DC TO AC CONVERTER
Mohd Shawal Bin Jadin
Faculty of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
shawal@ump.edu.my
OVERVIEW
1. Introduction
2. Principle of operation
3. Performance parameter
4. The half-bridge inverter
5. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
6. PWM Generation
7. PWM Harmonics
8. Current Source Inverter
9. Introduction to three-phase inverter
10. Conclusions
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lecture, student should be
able to:
2.State the operation and characteristics of
Inverter.
3.Discuss the performance parameters and
use different technique for analyzing and
designing of DC to AC Converter.
INTRODUCTION
• Inverters are circuits that converts dc input voltage to a symmetric ac
output voltage by which both magnitude and frequency can be
controlled.
• Applications :
– adjustable speed ac motor drives, uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), and
ac appliances run from an automobile battery.
TYPES OF INVERTER
• Voltage Source Inverter (VSI):
• Disadvantages:
– Extra conversion stage
– Poor harmonics
VSI WITH FIXED DC LINK
• DC voltage is held constant.
Vdc Vdc − t τ T
R + I min - R e 0≤t ≤
2
I o (t ) = T
t−
Vdc Vdc − τ 2 T
− + I min + e ≤t ≤T
R R 2
−T
Vdc 1 − e 2τ
I min = − I max =
R 1 + e −T 2τ
Pdc = Vdc I s
EXAMPLE
• A square-wave inverter has a dc source of 125V, an output frequency
of 60 Hz, and R-L series load with R = 20 Ohm and L = 20 mH.
Determine
a) An expression for load current
b) Rms load current and
c) Average source current
FOURIER SERIES ANALYSIS FOR SQUARE WAVE INVERTER
• Fourier series method is often the most practical way to analyze load
current and to compute power absorbed by load.
4Vdc
Vo = ∑
n ,odd nπ
4Vdc
Vn nπ
In = =
Zn R + ( nωo L )
2 2
Pn = I n2,rms R
2
∞ ∞
In
I rms = ∑I
n =1
2
n , rms = ∑
n =1 2
FOURIER SERIES ANALYSIS FOR SQUARE WAVE INVERTER
• The quality of ac output voltage or current can be expressed by total
Harmonic Distortion (THD)
∞
∑ n,rms
∞
2
∑ n,rms
V
n=2
2
I
THDv = n=2
V1,rms THDI =
I1,rms
V 2
rms −V 2
1, rms
=
V1,rms
4Vdc
V − 2
dc
nπ
=
4Vdc
nπ
EXAMPLE 1
• Consider a square wave inverter with Vdc=100V,
R=10Ω, L=25mH, and f=60Hz. Determine
i. Fundamental output voltage
ii. THD for output voltage and current and power absorbed by load
EXAMPLE 2
i. Fundamental output voltage
4V 4 Z n = R + ( 2π fnL )
2 2
V1 = dc = ( 100 ) = 127.3V
nπ (1)π
+ 2π n ( 60 ) ( 25 × 10 )
2
[ 10]
2 −3
• THDv and THDI =
4 ( 100 )
2
∑I 2
n , rms
( 100 )
2
−
n=2
THDI =
2 ( 1) π I1,rms
THDv = 2 2 2
1.42 0.53 0.27 0.17
2
4 ( 100 ) + + +
2 2 2 2
2 ( 1) π =
9.27
2
10000 − 8106
= = 0.167
90.03 = 16.7%
= 0.484
2
= 48.4% I
Pn = I n2,rms R = n R
2
P = ∑ Pn
= 429.3 + 10 + 1.40 + 0.37 + 0.14
= 441W
AMPLITUDE & HARMONIC CONTROL
• The amplitude of the fundamental 90o
α=
frequency for a square-wave output from n
the full-bridge inverter is determined by
the dc input voltage.
voltage
• A controlled output can be produced by
modifying the switching scheme.
scheme
• This output voltage can be controlled by
adjusting the interval α on each side of 4V
V1 = I1Z1 = dc
cos α
the pulse where the output is zero. π
( 127 ) π
= o
= (9.27) 10 + ( 1) ( 2π ) ( 60 ) ( 0.025 )
2
2
4 cos 30
= 127V = 116V
EXAMPLE 1 (CONT)
Z n = R + ( 2π fnL )
2 2
+ 2π n ( 60 ) ( 25 ×10 )
2
[ 10]
2 −3
=
Vn 127
In = = .......(iii )
Z n n 100 + [ 9.43n ] 2
EXAMPLE 1 (CONT)
n fn (Hz) Vn (V) Zn (Ω) In (A)
1 60 127.3 13.7 9.27
3 180 0 30 0
5 300 25.5 48.2 0.53
7 420 18.2 66.7 0.27
9 540 0 85.4 0
2 2
0.53 0.27
+
2 2
THDI =
9.27
2
= 0.067
= 6.7% < than 10%
TRY THIS………
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
––––––––––––––
––––––
ΩΩ
ΩΩΩΩΩΩΩΩΩΩΩΩ
α ααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααα
ααααα
PULSE-WIDTH MODULATED OUTPUT
• In square wave inverters, maximum output voltage is achievable.
achievable
• However there in NO control in harmonics and output voltage magnitude.
magnitude
i.e the harmonics are always at three, five, seven etc times the
fundamental frequency.
frequency
• Hence the cut-off frequency of the low pass filter is somewhat fixed.
fixed The
filter size is dictated by the VA ratings of the inverter.
• To reduce filter size, the PWM switching scheme can be
utilized.
utilized
• In this technique, the harmonics are “pushed” to higher frequencies.
frequencies
Thus the cut-off frequency of the filter is increased. Hence the filter
components (i.e. L and C) sizes are reduced.
• The trade off for this flexibility is complexity in the switching
waveforms.
waveforms
PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM)
PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM)
• Triangulation method (Natural sampling)
– Amplitudes of the triangular wave (carrier) and sine wave (modulating) are
compared to obtain PWM waveform. Simple analogue comparator can be
used.
– Basically an analogue method. Its digital version, known as REGULAR
sampling is widely used in industry.
PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM)
• Production of PWM waveform using reference sinewave:
• Regular sampling - simplified version of natural sampling that results in simple digital
implementation
• Optimised PWM - PWM waveform are constructed based on certain performance criteria, e.g. THD.
• Harmonic elimination/minimisation PWM
– PWM waveforms are constructed to eliminate some undesirable harmonics from the output waveform
spectra.
– Highly mathematical in nature