Classification: Internal Use

Proper cleaning:
Vapor degreasing: oil, grease and similar organic contamination.
Steam cleaning: of large unwieldy articles.
Solvent cleaning:
Paint removal:
Etching:

1. Surface Tension : An elastic force that acts tangential to the fluid surface to
reduce the area is called surface tension
2. The surface tension for a droplet of liquid is  = ½ (po - pi ) r, where (po - pi ) is
the difference between the bubble’s exterior and interior pressure and r is the
radius of curvature
3. The surface tension at interface of two mediums can be expressed as lg
4. Wetting is the ability of a liquid to maintain contact with a solid surface, resulting
from intermolecular interactions when the two are brought together.
5. The degree of wetting (wettability) is determined by a force balance between
adhesive and cohesive forces.
6. Adhesive forces between a liquid and solid cause a liquid drop to spread across
the surface.
7. Cohesive forces within the liquid cause the drop to ball up and avoid contact with
the surface.
8. High viscous penetrant required more penetrate time and more time to remove
penetrant.
9. Drying wet developer at 70deg c is acceptable.
10. Fluorescent penetrant indication appear:brillent yellow green glow with a deep
violet blue background.
11. Visible penetrant: red color indication in white background.
12. Emulsification time : extermination
13. Newly mixed wet developer :4-5 hr prior to use.
14. Accuracy of pressure gauge - +- 5psi and temperature gauge +- 2.8 deg.
15. SI unit shall be used for UV light 100 fc / 1000 lux
16. Maximum water pressure 40 psi.
17. Temp range 10 deg -38 deg c.
18. UV light intensity at rinse station 1000 mw/cm2
19. Ambient light at fluorescent station : 20 lux max
20. UV light minimum intensity 1000mw/cm2
Classification: Internal Use

21. Visible penetrant: 1000 lux

22. Calibration of equipment covered by ANSI/NCSl Z540-1-1994
23. Penetrant: QPL –SAE-AMS-2644-3.
24.

Chapter 1

1. Family group penetrant emulsifier and developer

2. System concept for post emulsifier penetrant. Developer and solvent removal are not a part of
system concept.
3. Group include with removal method, type of penetrant, sensitivity, emulsifier and developer.
4. Qualifying a type I penetrant: method B with dry developer.
5. SNT-TC 1 A 12 hrs. required for direct level II certification.

Chapter 2

1. Viscosity rate of application of penetrant. Not penetrating ability.

2. Higher viscous required more penetrant time. And more cleaning.
3. Flash point : a lquid give enough vapour which can ignite in presence of flame
4. Storage capability: 16 deg t0 38 deg.
5.
6. Some mineral and chemical compound have ability to emit visible light when exposed to
short wave length.
7. All penetrant material must be subjected to three test : moderate temperature corrosion
test, high temp. Corrosion test and high temp. corrosion test on nickel based alloy.
8. Moderate temp. corro. Polished specimen of aluminum, magnesium alloy and cr-mo steel.

Moderate temp. Polished spec. of Al,Mg,Cr- 0.75% covered for 3hr Inspected at 10X
corrosion Mo steel at 50 deg c
High temp corrosion 538 Deg C
stress corrosion test
1010 deg c
Classification: Internal Use

9. Visible dye penetrant is not as sensitive as most fluorescent dye penetrant because red
visible dye needs thicker threshold film and a thick developer coat to provide a good white
background.
10. Property that control rate of penetration is viscosity.
11. It is recommended chloride content be limited to 1% in the penetrant.
12. Most penetrant emit light a wave length of 525nm.

Chapter 5

25. Relevant indications divided into three group-Continuous line indication,

intermittent line indication and rounded or sport indication.
26. Continuous indication: Crack-jagged
Seam- straight line
Cold shut
Forging lap
27. Intermittent line indication: same as continuous indication(affected by previous
processing step or in service or partially subsurface)
28. Rounded or dot line porosity, gas pore
29. Filter used in high-pressure mercury light has peak transmission at a wavelength
of 360 nm.
30. UV light intensity for detection of very find indication is 3000mW/cm2.
31. Recommended UV light intensity at inspection surface 2000mw/cm2.
32. Cold shut in casting –a continuous line not jagged.
33. For SCC best developer is –solvent suspended developer.
34. The developer is best for lifting penetrant indication is –plastic developer.
 PT LEVEL III NOTE

