1 I can talk about meaning and style

synonymous having the same. or

nearly the samc, meaning.
synonym \.
sense thc meaning ola word or
phrase.
interchangeable iltwo things are
interchangeable you can
use one instead ofthe other
and the cllect will be thc
same.
ambiguous not clcar: able to be
Arc the ['ords ph.rse and slage synonymous?
explained in dillerent ways.
B ln one sense, they're interchangeabte. Thcy both
ambiguity N.
mcan a particular point in a process.
interpret sth decide that sth has a
A Its a bit arnbiguous to say She's a good student'. isn't it ? particular meaning,
u Yes, you can interpret it in dilferent ways. (;ood can interpretation \.
mcan n'cll bchaveti or hard-norking. transparent (oflanguage) easy to
Thc meaning ofwrapping paper istransparent, understand. opt, opaque.
isn t iti self-explanatory easy to undcrstand and not
Yes. it's self-explanatory - lust paper tbr need ing more cxplanation.
yt/rapping prcsents and stufl. precise clear and accurate.
sYr\exact. precision N.
Can you give me a morc precise dcfinition ofsoul? virtually almost: r'cry ncarly
t] Wcll, it's virtually thc same as spirit - the part of (virtually the same/
you that is bclieved to exist after you die. But it can
impossible/certain).
also mean your inncr character.

Q tt tf'" meaning the same or different? Write S or D.

1 The meaning's virtually the same.
2 This is the final phase of the project.
3 These two words are svnonymous.
4 These phrases are self-explanatory.
5 Ine meantn9 ts amblguous.
6 What she said was quite transparenr.
7 The soul lives on after the body dies.
8 The word /eg has several senses.
The meaning's opaque.
This ls the final stage of the prolect.
These two words mean the same.
These phrases are interchangeable
The meaning is exactly the same
What she said was quite preclse.
The spirit lives on after the body dies
The word /eg has several meanings.

@ complete the sentences with the correct form of the word in capitals at the end.
1 lf you want to make something clear, it,s better to avoid . AMBIGUOUS
2 5he always expresses herself with accuracy and . PRECISE
3 Hide and conceal are very similar, but not completelv 5YNONYM
4 ln most contexts, get better and improve are CHANGE
5 Ithink this sentence rs open to INTERPRET
6 The instructions were a child could understand them. EXPLAIN

1O EXPANDING YOUR VOCABULARY

lJ n.rnembel. to test yourself
B Explaining meaning and style O
Word Example Meaning
irony \ "l'hank yot4.Sarrr,' shc snid, \\,itlt h(avA the usc ol words to say the opposite of
ironic '\r)l ironA. In lfl(t, Sr.m luul htu'dlp1 l'Lelpatl ull. \r'hat you mcan, olten humorously (a
trace/hint ofirony = a little irony).
sarcasm \ 'l ve brokn ywr CD. the use ofwords to say thc opposite
sarcastic,ruJ '()lr, thnt's just great,' t,,qs lrcr sarcastic ofwhat you mean in order to be
r4tlA. unpleasant to sb or make fun ofsb.
ffgurative .Slirn is used liguratively in the scntence (ofwords) not uscd with their literal
MttnlJ linns qra slinutrcr thou the! v,trre . (= usual) meaning.

ttt""rry Hr.rrt can be uscd in a literary way. c.g. used of the kind ol language you find
Sh( puth?r h nd onlrcr heqrt. in stories and poems.
disapproving 'l'he dictionary marks strpid as (often used in dictionaries) shou'ing
'disapproving'. that sth is bad or wrong.
old-fashioned .Siri/ling means'great'. but it's very old- no longer modern or fashionablc.
fashioncd. sY\ dated. oPP in current use,

slang ln slang. u,icked mcans vcry good. very informalworcls which are not
suitablc in lbrmal situations.
peiorative LIis peiorative rcnrD(rrts dDont lrl.r/ ?.ts.r!/ r,Nl expressing disapproval or
ups(t nl(. criticism. \ derogatory,
s\

insulting He nlktl Mark an bld u'onrrtn': hou' rude or offcnsive (deliberately/highly

insult sb v insulting! insulting).

@ circle the correct word(s). Sometimes both words are correct

1 The literal/ literary meaning of curtain is 'a piece of cloth which covers a window'
2 The curtain fell on her career is figurative / dated, meaning 'her career ended'
3 | hate people making / poking fun of my pronunciation.
4 She told him his acting was brilliant without a hint / trace of ironr'
5 He uses sarcasm / old-fashioned language as a way of insulting people
6 | got upset when my teacher mocked / insulted the way I pronounced 'castle'.
7 He was being ironic / sarcastic - he didn't mean any harm.
8 Telling me I was a second-rate journalist was highly / deliberately insulting
@ Complete the sentences with a suitable word.
,l
The word raclst has a negative meaning and is marked ' 'in the dictionary.
2 Her written work is very : it's a bit like reading a novel by Charles Dickensl
3 The children fun of Josie because of her red hair; it was very cruel of them.
4 My brother's lived abroad for years. He tends to use a lot of informal languaqe and
which is not in use, so some of his speech sounds rather
5 Does this phrase have a positive meaning, or is t ?

