ABSTRACT

Nowadays it is really important to keep in consideration the safety of railroad tracks to avoid
accidents. One of the major reason for railroad accidents are cracks on the railway tracks. This
project is about dealing with this problem in a much more efficient and cheaper manner.

The project presents a way to detect the crack on the railway line. ARDUINO UNO and
1SHEELD+ is combined together and programmed to detect and send a message to the respective
user.

The information from the ARDUINO UNO and 1SHEEILD+ is sent to the Station Master so that
necessary action can be taken.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………1
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 3
LITERATURE SURVEY.............................................................................................. 4-5
DIFFERENT TECHNIQUE ..................................................................................................... 4
Composite Detection Technique................................................................................... 4
Ultrasonic Method..................................................................................................... 4-5
METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................. ….. 6-7
WORKING ...................................................................................................................... 6-7
BLOCK DIAGRAM ............................................................................................................ 7
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM……………………………….……………………………………….7
IMLEMENTATION ................................................................................................... 8-13
HARDWARE REQUIREMENT ............................................................................................. 8
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT ............................................................................................... 8
POWER SUPPLY…………………………………………………………………………..9-10
TRANSFORMER………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9
RECTIFIER………………………………………………………………………………………………………………9
SMOOTHING…………………………………………………………………………………………………………....9
REGULATOR………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….10
ARDUINO…………………………………………………………………………….....10
ATMEGA328…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 11-12
1SHEELD+……………………………………………………………………………..12
GSM………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….12
BUZZER………………………………………………………………………………………………………………12-13
2*16 LCD…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13
DISADVANTAGES AND ADVANTAGES ..................................................... 14
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................... 15
FUTURE SCOPE….…………………………………………………………………….16
REFERENCE..…………………………………………………………………………..17

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Chapter-1

INTRODUCTION

As train carries a large number of passengers, it is highly necessary to concentrate on the safety of
the people by focusing on the safety of the railway track. It has come to notice that the present
technologies for railway track safety do not efficiently deal with derailing and accidents. So by
smart monitoring, the present technologies should be improved so as to avoid any hazards.

So our project mainly aims at detection of a crack in the railway lines and simultaneously notifying
the Station Master by sending an SMS. Our device sets an alarm, turns on the red light, and displays
a message stating “Crack Detected”.

Instead of using manual technique of crack detection, the use of this method helps in quick and
efficient of crack detection in track. Also the respective monitoring office will get instant
information about crack detection which will also reduce unwanted workload on them. And then
key aspect to keep our city secured from the accidents caused by inopportune and unmaintained
track.

Our project exclusively uses the 1SHEELD+ which indicates if the applied voltage from one
station has been received at the other receiving station.

When the station master has been notified by the SMS, he/she has to stop any train plying between
the two stations where the crack has been detected. The station master will take necessary steps
such as sending gang men to the exact location of the crack and fixing the problem.

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CHAPTER 2

Literature Survey

2.1 DIFFERENT METHODS:

2.1.1Composite Detection Technique

The composite detection system consists of a laser source, whose beam is collimated by a
suited optic lens into a light plane, two 512X512 - pixel CCD cameras for complete optimum
observation of the track, a digital processing system per camera, and a supervision system. The
laser beam focused by the cylindrical lens as a thin plane enlightens the upper part of the
railway track orthogonally to the track surface. The intersection of the plane is therefore the
track profile (in the laser beam plane it is a (two-dimensional line) which is observed by the
CCD cameras. Each digital processing system performs real-time profile filtering and
extraction (in the CCD camera geometrical coordinates) by using a composite approach from
images of the corresponding CCD camera. Besides, the profile is approximately lying in a
linear direction, i.e., cutting the image in stripes. Only one point of the profile belongs to each
stripe. This characteristic allows for parallel processing since each stripe can be analyzed
independently to reach 10 ms ..

2.1.2Ultrasonic Method

In Ultrasonic crack detection sound wave is used to detect crack on the railway track. This system
is similar to a bat using ultrasonic sound to find its way or to find a prey. The sound created by the
bat bounces back from the nearby objects and it gets to know the distance between the objects and
itself. Similarly, sound wave is passed from one end to another on a railway track. But here the
receiving end is on the other side of the track. If there is a crack or discontinuation in the track
then the specific sound wave won’t be received at the receiving end.

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But this method is quiet expensive and detection testing cannot be done if the train is moving equal
to or above 20 km/h.

