Calvaria Cranial base or Cranial Vault or Base of skull or Upper part of brain case.
Vomer (single)
Nasal bone (paired)
Lacrimal bone (paired)
Inferior concha (paired)
Palatine bone (paired)
Zygomatic bone (paired)
Maxilla (paired)
Mandible (single=two halves)
1
Sutures: Lambdoid, Parietomastoid, Occipitomastoid
Features: External occipital protuberance, Superior nuchal line, Inferior nuchal line,
Inion
5. Norma Basalis (Inferior View)
Bones: Maxilla (Palatine processes, alveolar processes), Palatine (Horizontal plate),
Sphenoid (Body, greater wings, and medial and lateral pterygoid plates), Temporal
(Squamous, petromastoid, and tympanic parts), Occipital (Basilar and squamous
parts)
Features: Incissive fossa, Posterior nasal spine, Pharyngeal tubercle, Pterygoid fossa,
Scaphoid fossa, Pterygoid hamulus, Infratemporal crest, Spine of sphenoid,
Mandibular fossa, Articular tubercle, Jugular fossa, Styloid process, Occipital condyle,
Mastoid process, Mastoid notch (groove for posterior belly of digastric muscle),
External occipital crest, Superior and inferior nuchal lines, External occipital
protuberance
Foramina: Incisive Greater and lesser palatine, Foramen ovale, Foramen spinosum,
Foramen lacerum, Opening for auditory tube, Carotid canal, Pterygoid canal,
Foramen magnum, Hypoglossal canal, Jugular foramen, Stylomastoid foramen,
Posterior nasal apertures (choanae)
Skull: Interior
1. Inner aspect of the calvaria (vault)
Bones: Frontal, Parietal, Occipital
Features: Frontal crest, Groove for superior sagittal sinus, Groove for brances of
middle meningeal vessels, Depressions for arachnoid granulations
Foramina: Parietal
2. Cranial Fossae
2
1. Margins of the orbit
Medial: Frontal and maxillary bones
Superior: Frontal bone
Lateral: Zygomatic and frontal bones
Inferior: Zygomatic and maxillary bones
2. Walls of the orbit
Medial wall: Maxilla (frontal process), Lacrimal bone, Ethmoid (orbital part),
Sphenoid (body)
Features: Nasolacrimal canal, Anterior and posterior ethmoid foramena
3. Roof (Superior) wall
Frontal (orbital plate) sphenoid (lesser wing)
Features: Lacrimal fossa (for lacrimal gland), Optic foramen, Trochlear fossa
4. Lateral wall
Sphenoid (anterior surface of the greater wing), Zygomatic (orbital surface)
Features: Zygomatic canal (for zygomatic nerve from maxillary nerve)
5. Floor (Inferior) wall
Maxilla (orbital surface), Zygomatic bone, Palatine bone (orbital process)
Features: Infra orbital groove and canal
Superior Orbital Fissure: separates the lateral wall from the roof.
Inferior Orbital Fissure: separates the floor from the lateral wall.
Pterygopalatine Fossa
Roof: Inferior surface of body of sphenoid, Orbitalprocess of palatine bone, Inferior orbital
fissure
Floor: Apposition of anterior and posterior walls of the fossa
Anterior wall: Upper part of posterior surface of maxilla
Posterior wall: Anterior surface of greater wing of sphenoid, Root of pterygoid process,
Anterior opening of pterygoid canal
Medial wall: Upper part of perpendicular plate of palatine bone, Orbital and sphenoidal
processes of palatine bone, Sphenopalatine foramen
Mandible
1. Body
Surfaces (external and internal), Borders (upper and lower), Mental protuberance,
Mental tubercle, Mental foramen, Oblique line, Digastric fossa, Mylohyoid line,
Submandibular fossa, Sublingual fossa, Mental spines, Mylohyoid groove
2. Ramus
Surfaces (lateral and medial), Borders (anterior and posterior), Mandibular notch,
Coronoid process, Condylar process, (head and neck of the mandible), Angle of the
mandible, Mandibular canal, Lingula
Skull
skeleton of head most complex bony structure in body, it encloses brain, houses
organs of special senses, and surrounds openings into respiratory and digestive
tracts
in anatomical position, skull orientated so that inf margin of orbit and sup margin of
external auditory meatus are level (orbitomeatal plane, Frankfort plane)
3
Anterior Aspect
o comprises ant part of calvaria superiorly and skeleton of face inferiorly
o notable features are forehead, orbits, prominence of cheek, anterior nasal
apertures, paired maxillae, and mandible
o can be divided into five areas: frontal, orbital, maxillary, nasal and
mandibular
Posterior Aspect
o formed mainly by paired parietal bones and occipital bone, meet mastoid
parts of temporal bones laterally
o most prominent feature is rounded post pole, occiput, this region often
referred to as occipital area
o external occipital protuberance is median projection, easily palpable at sup
end of med furrow of neck
o centre and most prominent projection called inion
