from that in the shaft by the constant value aT0 . Thus, (A6) yields relation (18).
Now, with the help of the equations of Section 2, the stresses during the assembly can be
calculated. For purely elastic behavior, epl
r …r; t† ˆ 0 in the entire shrink ®t (it is a matter of course
that x ˆ 0 throughout the assembly). Plastic ¯ow will start if the di€erence of the circumferential
and the radial stress at the inner edge of the hub equals the (temperature dependent) yield stress.
For the interference dm …b† this occurs just once during the assembly; its value is found numeri-
cally. In addition to the non-dimensional quantities (40) one introduces the Biot-number
Bi ˆ hb: …A7†
938 W. Mack, M. Pl
ochl / International Journal of Engineering Science 38 (2000) 921±938

For Bi ˆ 0:3 and the set of relevant parameter values given by (41) and (42) (and (41) and (44))
the above condition is ful®lled. It should be mentioned that the isothermally calculated maximum

interference for elastic behavior is dm;it ˆ …1 ÿ m†r0 a=‰2…1 ‡ m†GŠ, hence dm;it ˆ 0:1077. Fig. 12(a)
presents the temperature ®eld during the assembly (note that T is still non-dimensionalized by Tm ),
in Fig. 12(b) the residual stresses after the cooling of the shrink ®t are shown (for d  ˆ 0:0993).

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