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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Working:
The circuit uses standard power supply including a phase down transformer from 230 Volts to 12
Volts and 4 diodes developing a platform rectifier that sends throbbing DC which is then filtered
by an electrolytic capacitor of around 470 little scales Farad to 100 scaled down scales Farad. The
isolated DC being unregulated, IC LM7805 is used to get 5V consistent at its stick number 3 paying
little mind to data DC fluctuating from 9V to 14V. The coordinated 5V DC is also isolated by a
little electrolytic capacitor of 10 little scale Farad for any clatter so created by the circuit. One
Light Emitting Diode (LED) is related with this 5V point in course of action with a resistor of 330
ohms to the ground i.e. negative voltage to show 5V.

Arduino UNO using ATMEGA 328 is insignificant exertion and most especially planned 8-bit
microcontroller. It is a 40 stick IC. It has 8K bytes of gleam, 256 bytes of Random Access Memory
(RAM), 32 I/O lines, monitor puppy clock, two data pointers, three 16-bit clock/counters, a six-
vector two level barge in on plan, a full duplex serial port, on chip oscillator, and clock equipment.
The 1SHEELD is related with the Arduino is used for sending SMS to the concerned master, for
demonstrating that whether there is a break in the railroad track or not. It is in like manner used to
play chime sound at the period of break.

The railroad track security structure uses transistors Q1 and Q5 together with one more BC557
(Q6) in coordinating mode, to such a degree, to the point that stick numbers 12 and 13 are held
"HIGH" in run of the mill conditions. The break on the railroad track is displayed by two
connectors. One is supported to Q1 through R12 while the other is sustained to Q6 through R14.
One connector separates the positive supply while the other connector segregates negative supply.
While the shorting cut (jumper) is set up it could infer that Q1 is ON and Q5 is OFF. In like manner,
Q6 is in ON state setting method of reasoning high at Pin Number 12 and 13 of the microcontroller.
While the positive shorting cut is removed Q1 doesn't immediate and Q5 starts driving making pin
12 of microcontroller low. Right when negative shorting cut is emptied Q6 stops coordinating

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 making pin 13 of Microcontroller method of reasoning zero, for the program while executing sends
a notice message by methods for 1Sheeld to the station ace's compact number for required action.
3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Power Supply track Sensing circuit

Bridge rectifier Regulator(LM
(Transformer) 7815)

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
TTTTTransformer)

GSM Modem Arduino

1Sheeld+
Uno(ATMEGA 328)

Buzzer LEDs
2*16 LCD

3.3 Circuit Diagram:

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CHAPTER 4

IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 PROPOSED HARDWARE/SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

4.1.1Hardware Requirement:

a. Power Supply(Transformer/Potentiometer)
b. Arduino Uno(ATMEGA 328)
c. 1Sheeld
d. LEDs

4.1.2Software Requirement:

a. Compiler: Arduino IDE

b. Language: :- Embedded C

4.2 POWER SUPPLY

There are verities of Power Supply and their main work is to convert high voltage to low
voltage for an electrical and electronic circuit and other devices. The power supply can be
categorized in to series of function units and each of them has individual valuable function.

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 4.2.1 TRANSFORMER:

Transformers convert AC electrical energy from one potential to another with little loss of
power. Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasonableness why main
electricity is AC.
Step-up transformers rises potential drop and decreases current, step-down transformers
decrease potential drop and increases current. Most power supplies uses a step-down
transformer to reduce the dangerously heights briny voltage (230V in United Kingdom) to
a safer depression voltage.

Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) compeer to the power in.
Note that as voltage is pace down current is stepped up.

4.2.2 RECTIFIER:

There are distinctive methods for interfacing diodes to develop a rectifier to change over
Alternating electric current to DC. The extension rectifier is the most critical and it green
products full-wave fluctuating DC. A full-wave rectifier can likewise be developed from only
two diodes if a portion tap transformer is utilized, however this strategy is once in a while
utilized now that diode are less expensive.

A solitary diode can be utilized as a rectifier however it just uses the positive (+) parts of the
Alternating electric current wave to deliver half-wave fluctuating DC.

An extension rectifier can be rearranging utilizing four individual diodes. However it is

likewise accessible in exceptional sets containing the four diodes required. It is known as a
full-wave rectifier since it utilizes the entire AC wave (both positive and negative areas).

4.2.3 SMOOTHING:

Smoothing is achieved by a large value electrolytic electrical condenser connected across the
direct current supply to turn as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying
Direct current potential from the rectifier is falling.