o curved superior nuchal lines run lat from ext occipital protuberance towards
mastoid processes, represent sup limit of post neck, indicated where certain
neck muscles attach
o post part of sagittal suture and lambdoid sutures meet at lambda
Superior Aspect
o oval shaped, broadened post by parietal eminences
o superciliary arches of frontal bone from ant limit, zygomatic arches visible
laterally four bones united by interlocking sutures
o two parietal bones joined by sagittal suture
o frontal and parietal bones joined by coronal suture
o parietal and occipital bones joined by lambdoid sutures
o intersection of coronal and sagittal sutures is called bregma
o vertex, most sup part of skull, located near centre of sagittal suture
o parietal foramina located in parietal bone on each side of sagittal suture,
transmit emissary veins which connect intracranial dural sinuses with veins
covering skull
Inferior Aspect
o external surface of cranial base shows maxilla, bony palate, maxillary teeth
and zygomatic arches
o each zygomatic arch formed by union of zygomatic bone and zygomatic
process of temporal bone
o centrally, inf surface of cranial base irregular due to many foramina,
processes and articulations, makes it weak and prone to fractures
o lat, cranial base exhibits temporal bones with prominent mastoid and styloid
processes
o foramen magnum , bordered lat by occipital condyles (articulate with C1),
transmits medulla oblongata
4
Lateral Aspect
o includes parietal, frontal and parts of temporal and sphenoid bones
o division of skull into calvaria and facial skeleton clearly shown o calvaria
formed by frontal bone (ant), sphenoid and parietal bones (lat), and occipital
bone (post)
o pterion (where all four bone articulate) is important clinical landmark (ant
branch of mid meningeal a. lies beside), located in temporal fossa
o located 2 fingers sup to zygomatic arch, 1 thumb post to zygomatic process of
frontal bone
o other features are external auditory meatus, zygomatic bone, zygomatic arch,
mastoid process and mandible
o mastoid process project ant-inf, med to ear lobe, easily palpable, size varies
with muscularity and age (not present at birth, enlarge at puberty), form part
of sup attachment of sternocleidomastoid o mental protuberance (of chin)
easily visible in most people
Internal Aspect
o bones seen in internal aspect of skull are: frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid,
temporal and occipital
o internal surface of calvaria fairly smooth and concave, particularly from side
to side
o striking features are grooves in parietal bones made by ant branches of mid
meningeal blood vessels
o sutures least distinct on inside because fusion begins ~10 years earlier
o arachnoid granulations
o project into venous sinuses (particularly into lacunae of sup sagittal sinus)
enough to indent bones of calvaria presents three distinct tiered areas:
anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae
Walls
o thinner in females, young and old
o tends to be thinnest in areas that are well covered by muscles
o most bones of calvaria consist of inner and outer layers (tables) of compact
bone, separated by layer of spongy diploë (containing red bone marrow)
Bones of Calvaria
except for mandible and auditory ossicles bones of skull are joined by rigid sutures
cranium is essentially one big complex bone
Frontal Bone
o frontal squama = smooth, board, convex plate of bone forming forehead
o the two halves halves of frontal squama are divided by metopic (frontal)
suture in foetal skulls, begins to fuse during infancy and is not usually visible
after 6 years of age
o frontal bone forms thin roof of orbits
5
o just sup to and parallel to each supraorbital margin is bony ridge called
superciliary arch, which overlies frontal sinus
o gently rounded glabella lies between the two arches
o slightly prominences on each side (sup to superciliary arches) are frontal
eminences o supraorbital notch (foramen)
o (transmits supraorbital vessels and nerve) located in med supraorbital margin
articulates with nasal bone at frontonasal suture
o at point where this crosses internasal suture is an anthropological landmark,
nasion
o this isdepression in root of nose, where it joins cranium
o also articulates with zygomatic, lacrimal, ethmoid and sphenoid bones
Parietal Bones
o form large parts of wall of calvaria
Top
Face
face extends from margin of hair to chin, from one auricle to or
forehead common to both face and scalp
skin contains numerous sweat and sebaceous glands and is connected to underlying
bones by loose ct