1. A hydrometer measures specific gravity.

2. ASTM D95 test is for determining water content in a penetrant or emulsifier.
3. A fluorometer measures fluorescent intensity by evaluating quantitative values for the emitted light of
fluorescent materials.
4. Water tolerance test is a test used to measure the sensitivity of a penetrant to water contamination based on
the amount of water.
5. A scratch on a smooth surface makes a drop of penetrant moves faster.
6. Contact angle of penetrant is smaller on aluminum than SS or chrome plate.
7. 100W (high pressure mercury vapor) ultraviolet light is used to background after water wash test.
8. The penetrant system monitor is designed to be used daily.
9. Quenched cracked aluminum blocks are for low to medium sensitivity check.
10. Penetrant in aerosol containers are affected by leakage of propellant.
11. Do periodic u a ou ced audit to deter i e a pe etra t shop s operatio if proper or ot.
12. QC of aerosol cans in long term storage is to weigh them every 2 years from date of manufacture.
13. Lipophilic (B) emulsifiers are supplied in ready-to-use form, while hydrophilic emulsifiers are in a concentrate
(5-30%) and must be diluted.
14. Lipophilic (B) uses DIFFUSION, hydrophilic (D) used surfactant.
15. Hydrophilic is more sensitive than lipophilic.
16. Lipo should be checked for contamination by a removability test.
17. Hydrophilic emulsifier concentration should be checked by a refractometer test or colorimetry.
18. Parts are generally dipped into a tank of lipophilic emulsifier, withdraw and drain for a specific time.
Emulsification time depends on the viscosity of the emulsifier.
19. Hydrophilic emulsifier can be applied by immersion and spray; emulsification time is directly related to its
concentration.
20. The frequency of the process control depends on the workloads.
21. Performance test
a. Process a known defective part and compare the result with the known and acceptable result
b. Use cracked panels or blocks
22. OSHA minimum flash point 93C/200F degree without ventilation.
23. Penetrant waste in sewer can
a. Leaves oil slick
b. Deplete oxygen
24. Water washable penetrants can be removed from water by
a. Reverse osmosis
b. Absorption materials
c. Activated carbon
25. Properly formulated penetrant effluent will float on the water in a tank.
26. New slow solubility penetrants disperse in water and do not undergo emulsification.
27. PT is a physical chemical process.
28. Ultraviolet light with a proper filter will NOT cause permanent damage to human tissues, eyes or blood cells.
29. Blotting: the action of a developer in soaking up the penetrant in a discontinuity, so as to cause the maximum
bleedout of the liquid penetrant for increased contrast and sensitivity.
30. Dry powder developers are applied to dry part surfaces by air suspension, electrostatic spraying or part
immersion. It should not be used with visible penetrant.
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31. Water soluble developer (aqueous soluble) (powder dissolved in water) can be applied by dipping, flowing
solution onto a part, or spraying solution over a part.
32. Water suspendible developers (aqueous suspendible) (powder does not dissolve in water, remains in suspension
until it precipitates onto the parts) are applied like water soluble but they are harder to remove because they do
not dissolve in water.
33. All aqueous developers contain biocides, corrosion inhibitors and wetting agents.
34. Non-aqueous (solvent suspendible) developers usually in aerosol cans and are the most sensitive developers.
35. The generally accepted minimum time period for becoming accustomed to the dark is 1-5 minutes.
36. NO one single property determines if a material will or will not be a good penetrant. (e.g. viscosity, surface
tension, wetting ability.)
37. The speed of a penetrant penetrating a surface flaw is influenced the greatest by viscosity. (not by capillary
action)
38. When using post-emulsification penetrants, difficulties incurred during the washing operation can be overcome
by completely reprocessing the part from surface preparation on and by using a longer emulsifier time if
allowed.
39. A commonly used method of checking on the overall performance of a liquid penetrant system is by comparing
sections of artificially cracked specimens. (Not by determining viscosity or wettability)
40. Characteristic to be considered when selecting the type of penetrant to be used is the sensitivity level. (Not the
removal characteristics or cost of the penetrant)
41. High viscosity makes penetrant from a crack harder to be removed by spray water wash.
42. The most desirable objectives governing the cleaning operations when removing surface penetrant are to
remove no penetrant from defects and leaves a minimal of residual penetrant on the part surface.
43. When removing excess post-emulsifiable penetrant in a production situation involving relatively large irregularly
shaped parts, you may use a coarse spray. (do not use hot water immersion)
44. Nonaqueous wet developer generally preferred when it is essential to use the most sensitive developers. (not
dry developer??)
45. The best method of drying after the application of a wet developer is normally drying with circulating air at a
maximum of 71C/160F degree.
46. An advantage of post-emulsifiable methods over water-washable methods is their sensitivity is easier to
control.
47. The type of penetrant to be used on an investment casting should be post-emulsifiable fluorescent for
maximum sensitivity and water-washability.
48. If modular equipment has been obtained for a penetrant inspection system using fluorescent post-emulsifiable
penetrant and wet developer, the dryer should be placed after the developer tank.
49. Filters for ultraviolet lights effectively remove visible light from the energy given off by the mercury arc.
50. The use of a 100W spot bulb with a plain filter for color contrast penetrants produces a high intensity narrow
beam.
51. Wetting ability is measured by contact angle. The smaller the contact angle, the better the wetting ability.
(not related to surface tension)
52. A network of interconnecting jagged lines appearing in hard fired, unglazed ceramic products would be an
indication of thermal shock.
53. Porosity indications in ceramics would appear essentially the same as porosity indications in metals.
54. When performing an evaluation of the fluorescent ability of a penetrant, the value that is normally sought is
the relative amount of light emitted by the fluorescent material compared to other penetrants. (the
comparison blocks and panels)
55. Cold temperature of test objects and penetrant material is undesirable because of higher viscosity.
56. The contrast ratio of the red dye and a white developer is normally about 10-1 or 20-1.