6 | know the literal meaning of f/ood, but what does it mean when it's used ?

nemember to test yourself EXPANDING YOUR VOCABULARY 11

!l
2 I can use familiar words Ina new way
A Phrases and figurative meaning tI
lramiliar u'orc'ls nray appcar lvith an unlanriliar metrrring loltcn a liguratir,c
mcirDing), or surrouDded by othcr u'ords that lbrm an idion or set phrasc.

s I crawled along the motorwa, I : was very nice, but a romantic relationship
was havlng second thoughts about : was the last thing on my mind.
staying with Marcus. l'd been in two i How can I get out of thit I wondered?
minds about going in the first place, iJust as the traffic started to speed up,
but it was sweet Of him to invite me, and : something went into the back of me ano
I wasn't tied up, so I said, 'yesi But now : sent the car flying off the road. Dazed
it dawned on me that he may have had : but OK, I pulled my mobile out of my bag.
an ulteriot motiye: he wanted to go out :'ls that you, Marcus? Listen, you,re not
with me! How could I be so thlck? Marcus i gonna belleyethis, but .. i

(ol a vclriclc) lnovc vcry slol'|1,.

have second thoughts start having (loubls about a dccision voLr havc n.ratlc,
be in two minds about sth be unablc to dccidc rYhat to do about sut.
sweet (of sb) kind (ol sb).
be tied up bc busl' and unablc to do othcr thing,s.
dawn on sb lfslhdau'nsontou.you begin 1orcalizc it for thc first tine.
ulterior motive a rcirson ibr tloing sth that yorr liccp hiclden.
thick r\r rjtupid.
be the last thing on sb's mind bc thc thing that
sb is least ljkcly to be thinking about,
get out of sth a\()id doing slh.
send sthisb flying ma j<c stlr/sb nove quiclily and witlrour courrot.
vou're not eonna believe this and oller.t utttt'clconrc ner'\'s
[]iij: ;ll':'i5Jr-rrprising
Q Complete the dialogues with a word or phrase.
I Do you stil want to 9o? - Actually, l,m having
2 Are you thinking of getting marrled? , That's the last thing
I

3 Do you want to go to the wedding? , No, but I can,t

t.
4 You're not gonna , but . . . - you've ost my keys agarnl How could you?
5 Did he bump nto you? - Yes, he senr me across tne roonr
6 Are you going or not? - l'rn afraid l,m still in about t.
7 l'm sure it's lust an rnnocent request. - Mm. I think he has an motive.
8 Could we talk about rt this morn ng? , 1,m afraid l,m th s morning.

@ complete the sentences using words from the glossary with their more common meanrnqs.
1 5he's only eight months old, so she's still across the living room floor
2 rr s a very bookr almost 1,000 pages.
3 These oranges are lovely; they're very
4 The men were , with both hands behind their b.rcKs.
5 The morning wrth a c ear b ue sky after the storrn.

12 EXPANDING YOUR VOCABULARY

n".emb", to test yourself
ll
B Common verbs with less familiar meanings t)
Verb txample l4gq,"e
get sth/sb I.linallltgot thr Mr to starl. make or persuade sb/sth to do
to do sth I rouldn't gel ltin trt lcnv' tltc prtt't11. sth.
keep Wte nlusl ent tltp grslres tlrcll \\\\r't keep, re main fresh.
keep sb I'll lnvt a stnrlwich. That wiII keep me going until bc enough for sb until a latcr
going Itutt'htinrc . time.
put sth ll's hartl toput gour feelirtgs into words. say or write sth in a particular
I tltink hc put it very rwll in IIis essau. !r'ay.
push sb Sorne purents push tlrcir kitls reully lrurtl. make sb work harder.
I neetl to push mgself nrore t ork.
leave sth tol W( t1((l to book a table. I'lI leave that to gou. allow sb to takc'care o[sth.
with sb Leqve it to lwith me - I'll do it.
make sth My Rart(tr snus 10.20. Wllqt tinu! (Io grlramake it) think or calculate sth to be a
sth He bouaht tot more: I make that 25 now. particular timc or number.
bring sb Il u'cs tll€ uur thdt brought lliul to p)\ver. cause sb to reach a particular
somcwherc What brings 11ou hffe? - I've got ama(titlg. condition or place.
cornewith Iht surc tlrc radio comes with bntterias. be sold or produced with a
come in Tlre tlurirs come in Jbur diJierent t'olours. particular featurc.
do (for sb/ I peelatl six potatoes. WiII that iloi be cnough or be acceptablc in a
sth) WilI thtse shoas ilo lor tfu v,etkling? particular situation.

@ One word is missing in each sentence. What is it, and where does it go?
1 How did you him to do it? - | offered him money.
2 Take this apple to keep you until lunchtime.
3 lf we can find another ten chairs, that will it 90 altogether.
4 lt was the fishing that people to this part of the coast.
5 We'd better finish the cream - it won't after tomorrow.
6 He has great ideas but finds it difficult to them into words.
7 l've got a packet of noodles - do you think that will for six people?

@ Complete the dialogues with suitable verbs.

A Hello. what (1) you to this part of the building?
B I can't (2) this new clock to work, and it didn't (3) with instructions.
A OK, (4) it with me.
B Thanks. Oh, one other thing, we've run out of paper for the photocopier'
A there's some over there. Will that (5)
Er, ?

B Yeah, that'll (6) us going for now.

C What are the bookings like for this evening?

D We had two more this morning, so l(7) that 36 now.
C OK. We'll need more tables, then. Can l(8) that with you?
D l'll see how things go, but I may have to (9) Mario to do rt.
C OK, but don't (10) him too hard; he's had a very tough week.

@ nAOUf VOUR LANGUAGE Translate the meanings in the table into your own language.

nemember to test yourself EXPANDING YOUR VOCABULARY 13

lJ
3 | can use compounds
A NounsO

Cover the compounds below and read the meanings. Do you know the compounds, orcan you guess them?

