MATERIALS

Types of materials

Stones and Rocks = Roca

Brick = Ladrillo size (USA: 9x4x2.25 inch/ 203x102x57 mm)

Cement = Cemento

Timber = Madera

Lime = Lima

Mortar = Mortero

Types of Cement ( Based on different compositions)

 Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC): Grey cement, has 95% clinker (Escoria de

huella) and 5% gypsum (Yeso) and other materials.

 Portland Pozolona Cement (PPC) PPC has 80% clinker, 15% pozolona and 5%

gypsum.

 Portland Blast Furnace Slag cement (PBFSC): It consists of 45% clinker, 50%

blast furnace slag and 5% gypsum.

 White Cement: Basically, it is OPC: Clinker using fuel oil instead of coal (carbon)

and with iron oxide content below 0,4% to ensure whiteness.

 Oil well cement: it is made from clinker with special additives to prevent any

porosity.

 Rapid hardening Portland cement: It is similar to OPC, except that it is ground

much finer, so that on casting, the compressible strength increases rapidly.

 Water proof cement: It is similar to OPC, With small portion of calcium stearate

or non-saponifiable oil to impart waterproofing properties.

Workability of concrete

 Ability of a fresh (plastic) concrete mix to fill the form/mold properly with the

desired work (vibration) and without reducing the concrete’s quality.

 Depends on water content, aggregate (level of hydratation) and can be

modified by adding chemical admixtures, like super plasticizer.

 Can be mesasured by the concrete slump test (prueba de depression), a

simplistic measure of the plasticity of a fresh batch(lote) of concrete following

the ASTM C 143 or EN 12350-2 test standars.

Classification of timber

 Living tree = standing timber

 Felled tree = rough timber

 In the market = converted timber

Mortar

Mixture in the form of a workable paste used for providing joints for bricks and

stone masonry. (aggregates, binding materials (pego), water)

Classification of mortar

Clay mortar

Low cost, substitute of lime, used in arid climates and also humid climates to

protect from the rain.

 Lime mortar

Allow moisture to freely move trough and evaporate from its surface.

Cement mortar

Sand and aggregates with water

Types of mortar

 Type N: Medium strength, for bricks that are not load bearing. (Pobre)

 Type S: is known for its strength. Retaining walls. It absorbs most impacts.

 Type M: stronger.

 Glass Block Mortar: Type S but white and can be colored to match.

 Refractory Mortar: Is used when heat is of a concern.

Modern Building materials

Thermo plastics: Remoldeable: Cellulosic plastics, acrylic plastics, polyvinyl resin,

polystyrene etc.

Thermo settings plastics: Irreversible: phelonic plastics, polyester.

 FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS

Newton’s First law

An object is at rest or moves at a constant velocity, unless acted upon by an external
force. Law of inertia.
𝑑𝑣
∑𝐹 = 0 → =0
𝑑𝑡
Newton’s second law
The acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the net force acting on the body in
the same direction and inversely proportional to its mass. Force = mass x acceleration
𝐹 = 𝑚. 𝑎
Newton’s third law
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction (action and reaction)
𝐹 = −𝐹

Engineering properties of materials

 Force = mass x acceleration

 Stress = force / area
 Deformation
 Strains (Deformacion): Is the change in dimensions per unit original dimensions.
Example: if you stretch a 100 cm long wire by 5 cm
Strain: 5/100 = 0.05
 Stiffness(Rigidez): rigidity wich resists deformation in response to an applied
force.
K = F/& F: force. &: displacement produced by the force
 Ductility: ability to be drawn out longitudinally to a reduced section without
fracture under the action of a tensile force.

Types of beams
Simply supported beam
Cantilever beam (volado)
Overhanging Beam
Fixed beam
 Continuous beam
Types of supports beams
Roller support = rodillo
Hinge support = apoyo
Fixed support = empotramiento

Type of loads
Point or concentrated load
Uniformly Distributed load (UDL) (U Varying L)

Shear force = Fuerza cortante

𝑇 𝑓𝑠
=
𝐽 𝑟

fs = shear stress. T = Torque. J= polar moment of the inertia, and r= radios of

component.