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57. When utilizing the fluorescent post-emulsifiable penetrant method and performing the rinse cycle, to prevent
overrinsing, discontinue the rinse as soon as the surface penetrant is removed from the part.
58. Sulfur, halogen or chlorine may be detrimental to stainless steel or titanium metals or alloy surfaces under high
temp servicing or processing.
59. If the liquid penetrant pulls away leaving bare surfaces, the part is not clean enough.
60. If wet aqueous developer is to be used in water washable penetrant inspection, it should be applied to the wet
part surfaces following water rinsing, then the part is dried as soon as the excess penetrant has drained off the
part.
61. One advantage of hydrophilic over lipophilic is its improved control of pollution caused by liquid penetrant
process waste materials in the prerinse process because penetrant is lighter than water so it floats atop of water
and can be collected before drain to sewers.
62. Water washable and postemulsification types of penetrant should not be used on the same object.
63. Fluorescent liquid penetrants should not be applied to test objects that retain traces of visible dye penetrants or
processing materials from prior testing and vice versa.
64. For lipophilic emulsifier, the diffusion rate (emulsification time) varies depending on the viscosity of the
emulsifier.
65. Wet aqueous developers are not recommended to be used with water washable penetrant because the wetting
agents in these developers act like hydrophilic remover which can remove entrapped penetrant indications.
66. Wet aqueous developers contain wetting agent which can cause foaming.
67. Wet aqueous developers are susceptible to attack by bacteria and fungi.
68. Dry powder, water suspended and water soluble are supplied in powder form.
69. Flaw entrapment efficiency refers to the ability of a penetrant to produce an indication that is large enough to
be seen.
70. This combination of physical properties of a liquid has the most effect on its penetrating properties: capillarity,
wettability and surface tension.
71. Plating is not a method for working wrought metals.
72. Water washable fluorescent penetrant is recommended for production inspection of casting.
73. Postemulsification fluorescent penetrant is recommended for production testing of forgings.
74. Nonaqueous developer is best choice for stress corrosion.
75. For water washable penetrant inspection, the wash nozzle should provide a coarse brisk spray.
76. A heat treatment crack would most likely show a fine, blue white indication OR a bright yellow-green
indication???(page 37 in study guide)
77. Usual lipophilic emulsifier dwell time is 1-3 minutes.
78. Small indications that are easiest to see: wide, short indications.
79. The property that controls the rate of penetration of the penetrant into a discontinuity is viscosity. (surface
tension, volatility and wetting action have nothing to do with the rate of penetration.
80. It is recommended that sulphur and chloride content be limited to 1.0%.
81. Application that provides the greatest sensitivity: dip the part in penetrant, remove and drain for the remainder
of the dwell time.
82. The best technique for applying wet developer is spraying.
83. False indications are caused by the process, not by the part.
84. Flaw entrapment efficiency reflects the ability to form an indication large enough to be seen.
85.