Meaning Compound noun

an oflicial document thal shows you are qualified to drive driving licence
an offlcial document showing when and where you were born birth certiffcate
a part for a car or machine to replace an old or broken part spare part
a person walking past a placc by chance passer-by
a short holiday from Friday to Sunday, or Saturday to Monday long weekend
the nurnber ofyears that a pcrson is likely to live lile expectancy
a path or route that is quickcr than the normal way short cut / shortcut
clothes that you wear to a party to make you appear a diffcrent character lancy dress
a short and usually very old song or poem lor young children nursery rhyme
a machine into which you put money in the hope o1'winning more back fruit/slot machine
your closest living relative (often used on official documents) next ofkin

Q neplace the crossed-out word with a more appropriate word that forms a compound.
1 Do you know a short way to the school from here?
2 | ripped my shirt on the t\^/ii# wire around the field.
3 What's the average life hngth for men in your country?
4 lstepped on a drawing na#; it really hurt.
5 | need some paper s@es to put these notes together.
6 Have you got any narl parnt?
7 ls it easy to get new parts for your car?
8 | stopped and asked a walker-by where the park was.
@ Complete the compound in each sentence.
ABOUT YOU
,l
Have you got a driving ? How long have you had it?
2 Have you written your next of in your passport? Who is yours?
3 Have you been to a dress party? lf so, who did you go as?
4 Do you remember any nursery .. ? lf so, which ones?
5 When did you last go away for along . . ? Where did you go?
6 Do you know where your birth is? lf so, where is it?
7 Do you ever play on machines? lf so, do you often win?

@ neour vou write answers to the questions in Exercise 2. or ask another student.
14 EXPANDING YOUR VOCABULARY nem..ber to test yoursetf
lj|
B Adjectives 6-I
-\lost contpourd adjc'ctilcs are hvphenatcd.
It was a last-minute decision, but 'e
managed to get a cheap holiday in Spain. 1'hc
area's quite built'up, but the beach is lovely.
'fhcse boots are worn out non'. but they'1,e
becn incredibly hard-wearing.

My uncle's very narrow-minded: whenever

I visit him, the rows seem Lo be never-
My brothcr's pretty thick-skinned. r,r'hcreas endlng. It makes me very bad-tempered,
I m lnore scnsilivc, IIc olten criticizcs me in
front olother people; I lind this very off-
putting and it makes me a bit tongue-tied.

last-minute happcnirg at the last possiblc momcnt.

built-up A built-up arca has a lot ol honscs arnd not nrany narrow-minded = not willing
0pen spaces. to listen to the ideas and
panic-stricken cxl rencll' an )i ious about sth. opinions ofothers, svr bigoted.
thick-skinned not e Sil,v upsct by unkin(l or criticir I cornments, olls broad-minded, open-
off-putting tofhtltar i, ru r, irt italing ( rr u Ii rltrir( li!c. minded.
tongue-tied uDablc tospeak easily becausc olDcrvcs orsh1,ness. absent-minded = forgetful.
worn our I (of a lhing) no longcr uselul becaLrse it has bcen single-minded = thinking in a
useo so lltucll. concentrated way about sth and
I l. r:on ' cslriruslcLl fr(,nr \\ | n li. I,r c\cr(i{(.
,,,1 a determined to achieve it.
hard-wearing iof a product) rcrnaining in goocl contlition lirr a long
time.
never-ending {cspccialll' ol sl h urplcasalll ) sccming to l St lbr
cver,
bad-tempered oiten angrf and casil,v anrroycd.

@ rind six compound adjectives using words from the box.

built worn thick panic narrow bad minded

tempered up skinned stncken out

@ Complete the sentences with a suitable compound adjective.

1 - Yes, he's very
He's very bigoted, isn't he?
2 Had you p anned to go? - No,, it was a decis on.
3 Were you unable to speak? - Yes, I got completely
4 He's very determined, isn't he? - Yes, he's extremely
5 - Yes, very
It's rather irrtating behaviour.
6 They aren't bigoted, are they? - Quite the opposite.

nememne, to test yourself EXPANDING YOUR VOCABULARY 15

ll
C Phrasal verb to compound noun f,)
i\ rrrrmbcr ol compourrd noLrrrs irre crcalcd liom one particular llcaning ol a relatctl phrasal lerb.
'l his a rt oppolt Llflit]/ l o lcanl t$ro n'or(lS instead of one.
llives )'olr

The course has been a real car broke down on the

let-down. Some people have
dropped out already, and last
night the turnout was av'dul.
There could be quite a shake-
up at the end of the year.
side of the road and a
lorry crashed into it;we were
held up in the ensuing tailback.
Fortunately no one was injured,
but the car was a wdte-off.

let-down a disapp()in1nlen1. let sb clorvn r'.

drop out (of sth) lea e scl'trxrl. collcgc, a cou rsr. ctc, u ithout lin ishing A few compounds based on
your studies. drop()ut N. phrasal verbs change thc
turnout the nu ntber ofpcoplc rvho rrtlcnd an clcDt. turn out \. position of the particle.
shake-up Jargc cha nges made in an orgariz l ioo to intprolc it. Whm did war brea'k oul?
shake sth up r,. (= startJ
break down (ofa vcl.ricle or rrachine ) slop \.orliing. breakdorvn r. The outhreak oJ wtr follov'ed.
hold sth/sb up dclal' sth/sb. hold-up r. Did ht lag out mut'lt nrottcll?
tailback a hrng linc oI trallic. mor,ing Very slrrvly. tail bitck \. (rxr, = spend)
write-off a lcbicle t hat is so bad11, darnagcd tbat it is nol \\()rth Wltat \\,as tllc hlitial outlqA?
repairing. rrritc sth (,ITr.
break-up fhe entling ofa relationship or erssociirtion. brcali up i.
setback a problctn that delttl's or prcvcnls progrcss, or trakcs a
situali{rr u1)rsc lor sb. sel sth/sb bacl r.

@ newrite the sentences using the phrasal verbs as compound nouns.

How much d d they lay out for the wedding? Vjhat *o.-, the oullal fcr lhe we/din3?
1 Did many people drop out?
2 Trp t'd{'c ld ed bar. ior frve nrle:
3 It set h m back when he falled the exam
4 We were he d up for two hours.
5 A car broke down on the motorway.
6 It was awfu after they broke up.
7 How many peop e turned out?
B It was Inev tabie that war broke out.

@ Complete the sentences with a compound.