superficial fascia lies beneath skin with muscles of facial expression are embedded in
it
Sensory Nerves
include branches from three division of trigeminal n., which supply skin of face
(except for small area over angle of mandible and parotid gland supplied by greater
auricular n., C2-3)
Nasociliary
Frontal
direct continuation of V1
divides into two branches: supraorbital (med) and supratrochlear (lat)
Lacrimal
6
smallest of main ophthalmic branches
emerges over sup-lat orbital margin to supply the lat part of upper eyelid
Motor Nerves
CN VII (facial n.) supplies platysma, muscles of facial expression, auricular and scalp
muscles
sole motor supply to muscles of facial expression, taste sensation from ant 2/3 of
tongue, and secretomotor to salivary glands (except for parotid)
emerges from skull through stylomastoid foramen (between mastoid and styloid
processes), almost immediately enters parotid gland, runs superficially, gives off five
terminal branches: temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular and cervical
emerge from sup, ant and inf margins of parotid gland and spread out like abducted
digits
Arterial supply
two main arteries supply most of blood to face: facial and superior temporal aa.
branches from supraorbital and supratrochlear supply skin of forehead
Facial Artery
7
chief a. of face
arises from ext carotid and winds it was to inf mandible just ant to masseter, usually
grooving bone, lies superf here and pulsations can easily be felt
crosses mandible, buccinator and maxilla, lies deep to zygomaticus major and
levator labii superioris
branches on face include submental, inferior labial, superior labial, and lat nasal
Venous drainage
facial vein is major route of drainage from face
formed by union of supraorbital and supratrochlear vv. at med angle of eye
connected sup ophthalmic v. through supraorbital v. (near zygomatic process)
connected to cavernous sinus by ophthalmic v.
crosses superf to submandibular gland and is joined by anterior division of
retromandibular v. to form common facial v., which ends by draining into internal
jugular v.
Retromandibular Vein
formed by union of superf temporal and maxillary vv., post to neck of mandible
descends within parotid gland, superf to ext carotid a. but deep to facial n.
divides into ant branch that unites with facial v. and post branch that joins posterior
auricular v. to form external jugular v.
Lymph drainage
forehead and ant face ® submandibular nodes
lat face ® parotid nodes
central lower lip and chin ® submental nodes
Muscles of face
embedded in superficial fascia
most arise from bones of face and insert into skin, they don’t move bony structures
orbit, nose and mouth are guarded by eyelids, nostrils and lips respectively
facial muscles serve as sphincter, or dilators of the facial openings
all develop from 2nd pharyngeal arch and are supplied by facial n. (VII cranial)
8
Eye
orbicularis oculi sphincter (narrows eye and encourages three parts: orbital (closing eyes tightly),
secretion of tears) palpebral (closing eyes lightly), lacrimal
(pulls eye med)
Nose
nasalis compression/dilation of nostril compressor naris: rudimentary in human
Mouth
orbicularis oris sphincter fibres derived from buccinator and or facial
muscles
dilator muscles radiate out like spokes
Top
Scalp
Covers vault of skull and extends sideways between right and left temporal lines, between eyebrows
anteriorly and sup nuchal lines posteriorly.
Scalp
Boundaries
covers vault of skull
ant: eyebrows
Contents Arteries
from int carotid (supraorbital, supratrochlear)
Veins
supratrochlear & supraorbital (® facial)
9
Nerves
trigeminal (supratrocheal, supraorbital, zygomatico-temporal, auriculo-temporal)
Muscles
occipitofrontalis
tempoparietalis
Lymph
scalp above parotid gland ® parotid lymph nodes
Notes
trigeminal supply ant to line between ears and vertex, C2 supplies rest
Layers
has five layers, of which first three are intimately bound toger: skin, connective
tissue, aponeurosis epicranialis (scalp proper), loose areolar tissue, and pericranium
mobile because of potential cleavage plane
Epicranial Aponeurosis
Applied Anatomy
Cranial Fossae
cranial base has three levels called anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae
each fossa slightly inferior to one rostral to it
10
shows sinuous, shallow depression called convolution impressions or brain markings,
possibly formed by the gyri of the brain
crista galli is median process (resembling cock’s crest) that projects sup from
ethmoid bone
on both sides of crista galli is a narrow, cribriform plate, with numerous foramina for
olfactory nn.