The capacitor charges quickly near the efflorescence of the varying DC, and then arc as it
supplies.

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 Smoothing is not perfect as the capacitor voltage decreases, and it discharges a small ripple
voltage.

For most of the circuits a ripple which is 10% of the supply voltage is acceptable and below
the equivalence gives the required value for the smoothing condenser. A larger capacitor will
give lesser ripple. The capacitor value must be doubled when smoothing one-half-wave DC.}

4.2.4 REGULATOR:

Voltage controller ICs are accessible with settled (regularly 5, 12 and 15V) or variable yield
voltages. They are additionally appraised by the most extreme current they can pass. Negative
voltage controllers are accessible, principally for use in double supplies.

Most controllers incorporate some programmed security from extreme current ('over-burden
insurance') and overheating ('warm assurance'). A large number of the settled voltage controller
ICs have 3 leads and look like power transistors, for example, the 7805 +5V. They incorporate
an opening for appending a warmth sink if vital.

For the transfer of low current power a simple voltage regulator can be constructed with a
resistance and a Zener semiconductor diode connected in reverse. Zener diodes are rated by
their breakdown voltage Vz and maximum power Pz (typically 400mW or 1.3W).

The current supply is limited by the resistor (like a light emitting diode resistor). The constant
current flows through the resistor, so when there is no outturn current all the current flows
through the Zener diode and its power rating Pz must be large enough to resist this.

4.3 ARDUINO UNO

Arduino is an uncluttered source PC equipment and programming organization, undertaking, and

client group that techniques and builds single-show board microcontrollers and microcontroller
packs for structure advanced gadgets and intuitive physical items that can detect and switch
questions in the encompassing. The plan's items are dispersed as uncluttered-source equipment
and programming, which are authorized under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or
the GNU General Public License (GPL), permitting the fabricate of Arduino sheets and

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programming dissemination by any individual. Arduino sheets are accessible monetarily in
preassembled descriptor, or as do-it-without anyone else's help (DIY) packs.

Arduino board is intended to be utilized for an assortment of microchips and controllers. These
sheets are outfitted with sets of computerized and simple info/yield (I/O) oarlock that might be
interfaced to different development sheets (shields) and different circuits. The sheets highlight
serial correspondences UI, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on a few imitations, which are
likewise utilized for stacking programs from PCs. The microcontrollers are essentially modified
utilizing a tongue of highlights from the programming dialects C and C++. In increase to utilizing
obsolete compiler toolchains, the Arduino venture gives an incorporated development condition
in light of the Processing dialect venture.

In 2003 the Arduino venture is built up as a program for insightful individual at the crucial
Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy is centering to give a minimal effort and simple
path for novices and experts to deliver gadgets that interrelate with their encompassing world
utilizing detecting component and actuators. Normal cases of such gadgets expected for learner
specialist incorporate basic robots, indoor regulators, and movement sensors.

4.3.1 ATMEGA 328

The Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller trusts 32 kilobytes ISP flash memory with read-
while-write abilities, 1 kB EEPROM, 2 kB SRAM, 23 general persistence I/O lines, 32 general
persistence working registers, three supple timer/counters with compare modes, internal and
external interrupts, serial programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire serial user interface, SPI
serial port, 6-channel 10-bit A/D converter (8-channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages software
system), programmable watchdog timer with internal oscillator, and five software selectable power
saving modes. The device functions between 1.8-5.5 volts. The device realizes throughput
impending 1 MIPS per MHz

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4.4 1SHEELD+

The 1Sheeld+ configures easily as a shield for Arduino Uno. It gives ability to the Arduino to
connect with the smartphones as it has built-in Bluetooth system. App name “1Sheeld” is available
in both “App store” and “Google Play Store” which can easily associate the user smartphone to it
and turning the user smartphone in a shield itself. Once connected the user can control its Arduino
Uno with the smartphone by sending data and controlling pins and vice-versa. The 1Sheeld library
gives full control of the Arduino Uno to the user smartphone. So the Arduino can be used to send
e-mails, control the Camera, use Voice Recognition, and fundamentally each and everything a
normal smartphone can do. The user can use its smartphone as Liquid Crystal Display (LCD),
Accelerometer, Short Messaging Services (SMS), Phone, and many more function that smartphone
capabilities as Arduino shields, without buying everything. Due this the cost of the project reduces
and circuit becomes easier to understand.