1 There was a really good at the annual food festival: over 3,000 people.
2 lvy brother had an accident last week. He's al r ght, but the car s a
f I thouglrt the concert was a real . I was very disappointed
4 lt wasn't a happy marr age, but I don't know exactly what caused the
5 Long are expected on the motorway after the violent storms.
6 I spent over f50,000 n the end, but the in t al was about f10,000

,16 EXPANDING YOUR VOCABULARY

ll nemember to test yourself
4 | can use a range of collocations
A Collocations relating to fire O
Collocalion is the commr'rn comtrination ol particulirr $rords u'ith
each othcr. 'l'hcsc irre sonrc'comrron collocations u,ith lire ancl llames.

'l'n o hoys xet

fire to llrt, sr'/roirl. = rnade il start bun)irg.
'lhe sc lttildittlls t'atth
fira .asily. = start t{) burn.
'l'hc
fire broke ortl in tha kilthut. = lhe lire started.
'l'ht builling is on fire.
'l'lrcfirt spreud to tln.first _floor, = thc lirc rroyed and covercrl a larger aLca,
Tlte plnu' burst into flamas. = suddcnly bcgarr buming slrongll'.
'flrc (ottdlla w(nt up in
flames. = \1'as dcstroyed bl lire.
'l-1rc
firelflames soon died down. = the lir-e/llan.res bccarne u,eali.
'l'luy1 nrutagtd t o
lttrt out ttrc Jire. = stop lhe lirc burr)ir)ll. syN cxtinguish the firc rrn.
l\1' tltl a lot o.f lorest fires lrcrt. = lircs that occur in forests tluring hot summeL rnonths.
I lit a Jirc tlris Dnnling. = stalterl il lirc fbr a purpose (e.g. in a Iircplace or giudcr l.
'l'ht
frrc w(nt out llst nigl ,
= t he lir c stoppcd bu rning.

@ Complete the sentences in different ways.

1 A fire can > brea( our / Notice how the verbs above collocate
with other nouns.
2 A person can / Suddanly tlrc llgh1s went out.

afre. Put Lhat cigarctte out, plaasc.

3 A building can fire / be on

A lt
fight broke out b?t\\,rcn tlrc 1!s.
Tht little girl burst into tears.
/ into flames / n t ames. This illsease ould spread. easil11.
The noise soon died down,
@ Complete the text.
A larSe warehouse near the river (r) fire early this mornlng. The fire brigade was
called when a fire (2) out on the ground floor, but the fire quickly
(l) to the upper floors, and the timber roofjust (4) into flames.
Within minutes, the whole building was (5) fire. By this afternoon firemen had
managed to (6) it , but the damage has been considerabie. The

exact cause has not been established, but several boys were seen (7) fire to some
wooden boxes neal the warehouse entrance.

@ Complete the sentences.

1 We lit the fire last n ght but unfortunate yt had Dy tnis morn ng.
2 I shall wait for the noise to before I start speaking.
3 There was a loud bang and all the lr9hts
4 How can you ask a smoker to lne r cigarelle without be ng ruder
5 The fight after the football match.
6 5he tears when I to d her about the accident.
7 They get awfu fires in the south of France during the summer
8 The qovernment has taken measures to stop the d sease from

@ neOUf YOUR LANGUAGE Translate the sentences about fire into your own language.
How similar are they?

lj n"r"ro", to test yourself EXPANDING YOUR VOCAEULARY 17

B Adjective + noun O
Exa Meaning
We had torrential rain last niqht . very heavy rain.
TheA qre prcdh tinlt gale-force winds tonigtltt. very strong winds.
I had consiilerable iliIfrcultA gettitlg here . a lot ofdifliculty. svx great difffculty.
The stornls causrd extcnaive a lot of damage. sv:r
He speaks with a strong accent, a very noticeable accenl. r
'r'r,
slight accent.
It \,\,os o great hono|Il" to meet th( prKident, an action or occasion that creatcs a Ieeling ofpride.
We made a real eflorl tolitrish it o linr. a big effort. sy\s special/concerted effort.
Mlj main concern is th( ifcct of the drugs. biggest worry. syN principal concern (also
growing concern = an increasing concern).
It's nitt to see t lamiliar fate. a person who you recognize and know.
Coultl uou qiv us n briel summargi a shorl slalement giving the nra in poinls ofsth.
It wns r classic erample oI his stupiditA. a very typical example ofsth. syN perfect example.
I hqd to lqce strong criticism ot er this issue . a lot ofdisapproval from others. svx fferce
criticism (also widespread
The Dlft'c was in utter chaos when I arriwd. a state of comDlete confusion. svr total chaos,
The children lutl t nqrrow escape . = they werc lucky to get away safely.

@ neplace the underlined adjective with a different adjective which keeps the same
meanrng.
'1 | had great difficulty with it. 4 Why rs there strono crrticism?
2 What's your nd! concern? 5 lt'll be lqlalchaos.
3 Was there extensive damage? 6 lt's a perfect example of his writing.

@ Complete the dialogues.

1 Were you proud to meet her? - Yes, it was a great
2 Did you know anyone at the event? - Yes, there were one or two familiar
3 Can you g ve us the details? - No, but l'll give you a brief
4 Did you try hard enough? - Yes, everyone made a real
5 Many people disapprove of it. - Yes, there's been widespread
6 Did they know what to do? - No, it was utter
1 Does she still sound very foreign? - Yes, she has quite a strong
8 The car missed me by inches. - 5o, you had a very narrow

@ Complete the text.

(1) - .. -. .. rain and (2) winds have caused (3) .. . .. ..... ... chaos on many
roads The emergency senices have had (4) difficulty clearing some of the roadq and
have been out all night in a (5)...,-,... effo to help stranded motorists. The Highways Agency
has said their (6) concerr now is to clear the roads of abandoned cals It is feared that
local villages will also have suffered (7) damage, and there is already (8)
qiticism of the authorities.