lesser wings and jugum of sphenoid bone form posterior floor (boundary) of fossa
lesser wings have sharp post spenoidal ridges that overhang ant middle fossa and
project into ant part of lateral sulci
each lesser wing ends med in ant clinoid process which gives attachment to
tentorium cerebelli
11
Foramina Contents
Or Nerves
Anterior
nasal emissary v. (present in
foramen cecum
children and 1% of adults)
foramina in cribiform plates axons of olfactory cells
ant & post ethmoidal foramina vessels and nn. with same names
Middle
optic canals ophthalmic aa. CN II
sup orbital fissures* ophthalmic vv. CN V1, III, IV, VI, SNS
foramen rotundum* CV V2 (maxillary n.)
int carotid a.
foramen lacerum* accompanying sympathetic and
venous plexuses
Posterior
vertebral, ant & post spinal aa. medulla and meninges
foramen magnum
dural vv. spinal roots of CN XI
12
hypoglossal canal CN XII
condylar canal emissary v.
mastoid emissary v.
mastoid foramen
meningeal branch of occipital a.
Top
Dura Mater
during development of brain, dura duplicated to form four inwardly projecting dural
septa
septa divide cranial cavity into three intercommunicating compartments, one
subtentorial and two supratentorial
13
Falx Cerebri
Tentorium Cerebelli
Falx Cerebelli
Diaphragma Sellae
Arteries
many meningeal aa. in periosteum supply most blood to periosteum, not meninges!
only very fine branches of are distributed to dura
middle meningeal a. is largest of meningeal aa., branch of maxillary a., embedded in
dura, clinically imp because it can be torn when skull is fractured
enters cranial cavity through foramen spinosum, runs lat along floor of the middle
cranial fossa, turns sup-ant on greater wing of sphenoid, where it divides into ant
and post branches
ant branch
runs sup to pterion and curves post to ascend towards vertex of skull, often found
inbony tunnel in region of pterion post branch
runs post in groove in squamous part of temporal bone, n ramifies all over post skull
14
all meningeal aa. accompanied by veins, lie between aa. and bones
Nerve Supply
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater
very thin, highly vascularised, loose connective issue membrane that adheres closely
to surface of brain
dips into all sulci and fissures and carries blood vessels with it
cerebral veins run on pia within subarachnoid space
when branches of cerebral vessels penetrate brain, pia follows for a short distance,
forming sleeve of pia, refore perivascular spaces are continuous with subarachnoid
space
sinuses are venous channels located between dura and int endosteal lining of
cranium
drain all blood from brain
Straight Sinus
Transverse Sinus
15
pass lat from confluence of sinuses in attached border of tentorium cerebelli
leave tentorium and become sigmoid sinuses
Sigmoid Sinuses
follow S-shaped course in post cranial fossa, forming deep groove in the temporal
and occipital bones, turn ant and enter sup bulbs of int jugular vv.
Occipital Sinus
they drain the cavernous sinus into the transversesinus and int j v respectively
Cavernous Sinuses
Relations
Immediate relations
16
Mouth
oral cavity is divided into vestibule and mouth proper
vestibule lies within cheek and lips, but outside gums and teeth
mouth cavity communicates post with pharynx through oropharyngeal isthmus
(isthmus of fauces)
bounded by soft palate above, tongue below and palatoglossal arches on each side
palate (hard and soft) forms roof of mouth
Lips
Cheeks
Tongue
General Features
three parts: root (or base, post 1/3, post-sulcal, pharyngeal part); body (or ant 2/3,
pre-sulcal, oral part); and tip
two surfaces: upper (dorsum) and lower (ventrum)
upper surface divided into two parts by V shaped sulcus terminalis: ant 2/3 oral part,
post 1/3 pharyngeal part
foramen caecum
located at apex of V mucous membrane of the upper surface of the oral part is rough
due to presence of numerous lingual papillae
mucous membrane of the lower surface of the oral part is smooth , devoid of
papillae, and shows visible deep lingual v. either side of frenulum
post 1/3 is devoid of papillae but has a nodular irregular surface caused by the
underlying lymph nodules called lingual tonsil.
the interval between the post 1/3of the tongue and the epiglottis is part of
oropharynx and shows: median and lateral glossoeppiglottic folds, and vallecullae (a
small depression detween the two folds)
Lingual Muscularture
17
Extrinsic
genioglossus protrusion
CN XII
hyoglossus depression
styloglossus retraction
Intrinsic
sup longitudinal muscle
transverse muscle
vertical muscle
Nerve Supply
Ant Post
Sensory General lingual (CN V) glossopharyngeal
Special chorda tympani (CN VII)
Motor hypoglossal (except for palatoglossus, supplied by CN X)
Arterial Supply
major: lingual a.
also tonsillar and asc palatine branches of facial a.