Bending moment = Momento de flexion

𝑀 𝐹𝑏
=
𝐼 𝑦
M = bending moment. I momento of the cross section area of the beam. Fb= bending
stress. Y = distance between the neutral axis and extreme fiber of the beam.
Point of contra-flexure = punto de contra flexion
Is a point in the bending moment diagram where the bending moment changes its sign
from positive to negative or negative to positive. At POC bending moment = 0

Surveying 1

Surveying is the science of making measurements necessary to determine the positions

of points or stations above the surface of the earth.
Consists in 5 Phases

 Decision making: selectind method, equipment and final point locations.

 Fieldwork and data collection: Making measurements and recording data in the
field.
 Computing and data processing: preparing calculations based upon the recorded
data to determine locations in a usable form.
 Mapping or data representation: plotting data to produce a map, chart in the
proper form.
 Stakeout: location and establishing monuments or stkaes in the proper location
in the field.

Units of measurements
Linear measurements: linear measurement is the distance between the two points in a
straight line. 1km = 1000m
Measurement of areas: square meter = SqM
1 Are = 100sqm
1 hectare = 100ares = 104sqm
Measurements of angles:
Degree, minute, second. 2 radian = 100 degrees
1 degree = 0.0174532 radian
1 minute = 0.0002908881 radian
1 second = 0.00000484814 radian

Leveling

Operation to determine and establish the elevations of points, and to determine the
differences between the points referenced to an assumed datum.

Building science
Foundation

The basic function is to transfer the dead loads, live loads and other loads to the super
structure.
Shallow foundation: most common by open excavation.
Deep foundation: it transmits the load of a structure to strong soil beds or rock beds
available at great depth.
Pile foundation
Well foundation
Pier foundation
Roofs
Strenghth of a building, stability, heat insulation, sound insulation, ventilation.
Type of roofs

Sloping or pitched roofs: for large spans and also at places of heavy rainfall and snow
fall.
Flat roofs: horizontal
Shell roofs: are made to meet functional and architectural requirements.
Domes: resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere
Flooring
Types of flooring
Hardwood flooring
Bamboo flooring
Laminate flooring
Limoleum flooring
Ceramic tiles
Marble floor
Buiding services

 Fire Protection
 Ventilation
 Structure

Type of bridges
Beam bridge
Cantilever = volado
Arch = arco
Tied arch = atado
Suspension
Cable-stayed
Movable
Double-decked

Different parts and terminologies of Dams (presas)

Crest (cresta): the top of the dam structure.

Parapet walls (paredes de parapeto): Low protective walls on either side of the roadway
or walkway on the crest.
Heel(tacon): a portion of the structure in contact with ground or riverbed at upstream
side
Toe(punta): a portion of the structure in contact with ground or riverbed at downstream
side

Spillway(aliviadero): it is the arrangement made near the top of structure for the passage
of surplus/ excessive water from the reservoir.
Abutments(estribos): The valley slopes on either side of the dam wall to which the left
and right end of dam are fixed
Gallery: level or gently sloping tunnel at transverse or longitudinal within the dam with
drain on floor for seepage water.

Sluice way: opening in the structure near the base, provided to clear the silt
accumulation in the reservoir.
Offsshore structures

Is the installation of structures and facilities in a marine environment for the production
and transmission of the electricity, oil, gas and other resources.
Pipelines
Power stations
Tunnels
Roads
Waterways

Structural elements
COLUMNS
Based on the types of reinforcement (reforzamiento)

 Tied columns (columnas atadas, cabilla longitudinal con estribos)

 Spiral columns (columnas en espiral)
Based on types of loading (tipo de cargas)

 Columns with axial loading (regular) carga en centro

 Columns with uniaxial eccentric loading. (carga fuera del centro pero dentro de
un eje XY)
 Columns with biaxial eccentric loading. (carga fuera del centro fuera de ambos
ejes XY)
Based on Slenderness ratio

 Short columns (lx/D and ly/b <12)

 Long (slender/esbelta)

BEAMS