18 EXPANDING YOUR VOCABULARY

lJ nemember to test yourself
C Collocation in text O
Notice how t:r.rllocation (verb + noun. vcrb + adjcctivc, adjective + noun, etc.) frrrms such an importanl.
part ofa t],pical passagc of I.lng,lish.

Neighbours refuse to a real eyesore a building or objcct that is

mend fences vcry unplcasant 1o Iook at.
take offence (at sth) shorn l'ou are argry or upset
WHEN BARRY HUNT put three-metre
a about sth. or fccling insultcd
wire fence round his garden, neighbour Adam by it.
Clark thought it was a real eyesore, and asked make it clear (that) say sth to makc sb
him to remove it. Mr Hunt took offence and understand a situation.
made it clear that he would do no such thing. do no such thing rcfuse 1o do the thing you
One year on, the two men still haven't reached have becn asked to clo,
agreement, and now face the prospect of reach (an) agreement successfuIll' arrivc at
having to setde their disput€ in court.'It's an agreemcnt (reach a
absurdi said Mr Clark. 'He holds rne entirely conclusion/compromis€/
responsible and refuses to take any of the verdict).
blame. The sad truth is, we've reached the face the prospect rccognize the possibility that
point where neither of us will back down.' (oflthat . . .) sth may happen.
settle a dispute end an argument betn'ecn
pcople (scttle an arg,ument).
hold sb responsible think that sb should be
(for sth) blamed for sth.
Entirely means 'completely' and is often
take the blame accept responsibility
used wtth these words: entlruIa different;
(for sth) lbr sth.
enttrelg r,*lspnnslblc; agrcc entlrcIy,
reach the point arrivc at a time or stalle
Not entirely is used to soften what you are
(where/when) al which sth happcns.
saying and is olten used with these words:
back down stop asking for sth. or stop
I'm not mtfitla sureI happg / saltsfre.l -
saying you u,ill do sth.

@ Crotr out the word that doesn't follow the underlined word.
1 You can rcalh: a) an agreement b) a compromrse c) a conversatron
Z You can scl!!c: a) a discussion b) an argument c) a dispute
3 You can lake: a) offence b) the blame c) enjoymenr
4 Entirelv: a) different b) similar c) responsible
5 Not entirelv: a) sad b) satisfied c) sure

@ complete the sentences with a suitable word in each space.

1 Stella thinks the new cinema is a real and I agree; it's very ugly.
2 He me completely responsible, but I refuse to all the blame.
3 It wasn't my fault and I that very clear to my boss.
4 How are you going to this dispute if no one is prepared to down?
5 We've tried to get him to agree to it, but he'll do no
6 He feels we've the point where we must decide, but l'rn not sure
7 lf we lose our first few opening games, we face the of a difficult season.
8 l'm afraid he took at something lsaid, so now we'll never aqreement.

ne.e.ber to test yourself EXPANDING YOUR VOCAEULARY 19

ll
5 | can use a dictionary productively O
llictionaries include
a wide range of inlormation that will hclp you to expand your vocabulary, and use
words morc eflectively when you speak and write.

Dictiona entries* rtant information

reflect Gi klflekt/ verb . The key (o-) tclls you that
I
[vN] [usually passive] - sb/sth (in sth) to show the image ofsb/sth on reflect is in thc Oxlorcl lO0O and
the surlace olsl.h such as a mirror, watcr or glass: His/d.e wrrs rtf.]dtld is an important word.
in the mirror. . The numbers tell ]'ou that
reflect has diffcrent meanings.
. The inlbrmation in bold tclls you
4 - (on/upon sth) to think carefully and deeply about sth: [v] tsclof€ I dscidc
I need time to reJlet a She was W to relle.L on the impli%tions oIlrcr tlecision. that reflect can be lbllowcd by
diflcrcnt prepositions.
count Or /kaont/ verb . The words in blue givc a general
' sAY NUMBERS I
(from sth) (to/up to sth) to say numbers in the
lvl - idea ofthc dillcrent mcanings of
correcl order: l]iIIlJ can't count Aet. o Sh? run count up to 7O in ltalian. count.
> FIND TOTAL 2
- (sthxup) to calculate the total number ofpeople, things,
ctc. in a particular group: [vN] li( dict is basetl on countinq calories.
o lv wh-l She begqn to count up how man\ gu6ts thelt lrad to invite,
' INCLUDE 3 lVNl to include sb/sth when you calculate a total: We have
invited 50 people , not counting th( (:hildren.

absorb o- /rb'sJ:b/ verb IVNl . Dictionaries oftcn providc

' LIQUID/GAS I
to take in a liquid, girs or othcr substance from the synonyms (take in i$ a synonym
surfacc or spacc around: Plants nbs<rrb o41gen, o This creamis aasily for one meaning of absorb) and
absorte.I into th( skin, opposites: these help 1'ou expand
' INFORMATION 3 to takc sth into thc mind and learn or understand it your vocabulary.
$r^KErN: It s.r /ot o/ inlornlation to absorh qll at o ce,

favour or /'fervo(r)/ noun . Thc phrascs in bold show

' t [c] a thing that you do to help sb: Could you ilome tlawur antl
HELP common phrasal structures iltrd/
pick up Sam from sthool toda!? a Con I ask a fiavour? o I'm going as a or collocations; they will help
favour to Ann, not becaus( I wqnt to. a I'II ask Steve to take it. He owes you to use favour naturally in
rne a favout. dillcrcnt contcxts.
plopose Ori /pre'peoz/ vcrb . propose is a/orll.rl word and
' SUGGEST PLAN I
(/onn4l) to suggest a plirn, an idea, etc. for people to think morc common in writtcl'r llnglish.
about and decidc on: fwf The government prorysed changes to the voting .lt is follo$'cd by a noun. a that
suslcm. o IVN that]ft wss prow)seil thqt thc presidentbc electedlor apeiod. clausc, or an -ing [orm, so you
oftwo ycars. o [V -ing] ]leproposedchanging thename ofthe company. cannot say: +ft*?r?iTosftlrrstorn.
cir(umstance o'
/'s3:kemstons/ noun . circumstance is usually used in
1 [c, usually pl.] the conditions and facts that arc connccted with and the Dlural (circumstances).
allect a situation, an event or an action: Ihe rcmpanll reserves the right
to cancel this agreetnent in rcrtain circlunsaan.?s. o chanlling soL:ial and
p olitin I circum st anc es