Venous Drainage
all veins on one side unite to form lingual v., which drains into int jugular or facial v.
Lymphatics
tip: submental
ant 2/3: submandibular (central cross to opposite side as well)
post 1/3: deep cervical
Applied Anatomy
18
lesion of hypoglossal n. results in paralysis of affected side and hemiatrophy, when
patient tries to stick out tongue, deviates to paralysed side
in unconscious patient, post tongue may fall back and cause laryngeal obstruction
carcinoma of post tongue has poor prognosis due to bilateral lymphatic spread
Top
Palate
Hard Palate
Soft Palate
Structure
oral mucosa on oral surface and adjoining pharyngeal surface; rest covered by
respiratory mucosa
core is palatine aponeurosis with levator palati on upper surface and
palatopharyngeus and palatoglossus on lower surface
Muscles
Blood Supply
Lymphatics
Nerve Supply
19
sensory: greater and lesser palatine nn., nasopalatine n.
motor: pharyngeal plexus, except tensor palati supplied by mandibular n.
Top
Submandibular region
lies between body of mandible and hyoid bone
superficial part includes submental and digastric triangles
deeper parts include root of tongue and floor of mouth
Structures
Parotid Glands
largest of salivary glands (branched serous acini)
very irregular shape because it’s wedged in among number of structures
covered by a capsule and a dense fibrous tissue sheath (parotid fascia) formed by
deep cervical fascia
divided into two (superficial and deep) parts by facial n.:
20
med, extends to styloid process and around neck of mandible
post, overlaps sternocleidomastoid and extends ant over masseter
portion of facial part often detached and called accessory parotid gland
wedge-shaped (base above, apex behind angle of mandible)
sup: extends upward behind TM joint into post mandibular fossa, called glenoid
process
ant: extends forwards superf to masseter, called facial process
Parotid Duct
facial n (superf)
retromandibular v
external carotid a. (deep)
immovable bridge of nose (sup bony part of nose) consists of nasal bones, frontal
processes of maxillae and nasal part of frontal bone
Nasal Septum
bony part of septum usually located in med plane, until 7 years of age when it
deviates slightly to one side (more frequently right)
21
nasal septum has three main components
perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone: (forms sup part, very thin, desc from cribriform
plate)
vomer: (forms post-inf part, thin, flat bone)
septal cartilage
movable cartilaginous part of nose consits of five main cartilages andfew smaller
ones
composed of hyaline cartilage
connected with one anor and nasal bones by continuity of perichondrium and
periosteum
U-shaped alar nasal cartilages are free and movable, can dilate and constrict nares
Nasal Cavities
Walls
22
sphenoidal sinus opens in sphenoethmoidal recess
Linings
Nerve Supply
Arterial Supply
Venous drainage
rich venous plexuses in the nasal mucosa are drained by pterygoid plexus, facial v
and ophthalmic veins
Lymphatics
Mucosa
respiratory type, but thin, less vascular and loosely attached to periosteum
Frontal Sinus
situated between inner and outer tables of frontal bones beneath med 1/3 of
superciliary arch
opens into mid meatus via infundibulum
Maxillary Sinus
23
is the largest of paranasal sinuses; situated in maxilla
pyramidal in shape, apex facing zygoma, and base towards the nasal cavity
opens in mid meatus, well above its floor
Ethmoidal Sinuses
Sphenoidal Sinus
branches of CN V1
branches of CN V2
branches of maxillary a.
branches of ophthalmic a.
branches of facial artery.