4.4.1 GSM:

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is a standard created by the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to portray the conventions for second-age
advanced cellular communication utilized by cell phones, for example, tablets, first conveyed in
Finland in December 1991. As of 2014, it has turned into the worldwide standard for cellular
networks – with more than 90% piece of the overall industry, working in more than 219 nations
and territories.

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4.4.2 BUZZER

Bell or beeper is a flagging gadget, normally electronic, commonly utilized as a part of cars, family
unit apparatuses, for example, a microwave broiler, or amusement appears.

It by and large comprises of various switches or sensors associated with a control unit that decides
whether and which catch was pushed or a preset time has passed, and for the most part enlightens
a light on the fitting catch or control board, and sounds a notice as a ceaseless or sporadic humming
or beeping sound.

At first this gadget depended on an electromechanical framework which was indistinguishable to

an electric ringer without the metal award (which influences the ringing to clamor). Regularly
these units were secured to a divider or roof.

Another execution with some AC-associated gadgets was to actualize a circuit to make the AC
current into a commotion sufficiently boisterous to drive an amplifier and connect this circuit to a
modest 8-ohm speaker. These days, it is more well known to utilize a clay based piezoelectric
sounder like a Sonar ready which makes a sharp tone.

For the most part these were snared to "driver" circuits which changed the pitch of the sound on
and off. In diversion indicates it is otherwise called a "lockout framework," since when one
individual signs ("hums in"), all others are bolted out from flagging. A few amusement
demonstrates have vast ringer catches which are recognized as plungers.
"Buzzer" originates from the grinding clamor that signals make when they were electromechanical
gadgets and worked at ventured down AC line voltage at 50 or 60 cycles. Different sounds are
generally used to show that a catch has been squeezed that is ring or beep.

4.4.3 2*16 LCD

LCD makes pictures on a flat surface by sparkling light through a mix of liquid crystals and
spellbound glass. The innovation varies from CRT as CRT utilizes a light emission expected
through a vast glass tube to make pictures.

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CHAPTER-5

DISADVATAGES OF EXISTING SYSTEM AND ADVANTAGES OF

PROPOSED SYSTEM

5.1 Disadvantages of Existing Scheme:

a. Existing frameworks are not ready to anticipate the applauds appropriately on the railroad
track.
b. Existing frameworks are not ready to oversee when the applauds are little or the speed at
which the fast prepare would straits be able to securely on the split.

5.2 Advantages of Proposed Scheme:

a. Establish administration structure in view of conveying enthusiastically assessment and

checking process.
b. Enhance the level of capability.
c. Facility to send alarms/notices to particular train controller on likely wrecking through the
framework.

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 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

This project deliberates the precarious protection techniques for high-speed train operation
environment based on the railroad train command system. In demand to ensure safe operation of
power train, we propose a wireless mesh access structure according to the monitoring network of
surrounding environment and the deployment of alteration network to avoid crash of trains and
crack detection in the railroad lines. System has ability to stick point the location and other
attributes of an operational train in an economical accurate style. The goal of this work is to plan
and implement a cost effective and intelligent full-fledged and wireless based Train Anti
derailment and detection System to avoid accident.

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 FUTURE SCOPE

The above mentioned scheme has made use of advanced technologies whose adoption in future
will make a revolutionary change in every aspects of field. Further it will also reduce the manual
inspection. In above scheme, the manual inspection of crack in railway track is eliminated by
using microcontrollers by programming it as per the requirement.

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REFERENCES:

1. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) Vol. 4 Issue

03, March-2015.
2. ATMEGA 328, from http://www.atmel.com/Images/Atmel-42735-8-bit-AVR-
Microcontroller-ATmega328-328P_Datasheet.pdf.
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATmega328.
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM.
5. Ch. Muneedra Rao and B.R. Bala Jaswanth, “Crack sensing scheme in rail tracking
system”, Vol. 4, Issue 1, January 2014, pp.13-18.
6. Kalpana Sharma, Jagdish Kumavat, Saurabh Maheshwari and Neeti Jain, “Railway
security system based on wireless sensor networks: state of art”, Intl. Journal of
Computer Applications, Vol 96, June 2014, pp.32-35.
7. M. Papaelias, S. Kerkyras, F. Papaelias and K. Graham, “The future of rail
inspection technology and the interail fp7 project”, pp.1-9.
8. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology(IRJET) Volume: 04
Issue: 01| Jan-2017.

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