VOCABUI,ARY BUILDING . T hc Otford Atlt anted Luuner's

actions expressing emotions Di{ tiular,/ has a numbcr oI
fcatures to increase your
a(tion part of the body youare... vocabulary or help you choose
hang head ashamed the right word in diffcrcnt
lick lips anticipating sth good, nervous situations. This list of;tctions
nod hcad agr9eing is included bcsidc the cntry for
raIse cyebrows inquiring, surprised borly.
snrug shoulders doubtful, indiffercnt
stamp t()()t angry
*
These trre adaptcd cxtracts trom thc f )r,ford,,l.lwwrl L?drn,''s Ditlio .4l
20 EXPANDING YOUR VOCABULARY nern"rnber to test yourself
lJ
@ Complete the sentences with the correct verb, and use the numbers in the dictionary
entries to say which meaning is being used.
> There were about twelve on the bus, not countinS (?) the teachers.
1 |think she'll have to go away and on what we've said to her.
2 There's no liquid at the bottom because the sponge all the juice.
3 From the list, I fifteen who still haven't replied to the invitation.
4 There was too much information to in one session; I couldn't take it all in.
5 In this game. you close your eyes and up to 50, while we all hide.
6 He was standino behind me. but lcould see his face in the water.

@ complete the collocations.

1 She just looked at me and her shoulders.
2 l'm sure Bob will do it. He me a favour.
3 When I told him, he just an eyebrow in mild surprise.
4 | only went to the party as a to Anne.
5 He his head, so I assume he agreed.
6 You can change the date in certain
7 The little boy his foot in anger.

@ cros out the grammar mistake in each sentence and write the correction at the end
1 We could see our faces reflected on the water.
2 She proposed to leave the children behind.
3 You can take dogs into shops in certain circumstance.
4 There were ten people there, no counting the two of us.
5 He proposed us to take the car.
6 'll need to reflect in what he said.

@ Use the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary to complete these sentences. You will
find the answers in the full dictionary entries for the words shown on page 20.
'l Complete the collocation in this sentence with a word that can also mean 'consider':
I myself lucky to have a job that I really enioy.
2 Complete the idiom in this sentence with the correct prepositions:
I'm favour equal pay.
3 Complete the idrom in thrs sentence:
Under the , lwould prefer not to say anything.
4 Complete the idiom in this sentence:
The whole incident badly on everyone involved.

@ neour YoUR DICTIoNARY Look up the meaning ofthese adjectives and the
preposition which normally follows each one. Then, write a sentence example for each.
rve
condu( example.
fraught example:
devoid example:

nemember to test yourself EXPANDING YOUR VOCABULARY 21

lj
6 | can build word families
A Making one word from another f)
By learning r,rortls that are part ol the same rvorcl lirmily, you can ofteu incrcasc your vocabulary
quickly apl g35;1t. I.'or examplc. you will alrcady know the words in thc lcll-hand column below, but
do you know thc rclatcd lbrms with similar rncanings?

Word Example of related word Meaninq of related word

mistake N I mistook her for u lriunl. mistake sb/sth for sb/sth wronelv
think that sb/sth is sb/sth else.
excellent,\r)t 'l'lrt turitrrsitu excels atlin sci(,lt(r,s. bc r.ery good at st h.
final rr,1 I lu.rttt't finalizeil n41 pkms complete the last part ofa plan/an
arrangement.
point \ T/rc crcrcisc rlrrs t crntpletd4 pointless, having no purpose.
follow r, Cltelset have a large following irt Asiu. a €!roup or supporrcrs.
house r Wa naad ntort Jiutrily housing. buildings lor pcoplc t0 live in.
heart x It u'rrs a hecrtless tllinq to suu. showinpi no kindncss or consideration.
svx cruel.
handle v Tlrt situation neetls mr<ful hanilling. the r,"a)' sb deals with sth/sb.
emotion \ Catrer is a vary emotive subi.tt, causing people lo have slrollg etnolions.
apologize v ll s hislrrr.lf and iels vr11apologetic. shon ing you are sorry.
forgive r, His lrclrrrliorrr u'cs u nlorgivable, so bad it cannot bc forgivcn. sr:r
inexcusable.
describe v ' tt lttrirt irt rtry arnt ws indescribable, so extremc it is impossible tr.r describe.
notice V 'l'ht st'or on his luce is auite noticeable, casily noticed.
include r. B(l tnd I 'utk|ost is 180, lullg inclusive. (ol a pricc or cost) including cvcrything.
compare v '1'lris ycar's/igrircs- Iook gloorl. Art thua similar; ablr trr br: c0mparcd.
comparable Jrguras lor ltrsl gui'
reputation \ It s tr vo'11reputable (otnpnry, so 11ott shottlcl having a good reputation: knon'n to be
good.
furniture r Art lurnish tht llnts? - Ona is
tltt11 going to furnish sth put lurnilure in a placc.
lullg lurnisheil alreadlt: the other \\lill be furnishcd containing furniture.
unfurnished. opp unfurnished,

event \ I lrar gotL lrurl a ver-ll eventful MIr ht Chin& full olintcrcsting or important things
that haDDcn. (nT uncventful.
explain I Hi.r bchrrvirrrrr u,as i nexplitable, lhat cannot bc cxpla inctl.
recognrzc \r 'l'htrr is t 11rovL,itry recognition fhart lf(,(r.tlt't ir((cptun(e tl)irl sth is truc Ur leg ..
0o o polluting the atn\tsplt?r(,

There may be several related forms with different meanings.