submandibular group (frontal, ant and middle ethmoidal and maxillary sinuses)
retropharyngeal group (post ethmoidal and sphenoidal sinuses)
Top
24
Margins of the orbit
med: maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, sphenoid. Features: nasolacrimal canal, ant & post
ethmoidal foramen
sup(roof): frontal (orbital plate), sphenoid (lesser wing). Features: lacrimal fossa,
optic
foramen, trochlear fossa
lat: sphenoid (greater wing), zygomatic (orbital surface). Feature: zygomatic
canal
inf (floor): maxilla, zygomatic, palatine. Features: infraorbital canal and groove
Contents (Muscles)
Superior rectus common tendinous ring just post to sclerocorneal elevate, adduct
junction
Inferior rectus depress, adduct
25
Superior oblique body of sphenoid runs through trochlea, post-sup CN IV depress, abduct
lat orbit
Inferior oblique maxilla in floor of orbit post-inf lat orbit CN III elevate, abduct
Nerves of Orbit
Blood Vessels
Ophthalmic Artery
26
runs within dural sheath of optic nerve until it approaches eyeball, n pierces optic
nerve and runs within it to emerge through optic disc, spreads over int surface of
retina
twigs of artery anastomose with ciliary a. but terminal branches are essentially end
aa.
Ciliary Arteries
ciliary aa
supply sclera, choroid, ciliary body and iris two long post ciliary aa. piece sclera and
supply ciliary body and iris
several short post ciliary aa. pierce sclera and supply choroids
ant ciliary aa are branches from muscular arteries. They supply conjunctiva and iris
Lacrimal Artery
Temporal region
Temporal Fossa
Infratemporal Fossa
irregularly-shaped space inf and deep to zygomatic arch and post to maxilla
communicates with temporal fossa through interval between arch and skull and
temporal msucles and deep temporal nerves and vessels pass through it
Boundaries
Contents
27
vessels: maxillary a. and v, pterygoid venous plexus
Maxillary a.
mid meningeal
accessory meningeal
inf alveolar
Second
runs obliquely forward and upwards superf to inf head to muscles of this region
of lat pterygoid
Third
runs between sup and inf heads of lat pterygoid, then post sup alveolar
through pteryggomaxillary fissure into
infraorbital
pterygomandibular fossa
desc. palantine
pharyngeal
sphenopalatine
Mandibular Nerve
branches into all nerves in infratemporal region (except for chorda tympani, branch
of facial)
descends through foramen ovale into infratemporal fossa, divides into sensory and
motor fibres
supply four muscles of mastication, but not buccinator
28
Part Type Branch Notes
Main Motor med pterygoid m
trunk (3)
tensor tympani m
tensor palati m
Sensory meningeal
(1)
Ant Motor massteric n to
division (3) masseter m
deep temporal nn. to
temporalis
n. to lat pterygoid
Sensory buccal usually runs between two heads of lat pterygoid, desc through deep
(1) temporalis, supplies skin and mucous membrane of cheek
Post Motor n. to mylohyoid and
division (1) ant digastric
Sensory auriculotemporal encircles med meningeal a., breaks up into many branches, largest
(3) passes post, med to neck of mandible and supplies auricle and
temporal region, also sends articular fibres to temperomandibular
joint
lingual lies ant to inf alveolar n., sensory to tongue, floor of mouth and
gingivae, enters mouth between med pterygoid muscle and ramus of
mandible, passes ant under oral mucosa, just inf to 3rd molar tooth
inf alveolar enters mandibular foramen, passes through mandibular canal (where
it sends nn. to teeth) and appears on face as mental n., supplies skin
and mucous membrane of lower lip, skin of chin
Otic Ganglion
is parasympathetic ganglion
29
is located in infratemporal fossa, just inf to foramen ovale, med to mandibular n. and
post to med pterygoid muscle
secretory to parotid gland
Temporomandibular Joint
type: synovial joint; subtype: modified hinge or condylar variety
articular surface involved are:
head or condyle of mandible (inf)
articular tubercle and mandibular fossa of squamous temporal bone (sup)
articular disk
separates joint cavity into sup and inf compartments
fused with articular capsule surround joint and is bound sup to limits of temporal
articular surface int to neck of mandible
articular disc is more firmly attached to mandible than to the temporal bone
loose articular capsule attached to margins of area on temporal bone and neck of
mandible
thickened lat to form lat (temporomandibular) ligament
base attached to zygomatic process, apex to lat side of neck of mandible
stylomandibular and sphenomandibular also help to support the T-M joint
Movement Muscles
depression hyoid muscles, gravity
30
deep: med lat pterygoid plate
31