I thought the meeting was very worthwhik (= important, interesting, etc.)
The necklace is worthless. (= without value)
He's a wofihy chflmpion. (= one who deserved to win)

22 EXPANDING YOUR VOCABULARY

lJ nemember to test yourself
O Circle the correct word.
'1 The cornpany is vety reputative / reputable , so l'm sure you can rely on lt.
2 You get flights, accommodation, and food; it's fully included / incluive .

3 | don't know why the brakes failed; it's unexplainable I inexplicable.

4 We're amateurs and they're professionals, so we're not comparable I comparative.
5 The way he treated Jan was rnexcusab/e / unexcusable.
6 Nothing much happened; it was rather an eventless I uneventful evening
7 The delay was his fault, but he wasn't very apologizing I apologetlc about it.
8 The whole thingwas undescribable lindescribable.

O Rewrite the sentences using the correct form of the word in capitals. The meaning must
stay the same.
,]
They have a great reputation for sport. EXCEL
2 I think he deserved to win. WORTHY
3 Nothing much happened at the party. EVENT
4 The flat hasn't got any furniture. FURNISH
5 The trip was a waste of time. POINT
6 It's an interesting vase but it has no value. WORTH
1 A lot of people support the movement. FOLLOWING
8 People are increasingly aware of its value. RECOGNIZE

@ Complete the dialogues with a suitable word

'1 Are there enough homes? - No, we need more
2 Can you still see the marks? - Yes, they're quile
3 Was she sorry? - Yes, she was very
4 ls that f65 for everything? - Yes, ,t's fully
5 Her behaviour was dreadful. - Yes, absolutely
6 Was there any reason to do that? - No, it was completely
7 Do they have a lot of support here? - Oh yes, a massive
8 Do you need to buY furniture? - No, it's f ully

@ complete the sentences with a suitable word.

1 Jan and Brad still have to the arrangements for the wedding receptlon.
2 It's a very good school and they at languages.
3 Capital punishment is a very issue; people have strong feelings about it
4 I was impressed with the police; their of the situation was just right'
5 He never listens to anyone, so it's grving him advlce'
6 I walked off with someone else's coat; I it for my own
7 Flats in big cities are expensive in England. A flat in Spain would cost less.
8 Stephen's remarks were very cruel. How could he be so ?

@ aaour vouR couNTRY. write answers to the questions or ask another student.
'l lf you rent a flat, is it usually furnished or unfurnished?
2 Which football team has the largest following?
3 Do hotels usually give a fully inclusive price for a room and breakfast?
4 ls housing a particular problem in any part of the country?
5 Are prices generally comparable with other countries nearby, or are they very different?

n"me.uer to test yourself EXPANDING YOUR VOCABULARY 23

lJ
B Saying things another way f,I
Ifyou knon,differcr'tt parts ofa \rord [amil1,. you can express idcas in dilfcrcnt $,ays.
Notice thc urords in bold n.hich go togethcr. e.g. keep yoursclf occupied.

IIon,docs shc occupy her timei
Did he confess to thc robberyi
He wol't commit himself. rvill he?
What s thc origin of the disease..'
l)id lle assurc ]',u il \\i'ul(l b( ()K;
Shctultl n'e tly to simplily thingsi
\A irs lrl abusr.d rr hcn hc r,r as l tru I tg,
Cou ldn't vou defend yourself?
Arc the injurics severe;
\'\i hat docs thc rcport indicatei
She keeps hcrsclfoccupied rvith n'ork.
\ts. he etcrrlualll made a confession.
No. he just can't makc a commitment.
Nobodl, knou's u,hcrc i1 originatcd.
Yes. hc gave us his full assurance.
\ts. rvc ncccl a simpliffcation ofthe rules.
Yes. hc sul'lered physical abuse as a child.
\o. I ra irs ( umpl('lr'll, dcfencelcss.
\Ue don't hnow thc scverity of thern yet.
\.\,/ell. it gives sorne indication of progress.

oc(upy sth IiJl or usc rL spacc. arctr, or amou nt of 1imc. occupied.\Dl.

confess (to sth) adrnit formally that you haVc d0ne sth rvrong or illegal. conlession r,.
(ommit yourself protnisc to rlo sth that rcquircs ti|ne itnd lol,alt!,. commitment \.
origin the cause ofsth. or lhe placrc r ficrc it slarts to exist. orisinate \,.
assure sb (that / of sth) tell str that sth is definitelv truc or detin itelv grring t,, happen. assurance \.
simplify sth makc sth casicr to do or uuclerstaltd. simpliffcation r,.
abuse sb treirt sb in a cnrel or violent vr,ay. ofterr sexually. abuse r.
defend sb/yourself prolccl sb or yourscll defenceless ,itr1.
severe exlrcrrrrlt lrld rrr serir)ur. sereritJ \.
indicate sth shou, that sth cxists or is likclv to be 1rue. indication x.

@ fina the missing word in each sentence and show where rr qoes.
It was a simplfication
/ the facts. of
1 He needs something to himself occupied.
2 When he attacked me, lcouldn't defend.
3 What s ll-e or gin tr.s rdea ?
4 When did he the confession?
5 She assured it would be fine.
6 He just wasn't able to commit.

@ Rewrite the sentences using a related form of the underlined word.

I What's the origin of this?
2 I want a s molificat on of the procedure.
3 A lot ol people afu5e a,cohol
4 Does the research 10,ca[e a l,.r()
5 He's got to commit htmself.
6 Did she confess?
7 The boy was racially abused.
8 I was surprised at how severe the conditrons were.

O I resr yoursef. Cover the answers at the top of the page and look at the
ques ons. Lan you ask the questions using a related word form?

24 EXPANDING YOUR VOCABULARY

n"t".u",
lJ to test yoursetf
Review: Expanding your vocabulary
Unit 1

Complete the dialogues using a suitable word that isn't used in the question.
1 You can explain this in drfferent ways, can't you? - Yes, it's a bit
2 ls the meaning obvious? - Yes, it's completely
3 ls this word rather dated now? - Yes, it's quite
4 She gets upset when he mocks her. - | know; he shouldn't at her.
5 ls - Yes, dictionaries mark it as
this word quite negative?
6 ls that the exact meaning? - To be honest, I can't give you a definition
7 Can I use'miserable' instead of 'sad'? - Yes. In this context, they're
8 Do they mean the same? - Not exactly, but the same. (Don't use a/mosf or neart!)

I Z ror" *o, ds: derivative, taboo, dialect, satirical, pun, archaic, overtones

Unit 2
1 Rewrite the sentences using the words in capitals. Make any necessary changes, but the
meaning must remain the same.
1 | suddenly realized who had stolen my mobile. DAWN
2 I can't decide what to do about the job. TWO MINDS
3 In his haste, he knocked the vase over. FLYING
4 she ate some chocolate, which was enough until she was rescued. KEEP
5 The laptop's a bargain and includes free software. COME
6 Do many people try to avoid paying tax? GET
1 You were so kind to do that for me. SWEET
8 Changing hls job ls his least likely option. MIND

I Z rnor" words: look up these words in a dictionary and see if you can f ind at least one new
meaning for each one, or a new idiom containing the word: break, settle, pull' stick, hold

Unit 3
1 Tick the word(s) in italics that are possible. One or two may be possible'
I He nad a panic-stncken iook I occaslon n
2 Look at his worn out shoes E n
"gup.ent
3 lt was an off-puttingJ singte-mindedl remark.
4 We had a long hold-upl) dropoutl
5 The police spoke to the passer-by n next of kinll
6 The car I
exercrse E *as a write-off.
7 lt was a terrible setback I
break-upJ .

8 Use that drawin g pinlpaper clip I

in the wall

REVIEW: EXPANDING YOUR VOCABULARY 25

2 Make compounds using a word on the left with a word on the right. Then use them to
complete the sentences below.

1 You need to be more and listen to new rdeas.

2 We made a booklng on the internet and flew out the following day.
3 She thinks she's too old to listen to
4 We were a bit late, so I decided to take a . What a silly idea that was!
5 There was an impressive for the meeting - over 100, in fact.
6 l'm a bit worried about my grandmother - she,s getting rather
7 We need a for the coffee machine l,ll order one on the internet.
8 There's been a management so lthink things will start looking up soon.
9 lf you have car insurance, you can get help very quickly on the road.
10 The s designed to keep the animals rn and people out.

I z ror" *ords: use (e.g.

your dictionary to f ind more compound nouns and adjectives starting with
these items: birth birthptace\, paper, public, life, short, and nail

Unit 4
1 One word is missing in each line. What is it, and where does it go?
TAUNTON HOTEL GoEs IN / FLAIVE5 U?
Frrefighters were called out last night to a Taunton hotel which fire I
at around m dnight. lt appeared that the fire had broken on the first 2
floor and rapidly throughout the building. Unfortunately it coincided 3
with gale winds which fuelled the flames. Althouqh thev had no
4
advance, the guests were able to get out and the hotel manager felt 5
they had had a escape. Firefighters fought the blaze for several 6
hours but eventually put it. This fire comes at a time when
there is growing about the health and safety regulations in holiday I
accommodation; the hotel owners now face the of an enquirv into g
the causes of the fire, and if they are held, they could face prosecution. 10

2 Complete the speech with a suitable word.

'Over the years, our city has had (1) difficulty in raising the finance to pull down the ugly
bus station which is a (2) eyesore, and replace it with something far more attractive and
practical. At last, it seems, we have managed to (3)
an agreement with the banks, and
we are now reaching the (4) where we can start to work on the destgn in more detail.
We know there has been (5) criticism of the initial ptans, but I would like to
(6) it absolutely clear that our main (7) has always been to find a design
which will be acceptable to everyone; to that end we hope we can reach a (g) with all
partres tnvolved. lt is therefore an (9) that the distinguished archjtect, A. C. Rallv. whrj

26 REVIEW: EXPANDTNG yOUR VOCABULARY

 also happens to be a (10) . face in the city, has agreed to give us a (1'l)

summary of his proposed plans. Mr Rally, over to you.'

IZ more collocations: extensive research, sounds familiar, widespread support, settte the bilt,
face the consequences, catch sb by surprise

Unit 5
Complete the crossword. The letters in the grey squares spell a word. What is it?

You your lips when you are

nervous or expect something good to happen.
There are fifteen of us, though I didn't
the babies as they travel free
I need time to on this before I

make a decision.
There was far too much information for me to
on the spot.
You don't seem to care - don't lust
your shoulders and walk awayl
Children sometimes their feet
when they're angry or frustrated.
l'll ask Sue to give me a lift home; she owes me
a anyway.
You are only allowed to take dictionaries into

! Z ror"very
*ords: look at the dictionary entry the exam under certain
lor a common word such as face, head, lf you . . your eyebrows like that, you
or take. look surprised.
Note down five or six new collocations, 10 We these changes in the belief
phrases, or phrasal verbs that include your that they will be beneficial to everyone
target word. 11 She her head in shame.

Unit 6
1 Complete the tables.
Verb Adiective
apologtze
occupy
forgive
defend
final
excellent

! Z mor. wo.ds: you will know the following words in bold, but do you know the related forms in
(escaprsm, inescapable);
brackets? authority (authoritarian, authoritative, unauthorized); escape
man (manly, mankind, unmanned); standard (substandard, standardizeJ

REVIEW: EXPANDING YOUR VOCABULARY 27